CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Quebec - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"40a11fe6-851a-469e-8e20-03241f15bbc5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Quebec","wgTitle":"Quebec","wgCurRevisionId":1259815613,"wgRevisionId":1259815613,"wgArticleId":7954867,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles containing French-language text","Pages with French IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 Canadian French-language sources (fr-ca)","CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: unfit URL","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2024", "Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Use Canadian English from July 2014","All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English","Use mdy dates from February 2023","Articles that may be too long from June 2024","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list","Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map","Articles with text in Iroquoian languages","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2019","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch", "Pages using Sister project links with default search","Quebec","1867 establishments in Canada","Central Canada","Eastern Canada","French-speaking countries and territories","Populated places established in 1534","Provinces and territories of Canada","States and territories established in 1867"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Quebec","wgRelevantArticleId":7954867,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":52,"lon":-72},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q176","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/800px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/640px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Quebec - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Quebec rootpage-Quebec skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Quebec" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Quebec" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Quebec" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Quebec" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples_and_European_expeditions_(pre-1608)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples_and_European_expeditions_(pre-1608)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Indigenous peoples and European expeditions (pre-1608) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples_and_European_expeditions_(pre-1608)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_France_(1608–1763)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_France_(1608–1763)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 New France (1608–1763) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_France_(1608–1763)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_North_America_(1763–1867)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_North_America_(1763–1867)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 British North America (1763–1867) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_North_America_(1763–1867)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_province_(1867–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_province_(1867–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Canadian province (1867–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_province_(1867–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Quebec_(1960–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Quebec_(1960–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Modern Quebec (1960–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Quebec_(1960–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Subdivisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ministries_and_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministries_and_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Ministries and policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministries_and_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 External relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Courts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acadians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acadians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Acadians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acadians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exports_and_imports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exports_and_imports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Exports and imports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exports_and_imports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Primary sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Secondary sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Tertiary sector </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Housing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Literature and folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Art and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.8 Holidays and symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emblems_of_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emblems_of_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Emblems of Quebec </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emblems_of_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec's_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec's_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Quebec's diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec's_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 French </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Quebec</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 164 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" > 164 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_(Provinz)" title="Québec (Provinz) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Québec (Provinz)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%89%A0%E1%8A%AD" title="ኬበክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኬበክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%83" title="كيبك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيبك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%92%DC%A9_(%DC%97%DC%98%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%9F%DC%9D%DC%90)" title="ܩܝܒܩ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܝܒܩ (ܗܘܦܪܟܝܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A7%D5%A3" title="Քեպէգ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քեպէգ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A8b%C3%A8c" title="Quèbèc – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Quèbèc" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepek_aski" title="Kepek aski – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Kepek aski" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95" title="कीबैक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कीबैक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvebek" title="Kvebek – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kvebek" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="کبک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کبک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95" title="কুইবেক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুইবেক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Квебек (правінцыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Квебек (правінцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA" title="Квэбэк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Квэбэк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="क्वबेक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्वबेक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Квебек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Квебек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kebek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Квебек – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Квебек" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_(lalawigan)" title="Québec (lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Québec (lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_(provincie)" title="Québec (provincie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Québec (provincie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebheki" title="Kebheki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kebheki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_(talaith)" title="Québec (talaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Québec (talaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83" title="كيبيك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كيبيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BA_(%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Κεμπέκ (επαρχία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεμπέκ (επαρχία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheb%C3%A8ch" title="Chebèch – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Chebèch" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebekio" title="Kebekio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kebekio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="استان کبک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استان کبک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebek_(provinsje)" title="Kebek (provinsje) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kebek (provinsje)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95" title="ક્વિબેક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ક્વિબેક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec-s%C3%A9n" title="Québec-sén – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Québec-sén" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%98%EB%B2%A1%EC%A3%BC" title="퀘벡주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀘벡주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebek_(lardi)" title="Kebek (lardi) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kebek (lardi)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AF" title="Քվեբեկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քվեբեկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="क्यूबेक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्यूबेक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebekia" title="Kebekia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kebekia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AF%E1%90%B8%E1%90%83%E1%92%83" title="ᑯᐸᐃᒃ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑯᐸᐃᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Квебек – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Квебек" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_(provincia)" title="Québec (provincia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Québec (provincia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A7" title="קוויבק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוויבק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ವಿಬೆಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ವಿಬೆಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="კვებეკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვებეკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Квебек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Квебек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kebek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keb%C3%A8k" title="Kebèk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kebèk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kebek" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%81" title="ແຂວງຄວິເບກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແຂວງຄວິເບກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebecum" title="Quebecum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Quebecum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvebeka" title="Kvebeka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvebeka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvebekas" title="Kvebekas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvebekas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9beki" title="Kébeki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kébeki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_(pruinsa_e_nasi%C3%B9)" title="Québec (pruinsa e nasiù) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Québec (pruinsa e nasiù)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_(tartom%C3%A1ny)" title="Québec (tartomány) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Québec (tartomány)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Квебек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Квебек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്യൂബെക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്യൂബെക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuipeka" title="Kuipeka – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kuipeka" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="क्वेबेक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्वेबेक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="კვებეკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კვებეკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83" title="كيبيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيبيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A8%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کبک اوستان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کبک اوستان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA" title="Кэбэк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кэбэк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AE%E1%80%97%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ကွီဗက်ပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွီဗက်ပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_(provincie)" title="Quebec (provincie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quebec (provincie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_(perveensie)" title="Quebec (perveensie) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Quebec (perveensie)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E5%B7%9E" title="ケベック州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケベック州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9%27" title="Québé' – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Québé'" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queb%C3%A8c" title="Quebèc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quebèc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvebek" title="Kvebek – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kvebek" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95" title="ਕੇਬੈੱਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੇਬੈੱਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کیوبیک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیوبیک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9bec" title="Kébec – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kébec" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_pruwinsya" title="Quebec pruwinsya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Quebec pruwinsya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Квебек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квебек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebeku_(provinc%C3%AB)" title="Kebeku (provincë) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kebeku (provincë)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%DA%AA" title="ڪيوبيڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيوبيڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%A8%DB%8E%DA%A9" title="کێبێک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێبێک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Квебек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квебек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="கியூபெக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கியூபெக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibik" title="Kibik – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kibik" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kebek" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Квебек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Квебек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="รัฐเกแบ็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเกแบ็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Квебек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квебек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="کیوبیک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیوبیک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%83" title="كۋېبېك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۋېبېك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Kebek" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" title="魁北克省 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="魁北克省" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Quebec" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" title="魁北克省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="魁北克省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A7" title="קוויבעק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוויבעק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" title="魁北克省 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="魁北克省" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvebeks" title="Kvebeks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kvebeks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" title="魁北克省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魁北克省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9b%C3%A8k" title="Kébèk – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kébèk" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Québec – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Québec" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q176#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Quebec" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quebec">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quebec">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Quebec" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Quebec" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec&oldid=1259815613" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Quebec&id=1259815613&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQuebec">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQuebec">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Quebec&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Quebec" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Quebec" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Quebec" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q176" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Quebec&params=52_N_72_W_type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-QC">52°N 72°W / 52°N 72°W / 52; -72</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Canadian province. For the province's capital city, see <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. For the historical province, see <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec (1763–1791)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Quebec_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Quebec (disambiguation)">Quebec (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 14,769 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Quebec" title="Talk:Quebec">talk page</a>. (June 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Quebec</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Québec (<a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">French</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Quebec.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Quebec"><img alt="Flag of Quebec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/125px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/188px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/250px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Quebec" title="Flag of Quebec">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Quebec"><img alt="Coat of arms of Quebec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec.svg/64px-Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec.svg/97px-Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="678" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec" title="Coat of arms of Quebec">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Je_me_souviens" title="Je me souviens">Je me souviens</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) ("I remember")</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"> <div class="" style="width:300px"><div style="position: relative; width:300px;"> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 7.9%; top: 59.4%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 18.4%; top: 62.2%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 27.8%; top: 67%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 37.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 50%; top: 71.9%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 68.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">QC</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 79.6%; top: 76%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 83.9%; top: 70.8%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">PE</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 86.8%; top: 77%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 90.4%; top: 62.7%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 8%; top: 32.5%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">YT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 21.4%; top: 40.2%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 39.3%; top: 42.9%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">NU</a></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Quebec_in_Canada_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canadian Provinces and Territories"><img alt="Canadian Provinces and Territories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Quebec_in_Canada_2.svg/300px-Quebec_in_Canada_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Quebec_in_Canada_2.svg/450px-Quebec_in_Canada_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Quebec_in_Canada_2.svg/600px-Quebec_in_Canada_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942" /></a></div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Quebec&params=52_N_72_W_type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-QC">52°N 72°W / 52°N 72°W / 52; -72</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before confederation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">July 1, 1867 (1st, with <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest metro</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Greater Montreal</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Lieutenant Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manon_Jeannotte" title="Manon Jeannotte">Manon Jeannotte</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">François Legault</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Federal representation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data">78 of 338 (23.1%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_senators" title="List of Quebec senators">24 of 105</a> (22.9%)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,542,056 km2 (595,391 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">1,365,128 km2 (527,079 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">176,928 km2 (68,312 sq mi)  11.5%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">2nd</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">15.4% of Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,501,833<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2021-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(Q3 2024)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,056,044<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada_by_province_and_territory" title="Population of Canada by province and territory">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">6.23/km2 (16.1/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">in English: Quebecer, Quebecker, Québécois in French: <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_people" title="Québécois people">Québécois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Masculine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine gender">m</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Guide-4">[4]</a> Québécoise (<a href="/wiki/Feminine_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine gender">f</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Guide-4">[4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">French</a><a href="#cite_note-language-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">2nd</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total (2022)</th><td class="infobox-data">C$552.737 billion<a href="#cite_note-GDP2022-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">C$63,651 (9th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • HDI (2019)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.916<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a>—Very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by Human Development Index">9th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Canada" title="Time in Canada">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9205:00" title="UTC−05:00">UTC−05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern Time Zone</a> for most of the province<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">UTC−04:00</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_postal_abbreviations_for_provinces_and_territories" title="Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories">Canadian postal abbr.</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">QC<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Rankings include all <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces and territories</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Quebec<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a> is one of the thirteen <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces and territories of Canada</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by area">largest province by area</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> with an area of 1.5 million square kilometres (0.58 million square miles) and more than 12,000 km (7,500 mi) of borders,<a href="#cite_note-Geography_of_Quebec_territory-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, Quebec is located in <a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a>. The province shares land borders with the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> to the southeast and a coastal border with the territory of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>. To the north, it is flanked by major bodies of water such as <a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Strait" title="Hudson Strait">Hudson Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ungava_Bay" title="Ungava Bay">Ungava Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> Oceans, and in the south, it shares a border with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> It is the second-largest province by <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada_by_province_and_territory" title="Population of Canada by province and territory">population</a>, with the majority of its population residing in the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> valley, <a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> which contains its most populous city of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and the eponymous provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec</a>. Between 1534 and 1763, what is now Quebec was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies" title="List of French possessions and colonies">French colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> and was the most developed colony in <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, Canada became a <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_British_Empire#List_of_territories_that_were_once_a_part_of_the_British_Empire" title="Territorial evolution of the British Empire">British colony</a>, first as the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> (1763–1791), then <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> (1791–1841), and lastly part of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> (1841–1867) as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">confederated</a> with Ontario, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, and New Brunswick in 1867. <a href="/wiki/Grande_Noirceur" title="Grande Noirceur">Until the early 1960s</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Catholic Church</a> played a large role in the social and cultural institutions in Quebec. However, the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> of the 1960s to 1980s increased the role of the Government of Quebec in <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="État québécois">l'État québécois</a> (the public authority of Quebec). The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">Government of Quebec</a> functions within the context of a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> and is both a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">Premier of Quebec</a> acts as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Independence debates</a> have played a large role in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec politics">Quebec politics</a>. Quebec society's <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">cohesion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distinct_society" title="Distinct society">specificity</a> is based on three of its unique <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory</a> documents: the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms">Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_Language" title="Charter of the French Language">Charter of the French Language</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">Civil Code of Quebec</a>. Furthermore, unlike elsewhere in Canada, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_law" title="Quebec law">law in Quebec</a> is mixed: <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a> is exercised under a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil-law</a> system, while <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a> is exercised under a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common-law</a> system. Quebec's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where French is an official language">official language</a> is French; <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois French</a> is the regional <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a>. Quebec is the only <a href="/wiki/Francophone_Canadians" title="Francophone Canadians">Francophone</a>-majority province. The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Quebec" title="Economy of Quebec">economy of Quebec</a> is mainly supported by its large service sector and varied industrial sector. For exports, it leans on the key industries of <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a>, where it is the 6th largest worldwide seller,<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Hydro-Québec">hydroelectricity</a>, mining, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceuticals</a>, aluminum, wood, and paper. Quebec is well known for producing <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Quebec" title="Comedy in Quebec">its comedy</a>, and for making <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">hockey</a> one of the most <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_Canada" title="Ice hockey in Canada">popular sports in Canada</a>. It is also renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">culture</a>; the province produces <a href="/wiki/Quebec_literature" title="Quebec literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Quebec" title="Music of Quebec">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_French-language_Canadian_television_series" title="List of French-language Canadian television series">TV shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Quebec" title="List of festivals in Quebec">festivals</a>, and more. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name Québec comes from an <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a> word meaning 'narrow passage' or 'strait'.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> The name originally referred to the area around <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> narrows to a cliff-lined gap. Early variations in the spelling included Québecq and Kébec.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> French explorer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_seat" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative seat">administrative seat</a> for <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History of Quebec</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history" title="Timeline of Quebec history">Timeline of Quebec history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples_and_European_expeditions_(pre-1608)">Indigenous peoples and European expeditions (pre-1608)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">Peopling of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Indigenous peoples in Quebec">Indigenous peoples in Quebec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg/180px-Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg/270px-Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg/360px-Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4323" data-file-height="5805" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Hamel" title="Théophile Hamel">Théophile Hamel</a>, 1844</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>, theorized to have migrated from Asia to America between 20,000 and 14,000 years ago, were the first people to establish themselves on the lands of Quebec, arriving after the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> melted roughly 11,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> From them, many <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnocultural groups</a> emerged. By the European explorations of the 1500s, there were eleven <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Indigenous peoples in Quebec">Indigenous peoples</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> and ten <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquins</a> (or Anichinabés), <a href="/wiki/Atikamekw" title="Atikamekw">Atikamekw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron-Wyandot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq">Miꞌkmaqs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">Naskapis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Algonquians organized into seven political entities and lived nomadic lives based on hunting, gathering, and fishing.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Inuit fished and hunted whales and seals along the coasts of Hudson and Ungava Bays.<a href="#cite_note-Marsh19882-27">[24]</a> In the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Byzantine Empire fell</a>, prompting Western Europeans to search for new <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">sea routes</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau198547-28">[25]</a> Around 1522–23, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> persuaded <a href="/wiki/King_Francis_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King Francis I of France">King Francis I of France</a> to commission an expedition to find a western route to <a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a> (China) via a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>. Though this expedition was unsuccessful, it established the name New France for northeast North America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau198550-29">[26]</a> In his first expedition ordered from the Kingdom of France, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> became the first European explorer to discover and map Quebec when he landed in <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9,_Quebec" title="Gaspé, Quebec">Gaspé</a> on July 24, 1534.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiendeau200736-30">[27]</a> In the second expedition, in 1535, Cartier explored the lands of <a href="/wiki/Stadacona" title="Stadacona">Stadacona</a> and named the village and its surrounding territories <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> (from kanata, 'village' in <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian language">Iroquois</a>). Cartier returned to France with about 10 <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Iroquoians" title="St. Lawrence Iroquoians">St. Lawrence Iroquoians</a>, including Chief <a href="/wiki/Donnacona" title="Donnacona">Donnacona</a>. In 1540, Donnacona told the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saguenay" title="Kingdom of Saguenay">Kingdom of Saguenay</a> to the King, inspiring him to order a third expedition, this time led by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rocque_de_Roberval" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval">Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval</a>; it was unsuccessful in its goal of finding the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau198551-31">[28]</a> After these expeditions, France mostly abandoned North America for 50 years because of its financial crisis; France was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> and religious wars.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Around 1580, the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> reignited French interest; New France became a <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">colonial trading post</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mathieu-33">[30]</a> In 1603, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> travelled to the Saint Lawrence River and, on Pointe Saint-Mathieu, established a <a href="/wiki/Defence_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence pact">defence pact</a> with the Innu, Maliseet and Micmacs, that would be "a decisive factor in the maintenance of a French colonial enterprise in America despite an enormous numerical disadvantage vis-à-vis the British".<a href="#cite_note-Litalien20042-34">[31]</a> Thus also began French military support to the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> and Huron peoples against Iroquois attacks; these became known as the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Iroquois Wars</a> and lasted from the early 1600s to the early 1700s.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_France_(1608–1763)">New France (1608–1763)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada (New France)</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_chiefs_of_the_Huron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Three_chiefs_of_the_Huron.jpg/220px-Three_chiefs_of_the_Huron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Three_chiefs_of_the_Huron.jpg/330px-Three_chiefs_of_the_Huron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Three_chiefs_of_the_Huron.jpg/440px-Three_chiefs_of_the_Huron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Three Huron-Wyandot chiefs from <a href="/wiki/Wendake,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendake, Quebec">Wendake</a>. New France had largely peaceful relations with the Indigenous people, such as their allies the Huron. After the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">defeat of the Huron</a> by their mutual enemy, the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, many fled from Ontario to Quebec.</figcaption></figure> In 1608, Samuel de Champlain<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> returned to the region as head of an exploration party. On July 3, 1608, with the support of King <a href="/wiki/Henri_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri IV">Henry IV</a>, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Habitation_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Habitation de Québec">Habitation de Québec</a> (now Quebec City) and made it the capital of New France and its regions.<a href="#cite_note-mathieu-33">[30]</a> The settlement was built as a permanent fur trading outpost, where First Nations traded furs for French goods, such as metal objects, guns, alcohol, and clothing.<a href="#cite_note-LeaMilward20012-37">[34]</a> Missionary groups arrived in New France after the founding of Quebec City. <a href="/wiki/Coureurs_des_bois" class="mw-redirect" title="Coureurs des bois">Coureurs des bois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Catholic missionaries</a> used river <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a> to explore the interior and establish fur trading forts.<a href="#cite_note-Poulter20102-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chartrand2013b2-39">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_des_Cent-Associ%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnie des Cent-Associés">Compagnie des Cent-Associés</a>, which had been granted a royal mandate to manage New France in 1627, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Custom_of_Paris_in_New_France" title="Custom of Paris in New France">Custom of Paris</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneurial system</a>, and forbade settlement by anyone other than Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-Harris19842-40">[37]</a> In 1629, <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Quebec" title="Surrender of Quebec">Quebec City surrendered</a>, without battle, to English <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French War (1627–29)">Anglo-French War</a>; in 1632, the English king agreed to return it with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1632)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a> was founded at de Champlain's request in 1634.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Chomedey,_Sieur_de_Maisonneuve" title="Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve">Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ville-Marie" title="Fort Ville-Marie">Ville-Marie</a> (now Montreal) in 1642. In 1663, the Company of New France ceded Canada to <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis XIV">King Louis XIV</a>, who made New France into a royal province of France.<a href="#cite_note-rois-42">[39]</a> New France was now a <a href="/wiki/First_French_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First French colonial empire">true colony</a> administered by the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Council_of_New_France" title="Sovereign Council of New France">Sovereign Council of New France</a> from Quebec City. A <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_France" title="Governor of New France">governor-general</a>, governed Canada and its administrative dependencies: Acadia, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a> and Plaisance.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes20082-43">[40]</a> The French settlers were mostly farmers and known as "<a href="/wiki/Canadiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadiens">Canadiens</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Habitants" title="Habitants">Habitants</a>". Though there was little immigration,<a href="#cite_note-Preston20092-44">[41]</a> the colony grew because of the Habitants' high birth rates.<a href="#cite_note-Powell20092-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-McIlwraithMuller20012-46">[43]</a> In 1665, the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9giment_de_Carignan-Sali%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Régiment de Carignan-Salières">Carignan-Salières regiment</a> developed the string of fortifications known as the "Valley of Forts" to protect against Iroquois invasions and brought with them 1,200 new men.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> To redress the gender imbalance and boost population growth, King Louis XIV sponsored the passage of approximately 800 young French women (<a href="/wiki/Les_filles_du_roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Les filles du roi">King's Daughters</a>) to the colony.<a href="#cite_note-rois-42">[39]</a> In 1666, intendant <a href="/wiki/Jean_Talon" title="Jean Talon">Jean Talon</a> organized the first census and counted 3,215 Habitants. Talon enacted policies to diversify agriculture and encourage births, which, in 1672, had increased the population to 6,700.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> New France's territory grew to extend from <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, and would encompass the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> In the early 1700s, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hector_de_Calli%C3%A8re" title="Louis-Hector de Callière">Governor Callières</a> concluded the <a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a>, which not only confirmed the alliance between the Algonquian and New France, but definitively ended the Iroquois Wars.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> From 1688 onwards, the fierce competition between the French and British to control North America's interior and monopolize fur trade pitted New France and its Indigenous allies against the Iroquois and English in four successive wars called the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a> by Americans, and the Intercolonial Wars in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> The first three were <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1688–1697), <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–1713), and <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–1748). In 1713, following the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a> ceded Acadia and <a href="/wiki/Placentia_Bay" title="Placentia Bay">Plaisance Bay</a> to Great Britain, but retained <a href="/wiki/Isle_Saint-Jean" title="Isle Saint-Jean">Île Saint-Jean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-Royale_(New_France)" title="Île-Royale (New France)">Île-Royale</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a> was subsequently erected. These losses were significant since Plaisance Bay was the primary communication route between New France and France, and Acadia contained 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Acadian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian people">Acadians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau1985115-53">[50]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1745)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1745)">siege of Louisbourg (1745)</a>, the British were victorious, but returned the city to France after war concessions.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montcalm_leading_his_troops_at_the_Plains_of_Abraham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Montcalm_leading_his_troops_at_the_Plains_of_Abraham.jpg/220px-Montcalm_leading_his_troops_at_the_Plains_of_Abraham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Montcalm_leading_his_troops_at_the_Plains_of_Abraham.jpg/330px-Montcalm_leading_his_troops_at_the_Plains_of_Abraham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Montcalm_leading_his_troops_at_the_Plains_of_Abraham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Montcalm leading his troops into battle. Watercolour by <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Jefferys" title="Charles William Jefferys">Charles William Jefferys</a>.</figcaption></figure> The last of the four French and Indian Wars was the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> ("The War of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France" title="Conquest of New France">Conquest</a>" in Quebec) and lasted from 1754 to 1763.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> In 1754, tensions escalated for control of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley">Ohio Valley</a>, as authorities in New France became more aggressive in efforts to expel British traders and colonists.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> In 1754, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> launched a surprise attack on a group of sleeping Canadien soldiers, known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">Battle of Jumonville Glen</a>, the first battle of the war. In 1755, Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lawrence_(British_Army_officer)" title="Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)">Charles Lawrence</a> and Officer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Monckton" title="Robert Monckton">Robert Monckton</a> ordered the forceful <a href="/w/index.php?title=Explusion_of_the_Acadians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Explusion of the Acadians (page does not exist)">explusion of the Acadians</a>. In 1758, on Île-Royale, British General James Wolfe <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Louisbourg_(1758)" title="Siege of Louisbourg (1758)">besieged and captured</a> the Fortress of Louisbourg.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> This allowed him to control access to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Strait" title="Cabot Strait">Cabot Strait</a>. In 1759, he besieged Quebec for three months from <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Île d'Orléans">Île d'Orléans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Then, Wolfe stormed Quebec and fought against <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_de_Montcalm" title="Louis-Joseph de Montcalm">Montcalm</a> for control of the city in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a>. After a British victory, the <a href="/wiki/Steward_(office)" title="Steward (office)">king's lieutenant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Nicolas_Roch_de_Ramezay" title="Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay">Lord of Ramezay</a> concluded the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Capitulation_of_Quebec" title="Articles of Capitulation of Quebec">Articles of Capitulation of Quebec</a>. During the spring of 1760, the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gaston_de_L%C3%A9vis" title="François Gaston de Lévis">Chevalier de Lévis</a> besieged Quebec City and forced the British to entrench themselves during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sainte-Foy" title="Battle of Sainte-Foy">Battle of Sainte-Foy</a>. However, loss of French vessels sent to resupply New France after the fall of Quebec City during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Restigouche" title="Battle of Restigouche">Battle of Restigouche</a> marked the end of France's efforts to retake the colony. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Rigaud,_marquis_de_Vaudreuil-Cavagnial" title="Pierre de Rigaud, marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial">Governor Pierre de Rigaud, marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Capitulation_of_Montreal" title="Articles of Capitulation of Montreal">Articles of Capitulation of Montreal</a> on September 8, 1760. While awaiting the results of the Seven Years' War in Europe, New France was put under a <a href="/wiki/British_military_regime_in_New_France" title="British military regime in New France">British military regime</a> led by Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(British_Army_officer,_born_1721)" title="James Murray (British Army officer, born 1721)">James Murray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica_murray-60">[57]</a> In 1762, Commander <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffery Amherst">Jeffery Amherst</a> ended the French presence in Newfoundland at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Signal_Hill" title="Battle of Signal Hill">Battle of Signal Hill</a>. France secretly ceded the western part of Louisiana and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</a> to Spain via the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a>. On February 10, 1763, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> concluded the war. France ceded its North American possessions to Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1999505–506-61">[58]</a> Thus, France had put an end to New France and abandoned the remaining 60,000 Canadiens, who sided with the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> in refusing to take an oath to the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> The rupture from France would provoke a transformation within the <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">descendants of the Canadiens</a> that would eventually result in the birth of a new <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_North_America_(1763–1867)">British North America (1763–1867)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec (1763–1791)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif/220px-Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif/330px-Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif/440px-Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763-1791)" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Quebec (1763-1791)">Province of Quebec</a> in 1774</figcaption></figure> After the British acquired Canada in 1763, the British government established a constitution for the newly acquired territory, under the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> The Canadiens were subordinated to the government of the <a href="/wiki/First_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First British Empire">British Empire</a> and circumscribed to a region of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anticosti_Island" title="Anticosti Island">Anticosti Island</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a>. With unrest growing in their southern colonies, the British were worried that the Canadiens might support what would become the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. To secure allegiance to the British crown, Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(Quebec_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Murray (Quebec governor)">James Murray</a> and later Governor <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Guy Carleton</a> promoted the need for accommodations, resulting in the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> of 1774. This act allowed Canadiens to regain their <a href="/wiki/Law_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Law in Quebec">civil customs</a>, return to the seigneural system, regain certain rights including use of French, and reappropriate their old territories: Labrador, the Great Lakes, the Ohio Valley, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geographers19682-66">[63]</a> As early as 1774, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> of the separatist <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> attempted to rally the Canadiens to its cause. However, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">its military troops</a> failed to defeat the British counteroffensive during its <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Invasion of Quebec</a> in 1775. Most Canadiens remained neutral, though some regiments allied themselves with the Americans in the <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a> of 1777. When the British recognized the independence of the rebel colonies at the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> of 1783, it conceded Illinois and the Ohio Valley to the newly formed United States and denoted the 45th parallel as its border, drastically reducing Quebec's size. Some <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a> from the US migrated to Quebec and populated various regions.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Dissatisfied with the legal rights under the French seigneurial régime which applied in Quebec, and wanting to use the British legal system to which they were accustomed, the Loyalists protested to British authorities until the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_1791" title="Constitutional Act 1791">Constitutional Act</a> of 1791 was enacted, dividing the Province of Quebec into two distinct colonies starting from the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> to the west (predominantly Anglo-Protestant) and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> to the east (Franco-Catholic). Lower Canada's lands consisted of the coasts of the Saint Lawrence River, Labrador and Anticosti Island, with the territory extending north to <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>, and south, east and west to the borders with the US, New Brunswick, and Upper Canada. The creation of Upper and Lower Canada allowed Loyalists to live under British laws and institutions, while Canadiens could maintain their French civil law and Catholic religion. Governor Haldimand drew Loyalists away from Quebec City and Montreal by offering free land on the north shore of Lake Ontario to anyone willing to swear allegiance to George III. During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Salaberry" title="Charles de Salaberry">Charles-Michel de Salaberry</a> became a hero by leading the Canadian troops to victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Battle of the Chateauguay</a>. This loss caused the Americans to abandon the Saint Lawrence Campaign, their major strategic effort to conquer Canada. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Eustache-Patriotes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Saint-Eustache-Patriotes.jpg/220px-Saint-Eustache-Patriotes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Saint-Eustache-Patriotes.jpg/330px-Saint-Eustache-Patriotes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Saint-Eustache-Patriotes.jpg/440px-Saint-Eustache-Patriotes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Eustache" title="Battle of Saint-Eustache">Battle of Saint-Eustache</a> was the final battle of the Lower Canada Rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-rebellion-68">[65]</a></figcaption></figure> Gradually, the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada">Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada</a>, who represented the people, came into conflict with the superior authority of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Council of Lower Canada">its appointed representatives</a>. Starting in 1791, the government of Lower Canada was criticized and contested by the <a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Parti canadien</a>. In 1834, the Parti canadien presented its <a href="/wiki/Ninety-Two_Resolutions" title="Ninety-Two Resolutions">92 resolutions</a>, political demands which expressed loss of confidence in the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a>. Discontentment intensified throughout the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_public_meetings_held_in_Lower_Canada_between_May_and_November_1837" title="List of the public meetings held in Lower Canada between May and November 1837">public meetings</a> of 1837, and the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a> began in 1837.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> In 1837, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Papineau" title="Louis-Joseph Papineau">Louis-Joseph Papineau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nelson_(insurrectionist)" title="Robert Nelson (insurrectionist)">Robert Nelson</a> led residents of Lower Canada to form an armed group called the <a href="/wiki/Patriotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotes">Patriotes</a>. They made a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Lower_Canada" title="Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada">Declaration of Independence</a> in 1838, guaranteeing rights and equality for all citizens without discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Their actions resulted in rebellions in both Lower and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada</a>. The Patriotes were victorious in their first battle, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Denis_(1837)" title="Battle of Saint-Denis (1837)">Battle of Saint-Denis</a>. However, they were unorganized and badly equipped, leading to their loss against the British army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Charles" title="Battle of Saint-Charles">Battle of Saint-Charles</a>, and defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Eustache" title="Battle of Saint-Eustache">Battle of Saint-Eustache</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rebellion-68">[65]</a> In response to the rebellions, <a href="/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham" title="John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham">Lord Durham</a> was asked to undertake a study and prepare a <a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_Affairs_of_British_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Report on the Affairs of British North America">report</a> offering a solution to the British Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-durham2-71">[68]</a> Durham recommended that Canadiens be <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">culturally assimilated</a>, with English as their only official language. To do this, the British passed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1840" title="Act of Union 1840">Act of Union 1840</a>, which merged Upper Canada and Lower Canada into a single colony: the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>. Lower Canada became the francophone and densely populated <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a>, and Upper Canada became the anglophone and sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Canada_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada West">Canada West</a>. This union, unsurprisingly, was the main source of political instability until 1867. Despite their population gap, Canada East and Canada West obtained an identical number of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a>, which created representation problems. In the beginning, Canada East was underrepresented because of its superior population size. Over time, however, massive immigration from the British Isles to Canada West occurred. Since the two regions continued to have equal representation, this meant it was now Canada West that was under-represented. The representation issues were called into question by debates on <a href="/wiki/Representation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation (politics)">"Representation by Population"</a>. The British population began to use the term "<a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">Canadian</a>", referring to Canada, their place of residence. The French population, who had thus far identified as "Canadiens", began to be identified with their <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic community">ethnic community</a> under the name "<a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a>" as they were a "French of Canada".<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> As access to new lands remained problematic because they were still monopolized by the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Clique du Château</a>, an exodus of Canadiens towards <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> began and went on for the next hundred years. This phenomenon is known as the <a href="/wiki/Grande_H%C3%A9morragie" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Hémorragie">Grande Hémorragie</a> and threatened the survival of the Canadien nation. The massive British immigration ordered from London that followed the failed rebellion, compounded this. To combat it, the Church adopted the <a href="/wiki/La_Revanche_des_berceaux" title="La Revanche des berceaux">revenge of the cradle</a> policy. In 1844, the capital of the Province of Canada was moved from <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a> to Montreal.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Political unrest came to a head in 1849, when English Canadian rioters <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_the_Parliament_Buildings_in_Montreal" title="Burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal">set fire to the Parliament Building in Montreal</a> following the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_Losses_Bill" title="Rebellion Losses Bill">Rebellion Losses Bill</a>, a law that compensated French Canadians whose properties were destroyed during the rebellions of 1837–1838.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> This bill, resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Baldwin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine" title="Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine">La Fontaine</a> coalition and Lord Elgin's advice, was important as it established the notion of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> In 1854, the seigneurial system was abolished, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">Grand Trunk Railway</a> was built and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian%E2%80%93American_Reciprocity_Treaty" title="Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty">Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty</a> was implemented. In 1866, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Lower_Canada" title="Civil Code of Lower Canada">Civil Code of Lower Canada</a> was adopted.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_province_(1867–present)">Canadian province (1867–present)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George-Etienne_Cartier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/George-Etienne_Cartier.jpg/170px-George-Etienne_Cartier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/George-Etienne_Cartier.jpg/255px-George-Etienne_Cartier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/George-Etienne_Cartier.jpg/340px-George-Etienne_Cartier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3973" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">George-Étienne Cartier</a>, co-premier from <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a> and a Father of Confederation</figcaption></figure> In 1864, negotiations began for <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> between the Province of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia at the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1864" title="Quebec Conference, 1864">Quebec Conference</a>. After having fought as a Patriote, <a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">George-Étienne Cartier</a> entered politics in the Province of Canada, becoming one of the co-premiers and advocate for the union of the British North American provinces. He became a leading figure at the Quebec Conference, which produced the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Resolutions" title="Quebec Resolutions">Quebec Resolutions</a>, the foundation for Canadian Confederation.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Father of Confederation">Father of Confederation</a>, he successfully argued for the establishment of the province of Quebec, initially composed of the historic heart of the territory of the French Canadian nation and where French Canadians would most likely retain majority status. Following the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1866" title="London Conference of 1866">London Conference of 1866</a>, the Quebec Resolutions were implemented as the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a> and brought into force on July 1, 1867, creating Canada. Canada was composed of four founding provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and Quebec. These last two came from splitting the Province of Canada, and used the old borders of Lower Canada for Quebec, and Upper Canada for Ontario. On July 15, 1867, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph-Olivier_Chauveau" title="Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau">Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau</a> became Quebec's <a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Quebec" title="List of premiers of Quebec">first premier</a>. From Confederation until World War I, the Catholic Church was at its peak. The objective of clerico-nationalists was promoting the values of traditional society: family, French, the Catholic Church and rural life. Events such as the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Question" title="Manitoba Schools Question">Manitoba Schools Question</a> and Ontario's <a href="/wiki/Regulation_17" title="Regulation 17">Regulation 17</a> turned the promotion and defence of the rights of French Canadians into an important concern.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> Under the aegis of the Catholic Church and the political action of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bourassa" title="Henri Bourassa">Henri Bourassa</a>, symbols of national pride were developed, like the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Carillon" title="Flag of Carillon">Flag of Carillon</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a>" – a patriotic song composed for <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Baptiste_Day" title="Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day">Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day</a>. Many organizations went on to consecrate the affirmation of the French-Canadian people, including the <a href="/wiki/Caisses_populaires_Desjardins" class="mw-redirect" title="Caisses populaires Desjardins">caisses populaires Desjardins</a> in 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Club_de_hockey_Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Club de hockey Canadien">Club de hockey Canadien</a> in 1909, <a href="/wiki/Le_Devoir" title="Le Devoir">Le Devoir</a> in 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_on_the_French_language_in_Canada" title="Congress on the French language in Canada">Congress on the French language in Canada</a> in 1912, and <a href="/wiki/L%27Action_nationale" title="L'Action nationale">L'Action nationale</a> in 1917. In 1885, liberal and conservative MPs formed the <a href="/wiki/Parti_national" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti national">Parti national</a> out of anger with the previous government for not having interceded in the execution of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> In 1898, the Canadian Parliament enacted the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Boundary_Extension_Act,_1898" title="Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898">Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898</a>, which gave Quebec part of Rupert's Land, which Canada had bought from the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> in 1870.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> This act expanded the boundaries of Quebec northward. In 1909, the government passed a law obligating wood and pulp to be transformed in Quebec, which helped slow the Grande Hémorragie by allowing Quebec to export its finished products to the US instead of its labour force.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Lavergne" title="Armand Lavergne">Armand Lavergne</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Lavergne_Law" title="Lavergne Law">Lavergne Law</a>, the first language legislation in Quebec. It required use of French alongside English on tickets, documents, bills and contracts issued by transportation and public utility companies. At this time, companies rarely recognized the majority language of Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> Clerico-nationalists eventually started to fall out of favour in the <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">federal elections of 1911</a>. In 1912, the Canadian Parliament enacted the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Boundaries_Extension_Act,_1912" title="Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912">Quebec Boundaries Extension Act, 1912</a>, which gave Quebec another part of Rupert's Land: the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Ungava" title="District of Ungava">District of Ungava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morantz20022-85">[82]</a> This extended the borders of Quebec northward to the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Strait" title="Hudson Strait">Hudson Strait</a>. When World War I broke out, Canada was automatically involved and many English Canadians volunteered. However, because they did not feel the same connection to the British Empire and there was no direct threat to Canada, French Canadians saw no reason to fight. By late 1916, casualties were beginning to cause reinforcement problems. After enormous difficulty in the federal government, because almost every French-speaking MP opposed conscription while almost all English-speaking MPs supported it, the Military Service Act became law on August 29, 1917.<a href="#cite_note-Conscription_au_Canada-86">[83]</a> French Canadians protested in what is now called the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a>, which led to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec_riot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quebec riot (page does not exist)">Quebec riot</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89meute_de_Qu%C3%A9bec_de_1918" class="extiw" title="fr:Émeute de Québec de 1918">fr</a>].<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> In 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">spirits</a> was enacted following <a href="/wiki/1919_Quebec_prohibition_referendum" title="1919 Quebec prohibition referendum">a provincial referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> But, prohibition was abolished in 1921 due to the Alcoholic Beverages Act which created the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_alcools_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Société des alcools du Québec">Commission des liqueurs du Québec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> In 1927, the British <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> drew a clear border between northeast Quebec and south <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Labrador</a>. However, the Quebec government did not recognize the ruling of the Judicial Committee, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Labrador_boundary_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Labrador boundary dispute">boundary dispute</a> which <a href="/wiki/Border_between_Quebec_and_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="Border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador">remains ongoing</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> was enacted, and confirmed the autonomy of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a> – including Canada and its provinces – from the UK, as well as their free association in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> In the 1930s, Quebec's economy was affected by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> because it greatly reduced US demand for Quebec exports. Between 1929-32 the unemployment rate increased from 8% to 26%. In an attempt to remedy this, the Quebec government enacted infrastructure projects, campaigns to colonize distant regions, financial assistance to farmers, and the secours directs – the ancestor to Canada's <a href="/wiki/Employment_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment Insurance">Employment Insurance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurice_Duplessis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Maurice_Duplessis.jpg/170px-Maurice_Duplessis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Maurice_Duplessis.jpg/255px-Maurice_Duplessis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Maurice_Duplessis.jpg/340px-Maurice_Duplessis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Maurice Duplessis</a>, premier of Quebec from 1936 to 1939 and during the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Noirceur" title="Grande Noirceur">Grande Noirceur</a></figcaption></figure> French Canadians remained opposed to conscription during the Second World War. When Canada declared war in September 1939, the federal government pledged not to conscript soldiers for overseas service. As the war went on, more and more English Canadians voiced support for conscription, despite firm opposition from French Canada. Following a 1942 poll that showed 73% of Quebec's residents were against conscription, while 80% or more were for conscription in every other province, the federal government passed Bill 80 for overseas service. <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Protests exploded</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Populaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloc Populaire">Bloc Populaire</a> emerged to fight conscription.<a href="#cite_note-Conscription_au_Canada-86">[83]</a> The stark differences between the values of French and English Canada popularized the expression the "<a href="/wiki/Two_Solitudes_(Canadian_society)" title="Two Solitudes (Canadian society)">Two Solitudes</a>". In the wake of the conscription crisis, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Maurice Duplessis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale</a> ascended to power and implemented conservative policies known as the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Noirceur" title="Grande Noirceur">Grande Noirceur</a>. He focused on defending <a href="/wiki/Autonomism_in_Quebec" title="Autonomism in Quebec">provincial autonomy</a>, Quebec's Catholic and francophone heritage, and laissez-faire <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> instead of the emerging <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> However, as early as 1948, French Canadian society began to develop new ideologies and desires in response to societal changes such as the television, the <a href="/wiki/Mid-20th_century_baby_boom" title="Mid-20th century baby boom">baby boom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">workers' conflicts</a>, electrification of the countryside, emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rural_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural exodus">rural exodus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, expansion of universities and bureaucracies, creation of <a href="/wiki/Autoroutes_of_Quebec" title="Autoroutes of Quebec">motorways</a>, renaissance of literature and poetry, and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Quebec_(1960–present)">Modern Quebec (1960–present)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maitres_chez_nous_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Maitres_chez_nous_1962.jpg/240px-Maitres_chez_nous_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Maitres_chez_nous_1962.jpg/360px-Maitres_chez_nous_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Maitres_chez_nous_1962.jpg/480px-Maitres_chez_nous_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>"Maîtres chez nous" was the electoral slogan of the Liberal Party during the 1962 election.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> was a period of modernization, secularization and social reform, where French Canadians expressed their concern and dissatisfaction with their inferior <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic position</a>, and the cultural assimilation of francophone minorities in the English-majority provinces. It resulted in the formation of the modern Québécois identity and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-short_history2-94">[91]</a> In 1960, the Liberal Party of Quebec was brought to power with a two-seat majority, having campaigned with the slogan "It's time for things to change". This government made reforms in social policy, education, health and economic development. It created the <a href="/wiki/Caisse_de_d%C3%A9p%C3%B4t_et_placement_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec">Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec</a>, Labour Code, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Social_Services_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Health and Social Services (Quebec)">Ministry of Social Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Higher_Education_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Education and Higher Education (Quebec)">Ministry of Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Office québécois de la langue française">Office québécois de la langue française</a>, Régie des rentes and <a href="/wiki/Investissement_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Investissement Québec">Société générale de financement</a>. In 1962, the government of Quebec dismantled the financial syndicates of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jacques_Street" title="Saint Jacques Street">Saint Jacques Street</a>. Quebec began to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec#1963:_Second_stage_of_state_control" title="History of Hydro-Québec">nationalize its electricity</a>. In order to buy out all the private electric companies and build new <a href="/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Hydro-Québec">Hydro-Québec</a> dams, Quebec was lent $300 million by the US in 1962,<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> and $100 million by <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> The Quiet Revolution was particularly characterized by the 1962 Liberal Party's slogan "Masters in our own house", which, to the Anglo-American conglomerates that dominated the economy and natural resources, announced a collective will for freedom of the French-Canadian people.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> As a result of confrontations between the lower <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>, state institutions began to deliver services without the assistance of the church, and many parts of <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> began to be more secular. In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Bilingualism_and_Biculturalism" title="Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism">Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> wrote a preliminary report underlining Quebec's distinct character, and promoted open federalism, a political attitude guaranteeing Quebec a minimum amount of consideration.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> To favour Quebec during its Quiet Revolution, <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a> adopted a policy of open federalism.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> In 1966, the Union Nationale was re-elected and continued on with major reforms.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Gaule_13a_19670624_3543_2383.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/De_Gaule_13a_19670624_3543_2383.jpg/220px-De_Gaule_13a_19670624_3543_2383.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/De_Gaule_13a_19670624_3543_2383.jpg/330px-De_Gaule_13a_19670624_3543_2383.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/De_Gaule_13a_19670624_3543_2383.jpg/440px-De_Gaule_13a_19670624_3543_2383.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2383" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles De Gaulle</a>, (1890-1970), on the occasion of <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 1967</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemin_du_Roy" title="Chemin du Roy">Chemin du Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Anne-de-la-P%C3%A9rade" title="Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade">Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade</a></figcaption></figure> In 1967, President of France <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> visited Quebec, to attend <a href="/wiki/Expo_67" title="Expo 67">Expo 67</a>. There, he addressed a crowd of more than 100,000, making a speech ending with the exclamation: "Long live free Quebec". This declaration had a profound effect on Quebec by bolstering the burgeoning modern <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a> and resulting in a political crisis between France and Canada. Following this, various civilian groups developed, sometimes confronting public authority, for example in the <a href="/wiki/October_Crisis" title="October Crisis">October Crisis</a> of 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Tetley2006AppendixD2-104">[101]</a> The meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_French_Canada" title="Estates General of French Canada">Estates General of French Canada</a> in 1967 marked a tipping point where relations between <a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">francophones of America</a>, and especially francophones of Canada, ruptured. This breakdown affected Quebec society's evolution.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflicts</a> and changes in mentalities intensified.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/An_Option_for_Quebec" title="An Option for Quebec">Option Quebec</a> sparked a constitutional debate on the political future of the province by pitting <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Quebec" title="Federalism in Quebec">federalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">sovereignist</a> doctrines against each other. In 1969, the federal <a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_(Canada)" title="Official Languages Act (Canada)">Official Languages Act</a> was passed to introduce a linguistic context conducive to Quebec's development.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> In 1973, the liberal government of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bourassa" title="Robert Bourassa">Robert Bourassa</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/James_Bay_Project" title="James Bay Project">James Bay Project</a> on <a href="/wiki/La_Grande_River" title="La Grande River">La Grande River</a>. In 1974, it enacted the <a href="/wiki/Official_Language_Act_(Quebec)" title="Official Language Act (Quebec)">Official Language Act</a>, which made French the official language of Quebec. In 1975, it established the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/James_Bay_and_Northern_Quebec_Agreement" title="James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement">James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque_BAnQ_P243S1D865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque_BAnQ_P243S1D865.jpg/180px-Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque_BAnQ_P243S1D865.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque_BAnQ_P243S1D865.jpg/270px-Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque_BAnQ_P243S1D865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque_BAnQ_P243S1D865.jpg/360px-Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque_BAnQ_P243S1D865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a> (1922 –1987), one of the architects of the Quiet Revolution, and the Premier of Quebec's first modern sovereignist government</figcaption></figure> Quebec's first modern sovereignist government, led by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a>, materialized when the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> was brought to power in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Quebec_general_election" title="1976 Quebec general election">1976 Quebec general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_Language" title="Charter of the French Language">Charter of the French Language</a> came into force the following year, which increased the use of French. Between 1966-69, the Estates General of French Canada confirmed the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Quebec">state of Quebec</a> to be the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation's fundamental political milieu</a> and for it to have the right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1980_Quebec_referendum" title="1980 Quebec referendum">1980 referendum</a> on sovereignty, 60% were against.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> After the referendum, Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating constitutional changes. On November 4, 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen Accord">Kitchen Accord</a> took place. Delegations from the other nine provinces and the federal government reached an agreement in the absence of Quebec's delegation, which had left for the night.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Because of this, the National Assembly refused to recognize the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a>, which patriated the Canadian constitution and made modifications to it.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> The 1982 amendments apply to Quebec despite Quebec never having consented to it.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> Between 1982-92, the Quebec government's attitude changed to prioritize reforming the federation. Attempts at constitutional amendments by the <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Mulroney</a> and Bourassa governments ended in failure with the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a> of 1987 and the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Accord" title="Charlottetown Accord">Charlottetown Accord</a> of 1992, resulting in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> In 1995, Jacques Parizeau called a <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_referendum" title="1995 Quebec referendum">referendum on Quebec's independence</a> from Canada. This consultation ended in failure for sovereignists, though the outcome was very close: 50.6% "no" and 49.4% "yes".<a href="#cite_note-1995_facts2-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> In 1998, following the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>'s decision on the <a href="/wiki/Reference_Re_Secession_of_Quebec" title="Reference Re Secession of Quebec">Reference Re Secession of Quebec</a>, the Parliaments of Canada and Quebec defined the <a href="/wiki/Clarity_Act" title="Clarity Act">legal frameworks</a> within which their respective governments would act in another referendum. On October 30, 2003, the National Assembly voted unanimously to affirm "that the people of Québec form a nation".<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> On November 27, 2006, the House of Commons passed a <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_nation_motion" title="Québécois nation motion">symbolic motion</a> declaring "that this House recognize that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada."<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> In 2007, the Parti Québécois was pushed back to official opposition in the National Assembly, with the Liberal party leading. During the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011 Canadian federal elections</a>, Quebec voters rejected the Bloc Québécois in favour of the previously minor <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP). As the NDP's logo is orange, this was called the "orange wave".<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> After three subsequent Liberal governments, the Parti Québécois regained power in 2012 and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Marois" title="Pauline Marois">Pauline Marois</a>, became the first female premier of Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> The Liberal Party of Quebec then returned to power in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2018_Quebec_general_election" title="2018 Quebec general election">provincial general elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> Between 2020-21, Quebec took measures against the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> In 2022, Coalition Avenir Québec, led by Quebec's premier <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">François Legault</a>, increased its parliamentary majority in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Quebec_general_election" title="2022 Quebec general election">provincial general elections.</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Territorial evolution of Quebec</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_(New_France)_Location_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canada in the 18th century"><img alt="Canada in the 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canada_%28New_France%29_Location_Map.svg/98px-Canada_%28New_France%29_Location_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canada_%28New_France%29_Location_Map.svg/147px-Canada_%28New_France%29_Location_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canada_%28New_France%29_Location_Map.svg/196px-Canada_%28New_France%29_Location_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="552" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> in the 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Province_of_Quebec_1763,_1774,_1784.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The Province of Quebec from 1763 to 1783"><img alt="The Province of Quebec from 1763 to 1783" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Province_of_Quebec_1763%2C_1774%2C_1784.gif/137px-Province_of_Quebec_1763%2C_1774%2C_1784.gif" decoding="async" width="137" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Province_of_Quebec_1763%2C_1774%2C_1784.gif/205px-Province_of_Quebec_1763%2C_1774%2C_1784.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Province_of_Quebec_1763%2C_1774%2C_1784.gif/273px-Province_of_Quebec_1763%2C_1774%2C_1784.gif 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1058" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> from 1763 to 1783</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Bas-Canada.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Lower Canada from 1791 to 1841 (Patriots' War in 1837, Canada East in 1841)"><img alt="Lower Canada from 1791 to 1841 (Patriots' War in 1837, Canada East in 1841)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Bas-Canada.gif/137px-%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Bas-Canada.gif" decoding="async" width="137" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Bas-Canada.gif/205px-%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Bas-Canada.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Bas-Canada.gif/273px-%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Bas-Canada.gif 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1058" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> from 1791 to 1841 (<a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriots' War">Patriots' War</a> in 1837, <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a> in 1841)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Quebec from 1867 to 1927"><img alt="Quebec from 1867 to 1927" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.gif/103px-%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.gif" decoding="async" width="103" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.gif/154px-%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.gif/206px-%C3%89volution_territoriale_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.gif 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="733" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quebec from 1867 to 1927 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Disputed_territory_between_Quebec_and_Labrador_map-blank.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Quebec today. Quebec (in blue) has a border dispute with Labrador (in red)."><img alt="Quebec today. Quebec (in blue) has a border dispute with Labrador (in red)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Disputed_territory_between_Quebec_and_Labrador_map-blank.svg/100px-Disputed_territory_between_Quebec_and_Labrador_map-blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Disputed_territory_between_Quebec_and_Labrador_map-blank.svg/150px-Disputed_territory_between_Quebec_and_Labrador_map-blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Disputed_territory_between_Quebec_and_Labrador_map-blank.svg/200px-Disputed_territory_between_Quebec_and_Labrador_map-blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Quebec today. Quebec (in blue) has a border dispute with <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Labrador</a> (in red).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Quebec" title="Geography of Quebec">Geography of Quebec</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Quebec" title="List of rivers of Quebec">List of rivers of Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Quebec" title="List of lakes of Quebec">List of lakes of Quebec</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Quebec.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_of_Quebec.png/220px-Map_of_Quebec.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_of_Quebec.png/330px-Map_of_Quebec.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Map_of_Quebec.png/440px-Map_of_Quebec.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="843" /></a><figcaption>Map of Quebec</figcaption></figure> Located in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">eastern part</a> of Canada, Quebec occupies a territory nearly three times the size of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> or <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. Most of Quebec is very sparsely populated.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> The most populous <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physiographic</a> region is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes%E2%80%93St._Lawrence_Lowlands" title="Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands">Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands</a>. The combination of rich soils and the lowlands' relatively warm climate makes this valley the most prolific agricultural area of Quebec. The rural part of the landscape is divided into narrow rectangular tracts of land that extend from the river and date back to the seigneurial system. Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> is very different from one region to another due to the varying composition of the ground, the climate, and the proximity to water. More than 95% of Quebec's territory, including the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a>, lies within the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-naturalhistory2-130">[127]</a> It is generally a quite flat and exposed mountainous terrain interspersed with higher points such as the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Mountains" title="Laurentian Mountains">Laurentian Mountains</a> in southern Quebec, the <a href="/wiki/Otish_Mountains" title="Otish Mountains">Otish Mountains</a> in central Quebec and the <a href="/wiki/Torngat_Mountains" title="Torngat Mountains">Torngat Mountains</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ungava_Bay" title="Ungava Bay">Ungava Bay</a>. While low and medium altitude peaks extend from western Quebec to the far north, high altitudes mountains emerge in the <a href="/wiki/Capitale-Nationale" title="Capitale-Nationale">Capitale-Nationale</a> region to the extreme east. Quebec's highest point at 1,652 metres (5,420 ft) is Mont d'Iberville, known in English as <a href="/wiki/Mount_Caubvick" title="Mount Caubvick">Mount Caubvick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> In the Labrador Peninsula portion of the Shield, the far northern region of <a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a> includes the Ungava Peninsula and consists of flat Arctic <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> inhabited mostly by the Inuit. Further south is the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canadian_Shield_taiga" title="Eastern Canadian Shield taiga">Eastern Canadian Shield taiga</a> ecoregion and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Canadian_Shield_forests" title="Central Canadian Shield forests">Central Canadian Shield forests</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chaudi%C3%A8re-Appalaches" title="Chaudière-Appalaches">Appalachian</a> region has a narrow strip of ancient mountains along the southeastern border of Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-Ecological_classification_of_Quebec_territory-132">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chutes_%C3%A0_Michel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chutes_%C3%A0_Michel.jpg/220px-Chutes_%C3%A0_Michel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chutes_%C3%A0_Michel.jpg/330px-Chutes_%C3%A0_Michel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chutes_%C3%A0_Michel.jpg/440px-Chutes_%C3%A0_Michel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Michel's falls on <a href="/wiki/Ashuapmushuan_River" title="Ashuapmushuan River">Ashuapmushuan River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-F%C3%A9licien,_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Félicien, Québec">Saint-Félicien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saguenay%E2%80%93Lac-Saint-Jean" title="Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean">Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean</a></figcaption></figure> Quebec has one of the world's largest reserves of <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environment_of_Quebec20025-133">[130]</a> occupying 12% of its surface<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabin198639-134">[131]</a> and representing 3% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Renewable_freshwater_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable freshwater resources">renewable fresh water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> More than half a million lakes and 4,500 rivers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environment_of_Quebec20025-133">[130]</a> empty into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, by <a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson</a>, and Ungava bays. The largest inland body of water is the <a href="/wiki/Caniapiscau_Reservoir" title="Caniapiscau Reservoir">Caniapiscau Reservoir</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mistassini" title="Lake Mistassini">Lake Mistassini</a> is the largest natural lake.<a href="#cite_note-CTQ-resC2-136">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> has some of the world's largest sustaining inland Atlantic ports. Since 1959, the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a> has provided a navigable link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. The <a href="/wiki/Public_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Public lands">public lands</a> of Quebec cover approximately 92% of its territory, including almost all of the bodies of water. <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Quebec" title="Protected areas of Quebec">Protected areas</a> can be classified into about twenty different legal designations (ex. exceptional forest ecosystem, protected marine environment, <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Quebec" title="National Parks of Quebec">national park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_reserves_of_Quebec" title="Biodiversity reserves of Quebec">biodiversity reserve</a>, wildlife reserve, <a href="/wiki/Zone_d%27exploitation_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Zone d'exploitation contrôlée">zone d'exploitation contrôlée</a> (ZEC), etc.).<a href="#cite_note-definition2-137">[134]</a> More than 2,500 sites in Quebec today are protected areas.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> As of 2013, protected areas comprise 9.14% of Quebec's territory.<a href="#cite_note-register2-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebec_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Quebec_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Quebec_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Quebec_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Quebec_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Quebec_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Quebec_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of Quebec</figcaption></figure> In general, the climate of Quebec is cold and humid, with variations determined by latitude, maritime and elevation influences.<a href="#cite_note-climat2-140">[137]</a> Because of the influence of both storm systems from the core of North America and the Atlantic Ocean, precipitation is abundant throughout the year, with most areas receiving more than 1,000 mm (39 in) of precipitation, including over 300 cm (120 in) of snow in many areas.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> During the summer, severe weather patterns (such as <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> and severe <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a>) occur occasionally.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baie-Saint-Paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baie-Saint-Paul.jpg/220px-Baie-Saint-Paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baie-Saint-Paul.jpg/330px-Baie-Saint-Paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baie-Saint-Paul.jpg/440px-Baie-Saint-Paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baie-Saint-Paul" title="Baie-Saint-Paul">Baie-Saint-Paul</a> during winter</figcaption></figure> Quebec is divided into four climatic zones: arctic, subarctic, humid continental and East maritime. From south to north, average temperatures range in summer between 25 and 5 °C (77 and 41 °F) and, in winter, between −10 and −25 °C (14 and −13 °F).<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> In periods of intense heat and cold, temperatures can reach 35 °C (95 °F) in the summer<a href="#cite_note-climatetabular2-145">[142]</a> and −40 °C (−40 °F) during the Quebec winter,<a href="#cite_note-climatetabular2-145">[142]</a> Most of central Quebec, ranging from 51 to 58 degrees North has a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> (Köppen Dfc).<a href="#cite_note-climat2-140">[137]</a> Winters are long, very cold, and snowy, and among the coldest in eastern Canada, while summers are warm but very short due to the higher latitude and the greater influence of Arctic air masses. Precipitation is also somewhat less than farther south, except at some of the higher elevations. The northern regions of Quebec have an <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">arctic climate</a> (Köppen ET), with very cold winters and short, much cooler summers.<a href="#cite_note-climat2-140">[137]</a> The primary influences in this region are the Arctic Ocean currents (such as the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Current" title="Labrador Current">Labrador Current</a>) and continental air masses from the High <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>. The all-time record high temperature was 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) and the all-time record low was −51.0 °C (−59.8 °F).<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> The all-time record of the greatest precipitation in winter was established in winter 2007–2008, with more than five metres<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> of snow in the area of Quebec City.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> March 1971, however, saw the "<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canadian_Blizzard_of_March_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Canadian Blizzard of March 1971">Century's Snowstorm</a>" with more than 40 cm (16 in) in Montreal to 80 cm (31 in) in <a href="/wiki/RCAF_Station_Mont_Apica" class="mw-redirect" title="RCAF Station Mont Apica">Mont Apica</a> of snow within 24 hours in many regions of southern Quebec. The winter of 2010 was the warmest and driest recorded in more than 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecoregions_quebec_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ecoregions_quebec_map.svg/220px-Ecoregions_quebec_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ecoregions_quebec_map.svg/330px-Ecoregions_quebec_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ecoregions_quebec_map.svg/440px-Ecoregions_quebec_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Different forest areas of Quebec: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  1. Middle Arctic Tundra</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2. Low Arctic Tundra</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  3. Torngat Mountain Tundra</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  4. Eastern Canadian Shield Taiga</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5. Southern Hudson Bay Taiga</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  6. Central Canadian Shield Forests</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  7. Eastern Canadian Forests</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  8. Eastern Forest/Boreal Transition</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  9. Eastern Great Lakes Lowland Forests</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  10. New England/Acadian Forests</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  11. Gulf of St. Lawrence Lowland Forests</div></figcaption></figure> Given the geology of the province and its different climates, there are a number of large areas of vegetation in Quebec. These areas, listed in order from the northernmost to the southernmost are: the <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest_of_Canada" title="Boreal forest of Canada">Canadian boreal forest</a> (coniferous), <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">mixed forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> forest.<a href="#cite_note-naturalhistory2-130">[127]</a> On the edge of Ungava Bay and Hudson Strait is the tundra, whose flora is limited to <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> with less than 50 growing days per year. Further south, the climate is conducive to the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest_of_Canada" title="Boreal forest of Canada">Canadian boreal forest</a>, bounded on the north by the taiga. Not as arid as the tundra, the taiga is associated with the subarctic regions of the Canadian Shield<a href="#cite_note-types_veg2-150">[147]</a> and is characterized by a greater number of both plant (600) and animal (206) species. The taiga covers about 20% of the total area of Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-naturalhistory2-130">[127]</a> The Canadian boreal forest is the northernmost and most abundant of the three forest areas in Quebec that straddle the Canadian Shield and the upper lowlands of the province. Given a warmer climate, the diversity of organisms is also higher: there are about 850 plant species and 280 vertebrate species. The <a href="/wiki/Mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed forest">mixed forest</a> is a transition zone between the Canadian boreal forest and <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forest">deciduous forest</a>. This area contains a diversity of plant (1000) and <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> (350) species, despite relatively cool temperatures. The ecozone mixed forest is characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentides" title="Laurentides">Laurentians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chaudi%C3%A8re-Appalaches" title="Chaudière-Appalaches">Appalachians</a> and the eastern lowland forests.<a href="#cite_note-types_veg2-150">[147]</a> The third most northern forest area is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forest">deciduous forests</a>. Because of its climate, this area has the greatest diversity of species, including more than 1600 <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a> and 440 vertebrates. The total forest area of Quebec is estimated at 750,300 km2 (289,700 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-domaine_forestier2-151">[148]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Abitibi-T%C3%A9miscamingue" title="Abitibi-Témiscamingue">Abitibi-Témiscamingue</a> to the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Nord" title="Côte-Nord">North Shore</a>, the forest is composed primarily of conifers such as the <a href="/wiki/Abies_balsamea" title="Abies balsamea">Abies balsamea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jack_pine" title="Jack pine">jack pine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Picea_glauca" title="Picea glauca">white spruce</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">black spruce</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Larix_laricina" title="Larix laricina">tamarack</a>. The deciduous forest of the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Lowlands is mostly composed of deciduous species such as the <a href="/wiki/Acer_saccharum" title="Acer saccharum">sugar maple</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acer_rubrum" title="Acer rubrum">red maple</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_americana" title="Fraxinus americana">white ash</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">American beech</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">butternut (white walnut)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ulmus_americana" title="Ulmus americana">American elm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tilia_americana" title="Tilia americana">basswood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carya_cordiformis" title="Carya cordiformis">bitternut hickory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quercus_rubra" title="Quercus rubra">northern red oak</a> as well as some conifers such as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_white_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern white pine">eastern white pine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thuja_occidentalis" title="Thuja occidentalis">northern whitecedar</a>. The distribution areas of the <a href="/wiki/Betula_papyrifera" title="Betula papyrifera">paper birch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Populus_tremuloides" title="Populus tremuloides">trembling aspen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sorbus" title="Sorbus">mountain ash</a> cover more than half of Quebec's territory.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Biodiversity of the estuary and gulf of Saint Lawrence River<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> includes aquatic mammal wildlife, such as the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(whale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beluga (whale)">beluga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minke_whale" title="Minke whale">minke whale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">harp seal</a> (earless seal). The Nordic marine animals include the <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> Inland waters are populated by small to large freshwater fish, such as the <a href="/wiki/Largemouth_bass" title="Largemouth bass">largemouth bass</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_pickerel" title="American pickerel">American pickerel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acipenser_oxyrinchus" title="Acipenser oxyrinchus">Acipenser oxyrinchus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muskellunge" title="Muskellunge">muskellunge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_char" title="Arctic char">Arctic char</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">brook trout</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Microgadus_tomcod" title="Microgadus tomcod">Microgadus tomcod</a> (tomcod), the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> Among the birds commonly seen in the southern part of Quebec are the <a href="/wiki/American_robin" title="American robin">American robin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red-winged_blackbird" title="Red-winged blackbird">red-winged blackbird</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">mallard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Common_grackle" title="Common grackle">common grackle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blue_jay" title="Blue jay">blue jay</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_crow" title="American crow">American crow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black-capped_chickadee" title="Black-capped chickadee">black-capped chickadee</a>, some <a href="/wiki/New_World_warbler" title="New World warbler">warblers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallows</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_starling" class="mw-redirect" title="European starling">starling</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rock_pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock pigeon">rock pigeon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrûlotte2009-156">[153]</a> Avian fauna includes birds of prey like the <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">snowy owl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a>. Sea and semi-aquatic birds seen in Quebec are mostly the <a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Double-crested_cormorant" title="Double-crested cormorant">double-crested cormorant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_gannet" title="Northern gannet">northern gannet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_herring_gull" title="European herring gull">European herring gull</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_blue_heron" title="Great blue heron">great blue heron</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sandhill_crane" title="Sandhill crane">sandhill crane</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">Atlantic puffin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_loon" title="Common loon">common loon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> The large land wildlife includes the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">muskox</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">caribou (reindeer)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a>. The medium-sized land wildlife includes the <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">eastern wolf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a>, the fox, etc. The small animals seen most commonly include the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_grey_squirrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern grey squirrel">eastern grey squirrel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">snowshoe hare</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Groundhog" title="Groundhog">groundhog</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunk</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_American_beaver" title="North American beaver">Canadian beaver</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">Government of Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Quebec" title="Politics of Quebec">Politics of Quebec</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebec_City_(14765614666).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quebec_City_%2814765614666%29.jpg/220px-Quebec_City_%2814765614666%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quebec_City_%2814765614666%29.jpg/330px-Quebec_City_%2814765614666%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Quebec_City_%2814765614666%29.jpg/440px-Quebec_City_%2814765614666%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5452" data-file-height="3459" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Building_(Quebec)" title="Parliament Building (Quebec)">Parliament Building</a> in Quebec City</figcaption></figure> Quebec is founded on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>, and is both a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary regime</a>. The head of government in Quebec is the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">premier</a> (called premier ministre in French), who leads the largest party in the <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) from which the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Quebec" title="Executive Council of Quebec">Executive Council of Quebec</a> is appointed. The <a href="/wiki/Secr%C3%A9tariat_du_Conseil_du_tr%C3%A9sor_(Quebec)" title="Secrétariat du Conseil du trésor (Quebec)">Conseil du trésor</a> supports the ministers of the Executive Council in their function of stewardship of the state. The <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Quebec" title="Lieutenant Governor of Quebec">lieutenant governor</a> represents the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Canada">King of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-159">[156]</a> Quebec has 78 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">members of Parliament</a> (MPs) in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> They are elected in federal elections. At the level of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>, Quebec is represented by 24 senators, which are appointed on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Canada">prime minister of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> The Quebec government holds <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> authority in its areas of <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_jurisdiction" title="Exclusive jurisdiction">exclusive jurisdiction</a>. The Parliament of the <a href="/wiki/43rd_Quebec_Legislature" title="43rd Quebec Legislature">43rd legislature</a> is made up of the following parties: <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a> (CAQ), <a href="/wiki/Parti_lib%C3%A9ral_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti libéral du Québec">Parti libéral du Québec</a> (PLQ), <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_solidaire" title="Québec solidaire">Québec solidaire</a> (QS) and <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> (PQ), as well as an <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec#Current_standings" title="National Assembly of Quebec">independent member</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Quebec" title="List of political parties in Quebec">25 official political parties in Quebec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> Quebec has a network of three offices for representing itself and defending its interests within Canada: one in Moncton for all provinces east, one in Toronto for all provinces west, and one in Ottawa for the federal government. These offices' mandate is to ensure an institutional presence of the Government of Quebec near other Canadian governments.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Quebec" title="Administrative divisions of Quebec">Administrative divisions of Quebec</a></div> The ecological classification of Quebec territory established by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Natural_Resources_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Quebec)">Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and Parks</a> 2021, is presented in 9 levels, it includes the diversity of terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> throughout Quebec while taking into account both the characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> (physiognomy, structure and composition) and the physical environment (relief, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrography</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ecological_classification_of_Quebec_territory-132">[129]</a> <ol><li>Vegetation zone</li> <li>Vegetation subzone</li> <li>Bioclimatic domain</li> <li>Bioclimatic subdomain</li> <li>Ecological region</li> <li>Ecological subregion</li> <li>Regional landscape unit</li> <li>Ecological district</li> <li>Vegetation stage</li></ol> Quebec's territory is divided into 17 <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Quebec">administrative regions</a> as follows:<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_administratives_du_Quebec.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Regions_administratives_du_Quebec.png/220px-Regions_administratives_du_Quebec.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Regions_administratives_du_Quebec.png/330px-Regions_administratives_du_Quebec.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Regions_administratives_du_Quebec.png/440px-Regions_administratives_du_Quebec.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Quebec">seventeen administrative regions</a> of Quebec</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Bas-Saint-Laurent" title="Bas-Saint-Laurent">Bas-Saint-Laurent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay%E2%80%93Lac-Saint-Jean" title="Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean">Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitale-Nationale" title="Capitale-Nationale">Capitale-Nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauricie" title="Mauricie">Mauricie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrie" title="Estrie">Estrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration_of_Montreal" title="Urban agglomeration of Montreal">Montréal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outaouais" title="Outaouais">Outaouais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abitibi-T%C3%A9miscamingue" title="Abitibi-Témiscamingue">Abitibi-Témiscamingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Nord" title="Côte-Nord">Côte-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord-du-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Nord-du-Québec">Nord-du-Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9sie%E2%80%93%C3%8Eles-de-la-Madeleine" title="Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine">Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudi%C3%A8re-Appalaches" title="Chaudière-Appalaches">Chaudière-Appalaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laval,_Quebec" title="Laval, Quebec">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanaudi%C3%A8re" title="Lanaudière">Lanaudière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentides" title="Laurentides">Laurentides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont%C3%A9r%C3%A9gie" title="Montérégie">Montérégie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-du-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Centre-du-Québec">Centre-du-Québec</a></li></ol> </div> The province also has the following divisions: <ul><li>4 territories (<a href="/wiki/Abitibi_County,_Quebec" title="Abitibi County, Quebec">Abitibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashuanipi" title="Ashuanipi">Ashuanipi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-Mistassini,_Quebec" title="Rivière-Mistassini, Quebec">Mistassini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a>) which group together the lands that once formed the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Ungava" title="District of Ungava">District of Ungava</a></li> <li>36 <a href="/wiki/Judicial_districts_of_Quebec" title="Judicial districts of Quebec">judicial districts</a></li> <li>73 circonscriptions foncières</li> <li>125 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_districts_of_Quebec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electoral districts of Quebec (page does not exist)">electoral districts</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circonscription_%C3%A9lectorale_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="extiw" title="fr:Circonscription électorale du Québec">fr</a>]<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a></li></ul> For municipal purposes, Quebec is composed of: <ul><li>1,117 <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Quebec">local municipalities</a> of various <a href="/wiki/Types_of_municipalities_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of municipalities in Quebec">types</a>: <ul><li>11 <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomerations_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomerations of Quebec">agglomerations</a> (agglomérations) grouping 42 of these local municipalities</li> <li>45 <a href="/wiki/List_of_boroughs_in_Quebec" title="List of boroughs in Quebec">boroughs</a> (arrondissements) within 8 of these local municipalities</li></ul></li> <li>89 <a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">regional county municipalities</a> or RCMs (municipalités régionales de comté, MRC)</li> <li>2 <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_(Quebec)" title="Metropolitan Community (Quebec)">metropolitan communities</a> (communautés métropolitaines)</li> <li>the regional <a href="/wiki/Kativik_Regional_Government" title="Kativik Regional Government">Kativik</a> administration</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/List_of_unorganized_territories_in_Quebec" title="List of unorganized territories in Quebec">unorganised territories</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ministries_and_policies">Ministries and policies</h3></div> Quebec's constitution is enshrined in a series of social and cultural traditions that are defined in a set of judicial judgments and legislative documents, including the Loi sur l'Assemblée Nationale ("Law on the National Assembly"), the Loi sur l'éxecutif ("Law on the Executive"), and the Loi électorale du Québec ("Electoral Law of Quebec").<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Other notable examples include the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of the French language">Charter of the French language</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">Civil Code of Quebec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CCQ2-170">[167]</a> Quebec's international policy is founded upon the <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rin-Lajoie_doctrine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérin-Lajoie doctrine (page does not exist)">Gérin-Lajoie doctrine</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_G%C3%A9rin-Lajoie" class="extiw" title="fr:Doctrine Gérin-Lajoie">fr</a>],<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> formulated in 1965. While Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Relations_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of International Relations (Quebec)">Ministry of International Relations</a> coordinates international policy, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Government_Offices" title="Quebec Government Offices">Quebec's general delegations</a> are the main interlocutors in foreign countries. Quebec is the only Canadian province that has set up a ministry to exclusively embody the state's powers for international relations.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> Since 2006, Quebec has adopted a green plan to meet the objectives of the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> regarding climate change.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Sustainable_Development,_Environment,_and_Fight_Against_Climate_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment, and Fight Against Climate Change">Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment, and Fight Against Climate Change</a> (MELCC) is the primary entity responsible for the application of environmental policy. The <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_%C3%A9tablissements_de_plein_air_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Société des établissements de plein air du Québec">Société des établissements de plein air du Québec</a> (SEPAQ) is the main body responsible for the management of national parks and wildlife reserves.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> Nearly 500,000 people took part in a climate protest on the streets of Montreal in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> Agriculture in Quebec has been subject to <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_zoning" title="Agricultural zoning">agricultural zoning</a> regulations since 1978.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Faced with the problem of expanding <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>, agricultural zones were created to ensure the protection of fertile land, which make up 2% of Quebec's total area. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quebec%27s_forests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quebec's forests (page does not exist)">Quebec's forests</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%AAt_au_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="extiw" title="fr:Forêt au Québec">fr</a>] are essentially public property. The calculation of annual cutting possibilities is the responsibility of the Bureau du forestier en chef.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Union_des_producteurs_agricoles" title="Union des producteurs agricoles">Union des producteurs agricoles</a> (UPA) seeks to protect the interests of its members, including forestry workers, and works jointly with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Quebec)">Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food</a> (MAPAQ) and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Natural_Resources_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (Quebec)">Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources</a>. The Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale du Québec has the mandate to oversee social and workforce developments through Emploi-Québec and its local employment centres (CLE).<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> This ministry is also responsible for managing the Régime québécois d'assurance parentale (QPIP) as well as last-resort financial support for people in need. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_des_normes,_de_l%27%C3%A9quit%C3%A9,_de_la_sant%C3%A9_et_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_du_travail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commission des normes, de l'équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail (page does not exist)">Commission des normes, de l'équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_des_normes,_de_l%27%C3%A9quit%C3%A9,_de_la_sant%C3%A9_et_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_du_travail" class="extiw" title="fr:Commission des normes, de l'équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail">fr</a>] (CNESST) is the main body responsible for labour laws in Quebec<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> and for enforcing agreements concluded between unions of employees and their employers.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Revenu_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Revenu Québec">Revenu Québec</a> is the body responsible for collecting taxes. It takes its revenue through a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive income tax</a>, a 9.975% sales tax,<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> various other provincial taxes (ex. carbon, corporate and capital gains taxes), <a href="/wiki/Equalization_payments_in_Canada" title="Equalization payments in Canada">equalization payments</a>, transfer payments from other provinces, and direct payments.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> By some measures Quebec residents are the most taxed;<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> a 2012 study indicated that "Quebec companies pay 26 per cent more in taxes than the Canadian average".<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> Quebec's immigration philosophy is based on the principles of pluralism and <a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">interculturalism</a>.The Ministère de l'Immigration et des Communautés culturelles du Québec is responsible for the selection and integration of immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> Programs favour immigrants who know French, have a low risk of becoming criminals and have in-demand skills. Quebec's health and social services network is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Social_Services_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Health and Social Services (Quebec)">Ministry of Health and Social Services</a>. It is composed of 95 réseaux locaux de services (RLS; 'local service networks') and 18 agences de la santé et des services sociaux (ASSS; 'health and social services agencies'). Quebec's health system is supported by the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gie_de_l%27assurance_maladie_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec">Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec</a> (RAMQ) which works to maintain the accessibility of services for all citizens of Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> The Ministère de la Famille et des Aînés du Québec operate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centres_de_la_petite_enfance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centres de la petite enfance (page does not exist)">centres de la petite enfance</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_la_petite_enfance" class="extiw" title="fr:Centre de la petite enfance">fr</a>] (CPEs; 'centres for young children'). <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Quebec" title="Education in Quebec">Quebec's education system</a> is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Higher_Education_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Education and Higher Education (Quebec)">Ministry of Education and Higher Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary</a> schools), the Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur (<a href="/wiki/CEGEP" title="CEGEP">CEGEP</a>) and the Conseil supérieure de l'Education du Québec (universities and colleges).<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> In 2012, the annual cost for postsecondary <a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">tuition</a> was CA$2,168 (€1,700)—less than half of Canada's average tuition. Part of the reason for this is that tuition fees were frozen to a relatively low level when CEGEPS were created during the Quiet Revolution. When Jean Charest's government decided in 2012 to sharply increase university fees, <a href="/wiki/2012_Quebec_student_protests" title="2012 Quebec student protests">students protests</a> erupted.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Because of these protests, Quebec's tuition fees remain relatively low. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_relationships">External relationships</h3></div> Quebec's closest international partner is the United States, with which it shares a long and positive history. Products of <a href="/wiki/American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="American culture">American culture</a> like songs, movies, fashion and food strongly affect Québécois culture. Quebec has a historied relationship with France, as Quebec was a part of the French Empire and both regions share a language. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_France-Qu%C3%A9bec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fédération France-Québec (page does not exist)">Fédération France-Québec</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_France-Qu%C3%A9bec" class="extiw" title="fr:Fédération France-Québec">fr</a>] and the <a href="/wiki/Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a> are a few of the tools used for relations between Quebec and France. In <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, a place du Québec was inaugurated in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> Quebec also has a historied relationship with the United Kingdom, having been a part of the British Empire. Quebec and the UK share the same head of state, <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>. Quebec has a <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Government_Offices" title="Quebec Government Offices">network of 32 offices</a> in 18 countries. These offices serve the purpose of representing Quebec in foreign countries and are overseen by Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Relations_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of International Relations (Quebec)">Ministry of International Relations</a>. Quebec, like other Canadian provinces, also maintains representatives in some Canadian embassies and consulates general. As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Government of Quebec had delegates-general (<a href="/wiki/Agents-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Agents-general">agents-general</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, Paris and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>; delegates to <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>; and offices headed by directors offering more limited services in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>. In addition, there are the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)#honorary_consul" title="Consul (representative)">honorary consuls</a>, titled antennes, in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>. Quebec also has a representative to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and participates in the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> Quebec is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation internationale de la francophonie">Organisation internationale de la francophonie</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_law" title="Quebec law">Quebec law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bar_of_Quebec" title="Bar of Quebec">Bar of Quebec</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edifice_Ernest-Cormier_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Edifice_Ernest-Cormier_14.JPG/220px-Edifice_Ernest-Cormier_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Edifice_Ernest-Cormier_14.JPG/330px-Edifice_Ernest-Cormier_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Edifice_Ernest-Cormier_14.JPG/440px-Edifice_Ernest-Cormier_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89difice_Ernest-Cormier" title="Édifice Ernest-Cormier">Édifice Ernest-Cormier</a> is the courthouse for the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Court_of_Appeal" title="Quebec Court of Appeal">Quebec Court of Appeal</a> in Montreal.</figcaption></figure> Quebec law is the shared responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">provincial government</a>. The federal government is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>, foreign affairs and laws relating to the regulation of Canadian commerce, interprovincial transportation, and telecommunications.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-191">[188]</a> The provincial government is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a>, the administration of justice, and several social domains, such as social assistance, healthcare, education, and natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-191">[188]</a> Quebec law is influenced by two judicial traditions (<a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>) and four classic <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_law" title="Sources of law">sources of law</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>, doctrine and <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKélada197021-192">[189]</a> Private law in Quebec affects all relationships between individuals (<a href="/wiki/Natural_person" title="Natural person">natural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Juridical_person" title="Juridical person">juridical</a> persons) and is largely under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Quebec">Parliament of Quebec</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> also influences Quebec private law, in particular through its power over banks, bankruptcy, marriage, divorce and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime law">maritime law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunTremblayBrouillet2008474–491-193">[190]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Droit_civil_du_Qu%C3%A9bec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Droit civil du Québec (page does not exist)">Droit civil du Québec</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_civil_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit civil du Québec">fr</a>] is the primary component of Quebec's private law and is <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codified</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Code_of_Quebec" title="Civil Code of Quebec">Civil Code of Quebec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÉmondLauzière200338-194">[191]</a> Public law in Quebec is largely derived from the common law tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunTremblayBrouillet20089,_28-195">[192]</a> Quebec <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> governs the rules surrounding the Quebec government, the Parliament of Quebec and Quebec's courts. Quebec <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> governs relations between individuals and the Quebec public administration. Quebec also has some limited jurisdiction over criminal law. Finally, Quebec, like the federal government, has <a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">tax law</a> power.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Certain portions of Quebec law are considered mixed. This is the case, for example, with <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_and_freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights and freedoms">human rights and freedoms</a> which are governed by the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Charter_of_Human_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms">Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms</a>, a Charter which applies to both government and citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÉmondLauzière200339–40-197">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunTremblayBrouillet2008943–945-198">[195]</a> English is not an official language in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_law" title="Quebec law">Quebec law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-charteroffrench2-199">[196]</a> However, both English and French are required by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a> for the enactment of laws and regulations, and any person may use English or French in the National Assembly and the courts. The books and records of the National Assembly must also be kept in both languages.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts">Courts</h3></div> Although Quebec is a civil law jurisdiction, it does not follow the pattern of other civil law systems which have court systems divided by subject matter. Instead, the court system follows the English model of unitary courts of general jurisdiction. The provincial courts have jurisdiction to decide matters under <a href="/wiki/Provincial_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial law">provincial law</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Federal_law" title="Federal law">federal law</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional matters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> The major exception to the principle of general jurisdiction is that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_(Canada)" title="Federal Court (Canada)">Federal Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Appeal" title="Federal Court of Appeal">Federal Court of Appeal</a> have exclusive jurisdiction over some areas of federal law, such as review of federal administrative bodies, federal taxes, and matters relating to national security.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> The Quebec courts are organized in a pyramid. At the bottom, there are the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal court">municipal courts</a>, the Professions Tribunal, the Human Rights Tribunal, and administrative tribunals. Decisions of those bodies can be reviewed by the two trial courts, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Quebec" title="Court of Quebec">Court of Quebec</a> the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Quebec" title="Superior Court of Quebec">Superior Court of Quebec</a>. The Court of Quebec is the main criminal trial court, and also a court for small civil claims. The Superior Court is a trial court of general jurisdiction, in both criminal and civil matters. The decisions of those courts can be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Court_of_Appeal" title="Quebec Court of Appeal">Quebec Court of Appeal</a>. Finally, if the case is of great importance, it may be appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>. The Court of Appeal serves two purposes. First, it is the general court of appeal for all legal issues from the lower courts. It hears appeals from the trial decisions of the Superior Court and the Quebec Court. It also can hear appeals from decisions rendered by those two courts on appeals or judicial review matters relating to the municipal courts and administrative tribunals.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> Second, but much more rarely, the Court of Appeal possesses the power to respond to <a href="/wiki/Reference_question" title="Reference question">reference questions</a> posed to it by the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Quebec" title="Executive Council of Quebec">Quebec Cabinet</a>. The Court of Appeal renders more than 1,500 judgments per year.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BBret%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Sûreté du Québec">Sûreté du Québec</a> is the main police force of Quebec. The Sûreté du Québec can also serve a support and coordination role with other police forces, such as with municipal police forces or with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> (RCMP).<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> The RCMP has the power to enforce certain federal laws in Quebec. However, given the existence of the Sûreté du Québec, its role is more limited than in the other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> Municipal police, such as the <a href="/wiki/Service_de_police_de_la_Ville_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Service de police de la Ville de Montréal">Service de police de la Ville de Montréal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Service_de_police_de_la_Ville_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Service de police de la Ville de Québec">Service de police de la Ville de Québec</a>, are responsible for law enforcement in their municipalities. The Sûreté du Québec fulfils the role of municipal police in the 1038 municipalities that do not have a municipal police force.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> The Indigenous communities of Quebec have their own police forces.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> For offences against provincial or federal laws in Quebec (including the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Criminal_and_Penal_Prosecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of Criminal and Penal Prosecutions">Director of Criminal and Penal Prosecutions</a> is responsible for prosecuting offenders in court through <a href="/wiki/Crown_attorney" title="Crown attorney">Crown attorneys</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Canada)" title="Department of Justice (Canada)">Department of Justice of Canada</a> also has the power to prosecute offenders, but only for offences against specific federal laws (ex. selling <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotics</a>). Quebec is responsible for operating the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Quebec)">prison system</a> for sentences of less than two years, and the federal government operates <a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Canada" title="Incarceration in Canada">penitentiaries</a> for sentences of two years or more.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Quebec" title="Demographics of Quebec">Demographics of Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Quebec" title="Demographic history of Quebec">Demographic history of Quebec</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebec_Population_Density_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Quebec_Population_Density_2021.svg/330px-Quebec_Population_Density_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Quebec_Population_Density_2021.svg/495px-Quebec_Population_Density_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Quebec_Population_Density_2021.svg/660px-Quebec_Population_Density_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Population density map of Quebec</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2016_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2016 Census">2016 census</a>, Quebec had a population of 8,164,361, a 3.3% increase from its 2011 population of 7,903,001. With a land area of 1,356,625.27 km2 (523,795.95 sq mi), it had a population density of 6.0/km2 (15.6/sq mi) in 2016. Quebec accounts for a little under 23% of the Canadian population. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_population_centres_in_Quebec" title="List of population centres in Quebec">most populated cities in Quebec</a> are <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> (1,762,976), <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> (538,738), <a href="/wiki/Laval,_Quebec" title="Laval, Quebec">Laval</a> (431,208), and <a href="/wiki/Gatineau,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatineau, Quebec">Gatineau</a> (281,501).<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> In 2016, Quebec's median age was 41.2 years. As of 2020, 20.8% of the population were younger than 20, 59.5% were aged between 20 and 64, and 19.7% were 65 or older. In 2019, Quebec witnessed an increase in the number of births compared to the year before (84,200 vs 83,840) and had a <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> of about 1.6 children born per woman. As of 2020, the average life expectancy was 82.3 years. Quebec in 2019 registered the highest rate of population growth since 1972, with an increase of 110,000 people, mostly because of the arrival of a high number of immigrants. As of 2019, most international immigrants came from China, India or France.<a href="#cite_note-:42-213">[210]</a> In 2016, 30% of the population possessed a <a href="/wiki/Postsecondary" class="mw-redirect" title="Postsecondary">postsecondary</a> degree or diploma. Most residents, particularly couples, are <a href="/wiki/Property_owner" class="mw-redirect" title="Property owner">property owners</a>. In 2016, 80% of both property owners and renters considered their housing to be "unaffordable".<a href="#cite_note-habitation-214">[211]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>, 29.3% of Quebec's population stated their ancestry was of Canadian origin and 21.1% stated their ancestry was of French origin.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> As of 2021, 18% of Quebec's population were <a href="/wiki/Visible_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible minorities">visible minorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Quebec">Religion in Quebec</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ste_Anne_de_Beaupr%C3%A9,_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ste_Anne_de_Beaupr%C3%A9%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg/220px-Ste_Anne_de_Beaupr%C3%A9%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ste_Anne_de_Beaupr%C3%A9%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg/330px-Ste_Anne_de_Beaupr%C3%A9%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ste_Anne_de_Beaupr%C3%A9%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg/440px-Ste_Anne_de_Beaupr%C3%A9%2C_Qu%C3%A9bec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupr%C3%A9" title="Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré">Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>, the most commonly cited religions in Quebec were:<a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-217">[214]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> (5,385,240 residents, or 64.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligion</a> (2,267,720 or 27.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (421,710 or 5.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (84,530 or 1.0%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (48,365 or 0.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (47,390 or 0.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (23,345 or 0.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous spirituality</a> (3,790 or <0.1%)</li> <li>Other (26,385 or 0.3%)</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> has long occupied a central and integral place in Quebec society since the foundation of Quebec City in 1608. However, since the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a>, which secularized Quebec, irreligion has been growing significantly.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> The oldest <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a> in North America is the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral-Basilica_of_Notre-Dame_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec">Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec</a>. Its construction began in 1647, when it was known under the name Notre-Dame-de-la-Paix, and it was finished in 1664.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> The most frequented place of worship in Quebec is the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupr%C3%A9" title="Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré">Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré</a>. This basilica welcomes millions of visitors each year. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_Oratory" title="Saint Joseph's Oratory">Saint Joseph's Oratory</a> is the largest place of worship in the world dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a>. Many pilgrimages include places such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Benedict_Abbey,_Quebec" title="Saint Benedict Abbey, Quebec">Saint Benedict Abbey</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanctuaire_Notre-Dame-du-Cap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanctuaire Notre-Dame-du-Cap (page does not exist)">Sanctuaire Notre-Dame-du-Cap</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuaire_Notre-Dame-du-Cap" class="extiw" title="fr:Sanctuaire Notre-Dame-du-Cap">fr</a>], <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Montr%C3%A9al_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame de Montréal Basilica">Notre-Dame de Montréal Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_the_World_Cathedral" title="Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral">Marie-Reine-du-Monde de Montréal Basilica-Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Michel_Basilica-Cathedral" title="Saint-Michel Basilica-Cathedral">Saint-Michel Basilica-Cathedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Basilica,_Montreal" title="St. Patrick's Basilica, Montreal">Saint-Patrick's Basilica</a>. Another important place of worship in Quebec is the Anglican Holy Trinity Cathedral, which was erected between 1800 and 1804. It was the first Anglican cathedral built outside the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language_demographics_of_Quebec" title="Language demographics of Quebec">Language demographics of Quebec</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quebec_langues.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Quebec_langues.png/220px-Quebec_langues.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Quebec_langues.png/330px-Quebec_langues.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Quebec_langues.png/440px-Quebec_langues.png 2x" data-file-width="3311" data-file-height="3745" /></a><figcaption> <table style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #ABD5F5; background-color:#F1F5FC; margin-top:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:center">Linguistic map of the province of Quebec (source: Statistics Canada, 2006 census)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Francophone majority, less than 33% Anglophone</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Francophone majority, more than 33% Anglophone</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Anglophone majority, more than 33% Francophone</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Anglophone majority, less than 33% Francophone</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Data not available</div> </td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure>Quebec differs from other Canadian provinces in that <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> and preponderant language, while <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> predominates in the <a href="/wiki/Rest_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest of Canada">rest of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> French is the <a href="/wiki/Common_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Common language">common language</a>, understood and spoken by 94.4% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Québécois French</a> is the local <a href="/wiki/Variation_(linguistics)" title="Variation (linguistics)">variant</a> of the language. Canada is estimated to be home to roughly 30 regional French accents,<a href="#cite_note-quebeccultureblog.com2-224">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> 17 of which can be found in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Office_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Office québécois de la langue française">Office québécois de la langue française</a> oversees the application of linguistic policies respecting French on the territory, jointly with the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_la_langue_fran%C3%A7aise_(Quebec)" title="Conseil supérieur de la langue française (Quebec)">Superior Council of the French Language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commission_de_toponymie_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Commission de toponymie du Québec">Commission de toponymie du Québec</a>. The foundation for these linguistic policies was created in 1968 by the <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Situation_of_the_French_Language_and_Linguistic_Rights_in_Quebec" title="Commission of Inquiry on the Situation of the French Language and Linguistic Rights in Quebec">Gendron Commission</a> and they have been accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of the French language">Charter of the French language</a> ("Bill 101") since 1977. The policies are in effect to protect Quebec from being assimilated by its English-speaking neighbours (the rest of Canada and the United States)<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> and were also created to rectify historical injustice between the Francophone majority and Anglophone minority, the latter of which were favoured since Quebec was a colony of the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> Quebec is the only Canadian province whose population is mainly <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a>, meaning that French is their native language. In the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011 Census</a>, 6,102,210 people (78.1% of the population) recorded French as their sole native language and 6,249,085 (80.0%) recorded that they spoke French most often at home.<a href="#cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca2-230">[227]</a> People with English as their native language, called <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Quebecers" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Quebecers">Anglo-Quebecers</a>, constitute the second largest linguistic group in Quebec. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> was the mother tongue of nearly 650,000 Quebecers (8% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> Anglo-Quebecers reside mainly in the west of the island of Montreal (<a href="/wiki/West_Island" title="West Island">West Island</a>), <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Montreal" title="Downtown Montreal">downtown Montreal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Pontiac Regional County Municipality">Pontiac</a>. Three families of Indigenous languages encompassing eleven languages exist in Quebec: the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Maliseet-passamaquoddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_language" title="Mi'kmaq language">Mi'kmaq</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic continuum">linguistic continuum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Atikamekw_language" title="Atikamekw language">Atikamekw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu-aimun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo–Aleut languages">Inuit–Aleut language family</a> (Nunavimmiutitut, an <a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuktitut dialect</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nord-du-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Nord-du-Québec">Nord-du-Québec</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian language family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wendat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendat language">Wendat</a>). In the 2016 census, 50,895 people said they knew at least one Indigenous language<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> and 45,570 people declared having an Indigenous language as their mother tongue.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> In Quebec, most Indigenous languages are transmitted quite well from one generation to the next with a mother tongue retention rate of 92%.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> As of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016 census</a>, the most common immigrant languages claimed as a native language were <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (2.5% of the total population), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (1.9%), <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (1.4%), Creole languages (mainly <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>) (0.8%), and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (0.6%).<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> As of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian Census</a>, the ten most spoken languages in the province were <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (spoken by 7,786,735 people, or 93.72% of the population), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (4,317,180 or 51.96%), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (453,905 or 5.46%), <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (343,675 or 4.14%), <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (168,040 or 2.02%), <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a> (118,010 or 1.42%), <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (80,520 or 0.97%), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (65,605 or 0.8%), <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (55,485 or 0.7%), and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (50,375 or 0.6%).<a href="#cite_note-language2021-236">[233]</a> The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Indigenous peoples in Quebec">Indigenous peoples in Quebec</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communaut%C3%A9s_autochtones_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Communaut%C3%A9s_autochtones_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.png/220px-Communaut%C3%A9s_autochtones_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Communaut%C3%A9s_autochtones_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.png/330px-Communaut%C3%A9s_autochtones_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Communaut%C3%A9s_autochtones_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.png/440px-Communaut%C3%A9s_autochtones_du_Qu%C3%A9bec.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Map of aboriginal communities in Quebec, this includes <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">reserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_settlement" title="Indian settlement">settlements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Types_of_municipalities_in_Quebec#Aboriginal_local_municipal_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of municipalities in Quebec">northern villages</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Algonquins</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Attikameks</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Abenakis</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Crees</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Hurons-Wendat</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Innus</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Maliseets</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Micmacs</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Mohawks</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Naskapis</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Inuit</div></figcaption></figure> In 2021, the Indigenous population of Quebec numbered 205,010 (2.5% of the population), including 15,800 <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, 116,550 <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> people, and 61,010 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> There is an undercount, as some Indian bands regularly refuse to participate in Canadian censuses. In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> reserves of <a href="/wiki/Kahnawake" title="Kahnawake">Kahnawake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doncaster,_Quebec" title="Doncaster, Quebec">Doncaster 17</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_settlement" title="Indian settlement">Indian settlement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kanesatake" title="Kanesatake">Kanesatake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Lake" title="Rapid Lake">Lac-Rapide</a>, a reserve of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquins_of_Barriere_Lake" title="Algonquins of Barriere Lake">Algonquins of Barriere Lake</a>, were not counted.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> The Inuit of Quebec live mainly in <a href="/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik">Nunavik</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nord-du-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Nord-du-Québec">Nord-du-Québec</a>. They make up the majority of the population living north of the 55th parallel. There are ten First Nations ethnic groups in Quebec: the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Attikamek" class="mw-redirect" title="Attikamek">Attikamek</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wolastoqiyik" title="Wolastoqiyik">Wolastoqiyik</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">Naskapis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Huron-Wendat_Nation" title="Huron-Wendat Nation">Huron-Wendat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mohawks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawks">Mohawks</a>. The Mohawks were once part of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a>. Aboriginal rights were enunciated in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a> and adopted at the end of the 19th century. This act confines <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">reserves</a> created for them. The Indian Act is still in effect today.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> and the Quebec government agreed to an agreement called the <a href="/wiki/James_Bay_and_Northern_Quebec_Agreement" title="James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement">James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement</a> that would extended indigenous rights beyond reserves, and to over two-thirds of Quebec's territory. Because this extension was enacted without the participation of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal government</a>, the extended indigenous rights only exist in Quebec. In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Naskapi" title="Naskapi">Naskapis</a> joined the agreement when the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Quebec_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Quebec Agreement">Northeastern Quebec Agreement</a> was signed. Discussions have been underway with the Montagnais of the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Nord" title="Côte-Nord">Côte-Nord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saguenay%E2%80%93Lac-Saint-Jean" title="Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean">Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean</a> for the potential creation of a similar autonomy in two new distinct territories that would be called Innu Assi and Nitassinan.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> A few political institutions have also been created over time: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations_Quebec-Labrador" title="Assembly of First Nations Quebec-Labrador">Assembly of First Nations Quebec-Labrador</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_the_Crees" title="Grand Council of the Crees">Grand Council of the Crees</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Makivik_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Makivik Corporation">Makivik Corporation</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acadians">Acadians</h3></div> The subject of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acadians_in_Quebec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acadians in Quebec (page does not exist)">Acadians in Quebec</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadiens_au_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="extiw" title="fr:Acadiens au Québec">fr</a>] is an important one as more than a million people in Quebec are of <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a> descent, with roughly 4.8 million people possessing one or multiple Acadian ancestors in their genealogy tree, because a large number of Acadians had fled <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> to take refuge in Quebec during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Upheaval" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Upheaval">Great Upheaval</a>. Furthermore, more than a million people have a <a href="/wiki/Patronym" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronym">patronym</a> of Acadian origin.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> Quebec houses Acadian communities. Acadians mainly live on the <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Islands" title="Magdalen Islands">Magdalen Islands</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Gaspesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspesia">Gaspesia</a>, but about thirty other communities are present elsewhere in Quebec, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-Nord" title="Côte-Nord">Côte-Nord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centre-du-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Centre-du-Québec">Centre-du-Québec</a> regions. An Acadian community in Quebec can be called a "Cadie", "Petite Cadie" or "Cadien".<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Quebec" title="Economy of Quebec">Economy of Quebec</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Economic data is out-of-date, most is from 2011. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edifice_quebec_INRS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Edifice_quebec_INRS.jpg/220px-Edifice_quebec_INRS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Edifice_quebec_INRS.jpg/330px-Edifice_quebec_INRS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Edifice_quebec_INRS.jpg/440px-Edifice_quebec_INRS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="4220" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" title="Institut national de la recherche scientifique">Institut national de la recherche scientifique</a> helps to advance scientific knowledge and to train a new generation of students in various scientific and technological sectors.</figcaption></figure> Quebec has an <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">advanced</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market-based</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">open economy</a>. In 2022, its <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_gross_domestic_product" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product">US$50,000</a> per person at <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> The economy of Quebec is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">46th largest in the world</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">29th</a> for GDP per person.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> Quebec represents 19% of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_gross_domestic_product" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product">GDP of Canada</a>. The provincial <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a> peaked at 51% in 2012–2013, and declined to 43% in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> Like most <a href="/wiki/Industrialized_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized countries">industrialized countries</a>, the economy is based mainly on the <a href="/wiki/Services_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Services sector">services sector</a>. Quebec's economy has traditionally been fuelled by abundant natural resources and a well-developed infrastructure, but has undergone significant change over the past decade.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> Firmly grounded in the <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge economy</a>, Quebec has one of the highest growth rates of GDP in Canada. The knowledge sector represents about 31% of Quebec's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> In 2011, Quebec experienced faster growth of its <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research-and-development</a> (R&D) spending than other Canadian provinces.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> Quebec's spending in R&D in 2011 was equal to 2.63% of GDP, above the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> average of 1.8%.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> The percentage spent on research and technology is the highest in Canada and higher than the averages for the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> and the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> Some of the most important companies from Quebec are: <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Inc">Bombardier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desjardins_Group" title="Desjardins Group">Desjardins</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Canada" title="National Bank of Canada">National Bank of Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jean_Coutu_Group" title="Jean Coutu Group">Jean Coutu Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_(company)" title="Transcontinental (company)">Transcontinental média</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebecor" title="Quebecor">Quebecor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Inc." title="Metro Inc.">Métro Inc.</a> food retailers, <a href="/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Hydro-Québec">Hydro-Québec</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_alcools_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Société des alcools du Québec">Société des alcools du Québec</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">Bank of Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saputo_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Saputo Inc">Saputo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caisse_de_d%C3%A9p%C3%B4t_et_placement_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec">Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec</a>, the Normandin restaurants, and <a href="/wiki/Vid%C3%A9otron" title="Vidéotron">Vidéotron</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exports_and_imports">Exports and imports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EXPORT_quebec_USA_Chine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/EXPORT_quebec_USA_Chine.JPG/260px-EXPORT_quebec_USA_Chine.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/EXPORT_quebec_USA_Chine.JPG/390px-EXPORT_quebec_USA_Chine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/EXPORT_quebec_USA_Chine.JPG/520px-EXPORT_quebec_USA_Chine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Quebec's exports to the international market. The United States is the country which buys the most exports from Quebec by far. (2011)</figcaption></figure> Thanks to the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO) and the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA), Quebec had, as of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec&action=edit">[update]</a>, experienced an increase in its exports and in its ability to compete on the international market. International exchanges contribute to the strength of the Quebec economy.<a href="#cite_note-:02-258">[255]</a> NAFTA is especially advantageous as it gives Quebec, among other things, access to a market of 130 million consumers within a radius of 1,000 kilometres. In 2008, Quebec's exports to other provinces in Canada and abroad totalled 157.3 billion <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CND$</a>, or 51.8% of Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP). Of this total, 60.4% were international exports, and 39.6% were interprovincial exports. The breakdown by destination of international merchandise exports is: United States (72.2%), Europe (14.4%), Asia (5.1%), Middle East (2.7%), Central America (2.3%), South America (1.9%), Africa (0.8%) and Oceania (0.7%).<a href="#cite_note-:02-258">[255]</a> In 2008, Quebec imported $178 billion worth of goods and services, or 58.6% of its GDP. Of this total, 62.9% of goods were imported from international markets, while 37.1% of goods were interprovincial imports. The breakdown by origin of international merchandise imports is as follows: United States (31.1%), Europe (28.7%), Asia (17.1%), Africa (11.7%), South America (4.5%), Central America (3.7%), Middle East (1.3%) and Oceania (0.7%).<a href="#cite_note-:02-258">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sector">Primary sector</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centrale_de_Beauharnois_-_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Centrale_de_Beauharnois_-_2014.jpg/220px-Centrale_de_Beauharnois_-_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Centrale_de_Beauharnois_-_2014.jpg/330px-Centrale_de_Beauharnois_-_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Centrale_de_Beauharnois_-_2014.jpg/440px-Centrale_de_Beauharnois_-_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Beauharnois_generating_station" title="Beauharnois generating station">Beauharnois generating station</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Hydro-Québec">Hydro-Québec</a></figcaption></figure> Quebec produces most of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> and is the second biggest hydroelectricity producer in the world (2019).<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> Because of this, Quebec has been described as a potential <a href="/wiki/Clean_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean energy">clean energy</a> superpower.<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> In 2019, Quebec's electricity production amounted to 214 <a href="/wiki/Terawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Terawatt">terawatt</a>-hours (TWh), 95% of which comes from hydroelectric power stations, and 4.7% of which come from <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind energy</a>. The public company <a href="/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Hydro-Québec">Hydro-Québec</a> occupies a dominant position in the production, transmission and distribution of electricity in Quebec. Hydro-Québec operates 63 hydroelectric power stations and 28 large reservoirs.<a href="#cite_note-hydroquebec.com2-261">[258]</a> Because of the remoteness of Hydro-Québec's <a href="/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec%27s_electricity_transmission_system" title="Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system">TransÉnergie</a> division, it operates the largest electricity transmission network in North America. Quebec stands out for its use of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. In 2008, electricity ranked as the main form of energy used in Quebec (41.6%), followed by <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> (38.2%) and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> (10.7%).<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> In 2017, 47% of all energy came from renewable sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmorePineau20208-263">[260]</a> The Quebec government's energy policy seeks to build, by 2030, a <a href="/wiki/Low_carbon_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Low carbon economy">low carbon economy</a>. Quebec ranks among the top ten areas to do business in mining in the world.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining industry">mining industry</a> accounted for 6.3% of Quebec's GDP<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> and it employed about 50,000 people in 158 companies.<a href="#cite_note-amq-inc2-266">[263]</a> It has around 30 mines, 158 exploration companies and 15 primary processing industries. While many metallic and industrial minerals are exploited, the main ones are gold, iron, copper and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. Others include: <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, silver, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> and nickel, among many others.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> Quebec is also as a major source of diamonds.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> Since 2002, Quebec has seen an increase in its mineral explorations. In 2003, the value of mineral exploitation reached $3.7 billion.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Agrifood" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrifood">agri-food industry</a> plays an important role in the economy of Quebec, with meat and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> being the two main sectors. It accounts for 8% of the Quebec's GDP and generate $19.2 billion. In 2010, this industry generated 487,000 jobs in agriculture, fisheries, manufacturing of food, beverages and tobacco and food distribution.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sector">Secondary sector</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardier_CSeries_mockup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bombardier_CSeries_mockup.jpg/220px-Bombardier_CSeries_mockup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bombardier_CSeries_mockup.jpg/330px-Bombardier_CSeries_mockup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bombardier_CSeries_mockup.jpg/440px-Bombardier_CSeries_mockup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>A mockup of the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A220" title="Airbus A220">Airbus A220</a> (formerly the Bombardier CSeries), originally developed by <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier Aerospace</a></figcaption></figure> In 2021, Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace industry">aerospace industry</a> employed 35,000 people and its sales totalled C$15.2 billion. Many aerospace companies are active here, including <a href="/wiki/CMC_Electronics" title="CMC Electronics">CMC Electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Aerospace">Bombardier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Canada" title="Pratt & Whitney Canada">Pratt & Whitney Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9roux-Devtek" title="Héroux-Devtek">Héroux-Devtek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Textron" title="Bell Textron">Bell Textron</a>, <a href="/wiki/L3Harris" title="L3Harris">L3Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safran" title="Safran">Safran</a>, <a href="/wiki/SONACA" title="SONACA">SONACA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CAE_Inc." title="CAE Inc.">CAE Inc.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a>, among others. Montreal is globally considered one of the aerospace industry's great centres, and several international aviation organisations seat here.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> Both Aéro Montréal and the CRIAQ were created to assist aerospace companies.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper industry</a> accounted for 3.1% of Quebec's GDP in 2007 <a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> and generated annual shipments valued at more than $14 billion.<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> This industry employs 68,000 people in several regions of Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> It is also the main -and in some circumstances only- source of manufacturing activity in more than 250 municipalities in the province. The forest industry has slowed in recent years because of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_%E2%80%93_Canada_softwood_lumber_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="United States – Canada softwood lumber dispute">softwood lumber dispute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> In 2020, this industry represented 8% of Quebec's exports.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> As Quebec has few significant deposits of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmorePineau202010-279">[276]</a> all <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> are imported. <a href="/wiki/Refinery" title="Refinery">Refiners'</a> sourcing strategies have varied over time and have depended on market conditions. In the 1990s, Quebec purchased much of its oil from the <a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">North Sea</a>. Since 2015, it now consumes almost exclusively the crude produced in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">western Canada</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmorePineau20209-280">[277]</a> Quebec's two active refineries have a total capacity of 402,000 barrels per day, greater than local needs which stood at 365,000 barrels per day in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmorePineau202010-279">[276]</a> Thanks to hydroelectricity, Quebec is the world's fourth largest <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">aluminum</a> producer and creates 90% of Canadian aluminum. Three companies make aluminum here: <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoa" title="Alcoa">Alcoa</a> and Aluminium Alouette. Their 9 alumineries produce 2,9 million tons of aluminum annually and employ 30,000 workers.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_sector">Tertiary sector</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">finance and insurance</a> sector employs more than 168,000 people. Of this number, 78,000 are employed by the banking sector, 53,000 by the insurance sector and 20,000 by the securities and investment sector.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">Bank of Montreal</a>, founded in 1817 in Montreal, was Quebec's first bank but, like many other large banks, its central branch is now in Toronto. Several banks remain based in Quebec <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Canada" title="National Bank of Canada">National Bank of Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Desjardins_Group" title="Desjardins Group">Desjardins Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Bank_of_Canada" title="Laurentian Bank of Canada">Laurentian Bank</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_Frontenac_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chateau_Frontenac_2.jpg/220px-Chateau_Frontenac_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chateau_Frontenac_2.jpg/330px-Chateau_Frontenac_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chateau_Frontenac_2.jpg/440px-Chateau_Frontenac_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Frontenac" title="Château Frontenac">Château Frontenac</a> is the most photographed hotel in the world.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Quebec" title="Tourism in Quebec">tourism industry</a> is a major sector in Quebec. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Tourism_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Tourism (Quebec)">Ministry of Tourism</a> ensures the development of this industry under the commercial name "Bonjour Québec".<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> Quebec is the second most important province for tourism in Canada, receiving 21.5% of tourists' spending (2021).<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> The industry provides employment to over 400,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> These employees work in the more than 29,000 tourism-related businesses in Quebec, most of which are restaurants or hotels. 70% of tourism-related businesses are located in or close to Montreal or Quebec City. It is estimated that, in 2010, Quebec welcomed 25.8 million tourists. Of these, 76.1% came from Quebec, 12.2% from the <a href="/wiki/Rest_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Rest of Canada">rest of Canada</a>, 7.7% from the United States and 4.1% from other countries. Annually, tourists spend more than $6.7 billion in Quebec's tourism industry.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> sector has 7,600 businesses and employs 140,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> Its most developed sectors are <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, multimedia and video game software, computer services, microelectronics, and the components sector. There are currently 115 telecommunications companies established in the province, including <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> and Mitec.<a href="#cite_note-:7-290">[287]</a> The multimedia and video game sector has been growing fast since the early 2000s. The Digital Alliance, which claims 191 active members in video games, online education, mobility and Internet services, estimates the annual revenue of the sector at $827 million in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> The microelectronics sector is made up of more than 100 companies employing 13,000 people. Computer services, software development, and consulting engineering employ 60,000 skilled workers. While the largest IT employers are <a href="/wiki/CMC_Electronics" title="CMC Electronics">CMC Electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a>, many other tech companies are present here, including <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft_Montreal" title="Ubisoft Montreal">Ubisoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microids" title="Microids">Microids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategy_First" title="Strategy First">Strategy First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eidos-Montr%C3%A9al" title="Eidos-Montréal">Eidos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Mind_and_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Mind and Movement">A2M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frima_Studio" title="Frima Studio">Frima Studio</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="2229" /></a><figcaption>In 1969, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9roux-Devtek" title="Héroux-Devtek">Héroux-Devtek</a> designed and manufactured the <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">undercarriage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>.</figcaption></figure> Approximately 1.1 million Quebecers work in the field of science and technology.<a href="#cite_note-R&D2-293">[290]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">Government of Quebec</a> launched the Stratégie québécoise de la recherche et de l'innovation (SQRI) aiming to promote development through research, science and technology. The government hoped to create a strong culture of innovation in Quebec for the next decades and to create a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable economy">sustainable economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SQRI2-294">[291]</a> Quebec is considered one of world leaders in <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">fundamental scientific research</a>, having produced ten <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel laureates</a> in either physics, chemistry, or medicine.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> It is also considered one of the world leaders in sectors such as aerospace, information technology, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, and therefore plays a significant role in the world's scientific and technological communities.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> Between 2000 and 2011, Quebec had over 9,469 scientific publications in biomedical research and engineering.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> The contribution of Quebec in science and technology represented approximately 1% of the research worldwide between the 1980s and 2009.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> The province is one of the world leaders in the field of <a href="/wiki/Space_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Space science">space science</a> and contributed to important discoveries in this field.<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a> One of the most recent is the discovery of the complex <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planets</a> system <a href="/wiki/HR_8799" title="HR 8799">HR 8799</a>. HR 8799 is the first direct observation of an exoplanet in history.<a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> was established in Quebec due to its major role in this research field. A total of four Quebecers have been in space since the creation of the CSA: <a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Marc Garneau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Payette" title="Julie Payette">Julie Payette</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a> as CSA astronauts, plus <a href="/wiki/Guy_Lalibert%C3%A9" title="Guy Laliberté">Guy Laliberté</a> as a private citizen who paid for his trip. Quebec has also contributed to the creation of some Canadian <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellites</a> including <a href="/wiki/SCISAT-1" title="SCISAT-1">SCISAT-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISIS_(satellite)" title="ISIS (satellite)">ISIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radarsat-1" title="Radarsat-1">Radarsat-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radarsat-2" title="Radarsat-2">Radarsat-2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> Quebec ranks among the world leaders in the field of <a href="/wiki/Life_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Life science">life science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emergex2-305">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Olding_Hebb" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Olding Hebb">Donald Hebb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Milner" title="Brenda Milner">Brenda Milner</a>, and others made significant discoveries in medicine, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> while working at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in Montreal. Quebec has more than 450 biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies which together employ more than 25,000 people and 10,000 highly qualified researchers.<a href="#cite_note-emergex2-305">[302]</a> Montreal is ranked fourth in North America for the number of jobs in the pharmaceutical sector.<a href="#cite_note-emergex2-305">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Quebec" title="Education in Quebec">Education in Quebec</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Quebec">List of universities in Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Quebec" title="List of colleges in Quebec">List of colleges in Quebec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Quebec" title="List of schools in Quebec">List of schools in Quebec</a></div> The education system of Quebec, administered by the government of Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Higher_Education_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Education and Higher Education (Quebec)">Ministry of Education and Higher Education</a>, differs from those of other Canadian provinces. The province has five levels of education: first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preschool,_primary_and_secondary_education_in_Quebec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preschool, primary and secondary education in Quebec (page does not exist)">preschool, then primary school, then secondary school</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ducation_pr%C3%A9scolaire,_primaire_et_secondaire_au_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="extiw" title="fr:Éducation préscolaire, primaire et secondaire au Québec">fr</a>]; then <a href="/wiki/CEGEP" title="CEGEP">CEGEP</a> (see <a href="/wiki/College_education_in_Quebec" title="College education in Quebec">College education in Quebec</a>); and finally <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Quebec" title="Higher education in Quebec">university or college</a>. Attached to these levels are the options to also attend <a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">professional development</a> opportunities, <a href="/wiki/Andragogy" title="Andragogy">classes for adults</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">continuing education</a>. For every level of teaching, there exists a public network and private network: the public network is financed by taxes while the private options must be paid for by the student. In 2020, <a href="/wiki/School_boards" class="mw-redirect" title="School boards">school boards</a> were replaced by <a href="/wiki/School_service_centre" title="School service centre">school service centres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> All universities in Quebec exist by virtue of laws adopted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a> in 1967 during the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a>. Their financing mostly comes from public taxes, but the laws under which they operate grants them more autonomy than other levels of education.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Quebec" title="List of airports in Quebec">List of airports in Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_railways" title="List of Quebec railways">List of Quebec railways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_provincial_highways" title="List of Quebec provincial highways">List of Quebec provincial highways</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cmarcoux3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cmarcoux3.JPG/220px-Cmarcoux3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cmarcoux3.JPG/330px-Cmarcoux3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cmarcoux3.JPG/440px-Cmarcoux3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The ferry N.M. Camille-Marcoux, of the Société des traversiers du Québec</figcaption></figure> Development and security of land transportation in Canada are provided by <a href="/wiki/Transports_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Transports Québec">Transports Québec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> Other organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard" title="Canadian Coast Guard">Canadian Coast Guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nav_Canada" title="Nav Canada">Nav Canada</a>, provide the same service for the sea and air transportation. The Commission des transports du Québec works with the freight carriers and the public transport. The réseau routier québécois (Quebec road network) is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_l%27assurance_automobile_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec">Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec</a> (SAAQ; Quebec Automobile Insurance Corporation) and consists of about 185,000 km (115,000 mi) of highways and national, regional, local, collector and forest roads. In addition, Quebec has almost 12,000 bridges, tunnels, retaining walls, culverts and other structures<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Bridge" title="Quebec Bridge">Quebec Bridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laviolette_Bridge" title="Laviolette Bridge">Laviolette Bridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_Lafontaine_Bridge%E2%80%93Tunnel" title="Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge–Tunnel">Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge–Tunnel</a>. In the waters of the Saint Lawrence there are eight deep-water ports for the transhipment of goods. In 2003, 3886 cargo and 9.7 million tonnes of goods transited the Quebec portion of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence Seaway">Saint Lawrence Seaway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-transport-qc2-311">[308]</a> Concerning rail transport, Quebec has 6,678 km (4,150 mi) of railways<a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> integrated in the large North American network. Although primarily intended for the transport of goods through companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian National">Canadian National</a> (CN) and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Pacific">Canadian Pacific</a> (CP), the Quebec railway network is also used by inter-city passengers via <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Rail Canada">Via Rail Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a>. In April 2012, plans were unveiled for the construction of an 800 km (497 mi) railway running north from <a href="/wiki/Sept-%C3%8Eles,_Quebec" title="Sept-Îles, Quebec">Sept-Îles</a>, to support mining and other resource extraction in the Labrador Trough.<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> Quebec's air network includes 43 airports that offer scheduled services on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-transport-qc2-311">[308]</a> In addition, the Government of Quebec owns airports and heliports to increase the accessibility of local services to communities in the <a href="/wiki/Basse-C%C3%B4te-Nord" title="Basse-Côte-Nord">Basse-Côte-Nord</a> and northern regions.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> Various other transport networks crisscross the province of Quebec, including hiking trails, snowmobile trails and bike paths. The <a href="/wiki/Route_Verte" class="mw-redirect" title="Route Verte">Green Road</a> is the largest at nearly 4,000 km (2,500 mi) in length.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> Quebec has a health policy that emphasizes prevention, is based on the analysis of health-related data, and evolves with the needs of the population. Similar to other developed economies, the public health policies implemented in Quebec have extended the life expectancy of its population since the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> Health and social services are part of the same administration. The Quebec health system is also public, which means that the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="État québécois">government</a> acts as the main insurer and administrator, that funding is provided by general taxation, and that patients have access to care regardless of their income level. There are 34 health establishments in Quebec, 22 of which are an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Health_and_Social_Services_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integrated Health and Social Services Centre (page does not exist)">Integrated Health and Social Services Centre</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9_de_sant%C3%A9_et_de_services_sociaux" class="extiw" title="fr:Centre intégré de santé et de services sociaux">fr</a>] (CISSS). They ensure the distribution of different services on the territories they are assigned to. Quebec has approximately 140 hospitals for general or specialised care (CHSGS). Quebec also has other types of establishments in its healthcare system, such as Centre local de services communautaires (CLSC), Centre d'hébergement et de soins de longue durée (CHSLD), Centre de réadaptation and Centre de protection de l'enfance et de la jeunesse. Finally, there are private healthcare establishments (paid for directly by the patient) like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_de_m%C3%A9decine_de_famille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groupe de médecine de famille (page does not exist)">Groupe de médecine de famille</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupes_de_m%C3%A9decine_de_famille" class="extiw" title="fr:Groupes de médecine de famille">fr</a>], pharmacies, private clinics, dentists, community organisations and retirement homes.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> A 2021 Ipsos poll found that 85% of Quebecers agree that their health care system is too bureaucratic to respond to the needs of the population<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> and in 2023 found that less than half of Quebecers are satisfied with the provincial health care system.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Housing_crisis_in_Quebec" title="Housing crisis in Quebec">Housing crisis in Quebec</a></div> In 2021, 59.9% of Quebec's residents were property owners.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> In 2019, among property owners, 34% were couples with kids, 33% were couples without children, 22% lived alone, 8% were single parents, and 3% were something else. Among renters, 16% were couples with kids, 13% were couples without children, 51% lived alone, 13% were single parents, and 7% were something else.<a href="#cite_note-habitation-214">[211]</a> Since the 1980s, the average price of a single-family home has doubled every 10 years, going from $48,715 in 1980 to $424,844 in 2021. Since the average salary did not follow these increases, Quebec homes are 10 times more expensive then they were 40 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> In 2022, the cities with the most severe housing shortages were <a href="/wiki/Granby,_Quebec" title="Granby, Quebec">Granby</a>, with a vacancy rate of 0,1%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Marieville" title="Marieville">Marieville</a> (0,1%), <a href="/wiki/Rimouski" title="Rimouski">Rimouski</a> (0,2%), <a href="/wiki/Drummondville" title="Drummondville">Drummondville</a> (0,2%) and <a href="/wiki/Rouyn-Noranda" title="Rouyn-Noranda">Rouyn-Noranda</a> (0,3%).<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Culture of Quebec</a></div> Quebec has developed its own unique culture from its historic <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> roots. Its culture also symbolizes a distinct perspective: being a French-speaking nation surrounded by a bigger English-speaking culture. The <a href="/wiki/Quartier_Latin,_Montreal" title="Quartier Latin, Montreal">Quartier Latin</a> (English: Latin Quarter) of Montreal, and Vieux-Québec (English: <a href="/wiki/Old_Quebec" title="Old Quebec">Old Quebec</a>) in Quebec City are two hubs of metropolitan cultural activity. Life in the cafés and "terrasses" (outdoor restaurant terraces) reveals a Latin influence in Quebec's culture, with the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Saint-Denis" title="Théâtre Saint-Denis">théâtre Saint-Denis</a> in Montreal and the <a href="/wiki/Capitole_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Capitole de Québec">Capitole de Québec</a> theatre in Quebec City being among the principal attractions. A number of governmental and non-government organizations support cultural activity in Quebec. The <a href="/wiki/Conseil_des_arts_et_des_lettres_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec">Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec</a> (CALQ) is an initiative of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Communications_(Quebec)" title="Ministry of Culture and Communications (Quebec)">Ministry of Culture and Communications (Quebec)</a>. It supports creation, innovation, production, and international exhibits for all cultural fields of Quebec. The <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_des_entreprises_culturelles" title="Société de développement des entreprises culturelles">Société de développement des entreprises culturelles</a> (SODEC) works to promote and fund individuals working in the cultural industry. The <a href="/wiki/Prix_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Prix du Québec">Prix du Québec</a> is an award given by the government to confer the highest distinction and honour to individuals demonstrating exceptional achievement in their respective cultural field. Other awards include the Athanase David Awards (Literature), <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix Awards">Félix Awards</a> (Music), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9meaux_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Gémeaux Awards">Gémeaux Awards</a> (Television and film), <a href="/wiki/Jutra_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutra Awards">Jutra Awards</a> (Cinema), Masques Awards (Theatre), <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Guimond" title="Olivier Guimond">Olivier Guimond</a> Awards (Humour) and the Opus Awards (Concert music). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Quebec" title="Music of Quebec">Music of Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Quebec" title="Dance in Quebec">Dance in Quebec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Quebec" title="Comedy in Quebec">Comedy in Quebec</a></div> Traditional music is imbued with many dances, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">jig</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrille</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">reel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Line_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Line dancing">line dancing</a>. Traditional instruments include harmonica, <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon_(musical_instrument)" title="Spoon (musical instrument)">spoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaw_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw harp">jaw harp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> of Quebec also have their own traditional music. Quebec's most popular artists of the last century include the singers <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Leclerc" title="Félix Leclerc">Félix Leclerc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Vigneault" title="Gilles Vigneault">Gilles Vigneault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_and_Anna_McGarrigle" class="mw-redirect" title="Kate and Anna McGarrigle">Kate and Anna McGarrigle</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Dion" class="mw-redirect" title="Céline Dion">Céline Dion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ADISQ" title="ADISQ">Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de la vidéo</a> (ADISQ) was created in 1978 to promote the music industry in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_symphonique_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestre symphonique de Québec">Orchestre symphonique de Québec</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Montreal Symphony Orchestra">Montreal Symphony Orchestra</a> are respectively associated with the Opéra de Québec and the Opéra de Montreal whose performances are presented at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Grand Théâtre de Québec">Grand Théâtre de Québec</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Place_des_Arts" title="Place des Arts">Place des Arts</a>. The Ballets Jazz de Montreal, the Grands Ballets and <a href="/wiki/La_La_La_Human_Steps" title="La La La Human Steps">La La La Human Steps</a> are three important professional troupes of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_dance" title="Contemporary dance">contemporary dance</a>. Among the theatre troupes are the <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_Jean-Duceppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnie Jean-Duceppe">Compagnie Jean-Duceppe</a>, the Théâtre La Rubrique, and the Théâtre Le Grenier. In addition to the network of cultural centres in Quebec,<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> the venues include the <a href="/wiki/Monument-National" title="Monument-National">Monument-National</a> and the Rideau Vert (green curtain) Theatre in Montreal, and the Trident Theatre in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_School_of_Canada" title="National Theatre School of Canada">National Theatre School of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_musique_et_d%27art_dramatique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec">Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec</a> form the future players. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dralion-Vienna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dralion-Vienna.jpg/220px-Dralion-Vienna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dralion-Vienna.jpg/330px-Dralion-Vienna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Dralion-Vienna.jpg/440px-Dralion-Vienna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The show Dralion, Cirque du Soleil, introduced in 2004</figcaption></figure> Several circus troupes were created in recent decades, the most important being the <a href="/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil" title="Cirque du Soleil">Cirque du Soleil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> Among these troops are contemporary, travelling and on-horseback circuses, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_7_Doigts_de_la_Main&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les 7 Doigts de la Main (page does not exist)">Les 7 Doigts de la Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirque_%C3%89loize" title="Cirque Éloize">Cirque Éloize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavalia" title="Cavalia">Cavalia</a>, Kosmogonia, Saka and Cirque Akya.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_cirque" title="École nationale de cirque">National Circus School</a> and the École de cirque de Québec were created to train future <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_circus" title="Contemporary circus">Contemporary circus</a> artists. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tohu,_la_Cit%C3%A9_des_Arts_du_Cirque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tohu, la Cité des Arts du Cirque (page does not exist)">Tohu, la Cité des Arts du Cirque</a> was founded in 2004 to disseminate the circus arts.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> Comedy is a vast <a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Quebec" title="Comedy in Quebec">cultural sector</a>. Quebec has created and is home to several different comedy festivals, including the <a href="/wiki/Just_for_Laughs" title="Just for Laughs">Just for Laughs</a> festival in Montreal, as well as the Grand Rire festivals of Quebec, Gatineau and Sherbrooke.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> The Association des professionnels de l'industrie de l'humour (APIH) is the main organization for the promotion and development of the cultural sector of humour in Quebec and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_School_of_Humour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National School of Humour (page does not exist)">National School of Humour</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_l%27humour" class="extiw" title="fr:École nationale de l'humour">fr</a>], created in 1988, trains future humorists in Quebec. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Cinema of Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Quebec" title="Television in Quebec">Television in Quebec</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9math%C3%A8que_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise" title="Cinémathèque québécoise">Cinémathèque québécoise</a> has a mandate to promote the film and television heritage of Quebec. The <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> (NFB), a federal Crown corporation, provides for the same mission in Canada. The Association of Film and Television in Quebec (APFTQ) promotes independent production in film and television.<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> While the Association of Producers and Directors of Quebec (APDQ) represents the business of filmmaking and television, the Association of Community Radio Broadcasters of Quebec (ARCQ) (French acronym) represents the independent radio stations.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> Several movie theatres across Quebec ensure the dissemination of Quebec cinema. With its cinematic installations, such as the Cité du cinéma and Mel's studios, the city of Montreal is home to the filming of various productions.<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a> The state corporation <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Télé-Québec">Télé-Québec</a>, the federal Crown corporation <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>, general and specialized private channels, networks, independent and community radio stations broadcast the various <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9roman" title="Téléroman">Quebec téléromans</a>, the national and regional news, and other programming.<a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Les_Rendez-vous_du_cin%C3%A9ma_qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois">Les Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois</a> is a festival surrounding the ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Jutra_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutra Award">Jutra Awards</a> Night that rewards work and personalities of Quebec cinema.<a href="#cite_note-335">[332]</a> The Artis and the <a href="/wiki/Gemini_Awards" title="Gemini Awards">Gemini Awards</a> gala recognize the personalities of television and radio industry in Quebec and French Canada. The Film Festival of the 3 Americas, the Festival of International Short Film, the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_World_Film_Festival" title="Montreal World Film Festival">World Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Festival_du_Nouveau_Cin%C3%A9ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival du Nouveau Cinéma">Festival of New Cinema</a> are other annual events surrounding the film industry in Quebec. Popular comedy shows include Cré Basile, Le zoo du Capitaine Bonhomme, Lundi des Ha! Ha !, Démons du midi, <a href="/wiki/La_petite_vie" class="mw-redirect" title="La petite vie">La petite vie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Bougon" title="Les Bougon">Les Bougon</a>, and Le sketch show. There are also many comedy and cartoon shows created for children, such as La boîte à surprise, <a href="/wiki/Bobino" title="Bobino">Bobino</a>, Le pirate Maboule, <a href="/wiki/Fanfreluche" title="Fanfreluche">Fanfreluche</a>, La Ribouldingue, Les 100 Tours de Centour, Patofville, <a href="/wiki/Passe-Partout" title="Passe-Partout">Passe-Partout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_et_Stella" title="Robin et Stella">Robin et Stella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iniminimagimo" title="Iniminimagimo">Iniminimagimo</a>, Vazimolo, Télé-Pirate, <a href="/wiki/Bibi_et_Genevi%C3%A8ve" title="Bibi et Geneviève">Bibi et Geneviève</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watatatow" title="Watatatow">Watatatow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caillou" title="Caillou">Caillou</a>, Cornemuse, Macaroni tout garni, <a href="/wiki/Toc_toc_toc" title="Toc toc toc">Toc toc toc</a>, Ramdam, and Tactik. In the realm of literature and international publishing, the Québec Édition group is a committee created by the National Association of Book Editors dedicated to the international influence of French-language publishings from Quebec and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_folklore">Literature and folklore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_literature" title="Quebec literature">Quebec literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Quebec" title="Folklore of Quebec">Folklore of Quebec</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Chasse-galerie_(1906).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/La_Chasse-galerie_%281906%29.jpg/220px-La_Chasse-galerie_%281906%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/La_Chasse-galerie_%281906%29.jpg/330px-La_Chasse-galerie_%281906%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/La_Chasse-galerie_%281906%29.jpg/440px-La_Chasse-galerie_%281906%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1939" /></a><figcaption>La <a href="/wiki/Chasse-galerie" title="Chasse-galerie">chasse-galerie</a> (1906) by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Julien" title="Henri Julien">Henri Julien</a>, showing a scene from a popular Quebec folk legend</figcaption></figure> Quebec's French-speaking populace has the second largest body of folktales in Canada (the first being <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>).<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> When the early settlers arrived from France in the 17th century, they brought with them popular tales from their homeland, which were adapted to the local context. Many were passed on through generations by raconteurs, or storytellers.<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> Almost all of the stories native to Quebec were influenced by Christian <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">superstitions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>, for instance, appears often as either a person, an animal or monster, or indirectly through Demonic acts.<a href="#cite_note-Chiasson2-339">[336]</a> Various tales and stories are told through oral tradition, such as, among many others, the legends of the <a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogeyman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chasse-galerie" title="Chasse-galerie">Chasse-galerie</a>, the Black Horse of Trois-Pistoles, the Complainte de Cadieux, the <a href="/wiki/Marie-Josephte_Corriveau" title="Marie-Josephte Corriveau">Corriveau</a>, the dancing devil of Saint-Ambroise, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Beaupr%C3%A9" title="Édouard Beaupré">Giant Beaupré</a>, the monsters of the lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pohenegamook" title="Lake Pohenegamook">Pohénégamook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Memphremagog" title="Lake Memphremagog">Memphremagog</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Bridge" title="Quebec Bridge">Quebec Bridge</a> (called the Devil's Bridge), the <a href="/wiki/Rocher_Perc%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocher Percé">Rocher Percé</a> and of Rose Latulipe, for example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupont2008-340">[337]</a> From New France, Quebec literature was first developed in the travel accounts of explorers. The Moulin à paroles traces the great texts that have shaped the history of Quebec. The first to write the history of Quebec, since its discovery, was the historian <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Garneau" title="François-Xavier Garneau">François-Xavier Garneau</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_writers" title="List of Quebec writers">Quebec poets</a> and prominent authors marked their era and today remain anchored in the collective imagination, like, among others, Philippe Aubert de Gaspé, <a href="/wiki/Octave_Cr%C3%A9mazie" title="Octave Crémazie">Octave Crémazie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Beaugrand" title="Honoré Beaugrand">Honoré Beaugrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Nelligan" title="Émile Nelligan">Émile Nelligan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Lionel Groulx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Roy" title="Gabrielle Roy">Gabrielle Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Aquin" title="Hubert Aquin">Hubert Aquin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Tremblay" title="Michel Tremblay">Michel Tremblay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Laberge" title="Marie Laberge">Marie Laberge</a>, Fred Pellerin and <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Miron" title="Gaston Miron">Gaston Miron</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Literary_Regionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Literary Regionalism">regional novel</a> from Quebec is called Terroir novel and is a literary tradition<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> specific to the province. Popular French-language contemporary writers include <a href="/wiki/Louis_Caron" title="Louis Caron">Louis Caron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Jacob" title="Suzanne Jacob">Suzanne Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Beauchemin" title="Yves Beauchemin">Yves Beauchemin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Archambault" title="Gilles Archambault">Gilles Archambault</a>. Well-known English-language writers from Quebec include <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Richler" title="Mordecai Richler">Mordecai Richler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bissoondath" title="Neil Bissoondath">Neil Bissoondath</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Quebec" title="Architecture of Quebec">Architecture of Quebec</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Quebec" title="List of art schools in Quebec">List of art schools in Quebec</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daudelin-Cavali%C3%A8re-Qu%C3%A9bec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Daudelin-Cavali%C3%A8re-Qu%C3%A9bec.JPG/170px-Daudelin-Cavali%C3%A8re-Qu%C3%A9bec.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Daudelin-Cavali%C3%A8re-Qu%C3%A9bec.JPG/255px-Daudelin-Cavali%C3%A8re-Qu%C3%A9bec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Daudelin-Cavali%C3%A8re-Qu%C3%A9bec.JPG/340px-Daudelin-Cavali%C3%A8re-Qu%C3%A9bec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>La Cavalière by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Daudelin" title="Charles Daudelin">Charles Daudelin</a>, 1963, installed in front of the pavilion Gérard Morisset of the Quebec National Museum of Fine Arts in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a></figcaption></figure> The art of Quebec has developed around the specific characteristics of its landscapes and cultural, historical, social and political representations. The development of Quebec masterpieces in painting, printmaking and sculpture is marked by the contribution of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_H%C3%A9bert" title="Louis-Philippe Hébert">Louis-Philippe Hébert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Krieghoff" title="Cornelius Krieghoff">Cornelius Krieghoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lalibert%C3%A9" title="Alfred Laliberté">Alfred Laliberté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc-Aur%C3%A8le_Fortin" title="Marc-Aurèle Fortin">Marc-Aurèle Fortin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc-Aur%C3%A8le_de_Foy_Suzor-Cot%C3%A9" title="Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté">Marc-Aurèle de Foy Suzor-Coté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul_Lemieux" title="Jean Paul Lemieux">Jean Paul Lemieux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Gagnon" title="Clarence Gagnon">Clarence Gagnon</a>, Adrien Dufresne, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pellan" title="Alfred Pellan">Alfred Pellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Dallaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Philippe Dallaire">Jean-Philippe Dallaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Daudelin" title="Charles Daudelin">Charles Daudelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Villeneuve" title="Arthur Villeneuve">Arthur Villeneuve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Riopelle" title="Jean-Paul Riopelle">Jean-Paul Riopelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Borduas" title="Paul-Émile Borduas">Paul-Émile Borduas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcelle_Ferron" title="Marcelle Ferron">Marcelle Ferron</a>. The fine arts of Quebec are displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_des_beaux-arts_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec">Quebec National Museum of Fine Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_contemporain_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal">Montreal Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Montreal Museum of Fine Arts">Montreal Museum of Fine Arts</a>, the Quebec Salon des métiers d'art and in many art galleries. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="École des Beaux-Arts de Montréal">Montreal School of Fine Arts</a> forms the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_artists" title="List of Canadian artists">painters, printmakers and sculptors of Quebec</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_Routhier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Maison_Routhier.JPG/220px-Maison_Routhier.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Maison_Routhier.JPG/330px-Maison_Routhier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Maison_Routhier.JPG/440px-Maison_Routhier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Maison Routhier in <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Foy,_Quebec_City" title="Sainte-Foy, Quebec City">Sainte-Foy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadien">Canadien</a>-style house</figcaption></figure> Quebec's architecture is characterized by its unique <a href="/wiki/Canadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadien">Canadien</a>-style buildings as well as the juxtaposition of a variety of styles reflective of Quebec's history. When walking in any city or town, one can come across buildings with styles congruent to <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">Neo-Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Renaissance">Neo-Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical architecture">Neo-Classical</a>, Québécois Neo-Classical, <a href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Empire architecture">Second Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-modern_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modern architecture">Post-modern</a> or <a href="/wiki/Skyscrapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyscrapers">Skyscrapers</a>. Canadien-style houses and barns were developed by the first settlers of New France along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River. These buildings are rectangular one-storey structures with an extremely tall and steep roof, sometimes almost twice as tall as the house below. Canadien-style churches also developed and served as landmarks while traversing rural Quebec. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heritage">Heritage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Cultural_Heritage_Directory" title="Quebec Cultural Heritage Directory">Quebec Cultural Heritage Directory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_et_Archives_nationales_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec">Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Quebec" title="List of museums in Quebec">List of museums in Quebec</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baie_Johan_Beetz_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Baie_Johan_Beetz_005.jpg/220px-Baie_Johan_Beetz_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Baie_Johan_Beetz_005.jpg/330px-Baie_Johan_Beetz_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Baie_Johan_Beetz_005.jpg/440px-Baie_Johan_Beetz_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johan_Beetz" title="Johan Beetz">Johan Beetz</a> House,<a href="#cite_note-Johan_Beetz_House,_heritage-342">[339]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire-inspired</a> rural residence at <a href="/wiki/Baie-Johan-Beetz" title="Baie-Johan-Beetz">Baie-Johan-Beetz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minganie_Regional_County_Municipality" title="Minganie Regional County Municipality">Minganie</a></figcaption></figure> Several sites, houses and historical works reflect the cultural heritage of Quebec, such as the <a href="/wiki/Village_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_d%27Antan" title="Village Québécois d'Antan">Village Québécois d'Antan</a>, the historical village of <a href="/wiki/Val-Jalbert" title="Val-Jalbert">Val-Jalbert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Chambly" title="Fort Chambly">Fort Chambly</a>, the national home of the Patriots, the Chicoutimi pulp mill (Pulperie de Chicoutimi), the <a href="/wiki/Lachine_Canal" title="Lachine Canal">Lachine Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bridge_(Montreal)" title="Victoria Bridge (Montreal)">Victoria Bridge</a>. As of December 2011, there are 198 <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Quebec" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec">National Historic Sites of Canada</a> in Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-Explore_Quebec,_Parc_Canada-343">[340]</a> These sites were designated as being of national historic significance.<a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> Various museums tell the cultural history of Quebec, like the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_civilisation" title="Musée de la civilisation">Museum of Civilization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Am%C3%A9rique_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l'Amérique française">Museum of French America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/McCord_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="McCord Museum">McCord Museum</a> or the Montreal Museum of Archaeology and History in <a href="/wiki/Pointe-%C3%A0-Calli%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointe-à-Callière">Pointe-à-Callière</a>, displaying artifacts, paintings and other remains from the past of Quebec. Notable schools include the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_musique_et_d%27art_dramatique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec">Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_School_of_Canada" title="National Theatre School of Canada">École nationale de théâtre du Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_de_cirque" title="École nationale de cirque">École nationale de cirque</a>. Notable public agencies to catalogue and further develop Quebec's culture include the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_et_Archives_nationales_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec">Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_des_arts_et_des_lettres_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec">Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Télé-Québec">Télé-Québec</a>. The Association Quebecoise des Loisirs Folkloriques is an organization committed to preserving and disseminating Quebec's folklore heritage.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Cuisine of Quebec</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Banquise_Poutine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/La_Banquise_Poutine.jpg/220px-La_Banquise_Poutine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/La_Banquise_Poutine.jpg/330px-La_Banquise_Poutine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/La_Banquise_Poutine.jpg/440px-La_Banquise_Poutine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>A classic <a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">poutine</a></figcaption></figure> The traditional Quebecois cuisine descends from 16th-century <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> and a history of <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>. Quebec's cuisine has also been influenced by learning from <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nation</a>, by <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English cuisine</a> and by <a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American cuisine</a>. Quebec is most famous for its <a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">tourtière</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9_chinois" title="Pâté chinois">pâté chinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poutine" title="Poutine">poutine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_taffy" title="St. Catherine's taffy">St. Catherine's taffy</a> among others. "Le temps des sucres" is a period during springtime when many Quebecers go to the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_shack" title="Sugar shack">sugar shack</a> (cabane à sucre) for a traditional meal. Quebec is the world's biggest <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a> producer.<a href="#cite_note-bbc17-346">[343]</a> The province has a long history of producing maple syrup, and creating new <a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_made_from_maple" title="List of foods made from maple">maple-derived products</a>. Other major food products include beer, wine (including <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_cider" title="Ice cider">ice cider</a>), and cheese. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boston_vs._CH_au_Centre_Bell_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Boston_vs._CH_au_Centre_Bell_007.jpg/220px-Boston_vs._CH_au_Centre_Bell_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Boston_vs._CH_au_Centre_Bell_007.jpg/330px-Boston_vs._CH_au_Centre_Bell_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Boston_vs._CH_au_Centre_Bell_007.jpg/440px-Boston_vs._CH_au_Centre_Bell_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens" title="Montreal Canadiens">Montreal Canadiens</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Centre" title="Bell Centre">Bell Centre</a></figcaption></figure> Sports in Quebec constitutes an essential dimension of Quebec culture. <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> remains the national sport. This sport was played for the first time on March 3, 1875, in Montreal and has been promoted over the years by numerous achievements, including the centenary of the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens" title="Montreal Canadiens">Montreal Canadiens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a> Other major sports include <a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes" title="Montreal Alouettes">Montreal Alouettes</a>, soccer with <a href="/wiki/Club_de_Foot_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Club de Foot Montréal">Club de Foot Montréal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Grand_Prix" title="Canadian Grand Prix">Grand Prix du Canada</a> Formula 1 racing with drivers such as <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Villeneuve" title="Gilles Villeneuve">Gilles Villeneuve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Villeneuve" title="Jacques Villeneuve">Jacques Villeneuve</a>, and professional baseball with the former <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Expos" title="Montreal Expos">Montreal Expos</a>. Quebec has hosted several major sporting events, including the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Summer Olympics</a>, the Fencing World Championships in 1967, track cycling in 1974, and the <a href="/wiki/Transat_Qu%C3%A9bec-Saint-Malo" class="mw-redirect" title="Transat Québec-Saint-Malo">Transat Québec-Saint-Malo</a> race created in 1984. Quebec athletes have performed well at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympics</a> over recent years. They won 12 of <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics" title="Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics">Canada's 29 medals</a> at the most recent <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang (2018)</a>; they won 12 of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics" title="Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics">27 Canadian medals</a> in <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">Sochi (2014)</a>; and 9 of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics" title="Canada at the 2010 Winter Olympics">26 Canadian medals</a> in <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">Vancouver (2010)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays_and_symbols">Holidays and symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Quebec" title="Symbols of Quebec">Symbols of Quebec</a></div> <a href="/wiki/St-Jean-Baptiste_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St-Jean-Baptiste Day">St-Jean-Baptiste Day</a> is one of Quebec's biggest holidays. In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Parliament">Quebec Parliament</a> declared June 24, the day of La Saint-Jean-Baptiste, to be <a href="/wiki/Quebec%27s_National_Holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec's National Holiday">Quebec's National Holiday</a>. La Saint-Jean-Baptiste, or La St-Jean, honours <a href="/wiki/French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French Canada</a>'s patron saint, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>. On this day, the song "<a href="/wiki/Gens_du_pays" title="Gens du pays">Gens du pays</a>", by <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Vigneault" title="Gilles Vigneault">Gilles Vigneault</a>, is often heard. The song <a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_claire_fontaine" title="À la claire fontaine">À la claire fontaine</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> was the anthem of the <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriote_movement" title="Patriote movement">Patriots</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a>, then replaced by <a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">O Canada</a>, but "Gens du pays" is preferred by many Quebecers to be the national anthem of Quebec. <a href="/wiki/National_Patriots%27_Day" title="National Patriots' Day">National Patriots' Day</a>, a statutory holiday in Quebec, is also a unique public holiday, which honours the <a href="/wiki/Patriote_movement" title="Patriote movement">patriotes</a> with displays of the <a href="/wiki/Patriote_flag" title="Patriote flag">patriote flag</a>, music, public speeches, and ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-law2-350">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/Le_Vieux_de_%2737" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Vieux de '37">Le Vieux de '37</a> ("The Old Man of '37"), an illustration by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Julien" title="Henri Julien">Henri Julien</a> that depicts a patriot of this rebellion,<a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a> is sometimes added at the centre of <a href="/wiki/Patriote_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriote flags">Patriote flags</a>. <a href="/wiki/Moving_Day_(Quebec)" title="Moving Day (Quebec)">Moving Day</a> is a tradition where leases terminate on July 1. This creates a <a href="/wiki/Social_phenomenon" title="Social phenomenon">social phenomenon</a> where everyone seems to be moving out at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> Other distinct holiday traditions include the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a>, a giant feast and party which takes place during <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> and goes on until midnight. Traditional dishes like <a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">tourtière</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sea-pie" title="Sea-pie">cipâte</a> are offered, and <a href="/wiki/Rigaudon" title="Rigaudon">rigaudon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon_(musical_instrument)" title="Spoon (musical instrument)">spoon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> may be played.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> Finally, <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> is called Poisson d'Avril ("April's Fish") because while pulling pranks is still important, there is another major tradition: sticking fish-shaped paper cutouts to people's backs without them noticing.<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> In 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">government of Quebec</a> unilaterally ratified its <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec" title="Coat of arms of Quebec">coat of arms</a> to reflect <a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">Quebec's political history</a>: French rule (gold lily on blue background), followed by British rule (lion on red background), followed by Canadian rule (maple leaves).<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Je_me_souviens" title="Je me souviens">Je me souviens</a> ("I remember") is an official part of the coat of arms and has been the official licence plate motto since 1978, replacing the previous motto: La belle province ("the beautiful province"), still used as a nickname for the province. The <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleur-de-lis</a>, one of Quebec's most common symbols, is an ancient symbol of the <a href="/wiki/French_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="French monarchy">French monarchy</a>. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Quebec" title="Great Seal of Quebec">Great Seal of Quebec</a> is used to authenticate documents issued by the government of Quebec. The first members of the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-Baptiste_Society" title="Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society">Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society</a> created the Carillon Sacré-Coeur flag, which consisted of a white cross on an azure background with white fleur-de-lis in each corner and a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart#Sacred_Heart_imagery" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a> surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Maple_leaf" title="Maple leaf">maple leaves</a> in the centre; it was based on the French merchant flag flown by Champlain and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Carillon" title="Flag of Carillon">Flag of Carillon</a>. The Carillon Sacré-Coeur and French merchant flag went on to be the major inspirations for creating Quebec's current flag in 1903, called the <a href="/wiki/Fleurdelis%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleurdelisé">Fleurdelisé</a>. The Fleurdelisé replaced the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> on Quebec's <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Building_(Quebec)" title="Parliament Building (Quebec)">Parliament Building</a> on January 21, 1948. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emblems_of_Quebec">Emblems of Quebec</h2></div> There are three official emblems in Quebec: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iris_versicolor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iris_versicolor.jpg/220px-Iris_versicolor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iris_versicolor.jpg/330px-Iris_versicolor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Iris_versicolor.jpg/440px-Iris_versicolor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iris_versicolor" title="Iris versicolor">Iris versicolor</a> – <a href="#Emblems_of_Quebec">floral emblem of Quebec</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iris_versicolor" title="Iris versicolor">Iris versicolor</a> Linné. — Iris versicolore. — Clajeux. — (Larger blue-flag), the floral emblem of Quebec since 1999.</li></ul> Through the variety and harmony of the colors of its flower, the versicolor iris perfectly illustrates the cultural diversity of Quebec. It also underlines the importance of water and wetlands for the balance of nature. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Bubo scandiacus</a>. — Harfang des neiges. — Snowy owl, the avian emblem of Quebec since 1987.</li></ul> The owl symbolizes the whiteness of Quebec winters, roots in a semi-northern climate and extension over a very vast territory. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betula_alleghaniensis" title="Betula alleghaniensis">Betula alleghaniensis</a> Britton. — Bouleau des Alléghanys. — Merisier. — Yellow birch, forest emblem since 1993.</li></ul> Colloquially called Merisier, yellow birch, in addition to being one of the best-known noble woods in Quebec, is distinguished by the variety of its uses and by its commercial value. It was picked to emphasize the importance Québécois give to the forests.<a href="#cite_note-Qsymbols2-356">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emblems_of_Quebec-357">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quebec's_diaspora">Quebec's diaspora</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quebec_diaspora" title="Quebec diaspora">Quebec diaspora</a></div> The earliest immigrants to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_prairies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian prairies">Canadian prairies</a> were <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a> from Quebec. Many <a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertans" title="Franco-Albertans">Franco-Albertans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fransaskois" title="Fransaskois">Fransaskois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Manitobans" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Manitobans">Franco-Manitobans</a> are descended from them. From the mid-1800s to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Quebec experienced the <a href="/wiki/Grande_H%C3%A9morragie" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Hémorragie">Grande Hémorragie</a> ("Great Hemorrhaging"), a massive emigration of 900,000 people from Quebec to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> French Canadians often established themselves in <a href="/wiki/Little_Canadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Canadas">Little Canadas</a> in many industrial New England centres. Of the 900,000 Québécois who emigrated, about half returned.<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> Most of the descendants of those who stayed are now <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a>, though a few <a href="/wiki/Franco-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Americans">Franco-Americans</a> remain, speaking <a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England French</a>. Some tried to slow the Grande Hémorragie by redirecting people north, which resulted in the founding of many regions in Quebec (ex. <a href="/wiki/Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean">Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Val-d%27Or" title="Val-d'Or">Val-d'Or</a>) but also in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Ontario" title="Northeastern Ontario">Northeastern Ontario</a>. The northeastern <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Ontarian">Franco-Ontarians</a> of today, who live in <a href="/wiki/Timmins" title="Timmins">Timmins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearst,_Ontario" title="Hearst, Ontario">Hearst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moosonee" title="Moosonee">Moosonee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario">Sault Sainte Marie</a>, among others, are the descendants of emigrants from Quebec who worked in the mines of the area.<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> In recent times, <a href="/wiki/Snowbird_(person)" title="Snowbird (person)">snowbirds</a> often migrate to southern <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> during the winter, resulting in the emergence of temporary "Québécois regions". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Quebec-related_articles" title="Index of Quebec-related articles">Index of Quebec-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Quebec" title="Outline of Quebec">Outline of Quebec</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/k(w)ɪˈbɛk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">k(w)ih-BEK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kɛˈbɛk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">keh-BEK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/keɪˈbɛk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">kay-BEK</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Pronunciation varies. (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Québec <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kebɛk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/FR-Qu%C3%A9bec.ogg\/FR-Qu%C3%A9bec.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"FR-Qu\u00e9bec.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/FR-Qu%C3%A9bec.ogg/FR-Qu%C3%A9bec.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:FR-Qu%C3%A9bec.ogg" title="File:FR-Québec.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-EFname2-12">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The territory of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> is larger. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Quebec shares a border with four <a href="/wiki/American_states" class="mw-redirect" title="American states">American states</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=EFGGK">"Quebec"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base" title="GeoBase (geospatial data)">Geographical Names Data Base</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quebec&rft.btitle=Geographical+Names+Data+Base&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fsearch-place-names%2Funique%3Fid%3DEFGGK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatCan2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-StatCan2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101">"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">"Population estimates, quarterly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. September 27, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928010937/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+estimates%2C+quarterly&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D1710000901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Guide-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Guide_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Guide_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeeMcAlpine2001" class="citation book cs1">Fee, Margery; McAlpine, Janice (2001). Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage. Oxford University Press. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-541619-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-541619-8"><bdi>0-19-541619-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Guide+to+Canadian+English+Usage&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-541619-8&rft.aulast=Fee&rft.aufirst=Margery&rft.au=McAlpine%2C+Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-language-5"><a href="#cite_ref-language_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/english/charter/index.html">"Status of the French language"</a>. Government of Quebec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514153402/http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/english/charter/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+of+the+French+language&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcharter%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDP2022-6"><a href="#cite_ref-GDP2022_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistique.quebec.ca/en/document/main-economic-indicators-quebec-and-canada/tableau/quarterly-indicators-quebec-and-canada">"Quarterly indicators, Québec and Canada"</a>. Institut de la Statistique du Québec. September 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quarterly+indicators%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec+and+Canada&rft.pub=Institut+de+la+Statistique+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistique.quebec.ca%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fmain-economic-indicators-quebec-and-canada%2Ftableau%2Fquarterly-indicators-quebec-and-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/CAN/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019">"Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sub-national+HDI+-+Subnational+HDI+-+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Fshdi%2FCAN%2F%3Flevels%3D1%252B4%26interpolation%3D1%26extrapolation%3D0%26nearest_real%3D0%26years%3D2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Canada" title="Time in Canada">Time in Canada</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalcodes.azinfoportal.com/canada/">"Canada Postal Codes"</a>. postalcodes.azinfoportal.com. Retrieved April 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=postalcodes.azinfoportal.com&rft.atitle=Canada+Postal+Codes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalcodes.azinfoportal.com%2Fcanada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2004" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Katherine, ed. (2004). "Quebec". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195418163.001.0001/m_en_ca0056346">The Canadian Oxford Dictionary</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195418163" title="Special:BookSources/9780195418163"><bdi>9780195418163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quebec&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Oxford+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195418163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195418163.001.0001%2Fm_en_ca0056346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). "Quebec". <a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Quebec&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFname2-12"><a href="#cite_ref-EFname2_12-0">^</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canadian government</a>, Québec (with the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>) is the official name in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918231551/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/place-names/useful-material-translators/9232">"Geographical Names of pan-Canadian significance"</a>. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/place-names/useful-material-translators/9232">the original</a> on September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geographical+Names+of+pan-Canadian+significance&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fearth-sciences%2Fgeography%2Fplace-names%2Fuseful-material-translators%2F9232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography_of_Quebec_territory-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Geography_of_Quebec_territory_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quebec.ca/gouvernement/portrait-quebec/geographie-territoire">"Geography of Quebec territory"</a> (in French). Government of Quebec. March 28, 2024. Retrieved June 26, 2024. <q>Quebec is divided into 17 administrative regions which bring together 104 regional county municipalities (MRC) and several independent municipalities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+of+Quebec+territory&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft.date=2024-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebec.ca%2Fgouvernement%2Fportrait-quebec%2Fgeographie-territoire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524063547/http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/phys01-eng.htm">"Land and freshwater area, by province and territory"</a>. web.archive.org. May 24, 2011. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Land+and+freshwater+area%2C+by+province+and+territory&rft.date=2011-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww40.statcan.gc.ca%2Fl01%2Fcst01%2Fphys01-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-550/vignettes/m1q-eng.htm">"Population Density, Québec, 2006"</a>. statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved January 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Population+Density%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fas-sa%2F97-550%2Fvignettes%2Fm1q-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2015" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Global Affairs (October 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/quebec/snapshot-apercus.aspx?lang=eng">"Sector Snapshots - Canadian Trade Commissioner Service - Quebec"</a>. GAC. Retrieved January 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GAC&rft.atitle=Sector+Snapshots+-+Canadian+Trade+Commissioner+Service+-+Quebec&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Global+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tradecommissioner.gc.ca%2Fquebec%2Fsnapshot-apercus.aspx%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography/origins-canadas-geographical-names/origin-names-canada-and-its-provinces-and-territories/9224">"Origin of the names of Canada and its provinces and territories"</a>. Natural Resources Canada. March 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+the+names+of+Canada+and+its+provinces+and+territories&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft.date=2020-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fearth-sciences%2Fgeography%2Forigins-canadas-geographical-names%2Forigin-names-canada-and-its-provinces-and-territories%2F9224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfableBeeler1996" class="citation book cs1">Afable, Patricia O.; Beeler, Madison S. (1996). "Place Names". In Goddard, Ives (ed.). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 17. Smithsonian Institution. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Place+Names&rft.btitle=Languages&rft.series=Handbook+of+North+American+Indians&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Afable&rft.aufirst=Patricia+O.&rft.au=Beeler%2C+Madison+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPCONTENTSE1EP2CH4PA4LE.html">"The birth of Quebec"</a>. Canada: A People's History. Canadian Broadcast Corporation. 2001. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada%3A+A+People%27s+History&rft.atitle=The+birth+of+Quebec&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fhistory%2FEPCONTENTSE1EP2CH4PA4LE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacoursièreProvencherVaugeois2000" class="citation book cs1">Lacoursière, Jacques; Provencher, Jean; Vaugeois, Denis (2000). Septentrion (ed.). Canada-Quebec 1534–2000: historical summary. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-89448-156-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-89448-156-X"><bdi>2-89448-156-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada-Quebec+1534%26ndash%3B2000%3A+historical+summary&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-89448-156-X&rft.aulast=Lacoursi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Provencher%2C+Jean&rft.au=Vaugeois%2C+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/photo/bering-land-bridge/">"Bering Land Bridge"</a>. National Geographic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Bering+Land+Bridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fphoto%2Fbering-land-bridge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quebec.ca/gouv/portrait-quebec/premieres-nations-inuits/profil-des-nations">"The Amerindians and Inuits [sic] of Quebec: 11 contemporary nations"</a>. Secretariat for Native Affairs. 2001. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-550-38480-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-550-38480-6"><bdi>2-550-38480-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Amerindians+and+Inuits%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+of+Quebec%3A+11+contemporary+nations&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Secretariat+for+Native+Affairs&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=2-550-38480-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebec.ca%2Fgouv%2Fportrait-quebec%2Fpremieres-nations-inuits%2Fprofil-des-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx98AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">Native Peoples A to Z: A Reference Guide to Native Peoples of the Western Hemisphere</a>. Vol. 8. North American Book Dist LLC. 2009. pp. 91–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878592-73-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878592-73-6"><bdi>978-1-878592-73-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+A+to+Z%3A+A+Reference+Guide+to+Native+Peoples+of+the+Western+Hemisphere&rft.pages=91-97&rft.pub=North+American+Book+Dist+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-878592-73-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHx98AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsh19882-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Marsh19882_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh1988" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, James H. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop04mars/page/2211">The Canadian encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 4. Hurtig Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canadianencyclop04mars/page/2211">2211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88830-330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88830-330-1"><bdi>978-0-88830-330-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+encyclopedia&rft.pages=2211&rft.pub=Hurtig+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88830-330-1&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadianencyclop04mars%2Fpage%2F2211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau198547-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau198547_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau1985">Charpentier et al. 1985</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau198550-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau198550_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau1985">Charpentier et al. 1985</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiendeau200736-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiendeau200736_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiendeau2007">Riendeau 2007</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau198551-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau198551_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau1985">Charpentier et al. 1985</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudel1963" class="citation book cs1">Trudel, Marcel (1963). Histoire de la <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvelle-France">Nouvelle-France</a> : les vaines tentatives 1524–1603. Fides. p. 307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Nouvelle-France+%3A+les+vaines+tentatives+1524%26ndash%3B1603&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Fides&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Trudel&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mathieu-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mathieu_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mathieu_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieu2013" class="citation web cs1">Mathieu, Jacques (September 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/nouvelle-france">"Nouvelle-France"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Nouvelle-France&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft.aulast=Mathieu&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fnouvelle-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Litalien20042-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Litalien20042_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitalien2004" class="citation book cs1">Litalien, Raymonde (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2VAMDgy3YQC&pg=PA312">Champlain: The Birth of French America</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 312–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7256-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-7256-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-7256-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champlain%3A+The+Birth+of+French+America&rft.pages=312-314&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-7256-0&rft.aulast=Litalien&rft.aufirst=Raymonde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2VAMDgy3YQC%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/iroquois-wars">"Iroquois Wars"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iroquois+Wars&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Firoquois-wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudel1966" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trudel, Marcel (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/fr/bio/champlain_samuel_de_1F.html">"Champlain, Samuel de"</a>. Dictionnaire biographique du Canada (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionnaire+biographique+du+Canada&rft.atitle=Champlain%2C+Samuel+de&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Trudel&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Ffr%2Fbio%2Fchamplain_samuel_de_1F.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeaMilward20012-37"><a href="#cite_ref-LeaMilward20012_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaMilwardRowe2001" class="citation book cs1">Lea, David; Milward, Colette; Rowe, Annamarie (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7WayaUhkUEC&pg=PA43">A Political Chronology of the Americas</a>. Psychology Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-118-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-118-6"><bdi>978-1-85743-118-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+Chronology+of+the+Americas&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-118-6&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Milward%2C+Colette&rft.au=Rowe%2C+Annamarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7WayaUhkUEC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poulter20102-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Poulter20102_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulter2010" class="citation book cs1">Poulter, Gillian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwJeuNYb4bIC&pg=PA33">Becoming Native in a Foreign Land: Sport, Visual Culture, and Identity in Montreal, 1840–85</a>. UBC Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1642-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1642-7"><bdi>978-0-7748-1642-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Native+in+a+Foreign+Land%3A+Sport%2C+Visual+Culture%2C+and+Identity+in+Montreal%2C+1840%E2%80%9385&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1642-7&rft.aulast=Poulter&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZwJeuNYb4bIC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chartrand2013b2-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Chartrand2013b2_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand2013" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, Rene (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihSrWOl-zsIC&pg=PA1736">French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans</a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0317-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0317-7"><bdi>978-1-4728-0317-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Fortresses+in+North+America+1535%E2%80%931763%3A+Quebec%2C+Montreal%2C+Louisbourg+and+New+Orleans&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0317-7&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihSrWOl-zsIC%26pg%3DPA1736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris19842-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris19842_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole_Harris1984" class="citation book cs1">Cole Harris, Richard (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seigneurialsyste0000harr_b4j9">The Seigneurial System in Early Canada: A Geographical Study</a>. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seigneurialsyste0000harr_b4j9/page/105">105</a>–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0434-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0434-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-0434-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seigneurial+System+in+Early+Canada%3A+A+Geographical+Study&rft.pages=105-109&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0434-9&rft.aulast=Cole+Harris&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseigneurialsyste0000harr_b4j9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/trois-rivieres">"Trois-Rivières | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res+%7C+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ftrois-rivieres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rois-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rois_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rois_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/fr/patrimoine-canadien/services/famille-royale/rois-reines.html#c13">"Rois et reines du Canada"</a>. Government of Canada. August 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rois+et+reines+du+Canada&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2017-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Ffr%2Fpatrimoine-canadien%2Fservices%2Ffamille-royale%2Frois-reines.html%23c13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes20082-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes20082_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2008" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Derek (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrkq7t_4080C&pg=PA33">Canada: An Illustrated History</a>. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55365-259-5"><bdi>978-1-55365-259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55365-259-5&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhrkq7t_4080C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preston20092-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Preston20092_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2009" class="citation book cs1">Preston, David L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43">The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783</a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2549-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-2549-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Texture+of+Contact%3A+European+and+Indian+Settler+Communities+on+the+Frontiers+of+Iroquoia%2C+1667%E2%80%931783&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2549-7&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-9N6-6UCnoC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell20092-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell20092_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2009" class="citation book cs1">Powell, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA203">Encyclopedia of North American Immigration</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1012-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1012-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1012-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Immigration&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVNCX6UsdZYkC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McIlwraithMuller20012-46"><a href="#cite_ref-McIlwraithMuller20012_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIlwraithMuller2001" class="citation book cs1">McIlwraith, Thomas F.; Muller, Edward K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fa--xLT_dRYC&pg=PA72">North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-3960-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-3960-2"><bdi>978-1-4616-3960-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+America%3A+The+Historical+Geography+of+a+Changing+Continent&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-3960-2&rft.aulast=McIlwraith&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft.au=Muller%2C+Edward+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFa--xLT_dRYC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/fr/article-357/Fortifications_au_Qu%C3%A9bec,_un_patrimoine_arch%C3%A9ologique.html#.YOPFkugSg2w">"Fortifications au Quebec"</a>. Amerique francaise. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fortifications+au+Quebec&rft.pub=Amerique+francaise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ameriquefrancaise.org%2Ffr%2Farticle-357%2FFortifications_au_Qu%25C3%25A9bec%2C_un_patrimoine_arch%25C3%25A9ologique.html%23.YOPFkugSg2w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histoire-du-quebec.ca/recensement-canada/">"Premier recensement au Canada (Nouvelle-France)"</a>. Histoire du Quebec. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Premier+recensement+au+Canada+%28Nouvelle-France%29&rft.pub=Histoire+du+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoire-du-quebec.ca%2Frecensement-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museedelhistoire.ca/musee-virtuel-de-la-nouvelle-france/les-explorateurs/rene-robert-cavelier-de-la-salle-1670-1687/">"René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle 1670-1687"</a>. Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ren%C3%A9-Robert+Cavelier+de+La+Salle+1670-1687&rft.pub=Canadian+Museum+of+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museedelhistoire.ca%2Fmusee-virtuel-de-la-nouvelle-france%2Fles-explorateurs%2Frene-robert-cavelier-de-la-salle-1670-1687%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Beaver_Wars">"Beaver Wars"</a>. Ohio History Central. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beaver+Wars&rft.pub=Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fohiohistorycentral.org%2Fw%2FBeaver_Wars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/King-Williams-War">"King William's War"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=King+William%27s+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FKing-Williams-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/treaties-of-Utrecht">"Treaties of Utrecht"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Treaties+of+Utrecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ftreaties-of-Utrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau1985115-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau1985115_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau1985">Charpentier et al. 1985</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2017" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Christopher (March 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/louisbourg">"Louisbourg"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Louisbourg&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Flouisbourg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEccles2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eccles, WJ (March 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seven-years-war/">"Seven Years' War"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seven+Years%27+War&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2021-03-24&rft.aulast=Eccles&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fseven-years-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bataille.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca/en/guerre-de-sept-ans/contexte.php">"The Siege of Québec: An episode of the Seven Years' War"</a>. Canadian National Battlefields Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110726113932/http://bataille.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca/en/guerre-de-sept-ans/contexte.php">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Qu%C3%A9bec%3A+An+episode+of+the+Seven+Years%27+War&rft.pub=Canadian+National+Battlefields+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbataille.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fguerre-de-sept-ans%2Fcontexte.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> O'Meara, pp. 15–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/fra/nouvelles/communiques-de-presse/Pages/2013/acquisition-documents-historiques-louisbourg.aspx">"ARCHIVÉE - Le gouvernement du Canada fait l'acquisition de documents historiques importants concernant le siège de Louisbourg de 1758"</a>. Library and Archives Canada. December 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARCHIV%C3%89E+-+Le+gouvernement+du+Canada+fait+l%27acquisition+de+documents+historiques+importants+concernant+le+si%C3%A8ge+de+Louisbourg+de+1758&rft.pub=Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft.date=2013-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bac-lac.gc.ca%2Ffra%2Fnouvelles%2Fcommuniques-de-presse%2FPages%2F2013%2Facquisition-documents-historiques-louisbourg.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/rpcq/detail.do?methode=consulter&id=25650&type=pge">"Siège de Québec par Wolfe"</a>. Gouvernement du Quebec. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Si%C3%A8ge+de+Qu%C3%A9bec+par+Wolfe&rft.pub=Gouvernement+du+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca%2Frpcq%2Fdetail.do%3Fmethode%3Dconsulter%26id%3D25650%26type%3Dpge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica_murray-60"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_murray_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Murray-British-soldier-and-official">"James Murray: British soldier and official"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=James+Murray%3A+British+soldier+and+official&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJames-Murray-British-soldier-and-official&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHunter1999505–506-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHunter1999505–506_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHunter1999">Hunter 1999</a>, pp. 505–506. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Paris-1763">"Treaty of Paris - 1763"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Paris+-+1763&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FTreaty-of-Paris-1763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunet1958" class="citation journal cs1">Brunet, Michel (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/haf/1958-v12-n2-haf2023/301901ar.pdf">"Les Canadiens apres la conquete"</a> (PDF). Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27histoire+de+l%27Am%C3%A9rique+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=Les+Canadiens+apres+la+conquete&rft.volume=12&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Brunet&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Fhaf%2F1958-v12-n2-haf2023%2F301901ar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/patrimoine/lexique/proclamation-royale-(1763).html#:~:text=Le%2010%20f%C3%A9vrier%201763%2C%20en,France%20et%20par%20l'Espagne.">"Proclamation royale (1763)"</a>. Government of Quebec. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+royale+%281763%29&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assnat.qc.ca%2Ffr%2Fpatrimoine%2Flexique%2Fproclamation-royale-%281763%29.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DLe%252010%2520f%25C3%25A9vrier%25201763%252C%2520en%2CFrance%2520et%2520par%2520l%27Espagne.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDagenais2020" class="citation web cs1">Dagenais, Maxime (May 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/quebec-act">"Quebec Act, 1774"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Quebec+Act%2C+1774&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft.aulast=Dagenais&rft.aufirst=Maxime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fquebec-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geographers19682-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Geographers19682_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Association_of_Geographers1968" class="citation book cs1">Canadian Association of Geographers (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA33">Canada: a Geographical Interpretation</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780458906000" title="Special:BookSources/9780458906000"><bdi>9780458906000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%3A+a+Geographical+Interpretation&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780458906000&rft.au=Canadian+Association+of+Geographers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoYOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histoire-du-quebec.ca/loyalistes/">"Loyalistes au Bas-Canada"</a>. Histoire du Quebec. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loyalistes+au+Bas-Canada&rft.pub=Histoire+du+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoire-du-quebec.ca%2Floyalistes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rebellion-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rebellion_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rebellion_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckner2020" class="citation web cs1">Buckner, Phillip (July 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/rebellion-du-bas-canada">"Rébellion du Bas-Canada (La guerre des patriotes)"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9bellion+du+Bas-Canada+%28La+guerre+des+patriotes%29&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft.aulast=Buckner&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Frebellion-du-bas-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2015" class="citation web cs1">Roy, Fernande (March 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/patriotes">"Patriotes"</a>. L'Encyclopédie Canadienne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+Canadienne&rft.atitle=Patriotes&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Fernande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fpatriotes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson,_Robert1838" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Robert (February 1838). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Lower_Canada">"Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada"</a>. Wikisource. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111107082359/http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Lower_Canada">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikisource&rft.atitle=Declaration+of+Independence+of+Lower+Canada&rft.date=1838-02&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDeclaration_of_Independence_of_Lower_Canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-durham2-71"><a href="#cite_ref-durham2_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuellet" class="citation web cs1">Ouellet, Fernand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=37606&PHPSESSID=qj23a0tmehl1lulfrlfrhk0c53">"Lambton, John George, 1st Earl of Durham"</a>. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805103634/http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=37606&PHPSESSID=qj23a0tmehl1lulfrlfrhk0c53">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography+Online&rft.atitle=Lambton%2C+John+George%2C+1st+Earl+of+Durham&rft.aulast=Ouellet&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-e.php%3FBioId%3D37606%26PHPSESSID%3Dqj23a0tmehl1lulfrlfrhk0c53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/ijcs/2008-n37-ijcs3714/040800ar.pdf">"The Only Canadians: Canada's French and the British Connection"</a> (PDF) (in French). Retrieved August 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Only+Canadians%3A+Canada%27s+French+and+the+British+Connection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Fijcs%2F2008-n37-ijcs3714%2F040800ar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCWs7opCrUI">"Montréal, une capitale, un parlement (1844-1849)"</a> (in French). Musée Pointe-à-Callière. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/uCWs7opCrUI">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montr%C3%A9al%2C+une+capitale%2C+un+parlement+%281844-1849%29&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+Pointe-%C3%A0-Calli%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DuCWs7opCrUI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histoire-du-quebec.ca/incendie-parlement-1849/">"Émeute du 25 avril 1849 : Incendie du Parlement"</a> (in French). Histoire du Quebec. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89meute+du+25+avril+1849+%3A+Incendie+du+Parlement&rft.pub=Histoire+du+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoire-du-quebec.ca%2Fincendie-parlement-1849%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mills, David (March 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/loi-dindemnisation-pour-le-bas-canada">"Loi d'indemnisation pour le Bas-Canada"</a>. L'Encyclopédie canadienne (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Loi+d%27indemnisation+pour+le+Bas-Canada&rft.btitle=L%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+canadienne&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Floi-dindemnisation-pour-le-bas-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marsh, James (June 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/grand-trunk-railway-of-canada">"Grand Trunk Railway of Canada"</a>. L'Encyclopédie canadienne (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grand+Trunk+Railway+of+Canada&rft.btitle=L%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+canadienne&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fgrand-trunk-railway-of-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfficerSmith2011" class="citation journal cs1">Officer, Lawrence H.; Smith, Lawrence B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/abs/canadianamerican-reciprocity-treaty-of-1855-to-1866/43B9931704F67904DABB6474B5475F46">"The Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty of 1855 to 1866"</a>. The Journal of Economic History. 28 (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Canadian-American+Reciprocity+Treaty+of+1855+to+1866&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Officer&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Lawrence+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-economic-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fcanadianamerican-reciprocity-treaty-of-1855-to-1866%2F43B9931704F67904DABB6474B5475F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ameriquefrancaise.org/fr/article-404/R%C3%A9gime_seigneurial_au_Qu%C3%A9bec__.html#.YOPNsOgSg2w">"Régime seigneurial au Québec"</a>. Encyclopédie du Patrimoine Culturel de l'Amérique Française (in French). Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9gime+seigneurial+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+du+Patrimoine+Culturel+de+l%27Am%C3%A9rique+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ameriquefrancaise.org%2Ffr%2Farticle-404%2FR%25C3%25A9gime_seigneurial_au_Qu%25C3%25A9bec__.html%23.YOPNsOgSg2w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-7104-f.html">"Résolutions de la Conférence de Québec - octobre 1864"</a>. Bibliothèque et Archives Canada. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9solutions+de+la+Conf%C3%A9rence+de+Qu%C3%A9bec+-+octobre+1864&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+et+Archives+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fconfederation%2F023001-7104-f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alloprof.qc.ca/fr/eleves/bv/histoire/le-nationalisme-canadien-francais-h1401">"Le nationalisme canadien-francais"</a>. Allo Prof. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+nationalisme+canadien-francais&rft.pub=Allo+Prof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alloprof.qc.ca%2Ffr%2Feleves%2Fbv%2Fhistoire%2Fle-nationalisme-canadien-francais-h1401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/parti-national">"Parti national"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia (in French). February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parti+national&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fparti-national&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWherrett1996" class="citation web cs1">Wherrett, Jill (February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613195221/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp412-e.htm#B">"ABORIGINAL PEOPLES AND THE 1995 QUEBEC REFERENDUM: A SURVEY OF THE ISSUES"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/bp412-e.htm#B">the original</a> on June 13, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ABORIGINAL+PEOPLES+AND+THE+1995+QUEBEC+REFERENDUM%3A+A+SURVEY+OF+THE+ISSUES&rft.date=1996-02&rft.aulast=Wherrett&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2Finformation%2Flibrary%2FPRBpubs%2Fbp412-e.htm%23B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pages/evenements/172.html">"Adoption d'une loi sur l'exportation du bois"</a> (in French). University of Sherbrooke. Retrieved August 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adoption+d%27une+loi+sur+l%27exportation+du+bois&rft.pub=University+of+Sherbrooke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbilan.usherbrooke.ca%2Fbilan%2Fpages%2Fevenements%2F172.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uottawa.ca/calc/loi-lavergne-1910-loi-amendant-code-civil-concernant-contrats-faits-compagnies-services-dutilite">"Loi Lavergne"</a>. Compendium de l'aménagement linguistique au Canada (CALC) (in French). University of Ottawa. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+Lavergne&rft.series=Compendium+de+l%27am%C3%A9nagement+linguistique+au+Canada+%28CALC%29&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uottawa.ca%2Fcalc%2Floi-lavergne-1910-loi-amendant-code-civil-concernant-contrats-faits-compagnies-services-dutilite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morantz20022-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Morantz20022_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToby_Elaine_Morantz2002" class="citation book cs1">Toby Elaine Morantz (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLPxHz4tHUUC&pg=PA133">The White Man's Gonna Getcha: The Colonial Challenge to the Crees in Québec</a>. McGill-Queens. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2299-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2299-2"><bdi>978-0-7735-2299-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Man%27s+Gonna+Getcha%3A+The+Colonial+Challenge+to+the+Crees+in+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=McGill-Queens&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2299-2&rft.au=Toby+Elaine+Morantz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLPxHz4tHUUC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conscription_au_Canada-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conscription_au_Canada_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conscription_au_Canada_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/conscription">"Conscription au Canada"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. May 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Conscription+au+Canada&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fconscription&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warmuseum.ca/learn/dispatches/french-canada-and-recruitment-during-the-first-world-war/#tabs">"FRENCH CANADA AND RECRUITMENT DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR"</a>. Canadian War Museum. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FRENCH+CANADA+AND+RECRUITMENT+DURING+THE+FIRST+WORLD+WAR&rft.pub=Canadian+War+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warmuseum.ca%2Flearn%2Fdispatches%2Ffrench-canada-and-recruitment-during-the-first-world-war%2F%23tabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saq.com/fr/contenu/inspiration/reportages/annees-prohibition">"Les années de la prohibition"</a>. www.saq.com (in French). Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.saq.com&rft.atitle=Les+ann%C3%A9es+de+la+prohibition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saq.com%2Ffr%2Fcontenu%2Finspiration%2Freportages%2Fannees-prohibition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chateausuau.com/fr/blog/lhistoire-de-la-saq/">"L'histoire de la SAQ : Société d'Alcool du Québec"</a>. Chateau Suau (in French). February 26, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chateau+Suau&rft.atitle=L%27histoire+de+la+SAQ+%3A+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+d%27Alcool+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchateausuau.com%2Ffr%2Fblog%2Flhistoire-de-la-saq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/statut-de-westminster">"Statut de Westminster"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. April 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Statut+de+Westminster&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fstatut-de-westminster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alloprof.qc.ca/fr/eleves/bv/histoire/la-grande-depression-h1636">"Alloprof aide aux devoirs"</a>. Allo Prof. Retrieved July 31, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alloprof+aide+aux+devoirs&rft.pub=Allo+Prof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alloprof.qc.ca%2Ffr%2Feleves%2Fbv%2Fhistoire%2Fla-grande-depression-h1636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGÉLINASFerretti2010" class="citation book cs1">GÉLINAS, Xavier; Ferretti, Lucia (2010). Duplessis : son milieu, son époque. Septentrion. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89448-625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89448-625-2"><bdi>978-2-89448-625-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duplessis+%3A+son+milieu%2C+son+%C3%A9poque&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Septentrion&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-89448-625-2&rft.aulast=G%C3%89LINAS&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft.au=Ferretti%2C+Lucia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/relations-francophones-anglophones">"Relations francophones-anglophones"</a>. L'Encyclopédie Canadienne. March 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+Canadienne&rft.atitle=Relations+francophones-anglophones&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Frelations-francophones-anglophones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-short_history2-94"><a href="#cite_ref-short_history2_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinsonYoung2003" class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, John; Young, Brian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8">A Short History of Quebec</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8/page/372">372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Quebec&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Young%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ici.radio-canada.ca/actualite/zonelibre/03-04/electricite.asp">"Radio-Canada.ca / R D I / ZONE LIBRE"</a>. ici.radio-canada.ca. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ici.radio-canada.ca&rft.atitle=Radio-Canada.ca+%2F+R+D+I+%2F+ZONE+LIBRE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Factualite%2Fzonelibre%2F03-04%2Felectricite.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/10/archives/province-lending-to-quebec.html">"Province Lending to Quebec"</a>. The New York Times. 1964. Retrieved March 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Province+Lending+to+Quebec&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F09%2F10%2Farchives%2Fprovince-lending-to-quebec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParizeau2009" class="citation book cs1">Parizeau, Jacques (2009). "189". La souveraineté du Québec : Hier, aujourd'hui et demain. Michel Brûlé. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-782894-854556" title="Special:BookSources/9-782894-854556"><bdi>9-782894-854556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=189&rft.btitle=La+souverainet%C3%A9+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%3A+Hier%2C+aujourd%27hui+et+demain&rft.pub=Michel+Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9-782894-854556&rft.aulast=Parizeau&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/515763/bilinguisme-et-biculturalisme-un-plaidoyer-en-faveur-de-la-dualite-canadienne">"Un plaidoyer en faveur de la dualité canadienne"</a>. Le Devoir. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=Un+plaidoyer+en+faveur+de+la+dualit%C3%A9+canadienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fopinion%2Fidees%2F515763%2Fbilinguisme-et-biculturalisme-un-plaidoyer-en-faveur-de-la-dualite-canadienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca/relations-canadiennes/federalisme/quebec-fil-du-temps.asp#26">"Le Québec au fil du temps"</a>. Secrétariat du Québec aux relations canadiennes. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Qu%C3%A9bec+au+fil+du+temps&rft.pub=Secr%C3%A9tariat+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+aux+relations+canadiennes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca%2Frelations-canadiennes%2Ffederalisme%2Fquebec-fil-du-temps.asp%2326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328195017/http://archives.radio-canada.ca/politique/provincial_territorial/dossiers/592/">"La Commission Laurendeau-Dunton"</a>. Les Archives de Radio-Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.radio-canada.ca/politique/provincial_territorial/dossiers/592/">the original</a> on March 28, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Archives+de+Radio-Canada&rft.atitle=La+Commission+Laurendeau-Dunton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.radio-canada.ca%2Fpolitique%2Fprovincial_territorial%2Fdossiers%2F592%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328214905/http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=2&tableid=11&tablename=theme&elementid=108__true&contentlong">"Les relations Québec-Canada"</a>. Musée McCord Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=2&tableid=11&tablename=theme&elementid=108__true&contentlong">the original</a> on March 28, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+relations+Qu%C3%A9bec-Canada&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+McCord+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.musee-mccord.qc.ca%2Fscripts%2Fexplore.php%3FLang%3D2%26tableid%3D11%26tablename%3Dtheme%26elementid%3D108__true%26contentlong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothwell2021" class="citation web cs1">Bothwell, Robert (February 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/lester-bowles-pearson">"Lester Bowles Pearson"</a>. L'Encyclopédie Canadienne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+Canadienne&rft.atitle=Lester+Bowles+Pearson&rft.date=2021-02-10&rft.aulast=Bothwell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Flester-bowles-pearson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pages/biographies/131.html">"Daniel Johnson (1915-1968): Homme politique"</a> (in French). Université de Sherbrooke. Retrieved January 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daniel+Johnson+%281915-1968%29%3A+Homme+politique&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Sherbrooke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbilan.usherbrooke.ca%2Fbilan%2Fpages%2Fbiographies%2F131.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tetley2006AppendixD2-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Tetley2006AppendixD2_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetley2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Tetley" title="William Tetley">Tetley, William</a> (2006). "Appendix D: The Crisis per se (in chronological order — October 5, 1970, to December 29, 1970) – English text". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614020742/http://www.mcgill.ca/maritimelaw/crisis/">The October Crisis, 1970: An Insider's View</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3118-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3118-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-3118-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/300346822">300346822</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/maritimelaw/crisis/">the original</a> on June 14, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+D%3A+The+Crisis+per+se+%28in+chronological+order+%E2%80%94+October+5%2C+1970%2C+to+December+29%2C+1970%29+%E2%80%93+English+text&rft.btitle=The+October+Crisis%2C+1970%3A+An+Insider%27s+View&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F300346822&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3118-5&rft.aulast=Tetley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgill.ca%2Fmaritimelaw%2Fcrisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/etats-generaux-du-canada-francais">"États généraux du Canada français"</a>. L'Encyclopédie Canadienne. July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+Canadienne&rft.atitle=%C3%89tats+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux+du+Canada+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fetats-generaux-du-canada-francais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2018" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Bryan D. (June 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/123/3/773/5025397">"Canada's '1968' and Historical Sensibilities"</a>. pp. 773–778. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F123.3.773">10.1093/ahr/123.3.773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+%271968%27+and+Historical+Sensibilities&rft.pages=773-778&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2F123.3.773&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Bryan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fahr%2Farticle%2F123%2F3%2F773%2F5025397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/519398/grandeur-et-misere-de-l-utopie-bilingue-au-canada">"Grandeur et misère de l'utopie bilingue au Canada"</a>. Le Devoir. February 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=Grandeur+et+mis%C3%A8re+de+l%27utopie+bilingue+au+Canada&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fopinion%2Fidees%2F519398%2Fgrandeur-et-misere-de-l-utopie-bilingue-au-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurendeau2019" class="citation web cs1">Laurendeau, Paul (May 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/langues-officielles-1969-loi-sur-les">"Loi sur les langues officielles (1969)"</a>. L'Encyclopédie Canadienne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+Canadienne&rft.atitle=Loi+sur+les+langues+officielles+%281969%29&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft.aulast=Laurendeau&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Flangues-officielles-1969-loi-sur-les&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309130041/http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=1976">"Élections québécoises de 1976"</a>. Université de Sherbrooke. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=1976">the original</a> on March 9, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89lections+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coises+de+1976&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Sherbrooke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbilan.usherbrooke.ca%2Fbilan%2FpagesElections.jsp%3Fannee%3D1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Déclaration préliminaire sur le droit d'autodétermination. November 24, 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9claration+pr%C3%A9liminaire+sur+le+droit+d%27autod%C3%A9termination&rft.date=1967-11-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibnum2.banq.qc.ca/bna/actionnationale/src/1968/02/03/02/1968-02-03-02.pdf">"Débats sur la déclaration préliminaire : Partage des opinions"</a> (PDF). États généraux du Canada français. November 1967 – via Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9bats+sur+la+d%C3%A9claration+pr%C3%A9liminaire+%3A+Partage+des+opinions&rft.pub=%C3%89tats+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux+du+Canada+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=1967-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibnum2.banq.qc.ca%2Fbna%2Factionnationale%2Fsrc%2F1968%2F02%2F03%2F02%2F1968-02-03-02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/constitution/topics/1092-6040/">"The 1980 Quebec Referendum"</a>. Facts and results. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531220955/http://archives.cbc.ca/politics/constitution/topics/1092-6040/">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facts+and+results&rft.atitle=The+1980+Quebec+Referendum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cbc.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fconstitution%2Ftopics%2F1092-6040%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaquette2017" class="citation web cs1">Paquette, Gilbert (April 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/libre-opinion/496450/le-rapatriement-de-1982-trahison-et-fin-d-un-mythe">"Le rapatriement de 1982: trahison et fin d'un mythe"</a>. Le Devoir.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=Le+rapatriement+de+1982%3A+trahison+et+fin+d%27un+mythe&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft.aulast=Paquette&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fopinion%2Flibre-opinion%2F496450%2Fle-rapatriement-de-1982-trahison-et-fin-d-un-mythe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183041/https://www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca/affaires-intergouvernementales/positions-historiques/motions/1981-12-01.pdf">"Résolution de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec sur les conditions sans lesquelles le Québec ne peut accepter le rapatriement de la Constitution canadienne, 1er décembre 1981"</a> (PDF). Government of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca/affaires-intergouvernementales/positions-historiques/motions/1981-12-01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 9, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9solution+de+l%27Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+sur+les+conditions+sans+lesquelles+le+Qu%C3%A9bec+ne+peut+accepter+le+rapatriement+de+la+Constitution+canadienne%2C+1er+d%C3%A9cembre+1981&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca%2Faffaires-intergouvernementales%2Fpositions-historiques%2Fmotions%2F1981-12-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sheppard, Robert (May 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/patriation-of-the-constitution/">"Constitution, Patriation of"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constitution%2C+Patriation+of&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpatriation-of-the-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBustaHui" class="citation news cs1">Busta, Shannon; Hui, Ann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110509013937/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/bloc-qubcois-through-the-years/article2008669/">"Bloc Québécois through the years"</a>. The Globe and Mail. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/bloc-qubcois-through-the-years/article2008669/">the original</a> on May 9, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Bloc+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+through+the+years&rft.aulast=Busta&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft.au=Hui%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fbloc-qubcois-through-the-years%2Farticle2008669%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/accord-de-charlottetown">"Accord de Charlottetown"</a>. L'Encyclopédie Canadienne. May 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Accord+de+Charlottetown&rft.btitle=L%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+Canadienne&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Faccord-de-charlottetown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1995_facts2-118"><a href="#cite_ref-1995_facts2_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirecteur_général_des_élections_du_Québec" class="citation web cs1">Directeur général des élections du Québec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quebecpolitique.com/elections-et-referendums/referendums-quebecois/referendum-de-1995/">"Référendum de 1995"</a>. Information and results. Quebec Politic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808031154/http://www.quebecpolitique.com/elections-et-referendums/referendums-quebecois/referendum-de-1995/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved June 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+and+results&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum+de+1995&rft.au=Directeur+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+des+%C3%A9lections+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebecpolitique.com%2Felections-et-referendums%2Freferendums-quebecois%2Freferendum-de-1995%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagnéLanglois2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gagné, Gilles; Langlois, Simon (2002). "Les immigrants : sortir de l'ethnicité". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/pum/12348?lang=fr">Les raisons fortes: Nature et signification de l'appui à la souveraineté du Québec</a> (in French). University of Montreal Press. pp. 101–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.pum.12348">10.4000/books.pum.12348</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791036504556" title="Special:BookSources/9791036504556"><bdi>9791036504556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+immigrants+%3A+sortir+de+l%27ethnicit%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Les+raisons+fortes%3A+Nature+et+signification+de+l%27appui+%C3%A0+la+souverainet%C3%A9+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pages=101-109&rft.pub=University+of+Montreal+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.pum.12348&rft.isbn=9791036504556&rft.aulast=Gagn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft.au=Langlois%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fpum%2F12348%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLévesque2020" class="citation web cs1">Lévesque, Catherine (March 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lactualite.com/actualites/referendum-de-1995-le-love-in-du-camp-du-non-naurait-pas-servi-a-grand-chose/">"Référendum de 1995: le «love-in» du camp du Non n'aurait pas servi à grand-chose"</a>. L'actualité. The Canadian Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27actualit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum+de+1995%3A+le+%C2%ABlove-in%C2%BB+du+camp+du+Non+n%27aurait+pas+servi+%C3%A0+grand-chose&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9vesque&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flactualite.com%2Factualites%2Freferendum-de-1995-le-love-in-du-camp-du-non-naurait-pas-servi-a-grand-chose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728013918/http://www.saic.gouv.qc.ca/publications/resolutions/20031030_en.pdf">"Résolution unanime sur la nation québécoise"</a> [Resolution by the National Assembly of Québec] (PDF). October 30, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saic.gouv.qc.ca/publications/resolutions/20031030_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 28, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9solution+unanime+sur+la+nation+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise&rft.date=2003-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saic.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2Fresolutions%2F20031030_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2544166&File=0&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=39&Pub=hansard&Ses=1#SOB-1798651">"39th Parliament, 1st Session; No. 087"</a>. Hansard. November 27, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002113653/http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2544166&File=0&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=39&Pub=hansard&Ses=1#SOB-1798651">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hansard&rft.atitle=39th+Parliament%2C+1st+Session%3B+No.+087&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FHousePublications%2FPublication.aspx%3FDocId%3D2544166%26File%3D0%26Language%3DE%26Mode%3D1%26Parl%3D39%26Pub%3Dhansard%26Ses%3D1%23SOB-1798651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher2015" class="citation web cs1">Rocher, François (August 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/idees/447949/elections-federales-retour-sur-la-vague-orange-de-2011">"Retour sur la vague orange de 2011"</a>. Le Devoir.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=Retour+sur+la+vague+orange+de+2011&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fopinion%2Fidees%2F447949%2Felections-federales-retour-sur-la-vague-orange-de-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923060037/http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=2012">"Élections québécoises de 2012"</a>. University of Sherbrooke. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=2012">the original</a> on September 23, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89lections+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coises+de+2012&rft.pub=University+of+Sherbrooke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbilan.usherbrooke.ca%2Fbilan%2FpagesElections.jsp%3Fannee%3D2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621230545/http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=2014">"Élections québécoises de 2014"</a>. University of Sherbrooke. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pagesElections.jsp?annee=2014">the original</a> on June 21, 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89lections+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coises+de+2014&rft.pub=University+of+Sherbrooke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbilan.usherbrooke.ca%2Fbilan%2FpagesElections.jsp%3Fannee%3D2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational2018" class="citation web cs1">International, Radio Canada (October 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcinet.ca/en/2018/10/04/quebecs-provincial-election-what-does-it-signal-for-canada-maybe-the-world/">"Quebec's provincial election: What does it signal for Canada, maybe the world?"</a>. RCI | English.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RCI+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Quebec%E2%80%99s+provincial+election%3A+What+does+it+signal+for+Canada%2C+maybe+the+world%3F&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.aulast=International&rft.aufirst=Radio+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcinet.ca%2Fen%2F2018%2F10%2F04%2Fquebecs-provincial-election-what-does-it-signal-for-canada-maybe-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/health-issues/a-z/2019-coronavirus">"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Québec"</a>. Gouvernement du Québec.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gouvernement+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+disease+%28COVID-19%29+in+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebec.ca%2Fen%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-issues%2Fa-z%2F2019-coronavirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnishi2022" class="citation news cs1">Onishi, Norimitsu (October 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/03/world/canada/quebec-general-election-results.html">"Embracing Nationalism, a Canadian Provincial Leader Wins Re-election"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Embracing+Nationalism%2C+a+Canadian+Provincial+Leader+Wins+Re-election&rft.date=2022-10-04&rft.aulast=Onishi&rft.aufirst=Norimitsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F10%2F03%2Fworld%2Fcanada%2Fquebec-general-election-results.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_de_la_statistique_du_Québec" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Institut de la statistique du Québec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808030517/http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/jeunesse/territoire/compa_superf_pays.htm">"Comparaison entre la superficie du Québec et celle de divers pays"</a> [Comparison between the area of Quebec and various countries] (in French). Government of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/jeunesse/territoire/compa_superf_pays.htm">the original</a> on August 8, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparaison+entre+la+superficie+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+et+celle+de+divers+pays&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft.au=Institut+de+la+statistique+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gouv.qc.ca%2Fjeunesse%2Fterritoire%2Fcompa_superf_pays.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-naturalhistory2-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naturalhistory2_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naturalhistory2_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naturalhistory2_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185133/http://redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/Natural%20History/nat_hist.html">"Natural History of Quebec"</a>. A description of the natural history of the province. McGill University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/Natural%20History/nat_hist.html">the original</a> on July 6, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+description+of+the+natural+history+of+the+province&rft.atitle=Natural+History+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredpath-museum.mcgill.ca%2FQbp%2FNatural%2520History%2Fnat_hist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5968">"Mont D'Iberville, Québec/Newfoundland"</a>. PeakBagger. November 1, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807070459/http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=5968">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mont+D%27Iberville%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec%2FNewfoundland&rft.pub=PeakBagger&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D5968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ecological_classification_of_Quebec_territory-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ecological_classification_of_Quebec_territory_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ecological_classification_of_Quebec_territory_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaude_Morneau,_Ph._D.Pierre-Luc_Couillard,_ing.f.,_Ph._D.Jason_Laflamme,_ing.f.,_M._ScMélanie_Major,_ing.f.,_M._Sc.2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Claude Morneau, Ph. D.; Pierre-Luc Couillard, ing.f., Ph. D.; Jason Laflamme, ing.f., M. Sc; Mélanie Major, ing.f., M. Sc.; Valérie Roy, t.a.a.g. (June 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mffp.gouv.qc.ca/documents/forets/inventaire/classification_ecologique_territoire_quebecois.pdf">"Ecological classification of Quebec territory"</a> (PDF). Quebec Gouvernement (in French). Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and Parks - Forest Inventories Directorate. pp. 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 of 16. Retrieved June 21, 2024. <q>The ecological classification of Quebec territory consists of mapping and description of ecological units at various levels of perception between the continental scale and that of the landscape</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quebec+Gouvernement&rft.atitle=Ecological+classification+of+Quebec+territory&rft.pages=2%2C+4%2C+6%2C+8%2C+9%2C+11+of+16&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft.au=Claude+Morneau%2C+Ph.+D.&rft.au=Pierre-Luc+Couillard%2C+ing.f.%2C+Ph.+D.&rft.au=Jason+Laflamme%2C+ing.f.%2C+M.+Sc&rft.au=M%C3%A9lanie+Major%2C+ing.f.%2C+M.+Sc.&rft.au=Val%C3%A9rie+Roy%2C+t.a.a.g.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmffp.gouv.qc.ca%2Fdocuments%2Fforets%2Finventaire%2Fclassification_ecologique_territoire_quebecois.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environment_of_Quebec20025-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environment_of_Quebec20025_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinistry_of_Environment_of_Quebec20025_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinistry_of_Environment_of_Quebec2002">Ministry of Environment of Quebec 2002</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabin198639-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabin198639_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabin1986">Babin 1986</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boyer, Marcel (January 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325020028/http://www.iedm.org/fr/node/2904">"11 idées pour changer le Québec"</a>. Le Journal de Montréal (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iedm.org/main/show_editorials_fr.php?editorials_id=604">the original</a> on March 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Journal+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.atitle=11+id%C3%A9es+pour+changer+le+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2008-01-12&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iedm.org%2Fmain%2Fshow_editorials_fr.php%3Feditorials_id%3D604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTQ-resC2-136"><a href="#cite_ref-CTQ-resC2_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_de_toponymie_du_Québec" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Commission de toponymie du Québec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=150506">"Réservoir de Caniapiscau"</a> (in French). Government of Quebec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110920115448/http://www.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca/ct/ToposWeb/fiche.aspx?no_seq=150506">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9servoir+de+Caniapiscau&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft.au=Commission+de+toponymie+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toponymie.gouv.qc.ca%2Fct%2FToposWeb%2Ffiche.aspx%3Fno_seq%3D150506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-definition2-137"><a href="#cite_ref-definition2_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213201813/http://www.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/aires_quebec.htm#def">"Protected areas in Quebec"</a>. Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/aires_quebec.htm#def">the original</a> on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protected+areas+in+Quebec&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Sustainable+Development%2C+Environment%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca%2Fbiodiversite%2Faires_protegees%2Faires_quebec.htm%23def&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/articles/090329/synthese.pdf">"Protected areas in Quebec"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks. 2009. Retrieved March 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protected+areas+in+Quebec&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Sustainable+Development%2C+Environment+and+Parks&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mddep.gouv.qc.ca%2Fbiodiversite%2Faires_protegees%2Farticles%2F090329%2Fsynthese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-register2-139"><a href="#cite_ref-register2_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213201621/http://www.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/registre/index.htm#historic">"Register of protected areas"</a>. Ministry of Development Sustainable, Environment, Wildlife and Parks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aires_protegees/registre/index.htm#historic">the original</a> on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 7, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Register+of+protected+areas&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Development+Sustainable%2C+Environment%2C+Wildlife+and+Parks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca%2Fbiodiversite%2Faires_protegees%2Fregistre%2Findex.htm%23historic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-climat2-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-climat2_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-climat2_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-climat2_140-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/climat/normales/climat-qc.htm">"Climat au Québec"</a> (in French). Government of Quebec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212211615/http://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/climat/normales/climat-qc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climat+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environnement.gouv.qc.ca%2Fclimat%2Fnormales%2Fclimat-qc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827223813/http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=norm_entab&mpn=stati_clim&slt_nomStations=34&slt_idStations=7016294&slt_variable=10&slt_periode=2&sub=Afficher">"Climate Normals, tabular, year"</a>. Climat-Québec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=norm_entab&mpn=stati_clim&slt_nomStations=34&slt_idStations=7016294&slt_variable=10&slt_periode=2&sub=Afficher">the original</a> on August 27, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Normals%2C+tabular%2C+year&rft.pub=Climat-Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climat-quebec.qc.ca%2Fhome.php%3Fid%3Dnorm_entab%26mpn%3Dstati_clim%26slt_nomStations%3D34%26slt_idStations%3D7016294%26slt_variable%3D10%26slt_periode%3D2%26sub%3DAfficher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827224256/http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=p23&mpn=ev_mto_sig">"Tornadoes"</a>. Climat-Québec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=p23&mpn=ev_mto_sig">the original</a> on August 27, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tornadoes&rft.pub=Climat-Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climat-quebec.qc.ca%2Fhome.php%3Fid%3Dp23%26mpn%3Dev_mto_sig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/geographie/climat/zonesclimatiques/?lang=fr">"Zones climatiques du Québec"</a>. Quebec Portal. October 12, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806094342/http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/geographie/climat/zonesclimatiques/?lang=fr">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quebec+Portal&rft.atitle=Zones+climatiques+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2006-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouv.qc.ca%2Fportail%2Fquebec%2Fpgs%2Fcommun%2Fportrait%2Fgeographie%2Fclimat%2Fzonesclimatiques%2F%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immigration-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/avantages/territoire/climat/moyenne-temperatures.html">"Moyenne mensuelle des températures de Québec (ville) et Montréal"</a>. Immigration Québec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140325110816/http://www.immigration-quebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/avantages/territoire/climat/moyenne-temperatures.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moyenne+mensuelle+des+temp%C3%A9ratures+de+Qu%C3%A9bec+%28ville%29+et+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.pub=Immigration+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immigration-quebec.gouv.qc.ca%2Ffr%2Favantages%2Fterritoire%2Fclimat%2Fmoyenne-temperatures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-climatetabular2-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-climatetabular2_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-climatetabular2_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827223341/http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=norm_entab&mpn=stati_clim&slt_nomStations=34&slt_idStations=7016294&slt_variable=0&slt_periode=0&sub=Afficher">"Climate Normals, Tabular"</a>. Climat-Québec. August 30, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climat-quebec.qc.ca/home.php?id=norm_entab&mpn=stati_clim&slt_nomStations=34&slt_idStations=7016294&slt_variable=0&slt_periode=0&sub=Afficher">the original</a> on August 27, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Normals%2C+Tabular&rft.pub=Climat-Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2010-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climat-quebec.qc.ca%2Fhome.php%3Fid%3Dnorm_entab%26mpn%3Dstati_clim%26slt_nomStations%3D34%26slt_idStations%3D7016294%26slt_variable%3D0%26slt_periode%3D0%26sub%3DAfficher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212211601/http://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/climat/normales/index.asp">"Normales climatiques du Québec 1981-2010"</a> (in French). Government of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environnement.gouv.qc.ca/climat/normales/index.asp">the original</a> on December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normales+climatiques+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+1981-2010&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environnement.gouv.qc.ca%2Fclimat%2Fnormales%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807170704/http://www.ec.gc.ca/doc/smc-msc/2008/s3_eng.html">"Canada's Top Ten Weather Stories for 2008"</a>. Environment Canada. December 29, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ec.gc.ca/doc/smc-msc/2008/s3_eng.html">the original</a> on August 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Top+Ten+Weather+Stories+for+2008&rft.pub=Environment+Canada&rft.date=2008-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ec.gc.ca%2Fdoc%2Fsmc-msc%2F2008%2Fs3_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140418223711/http://ici.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/explorateur/histoire/index.asp?no_contenu=7253">"Records de neige"</a>. CBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ici.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/explorateur/histoire/index.asp?no_contenu=7253">the original</a> on April 18, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+de+neige&rft.pub=CBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fjeunesse%2Fexplorateur%2Fhistoire%2Findex.asp%3Fno_contenu%3D7253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/National/2010/03/19/001-hiver-le-plus-chaud.shtml?ref=rss">"Climat : L'hiver le plus chaud de l'histoire du pays"</a> (in French). CBC. March 19, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climat+%3A+L%27hiver+le+plus+chaud+de+l%27histoire+du+pays&rft.pub=CBC&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelles%2FNational%2F2010%2F03%2F19%2F001-hiver-le-plus-chaud.shtml%3Fref%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-types_veg2-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-types_veg2_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-types_veg2_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/forets/connaissances/connaissances-inventaire-zones.jsp">"Types de végétations du Québec"</a> (in French). Government of Quebec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827041242/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/forets/connaissances/connaissances-inventaire-zones.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2011. Retrieved June 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+de+v%C3%A9g%C3%A9tations+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca%2Fforets%2Fconnaissances%2Fconnaissances-inventaire-zones.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-domaine_forestier2-151"><a href="#cite_ref-domaine_forestier2_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406114232/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/forets/quebec/quebec-milieu.jsp">"Domaine forestier"</a> (in French). Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/forets/quebec/quebec-milieu.jsp">the original</a> on April 6, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domaine+forestier&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Ressources+naturelles+et+de+la+Faune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca%2Fforets%2Fquebec%2Fquebec-milieu.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707155005/http://www.arboquebecium.com/index.html">"L'Arboretum du Québec"</a>. Arboquebecium.com (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arboquebecium.com/index.html">the original</a> on July 7, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arboquebecium.com&rft.atitle=L%27Arboretum+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arboquebecium.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807111032/http://www.qc.ec.gc.ca/faune/biodiv/fr/mammiferes/marins.html">"La biodiversité du Saint-Laurent"</a> (in French). Environnement Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qc.ec.gc.ca/faune/biodiv/fr/mammiferes/marins.html">the original</a> on August 7, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+biodiversit%C3%A9+du+Saint-Laurent&rft.pub=Environnement+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qc.ec.gc.ca%2Ffaune%2Fbiodiv%2Ffr%2Fmammiferes%2Fmarins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706201853/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/faune/especes/nunavik/index.jsp">"Espèces fauniques du Nunavik"</a> (in French). Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/faune/especes/nunavik/index.jsp">the original</a> on July 6, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esp%C3%A8ces+fauniques+du+Nunavik&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Ressources+naturelles+et+de+la+Faune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca%2Ffaune%2Fespeces%2Fnunavik%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706201909/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/faune/peche/poissons/index.jsp">"Poissons du Québec"</a> (in French). Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/faune/peche/poissons/index.jsp">the original</a> on July 6, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poissons+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Ressources+naturelles+et+de+la+Faune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca%2Ffaune%2Fpeche%2Fpoissons%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrûlotte2009-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrûlotte2009_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrûlotte2009">Brûlotte 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepage,_Denis" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lepage, Denis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oiseauxqc.org/listeannotee.jsp">"List of Quebec birds"</a>. Les Oiseaux du Québec (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716032400/http://www.oiseauxqc.org/listeannotee.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Oiseaux+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=List+of+Quebec+birds&rft.au=Lepage%2C+Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oiseauxqc.org%2Flisteannotee.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-158"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-3.html">"Consolidated federal laws of canada, THE CONSTITUTION ACTS, 1867 to 1982"</a>. Government of Canada. August 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consolidated+federal+laws+of+canada%2C+THE+CONSTITUTION+ACTS%2C+1867+to+1982&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fconst%2Fpage-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-159"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210204607/http://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/roles-et-fonctions/role-constitutionnel-en.html">"Constitutional role"</a>. Bureau du Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/roles-et-fonctions/role-constitutionnel-en.html">the original</a> on February 10, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+role&rft.pub=Bureau+du+Lieutenant-gouverneur+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca%2Froles-et-fonctions%2Frole-constitutionnel-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noscommunes.ca/Parliamentarians/fr/members?currentOnly=true&province=QC.">"Députés"</a>. Chambre des communes du Canada. July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9put%C3%A9s&rft.pub=Chambre+des+communes+du+Canada&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noscommunes.ca%2FParliamentarians%2Ffr%2Fmembers%3FcurrentOnly%3Dtrue%26province%3DQC.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sencanada.ca/fr/liste-senateurs/">"Liste Sénateurs"</a>. Sénat du Canada. September 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liste+S%C3%A9nateurs&rft.pub=S%C3%A9nat+du+Canada&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsencanada.ca%2Ffr%2Fliste-senateurs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/partis-et-autres-entites-politiques/partis-politiques/">"Partis politiques"</a>. Élections Québec (in Canadian French). Retrieved June 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89lections+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Partis+politiques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electionsquebec.qc.ca%2Fpartis-et-autres-entites-politiques%2Fpartis-politiques%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca/representation-quebec-canada/index.asp">"Bureaux du Québec au Canada"</a>. Secrétariat du Québec aux relations canadiennes. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bureaux+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+au+Canada&rft.pub=Secr%C3%A9tariat+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+aux+relations+canadiennes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca%2Frepresentation-quebec-canada%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca/representation-quebec-canada/provinces-atlantiques/index.asp">"Bureau du Québec dans les Provinces atlantiques"</a>. Secrétariat du Québec aux relations canadiennes. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bureau+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+dans+les+Provinces+atlantiques&rft.pub=Secr%C3%A9tariat+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+aux+relations+canadiennes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca%2Frepresentation-quebec-canada%2Fprovinces-atlantiques%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/D_11/D11.HTM">"Loi sur la division territoriale (L.R.Q., c. D-11)"</a>. Les Publications du Québec. Retrieved February 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+sur+la+division+territoriale+%28L.R.Q.%2C+c.+D-11%29&rft.pub=Les+Publications+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%2FD_11%2FD11.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=//D_11/D11R1.htm">"Décret concernant la révision des limites des régions administratives du Québec (L.R.Q., c. D-11, r.1)"</a>. Les Publications du Québec. Retrieved October 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9cret+concernant+la+r%C3%A9vision+des+limites+des+r%C3%A9gions+administratives+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%28L.R.Q.%2C+c.+D-11%2C+r.1%29&rft.pub=Les+Publications+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%2F%2FD_11%2FD11R1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gazette_officielle_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Gazette officielle du Québec">Gazette officielle du Québec</a> : Avis d'établissement de la liste des circonscriptions électorales (1992) 124 G.O. 2, 4373 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=%2F%2FC_27_1%2FC27_1.htm">"Code municipal du Québec (L.R.Q., c. C-27.1)"</a>. Les Publications du Québec. Retrieved February 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+municipal+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%28L.R.Q.%2C+c.+C-27.1%29&rft.pub=Les+Publications+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%252F%252FC_27_1%252FC27_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/E_3_3/E3_3.html">"Loi électorale (L.R.Q., c E-3.3)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Publications_du_Qu%C3%A9bec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Publications du Québec (page does not exist)">Éditeur officiel du Québec</a>. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+%C3%A9lectorale+%28L.R.Q.%2C+c+E-3.3%29&rft.pub=%C3%89diteur+officiel+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%2FE_3_3%2FE3_3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCQ2-170"><a href="#cite_ref-CCQ2_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110913110920/http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2">"Code civil du Québec, L.R.Q."</a> October 28, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=%2FCCQ%2FCCQ.html">the original</a> on September 13, 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+civil+du+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+L.R.Q.&rft.date=2011-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%252FCCQ%252FCCQ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526152449/http://www.mri.gouv.qc.ca/fr/ministere/histoire_ministere/documents_archives/discours_gerin_lajoie.pdf">"Allocution du ministre de l'Éducation, M. Paul Gérin-Lajoie"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Gouvernement_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouvernement du Québec">Gouvernement du Québec</a>. April 12, 1965. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mri.gouv.qc.ca/fr/ministere/histoire_ministere/documents_archives/discours_gerin_lajoie.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Allocution+du+ministre+de+l%27%C3%89ducation%2C+M.+Paul+G%C3%A9rin-Lajoie&rft.pub=Gouvernement+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=1965-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mri.gouv.qc.ca%2Ffr%2Fministere%2Fhistoire_ministere%2Fdocuments_archives%2Fdiscours_gerin_lajoie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca/fr/nav.aspx?sortcode=1.0.1.2">"Comparaison interprovinciale et analyse de l'administration publique au Canada"</a>. L'observatoire de l'administration publique. Retrieved July 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comparaison+interprovinciale+et+analyse+de+l%27administration+publique+au+Canada&rft.pub=L%27observatoire+de+l%27administration+publique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetatscanadiens-canadiangovernments.enap.ca%2Ffr%2Fnav.aspx%3Fsortcode%3D1.0.1.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/changements/plan_action/2006-2012_fr.pdf">"Le Québec et les changements climatiques: un défi pour l'avenir. Plan d'action 2006-2012"</a> (PDF). Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et des Parcs du Québec. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-550-53375-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-550-53375-7"><bdi>978-2-550-53375-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Qu%C3%A9bec+et+les+changements+climatiques%3A+un+d%C3%A9fi+pour+l%27avenir.+Plan+d%27action+2006-2012&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+du+D%C3%A9veloppement+durable%2C+de+l%27Environnement+et+des+Parcs+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-550-53375-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mddep.gouv.qc.ca%2Fchangements%2Fplan_action%2F2006-2012_fr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=//S_13_01/S13_01.htm">"Loi sur la Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (L.R.Q., chapitre S-13.01)"</a>. Les Publications du Québec. Retrieved December 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+sur+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+%C3%A9tablissements+de+plein+air+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%28L.R.Q.%2C+chapitre+S-13.01%29&rft.pub=Les+Publications+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%2F%2FS_13_01%2FS13_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarabin2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carabin, François (October 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalmetro.com/actualites/national/2383747/apres-la-marche-la-base-climatosceptique-bel-et-bien-presente-au-quebec/">"La "base climatosceptique" bel et bien présente au Québec"</a>. Journal Métro (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+M%C3%A9tro&rft.atitle=La+%22base+climatosceptique%22+bel+et+bien+pr%C3%A9sente+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft.aulast=Carabin&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalmetro.com%2Factualites%2Fnational%2F2383747%2Fapres-la-marche-la-base-climatosceptique-bel-et-bien-presente-au-quebec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/P_41_1/P41_1.html">"Loi sur la protection du territoire et des activités agricoles (L.R.Q., c. P-41.1)"</a>. Les Publications du Québec. Retrieved January 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+sur+la+protection+du+territoire+et+des+activit%C3%A9s+agricoles+%28L.R.Q.%2C+c.+P-41.1%29&rft.pub=Les+Publications+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%2FP_41_1%2FP41_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forestierenchef.gouv.qc.ca/">"Forestier en chef"</a>. Government of Quebec. Retrieved July 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forestier+en+chef&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforestierenchef.gouv.qc.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emploiquebec.net/index.asp">"Emploi-Québec"</a>. Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale. Retrieved January 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emploi-Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27Emploi+et+de+la+Solidarit%C3%A9+sociale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femploiquebec.net%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/N_1_1/N1_1.html">"Loi sur les normes du travail (L.R.Q., c. N-1.1)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Publications_du_Qu%C3%A9bec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Publications du Québec (page does not exist)">Éditeur officiel du Québec</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+sur+les+normes+du+travail+%28L.R.Q.%2C+c.+N-1.1%29&rft.pub=%C3%89diteur+officiel+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%2FN_1_1%2FN1_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/C_27/C27.HTM">"Code du travail (L.R.Q., c. C-27)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Publications_du_Qu%C3%A9bec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Publications du Québec (page does not exist)">Éditeur officiel du Québec</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+du+travail+%28L.R.Q.%2C+c.+C-27%29&rft.pub=%C3%89diteur+officiel+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%2FC_27%2FC27.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807045446/http://www.revenuquebec.ca/en/entreprises/taxes/tpstvhtvq/reglesdebase/default.aspx">"Basic Rules for Applying the GST/HST and QST"</a>. Revenu Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revenuquebec.ca/en/entreprises/taxes/tpstvhtvq/reglesdebase/default.aspx">the original</a> on August 7, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Rules+for+Applying+the+GST%2FHST+and+QST&rft.pub=Revenu+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revenuquebec.ca%2Fen%2Fentreprises%2Ftaxes%2Ftpstvhtvq%2Freglesdebase%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312082028/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/govt56b-eng.htm">"Consolidated provincial and territorial government revenue and expenditures, by province and territory, 2009"</a>. Statistics Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/govt56b-eng.htm">the original</a> on March 12, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consolidated+provincial+and+territorial+government+revenue+and+expenditures%2C+by+province+and+territory%2C+2009&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww40.statcan.ca%2Fl01%2Fcst01%2Fgovt56b-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozhaya2004" class="citation web cs1">Kozhaya, Norma (March 11, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iedm.org/fr/2427-soaking-les-riches">"Soaking 'les riches'"</a>. Montreal Economic Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408214201/http://www.iedm.org/fr/2427-soaking-les-riches">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soaking+%27les+riches%27&rft.pub=Montreal+Economic+Institute&rft.date=2004-03-11&rft.aulast=Kozhaya&rft.aufirst=Norma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iedm.org%2Ffr%2F2427-soaking-les-riches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarotte" class="citation news cs1">Marotte, Bertrand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/quebec-business-taxes-highest-in-north-america-study/article4618486/">"Quebec business taxes highest in North America"</a>. Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031055451/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/quebec-business-taxes-highest-in-north-america-study/article4618486/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Quebec+business+taxes+highest+in+North+America&rft.aulast=Marotte&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Freport-on-business%2Feconomy%2Fquebec-business-taxes-highest-in-north-america-study%2Farticle4618486%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614152839/http://www.micc.gouv.qc.ca/publications/fr/divers/Accord-canada-quebec-immigration-francais.pdf">"Accord Canada-Québec relatif à l'immigration et à l'admission temporaire des aubains (Accord Gagnon-Tremblay—McDougall)"</a> (PDF). Government of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.micc.gouv.qc.ca/publications/fr/divers/Accord-canada-quebec-immigration-francais.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 14, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accord+Canada-Qu%C3%A9bec+relatif+%C3%A0+l%27immigration+et+%C3%A0+l%27admission+temporaire+des+aubains+%28Accord+Gagnon-Tremblay%E2%80%94McDougall%29&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micc.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2Ffr%2Fdivers%2FAccord-canada-quebec-immigration-francais.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/R_5/R5.html">"Loi sur la Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec (L.R.Q., c. R-5)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Publications_du_Qu%C3%A9bec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Publications du Québec (page does not exist)">Éditeur officiel du Québec</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+sur+la+R%C3%A9gie+de+l%27assurance+maladie+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%28L.R.Q.%2C+c.+R-5%29&rft.pub=%C3%89diteur+officiel+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%2FR_5%2FR5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/C_60/C60.html">"Loi sur le Conseil supérieur de l'éducation (L.R.Q., c. C-60)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Publications_du_Qu%C3%A9bec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Publications du Québec (page does not exist)">Éditeur officiel du Québec</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+sur+le+Conseil+sup%C3%A9rieur+de+l%27%C3%A9ducation+%28L.R.Q.%2C+c.+C-60%29&rft.pub=%C3%89diteur+officiel+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%2FC_60%2FC60.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDufour2012" class="citation web cs1">Dufour, Pascale (June 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2012/06/DUFOUR/47888">"Ténacité des étudiants québécois"</a>. Le Monde diplomatique.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.atitle=T%C3%A9nacit%C3%A9+des+%C3%A9tudiants+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft.aulast=Dufour&rft.aufirst=Pascale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-diplomatique.fr%2F2012%2F06%2FDUFOUR%2F47888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consulfrance-quebec.org/La-place-du-Quebec-a-Paris-dans">"La place du Québec à Paris dans toute sa splendeur"</a>. Consulat général de France à Québec. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+place+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%C3%A0+Paris+dans+toute+sa+splendeur&rft.pub=Consulat+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+France+%C3%A0+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consulfrance-quebec.org%2FLa-place-du-Quebec-a-Paris-dans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mrif.gouv.qc.ca/fr/ministere/representation-etranger">"Réseau des représentations à l'étranger"</a>. Government of Quebec. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9seau+des+repr%C3%A9sentations+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9tranger&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmrif.gouv.qc.ca%2Ffr%2Fministere%2Frepresentation-etranger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_191-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2020" class="citation web cs1">Branch, Legislative Services (August 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/page-3.html#docCont">"Consolidated federal laws of canada, THE CONSTITUTION ACTS, 1867 to 1982"</a>. laws-lois.justice.gc.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Consolidated+federal+laws+of+canada%2C+THE+CONSTITUTION+ACTS%2C+1867+to+1982&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft.aulast=Branch&rft.aufirst=Legislative+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fconst%2Fpage-3.html%23docCont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKélada197021-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKélada197021_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKélada1970">Kélada 1970</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunTremblayBrouillet2008474–491-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunTremblayBrouillet2008474–491_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunTremblayBrouillet2008">Brun, Tremblay & Brouillet 2008</a>, pp. 474–491. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÉmondLauzière200338-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÉmondLauzière200338_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÉmondLauzière2003">Émond & Lauzière 2003</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunTremblayBrouillet20089,_28-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunTremblayBrouillet20089,_28_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunTremblayBrouillet2008">Brun, Tremblay & Brouillet 2008</a>, pp. 9, 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLordSassevilleBruneauLachance1998" class="citation book cs1">Lord, Guy; Sasseville, Jacques; Bruneau, Diane; Lachance, Renaud (1998). Wilson & Lafleur (ed.). Les principes de l'imposition au Canada (12 ed.). pp. 11–13, 20–23. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47248281">47248281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+principes+de+l%27imposition+au+Canada&rft.pages=11-13%2C+20-23&rft.edition=12&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47248281&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.au=Sasseville%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Bruneau%2C+Diane&rft.au=Lachance%2C+Renaud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÉmondLauzière200339–40-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÉmondLauzière200339–40_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÉmondLauzière2003">Émond & Lauzière 2003</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrunTremblayBrouillet2008943–945-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrunTremblayBrouillet2008943–945_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrunTremblayBrouillet2008">Brun, Tremblay & Brouillet 2008</a>, pp. 943–945. </li> <li id="cite_note-charteroffrench2-199"><a href="#cite_ref-charteroffrench2_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/C_11/C11_A.html">"Charter of the French language"</a>. Office Québecois de la langue francaise. June 1, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030502200923/http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=%2FC_11%2FC11_A.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charter+of+the+French+language&rft.pub=Office+Qu%C3%A9becois+de+la+langue+francaise&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%2FC_11%2FC11_A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409085237/http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1979/1979canlii21/1979canlii21.html">"Att. Gen. of Quebec v. Blaikie et al., 1979 CanLII 21 (S.C.C.)"</a>. Canadian Legal Information Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1979/1979canlii21/1979canlii21.html">the original</a> on April 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Att.+Gen.+of+Quebec+v.+Blaikie+et+al.%2C+1979+CanLII+21+%28S.C.C.%29&rft.pub=Canadian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canlii.org%2Fen%2Fca%2Fscc%2Fdoc%2F1979%2F1979canlii21%2F1979canlii21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409085238/http://www.canlii.org/eliisa/highlight.do?language=en&searchTitle=Federal&path=%2Fen%2Fca%2Fscc%2Fdoc%2F1981%2F1981canlii14%2F1981canlii14.html">"A.G. (Quebec) v. Blaikie et al., [1981] 1 S.C.R. 312"</a>. Canadian Legal Information Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canlii.org/eliisa/highlight.do?language=en&searchTitle=Federal&path=/en/ca/scc/doc/1981/1981canlii14/1981canlii14.html">the original</a> on April 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.G.+%28Quebec%29+v.+Blaikie+et+al.%2C+%5B1981%5D+1+S.C.R.+312&rft.pub=Canadian+Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canlii.org%2Feliisa%2Fhighlight.do%3Flanguage%3Den%26searchTitle%3DFederal%26path%3D%2Fen%2Fca%2Fscc%2Fdoc%2F1981%2F1981canlii14%2F1981canlii14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuplé2009" class="citation book cs1">Duplé, Nicole (2009). Wilson & Lafleur (ed.). Droit constitutionnel : principes fondamentaux (4 ed.). p. 729. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/373349446">373349446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Droit+constitutionnel+%3A+principes+fondamentaux&rft.pages=729&rft.edition=4&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F373349446&rft.aulast=Dupl%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/f-7/index.html">Federal Courts Act</a>, RSC 1985, c. F-7 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/c-25.01">Code of Civil Procedure</a>, CQLR , c. C-25.01, s. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVadnais2000" class="citation journal cs1">Vadnais, Louise (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212235906/http://www.barreau.qc.ca/publications/journal/vol32/no8/cameras.html">"Les caméras en Cour d'appel"</a>. Le Journal du Barreau. 32 (8). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barreau.qc.ca/publications/journal/vol32/no8/cameras.html">the original</a> on February 12, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Journal+du+Barreau&rft.atitle=Les+cam%C3%A9ras+en+Cour+d%27appel&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Vadnais&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barreau.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2Fjournal%2Fvol32%2Fno8%2Fcameras.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=/P_13_1/P13_1.html">"Loi sur la police, L.R.Q. P-13.1"</a>. Government of Quebec. Retrieved September 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+sur+la+police%2C+L.R.Q.+P-13.1&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D2%26file%3D%2FP_13_1%2FP13_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouvernement_du_Québec2008" class="citation web cs1">Gouvernement du Québec, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suretequebec.gouv.qc.ca/mission-et-services/organisation/mission-vision-valeurs-sq.jsp">"Mission, vision, valeurs"</a>. Sûreté du Québec. Retrieved September 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission%2C+vision%2C+valeurs&rft.pub=S%C3%BBret%C3%A9+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suretequebec.gouv.qc.ca%2Fmission-et-services%2Forganisation%2Fmission-vision-valeurs-sq.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéliveauVauclair2010" class="citation book cs1">Béliveau, Pierre; Vauclair, Martin (2010). Blais, Yvon (ed.). Traité général de preuve et de procédure pénales (17 ed.). p. 1436. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/660143951">660143951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trait%C3%A9+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+preuve+et+de+proc%C3%A9dure+p%C3%A9nales&rft.pages=1436&rft.edition=17&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F660143951&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9liveau&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Vauclair%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistère_de_la_Sécurité_publique2011" class="citation web cs1">Ministère de la Sécurité publique (2011). Gouvernement du Québec (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314044846/http://www.securitepublique.gouv.qc.ca/police/police-quebec/services-police/sq.html">"Sûreté du Québec"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.securitepublique.gouv.qc.ca/police/police-quebec/services-police/sq.html">the original</a> on March 14, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%BBret%C3%A9+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+publique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.securitepublique.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpolice%2Fpolice-quebec%2Fservices-police%2Fsq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cerberus.enap.ca/Observatoire/docs/Etat_quebecois/a-securitepublique.pdf">"L'État Québécois En Perspective"</a> (pdf). Les organismes de la sécurité publique. 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89tat+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+En+Perspective&rft.pub=Les+organismes+de+la+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+publique&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcerberus.enap.ca%2FObservatoire%2Fdocs%2FEtat_quebecois%2Fa-securitepublique.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807160601/http://www.educaloi.qc.ca/placepublique/dossier75/">"Sorties sous surveillance"</a>. Éducaloi. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educaloi.qc.ca/placepublique/dossier75/">the original</a> on August 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sorties+sous+surveillance&rft.pub=%C3%89ducaloi&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educaloi.qc.ca%2Fplacepublique%2Fdossier75%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistique.quebec.ca/fr/fichier/la-population-des-municipalites-du-quebec-au-1er-juillet-2017.pdf">"La population des municipalités du Québec au 1er juillet 2017"</a> (PDF). Institut de la statistique du Québec. 2017. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+population+des+municipalit%C3%A9s+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+au+1er+juillet+2017&rft.pub=Institut+de+la+statistique+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistique.quebec.ca%2Ffr%2Ffichier%2Fla-population-des-municipalites-du-quebec-au-1er-juillet-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-213"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistique.quebec.ca/fr/fichier/bilan-demographique-du-quebec-edition-2020.pdf">"Bilan demographique du Québec"</a> (PDF) (in French) (2020 ed.). Institut de la statistique du Québec. Retrieved August 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilan+demographique+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.edition=2020&rft.pub=Institut+de+la+statistique+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistique.quebec.ca%2Ffr%2Ffichier%2Fbilan-demographique-du-quebec-edition-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-habitation-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-habitation_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-habitation_214-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shq.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/internet/documents/SHQ/profil-statistique-habitation-2018-2019.pdf">"Profil statistique de l'habitation au Québec 2018–2019"</a> (PDF) (in French). Government of Quebec. November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profil+statistique+de+l%27habitation+au+Qu%C3%A9bec+2018%E2%80%932019&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shq.gouv.qc.ca%2Ffileadmin%2Finternet%2Fdocuments%2FSHQ%2Fprofil-statistique-habitation-2018-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm">"Profile table"</a>. Statistics Canada. Retrieved June 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Profile+table&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistique.quebec.ca/en/document/portrait-persons-visible-minorities-quebec-labour-market/publication/portrait-minorites-visibles-marche-travail-quebec-2021-apercu">"Portrait des personnes issues de minorités visibles sur le marché du travail au Québec en 2021 – Un aperçu (in French only)"</a>. Institut de la statistique du Québec. Retrieved June 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+de+la+statistique+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Portrait+des+personnes+issues+de+minorit%C3%A9s+visibles+sur+le+march%C3%A9+du+travail+au+Qu%C3%A9bec+en+2021+%E2%80%93+Un+aper%C3%A7u+%28in+French+only%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistique.quebec.ca%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fportrait-persons-visible-minorities-quebec-labour-market%2Fpublication%2Fportrait-minorites-visibles-marche-travail-quebec-2021-apercu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021censusB-217"><a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Quebec&DGUIDlist=2021A000224&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved November 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DQuebec%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000224%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaillargeon2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baillargeon, Stéphane (October 22, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/642084/l-adieu-a-dieu#:~:text=Il%20y%20a%20maintenant%20autant,non%2Dcroyants%20est%20d%C3%A9j%C3%A0%20atteinte.">"Un Québécois sur deux ne croit pas en Dieu"</a>. Le Devoir (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=Un+Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+sur+deux+ne+croit+pas+en+Dieu&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft.aulast=Baillargeon&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fsociete%2F642084%2Fl-adieu-a-dieu%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIl%2520y%2520a%2520maintenant%2520autant%2Cnon%252Dcroyants%2520est%2520d%25C3%25A9j%25C3%25A0%2520atteinte.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219093940/http://www.patrimoine-religieux.com/patrimoine_fr.asp?no=19036">"Basilique-cathédrale Notre-Dame de Québec"</a>. Corporation du patrimoine et du tourisme religieux de Québec. February 15, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrimoine-religieux.com/patrimoine_fr.asp?no=19036">the original</a> on February 19, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basilique-cath%C3%A9drale+Notre-Dame+de+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Corporation+du+patrimoine+et+du+tourisme+religieux+de+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2010-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrimoine-religieux.com%2Fpatrimoine_fr.asp%3Fno%3D19036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathedral.ca/the-cathedral/">"The Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Quebec, Canada"</a>. cathedral.ca. July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cathedral.ca&rft.atitle=The+Cathedral+of+the+Holy+Trinity%2C+Quebec%2C+Canada&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cathedral.ca%2Fthe-cathedral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016235448/http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/docs/f/Carte2006.pdf">"Les langues officielles au Canada"</a> (PDF). Commissariat aux langues officielles du Canada. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/docs/f/Carte2006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 16, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+langues+officielles+au+Canada&rft.pub=Commissariat+aux+langues+officielles+du+Canada&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocol-clo.gc.ca%2Fdocs%2Ff%2FCarte2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031003191239/http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/donstat/econm_finnc/conjn_econm/TSC/pdf/CHAP3.PDF">"Tableau statistique canadien - Chapitre 3"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_la_statistique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Institut de la statistique du Québec">Institut de la statistique du Québec</a>. October 30, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/donstat/econm_finnc/conjn_econm/TSC/pdf/chap3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 3, 2003. Retrieved June 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tableau+statistique+canadien+-+Chapitre+3&rft.pub=Institut+de+la+statistique+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2009-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gouv.qc.ca%2Fdonstat%2Feconm_finnc%2Fconjn_econm%2FTSC%2Fpdf%2Fchap3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060701153513/http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/sociolinguistique/2005/f1_indic_16_pres.pdf">"Statistiques du Québec"</a> (PDF). Government of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/sociolinguistique/2005/f1_indic_16_pres.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 1, 2006. Retrieved June 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistiques+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca%2Fressources%2Fsociolinguistique%2F2005%2Ff1_indic_16_pres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quebeccultureblog.com2-224"><a href="#cite_ref-quebeccultureblog.com2_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quebeccultureblog.com/2014/11/14/our-32-accents-series-post-3-88/">"Our 32 Accents"</a>. Quebec Culture Blog. Retrieved February 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quebec+Culture+Blog&rft.atitle=Our+32+Accents&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquebeccultureblog.com%2F2014%2F11%2F14%2Four-32-accents-series-post-3-88%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca/fr/blogue-blog/francais-nouvelle-france-french-new-france-fra">"Le francais parlé de la Nouvelle-France"</a> (in French). Government of Canada. April 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+francais+parl%C3%A9+de+la+Nouvelle-France&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.noslangues-ourlanguages.gc.ca%2Ffr%2Fblogue-blog%2Ffrancais-nouvelle-france-french-new-france-fra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParent2017" class="citation web cs1">Parent, Stéphane (March 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcinet.ca/fr/2017/03/30/le-francais-dans-tous-ses-etats-au-quebec-et-au-canada/">"Le francais dans tous ses etats au quebec et au canada"</a>. Radio-Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio-Canada&rft.atitle=Le+francais+dans+tous+ses+etats+au+quebec+et+au+canada&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.aulast=Parent&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcinet.ca%2Ffr%2F2017%2F03%2F30%2Fle-francais-dans-tous-ses-etats-au-quebec-et-au-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontenac-ameriques.org/la-francophonie-en-amerique/article/la-charte-de-la-langue-francaise">"La Charte de la langue française au Québec ou Loi 101 - Le site de l'association Frontenac-Amériques"</a>. www.frontenac-ameriques.org. Retrieved July 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.frontenac-ameriques.org&rft.atitle=La+Charte+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise+au+Qu%C3%A9bec+ou+Loi+101+-+Le+site+de+l%27association+Frontenac-Am%C3%A9riques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontenac-ameriques.org%2Fla-francophonie-en-amerique%2Farticle%2Fla-charte-de-la-langue-francaise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/432/LANG/Brief/BR11249912/br-external/CastonguayCharles-f.pdf">https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/432/LANG/Brief/BR11249912/br-external/CastonguayCharles-f.pdf</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/relations-francophones-anglophones">"Relations francophones-anglophones | l'Encyclopédie Canadienne"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved July 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Relations+francophones-anglophones+%7C+l%27Encyclop%C3%A9die+Canadienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Frelations-francophones-anglophones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www12.statcan.gc.ca2-230"><a href="#cite_ref-www12.statcan.gc.ca2_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-pr-eng.cfm?Lang=eng&GK=PR&GC=24">"Focus on Geography Series, 2011 Census – Province of Quebec"</a>. Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002124017/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-pr-eng.cfm?Lang=eng&GK=PR&GC=24">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focus+on+Geography+Series%2C+2011+Census+%E2%80%93+Province+of+Quebec&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fas-sa%2Ffogs-spg%2FFacts-pr-eng.cfm%3FLang%3Deng%26GK%3DPR%26GC%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/98-314-x2011001-fra.cfm">"Caractéristiques linguistiques des Canadiens"</a> (in French). Statistics Canada. Retrieved August 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caract%C3%A9ristiques+linguistiques+des+Canadiens&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fas-sa%2F98-314-x%2F98-314-x2011001-fra.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&A=R&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=01&GL=-1&GID=1341679&GK=1&GRP=1&O=D&PID=110449&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=122&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0">"Knowledge of Aboriginal Languages (90), Knowledge of Languages: Single and Multiple Language Responses (3), Aboriginal Identity (9), Aboriginal Mother Tongue (11), Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) and Age (12) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data"</a> (in French). Statistics Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Knowledge+of+Aboriginal+Languages+%2890%29%2C+Knowledge+of+Languages%3A+Single+and+Multiple+Language+Responses+%283%29%2C+Aboriginal+Identity+%289%29%2C+Aboriginal+Mother+Tongue+%2811%29%2C+Registered+or+Treaty+Indian+Status+%283%29+and+Age+%2812%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces+and+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2016+Census+-+25%25+Sample+Data&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FTABID%3D2%26LANG%3DE%26A%3DR%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D01%26GL%3D-1%26GID%3D1341679%26GK%3D1%26GRP%3D1%26O%3DD%26PID%3D110449%26PRID%3D10%26PTYPE%3D109445%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2017%26THEME%3D122%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26D1%3D0%26D2%3D0%26D3%3D0%26D4%3D0%26D5%3D0%26D6%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-fra.cfm?LANG=F&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110463&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=888&Temporal=2016,2017&THEME=118&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Recensement du Canada de 2016 : Tableaux de données – Langue maternelle (10), langue parlée le plus souvent à la maison (10), autre(s) langue(s) parlée(s) régulièrement à la maison (11), connaissance des langues officielles (5), première langue officielle parlée (5), âge (7) et sexe (3) pour la population à l'exclusion des résidents d'un établissement institutionnel du Canada, provinces et territoires, régions métropolitaines de recensement et agglomérations de recensement, Recensement de 2016 - Données intégrales (100 %)"</a>. Statistics Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recensement+du+Canada+de+2016+%3A+Tableaux+de+donn%C3%A9es+%E2%80%93+Langue+maternelle+%2810%29%2C+langue+parl%C3%A9e+le+plus+souvent+%C3%A0+la+maison+%2810%29%2C+autre%28s%29+langue%28s%29+parl%C3%A9e%28s%29+r%C3%A9guli%C3%A8rement+%C3%A0+la+maison+%2811%29%2C+connaissance+des+langues+officielles+%285%29%2C+premi%C3%A8re+langue+officielle+parl%C3%A9e+%285%29%2C+%C3%A2ge+%287%29+et+sexe+%283%29+pour+la+population+%C3%A0+l%27exclusion+des+r%C3%A9sidents+d%27un+%C3%A9tablissement+institutionnel+du+Canada%2C+provinces+et+territoires%2C+r%C3%A9gions+m%C3%A9tropolitaines+de+recensement+et+agglom%C3%A9rations+de+recensement%2C+Recensement+de+2016+-+Donn%C3%A9es+int%C3%A9grales+%28100+%25%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-fra.cfm%3FLANG%3DF%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D110463%26PRID%3D10%26PTYPE%3D109445%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D888%26Temporal%3D2016%2C2017%26THEME%3D118%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTermoteThibault2008" class="citation report cs1">Termote, Marc; Thibault, Normand (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ressources/sociolinguistique/2008/etude_08.pdf">Nouvelles perspectives démolinguistiques du Québec et de la région de Montréal, 2001-2051</a> (PDF) (Report). Government of Quebec. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Nouvelles+perspectives+d%C3%A9molinguistiques+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+et+de+la+r%C3%A9gion+de+Montr%C3%A9al%2C+2001-2051&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Termote&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Thibault%2C+Normand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca%2Fressources%2Fsociolinguistique%2F2008%2Fetude_08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dv-vd/lang/index-fra.cfm">"Proportion de la population selon la langue maternelle déclarée, pour différentes régions au Canada, Recensement de 2016"</a>. Statistics Canada.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proportion+de+la+population+selon+la+langue+maternelle+d%C3%A9clar%C3%A9e%2C+pour+diff%C3%A9rentes+r%C3%A9gions+au+Canada%2C+Recensement+de+2016&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fdv-vd%2Flang%2Findex-fra.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-language2021-236"><a href="#cite_ref-language2021_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000224&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=Quebec">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Quebec [Province]"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved August 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+Quebec+%5BProvince%5D&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000224%26HEADERlist%3D%2C15%2C13%2C18%2C12%2C16%2C14%2C17%26SearchText%3DQuebec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A00051209034&SearchText=halifax">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population"</a>. www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved July 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A00051209034%26SearchText%3Dhalifax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dq-qd/iir-rii-eng.cfm">"Incompletely enumerated Indian reserves and Indian settlements"</a>. Statistics Canada. January 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Incompletely+enumerated+Indian+reserves+and+Indian+settlements&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fref%2Fdq-qd%2Fiir-rii-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110706182157/http://laws%2Dlois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/I%2D5.pdf">"Loi sur les Indiens"</a> (PDF). justice.gc.ca. July 30, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/Loi/I/I-5.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loi+sur+les+Indiens&rft.pub=justice.gc.ca&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flois.justice.gc.ca%2FPDF%2FLoi%2FI%2FI-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.versuntraite.com/accueil.htm">"Entente Québec-Innus"</a>. Secrétariat aux Affaires intergouvernementales. April 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entente+Qu%C3%A9bec-Innus&rft.pub=Secr%C3%A9tariat+aux+Affaires+intergouvernementales&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.versuntraite.com%2Faccueil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331200331/http://apnql.com/fr/">"APNQL"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnql.com/fr/">the original</a> on March 31, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APNQL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnql.com%2Ffr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngov.ca/fr/gouvernance-et-structure/gcc-ei-gnc-role-mission-vision/">"Grand Conseil des Cris (Eeyou Istchee)/Gouvernement de la Nation Crie"</a>. The Grand Council of the Crees (Eeyou Istchee). Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Conseil+des+Cris+%28Eeyou+Istchee%29%2FGouvernement+de+la+Nation+Crie&rft.pub=The+Grand+Council+of+the+Crees+%28Eeyou+Istchee%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngov.ca%2Ffr%2Fgouvernance-et-structure%2Fgcc-ei-gnc-role-mission-vision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515210120/https://www.makivik.org/fr/">"Bienvenue sur le site Internet de la Société MakivikAu service des Inuit du Nunavik depuis 1978"</a>. Makivik Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.makivik.org/fr/">the original</a> on May 15, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bienvenue+sur+le+site+Internet+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+MakivikAu+service+des+Inuit+du+Nunavik+depuis+1978&rft.pub=Makivik+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.makivik.org%2Ffr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snacadie.org/content/view/106/130/">"Québec"</a>. Société nationale de l'Acadie. Retrieved December 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+nationale+de+l%27Acadie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnacadie.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F106%2F130%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013014454/http://www.teleco.org/museeacadien/francais/expopre2.html">"L'Acadie du Québec - Du 29 mars au 31 mai 1998"</a>. Télécommunauté insulaire francophone. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teleco.org/museeacadien/francais/expopre2.html">the original</a> on October 13, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Acadie+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+-+Du+29+mars+au+31+mai+1998&rft.pub=T%C3%A9l%C3%A9communaut%C3%A9+insulaire+francophone&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teleco.org%2Fmuseeacadien%2Ffrancais%2Fexpopre2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergeron2000" class="citation web cs1">Bergeron, Adrien (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-f.php?&id_nbr=2928&&PHPSESSID=ychzfqkvzape">"HÉBERT, ÉTIENNE"</a>. Dictionnaire biographique du Canada en ligne en collaboration avec l'Université de Toronto et l'Université Laval. Retrieved December 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H%C3%89BERT%2C+%C3%89TIENNE&rft.pub=Dictionnaire+biographique+du+Canada+en+ligne+en+collaboration+avec+l%27Universit%C3%A9+de+Toronto+et+l%27Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bergeron&rft.aufirst=Adrien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-f.php%3F%26id_nbr%3D2928%26%26PHPSESSID%3Dychzfqkvzape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHébert1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hébert, Pierre-Maurice (1994). Les Acadiens du Québec (in French). Vol. 427. Éditions de L'Écho. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-920312-32-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-920312-32-4"><bdi>2-920312-32-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Acadiens+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+L%27%C3%89cho&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=2-920312-32-4&rft.aulast=H%C3%A9bert&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenaultLamarcheDaigle1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Arsenault, Samuel; Lamarche, Rodolphe; Daigle, Jean (1993). L'Acadie des Maritimes : études thématiques des débuts à nos jours. Vol. Les géographes et l'aménagement des structures spatiales. <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_d%27%C3%A9tudes_acadiennes_Anselme-Chiasson" class="extiw" title="fr:Centre d'études acadiennes Anselme-Chiasson">Centre d'études acadiennes, Université de Moncton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2921166062" title="Special:BookSources/2921166062"><bdi>2921166062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Acadie+des+Maritimes+%3A+%C3%A9tudes+th%C3%A9matiques+des+d%C3%A9buts+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Centre+d%27%C3%A9tudes+acadiennes%2C+Universit%C3%A9+de+Moncton&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=2921166062&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Lamarche%2C+Rodolphe&rft.au=Daigle%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2012" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=3610022101">"Add/Remove data - Gross domestic product, income-based, provincial and territorial, annual"</a>. www150.statcan.gc.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www150.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Add%2FRemove+data+-+Gross+domestic+product%2C+income-based%2C+provincial+and+territorial%2C+annual&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Fcv.action%3Fpid%3D3610022101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219133450/http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/salle-presse/communiq/2005/mars/mars0516a.htm">"Government Statistics"</a>. Government of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/salle-presse/communiq/2005/mars/mars0516a.htm">the original</a> on February 19, 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+Statistics&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gouv.qc.ca%2Fsalle-presse%2Fcommuniq%2F2005%2Fmars%2Fmars0516a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/economie/?lang=fr">"Le Québec : une économie dynamique"</a>. Government of Quebec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215221707/http://gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/economie/?lang=fr">Archived</a> from the original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Qu%C3%A9bec+%3A+une+%C3%A9conomie+dynamique&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouv.qc.ca%2Fportail%2Fquebec%2Fpgs%2Fcommun%2Fportrait%2Feconomie%2F%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.finances.gouv.qc.ca/en/Quebecs_debt325.asp">http://www.finances.gouv.qc.ca/en/Quebecs_debt325.asp</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desjardins.com/fr/a_propos/etudes_economiques/previsions/en_perspective/per1003.pdf">"Perspective revue d'analyse économique"</a> (PDF). caisse desjardins. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perspective+revue+d%27analyse+%C3%A9conomique&rft.pub=caisse+desjardins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desjardins.com%2Ffr%2Fa_propos%2Fetudes_economiques%2Fprevisions%2Fen_perspective%2Fper1003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706202311/http://www.mdeie.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/contenu/publications/etudes_statistiques/innovation/economie_savoir.pdf">"Le Québec : une économie dynamique"</a> (PDF) (in French). Government of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdeie.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/contenu/publications/etudes_statistiques/innovation/economie_savoir.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 6, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Qu%C3%A9bec+%3A+une+%C3%A9conomie+dynamique&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdeie.gouv.qc.ca%2Ffileadmin%2Fcontenu%2Fpublications%2Fetudes_statistiques%2Finnovation%2Feconomie_savoir.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investquebec.com/fr/index.aspx?page=340">"L'expertise québécoise en haute technologie"</a>. Investissement Québec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527131408/http://www.investquebec.com/fr/index.aspx?page=340">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27expertise+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise+en+haute+technologie&rft.pub=Investissement+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investquebec.com%2Ffr%2Findex.aspx%3Fpage%3D340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauvé,_Mathieu-Robert2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sauvé, Mathieu-Robert (May 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/science-et-technologie/289219/une-cible-de-3-pour-la-science">"Une cible de 3% pour la science"</a>. Le Devoir (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808152509/http://www.ledevoir.com/societe/science-et-technologie/289219/une-cible-de-3-pour-la-science">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=Une+cible+de+3%25+pour+la+science&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft.au=Sauv%C3%A9%2C+Mathieu-Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Fsociete%2Fscience-et-technologie%2F289219%2Fune-cible-de-3-pour-la-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Cours,_Rudy2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Cours, Rudy (July 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100730221229/http://lapresseaffaires.cyberpresse.ca/economie/quebec/201007/30/01-4302438-leconomie-du-savoir-en-mutation-au-quebec.php">"L'économie du savoir en mutation au Québec"</a>. La Presse Affaire (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lapresseaffaires.cyberpresse.ca/economie/quebec/201007/30/01-4302438-leconomie-du-savoir-en-mutation-au-quebec.php">the original</a> on July 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Presse+Affaire&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A9conomie+du+savoir+en+mutation+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft.au=Le+Cours%2C+Rudy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flapresseaffaires.cyberpresse.ca%2Feconomie%2Fquebec%2F201007%2F30%2F01-4302438-leconomie-du-savoir-en-mutation-au-quebec.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_258-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_258-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016053257/http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/economie/importexport/?lang=fr">"Portail Québec, Importation et exportation 2008"</a>. Gouvernement du Québec. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/economie/importexport/?lang=fr">the original</a> on October 16, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portail+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+Importation+et+exportation+2008&rft.pub=Gouvernement+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouv.qc.ca%2Fportail%2Fquebec%2Fpgs%2Fcommun%2Fportrait%2Feconomie%2Fimportexport%2F%3Flang%3Dfr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.one-neb.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/mrkt/snpsht/2016/06-04cndscndwrld-fra.html">"Aperçu du marché : Le Canada, deuxième producteur mondial d'hydroélectricité"</a>. Government of Canada. June 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aper%C3%A7u+du+march%C3%A9+%3A+Le+Canada%2C+deuxi%C3%A8me+producteur+mondial+d%27hydro%C3%A9lectricit%C3%A9&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2016-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.one-neb.gc.ca%2Fnrg%2Fntgrtd%2Fmrkt%2Fsnpsht%2F2016%2F06-04cndscndwrld-fra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSéguin,_Hugo2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Séguin, Hugo (April 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equiterre.qc.ca/choix-de-societe/blog/le-quebec-la-superpuissance-energetique-verte-du-continent">"Le Québec, la puissance énergétique verte du continent?"</a> (in French). Équiterre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706200534/http://www.equiterre.qc.ca/choix-de-societe/blog/le-quebec-la-superpuissance-energetique-verte-du-continent">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+la+puissance+%C3%A9nerg%C3%A9tique+verte+du+continent%3F&rft.pub=%C3%89quiterre&rft.date=2010-04-13&rft.au=S%C3%A9guin%2C+Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.equiterre.qc.ca%2Fchoix-de-societe%2Fblog%2Fle-quebec-la-superpuissance-energetique-verte-du-continent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hydroquebec.com2-261"><a href="#cite_ref-hydroquebec.com2_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydroquebec.com/a-propos/notre-energie.html">"Notre énergie est propre et renouvelable"</a>. Hydro-Québec. Retrieved September 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notre+%C3%A9nergie+est+propre+et+renouvelable&rft.pub=Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydroquebec.com%2Fa-propos%2Fnotre-energie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/energie/statistiques/statistiques-consommation-forme.jsp">"Consommation d'énergie par forme"</a> (in French). Quebec Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706201639/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/energie/statistiques/statistiques-consommation-forme.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consommation+d%27%C3%A9nergie+par+forme&rft.pub=Quebec+Ministry+of+Natural+Resources+and+Wildlife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca%2Fenergie%2Fstatistiques%2Fstatistiques-consommation-forme.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmorePineau20208-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmorePineau20208_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitmorePineau2020">Whitmore & Pineau 2020</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120720051111/http://lasentinelle.canoe.ca/webapp/sitepages/content.asp?contentid=141789&id=999">"Le Québec est le chouchou de l'industrie minière"</a> (in French). Canoe.ca. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Qu%C3%A9bec+est+le+chouchou+de+l%27industrie+mini%C3%A8re&rft.pub=Canoe.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flasentinelle.canoe.ca%2Fwebapp%2Fsitepages%2Fcontent.asp%3Fcontentid%3D141789%26id%3D999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/mines/industrie/index.jsp">"Industrie minière et substances exploitées"</a> (in French). Government of Quebec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110421053508/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/mines/industrie/index.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrie+mini%C3%A8re+et+substances+exploit%C3%A9es&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca%2Fmines%2Findustrie%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amq-inc2-266"><a href="#cite_ref-amq-inc2_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110321162047/http://www.amq-inc.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=34">"Industrie minière au Québec"</a> (in French). AMQ inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amq-inc.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=34">the original</a> on March 21, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrie+mini%C3%A8re+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=AMQ+inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amq-inc.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D12%26Itemid%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070617031904/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/mines/industrie/industrie-substances.jsp">"Substances exploitées au Québec"</a>. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/mines/industrie/industrie-substances.jsp">the original</a> on June 17, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Substances+exploit%C3%A9es+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Ressources+naturelles+et+de+la+Faune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca%2Fmines%2Findustrie%2Findustrie-substances.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706201736/http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/mines/industrie/gemmes/gemmes-diamant.jsp">"Diamants au Québec"</a>. Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca/mines/industrie/gemmes/gemmes-diamant.jsp">the original</a> on July 6, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diamants+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Ressources+naturelles+et+de+la+Faune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrnf.gouv.qc.ca%2Fmines%2Findustrie%2Fgemmes%2Fgemmes-diamant.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdso.gouv.qc.ca/pls/ken/p_afch_tabl_clie?p_no_client_cie=FR&p_param_id_raprt=843">"Industrie minière: valeur des expéditions, selon les principales substances minérales, Québec"</a>. Banque de données des statistiques officielles. Institut de la statistique du Québec. July 17, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706200539/http://www.bdso.gouv.qc.ca/pls/ken/p_afch_tabl_clie?p_no_client_cie=FR&p_param_id_raprt=843">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banque+de+donn%C3%A9es+des+statistiques+officielles&rft.atitle=Industrie+mini%C3%A8re%3A+valeur+des+exp%C3%A9ditions%2C+selon+les+principales+substances+min%C3%A9rales%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2006-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdso.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpls%2Fken%2Fp_afch_tabl_clie%3Fp_no_client_cie%3DFR%26p_param_id_raprt%3D843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181403/http://www.ats.agr.gc.ca/reg/4710-eng.htm">"Agri-Food Trade Service"</a>. Agriculture and Agri-food Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ats.agr.gc.ca/reg/4710-eng.htm">the original</a> on July 6, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agri-Food+Trade+Service&rft.pub=Agriculture+and+Agri-food+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ats.agr.gc.ca%2Freg%2F4710-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702113130/https://www.economie.gouv.qc.ca/objectifs/informer/par-secteur-dactivite/aerospatiale/page/le-secteur-10812/?tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5Bmode%5D=single">"Aérospatiale / Présentation de l'industrie de l'aérospatiale"</a> (in French). Ministère de l'Économie et de l'Innovation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economie.gouv.qc.ca/objectifs/informer/par-secteur-dactivite/aerospatiale/page/le-secteur-10812/?tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5Bmode%5D=single">the original</a> on July 2, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%C3%A9rospatiale+%2F+Pr%C3%A9sentation+de+l%27industrie+de+l%27a%C3%A9rospatiale&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27%C3%89conomie+et+de+l%27Innovation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economie.gouv.qc.ca%2Fobjectifs%2Finformer%2Fpar-secteur-dactivite%2Faerospatiale%2Fpage%2Fle-secteur-10812%2F%3Ftx_igaffichagepages_pi1%255Bmode%255D%3Dsingle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeromontreal.ca/">"Quebec's Aerospace Cluster"</a>. aeromontreal.ca. Retrieved May 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aeromontreal.ca&rft.atitle=Quebec%27s+Aerospace+Cluster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeromontreal.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criaq.aero/">"Consortium de recherche et d'innovation en aérospatiale au Québec"</a> (in French). CRIAQ. Retrieved May 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consortium+de+recherche+et+d%27innovation+en+a%C3%A9rospatiale+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=CRIAQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criaq.aero%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070910230852/http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/grip/dr/facq/contsoci.htm">"Portraits forestiers régionaux"</a>. Conseil de l'industrie forestière du Québec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/grip/dr/facq/contsoci.htm">the original</a> on September 10, 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portraits+forestiers+r%C3%A9gionaux&rft.pub=Conseil+de+l%27industrie+foresti%C3%A8re+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.er.uqam.ca%2Fnobel%2Fgrip%2Fdr%2Ffacq%2Fcontsoci.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163954/http://www.abitibiexpress.ca/Economie/Ressources-naturelles/2010-11-04/article-1923283/Encore-%26laquo%3Bdix-ans-difficiles%26raquo%3B-pour-l%26rsquo%3Bindustrie-forestiere/1">"Encore "dix ans difficiles" pour l'industrie forestière"</a>. Abitibi expresse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abitibiexpress.ca/Economie/Ressources-naturelles/2010-11-04/article-1923283/Encore-%26laquo%3Bdix-ans-difficiles%26raquo%3B-pour-l%26rsquo%3Bindustrie-forestiere/1">the original</a> on July 6, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encore+%22dix+ans+difficiles%22+pour+l%27industrie+foresti%C3%A8re&rft.pub=Abitibi+expresse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abitibiexpress.ca%2FEconomie%2FRessources-naturelles%2F2010-11-04%2Farticle-1923283%2FEncore-%2526laquo%253Bdix-ans-difficiles%2526raquo%253B-pour-l%2526rsquo%253Bindustrie-forestiere%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100125114405/http://www.cifq.qc.ca/html/francais/centre_mediatique/portrait.php">"Portraits forestiers régionaux"</a> (in French). Conseil de l'industrie forestière du Québec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cifq.qc.ca/html/francais/centre_mediatique/portrait.php">the original</a> on January 25, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portraits+forestiers+r%C3%A9gionaux&rft.pub=Conseil+de+l%27industrie+foresti%C3%A8re+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cifq.qc.ca%2Fhtml%2Ffrancais%2Fcentre_mediatique%2Fportrait.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazinemci.com/2006/02/01/crise-dans-lindustrie-forestiere/">"CRISE dans l'industrie forestière"</a>. Corridors de commerce FCCQ. February 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714020151/http://magazinemci.com/2006/02/01/crise-dans-lindustrie-forestiere/">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CRISE+dans+l%27industrie+foresti%C3%A8re&rft.pub=Corridors+de+commerce+FCCQ&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagazinemci.com%2F2006%2F02%2F01%2Fcrise-dans-lindustrie-forestiere%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lequotidien.com/2021/11/30/lindustrie-forestiere-innove-pour-lutter-contre-les-changements-climatiques-18418eeeafea625bbb6c18b33897c536">"L'industrie forestière innove pour lutter contre les changements climatiques"</a>. Le Soleil (in French). November 30, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Soleil&rft.atitle=L%27industrie+foresti%C3%A8re+innove+pour+lutter+contre+les+changements+climatiques&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lequotidien.com%2F2021%2F11%2F30%2Flindustrie-forestiere-innove-pour-lutter-contre-les-changements-climatiques-18418eeeafea625bbb6c18b33897c536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmorePineau202010-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmorePineau202010_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmorePineau202010_279-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitmorePineau2020">Whitmore & Pineau 2020</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmorePineau20209-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitmorePineau20209_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhitmorePineau2020">Whitmore & Pineau 2020</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFl'Innovation" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">l'Innovation, Ministère de l'Économie et de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305202019/https://www.economie.gouv.qc.ca/objectifs/informer/par-secteur-dactivite/metallurgie/aluminium/page/le-secteur-19764/?no_cache=1&tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5Bmode%5D=single&tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5BbackPid%5D=19755&tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5BcurrentCat%5D=">"Aluminium / Présentation de l'industrie de l'aluminium - MEI"</a>. Ministère de l'Économie et de l'Innovation (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economie.gouv.qc.ca/objectifs/informer/par-secteur-dactivite/metallurgie/aluminium/page/le-secteur-19764/?no_cache=1&tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5Bmode%5D=single&tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5BbackPid%5D=19755&tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5BcurrentCat%5D=">the original</a> on March 5, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27%C3%89conomie+et+de+l%27Innovation&rft.atitle=Aluminium+%2F+Pr%C3%A9sentation+de+l%27industrie+de+l%27aluminium+-+MEI&rft.aulast=l%27Innovation&rft.aufirst=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27%C3%89conomie+et+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economie.gouv.qc.ca%2Fobjectifs%2Finformer%2Fpar-secteur-dactivite%2Fmetallurgie%2Faluminium%2Fpage%2Fle-secteur-19764%2F%3Fno_cache%3D1%26tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%255Bmode%255D%3Dsingle%26tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%255BbackPid%255D%3D19755%26tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%255BcurrentCat%255D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuébec" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Québec, Institut de la statistique du. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125212707/http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/donstat/econm_finnc/insti_finnc_coopr/inst_fin/emploi_qc_05_11.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com">"Emploi par industrie selon l'Enquête sur l'emploi, la rémunération et les heures de travail (EERH), Québec, 2005-2011"</a>. archive.wikiwix.com (in Canadian French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/donstat/econm_finnc/insti_finnc_coopr/inst_fin/emploi_qc_05_11.htm">the original</a> on January 25, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.wikiwix.com&rft.atitle=Emploi+par+industrie+selon+l%27Enqu%C3%AAte+sur+l%27emploi%2C+la+r%C3%A9mun%C3%A9ration+et+les+heures+de+travail+%28EERH%29%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+2005-2011&rft.aulast=Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.aufirst=Institut+de+la+statistique+du&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gouv.qc.ca%2Fdonstat%2Feconm_finnc%2Finsti_finnc_coopr%2Finst_fin%2Femploi_qc_05_11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonjourquebec.com/fr-ca">"Bonjour-Quebec"</a>. Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bonjour-Quebec&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Tourism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonjourquebec.com%2Ffr-ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006151519/https://www.tourisme.gouv.qc.ca/publications/media/document/etudes-statistiques/tourisme-chiffres-2014.pdf">"Chiffres tourisme"</a> (PDF). Government of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourisme.gouv.qc.ca/publications/media/document/etudes-statistiques/tourisme-chiffres-2014.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 6, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chiffres+tourisme&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourisme.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2Fetudes-statistiques%2Ftourisme-chiffres-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006151621/http://www.tourisme.gouv.qc.ca/publications/media/document/etudes-statistiques/Tourisme-chiffres2009.pdf">"Le tourisme en chiffres"</a> (PDF). Government of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourisme.gouv.qc.ca/publications/media/document/etudes-statistiques/Tourisme-chiffres2009.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 6, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+tourisme+en+chiffres&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourisme.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2Fetudes-statistiques%2FTourisme-chiffres2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828194347/http://www.tourisme.gouv.qc.ca/publications/media/document/etudes-statistiques/TqBref2008.pdf">"Le touisme en bref"</a> (PDF). Government of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourisme.gouv.qc.ca/publications/media/document/etudes-statistiques/TqBref2008.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 28, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+touisme+en+bref&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourisme.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2Fetudes-statistiques%2FTqBref2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527124352/http://www.investquebec.com/en/index.aspx?rubrique=27">"Services informatiques et logiciels"</a>. Investissement Québec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investquebec.com/en/index.aspx?rubrique=27">the original</a> on May 27, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Services+informatiques+et+logiciels&rft.pub=Investissement+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investquebec.com%2Fen%2Findex.aspx%3Frubrique%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002172230/http://www.invest-quebec.com/fr/investissement-direct-etranger/technologies-information-communications/innovation-creativite.html">"Investir en TIC, innovation et créativité | Investissement Québec"</a>. Invest-quebec.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invest-quebec.com/fr/investissement-direct-etranger/technologies-information-communications/innovation-creativite.html">the original</a> on October 2, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Invest-quebec.com&rft.atitle=Investir+en+TIC%2C+innovation+et+cr%C3%A9ativit%C3%A9+%26%23124%3B+Investissement+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invest-quebec.com%2Ffr%2Finvestissement-direct-etranger%2Ftechnologies-information-communications%2Finnovation-creativite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFl'Innovation" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">l'Innovation, Ministère de l'Économie et de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220305202023/https://www.economie.gouv.qc.ca/bibliotheques/secteurs/technologies-de-linformation-et-des-communications/apercu-de-lindustrie-des-technologies-de-linformation-et-des-communications/">"Le secteur / Aperçu de l'industrie des technologies de l'information et des communications - MEI"</a>. Ministère de l'Économie et de l'Innovation (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economie.gouv.qc.ca/bibliotheques/secteurs/technologies-de-linformation-et-des-communications/apercu-de-lindustrie-des-technologies-de-linformation-et-des-communications/">the original</a> on March 5, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27%C3%89conomie+et+de+l%27Innovation&rft.atitle=Le+secteur+%2F+Aper%C3%A7u+de+l%27industrie+des+technologies+de+l%27information+et+des+communications+-+MEI&rft.aulast=l%27Innovation&rft.aufirst=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27%C3%89conomie+et+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economie.gouv.qc.ca%2Fbibliotheques%2Fsecteurs%2Ftechnologies-de-linformation-et-des-communications%2Fapercu-de-lindustrie-des-technologies-de-linformation-et-des-communications%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-290"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desjardins.com/fr/a_propos/etudes_economiques/previsions/en_perspective/per1003.pdf">"Perspective"</a> (PDF). Desjardins.com (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Desjardins.com&rft.atitle=Perspective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desjardins.com%2Ffr%2Fa_propos%2Fetudes_economiques%2Fprevisions%2Fen_perspective%2Fper1003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ledevoir.com/economie/455230/sommet-du-jeu-video-se-projeter-dans-l-avenir">"Se projeter dans l'avenir"</a>. Le Devoir (in French). Retrieved March 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Devoir&rft.atitle=Se+projeter+dans+l%27avenir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ledevoir.com%2Feconomie%2F455230%2Fsommet-du-jeu-video-se-projeter-dans-l-avenir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alliancenumerique.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/M%25C3%25A9moire_Alliance_num%25C3%25A9rique.pdf/index.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com">"convert"</a>. archive.wikiwix.com. Retrieved March 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.wikiwix.com&rft.atitle=convert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falliancenumerique.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2FM%2525C3%2525A9moire_Alliance_num%2525C3%2525A9rique.pdf%2Findex.html%23federation%3Darchive.wikiwix.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-R&D2-293"><a href="#cite_ref-R&D2_293-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investquebec.com/en/index.aspx?page=336">"The Benefits of Investing in Québec Research & Development"</a>. Investissement Québec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527123940/http://www.investquebec.com/en/index.aspx?page=336">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Benefits+of+Investing+in+Qu%C3%A9bec+Research+%26+Development&rft.pub=Investissement+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investquebec.com%2Fen%2Findex.aspx%3Fpage%3D336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SQRI2-294"><a href="#cite_ref-SQRI2_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501170553/http://www.mdeie.gouv.qc.ca/objectifs/informer/promotion-de-la-science-et-de-la-technologie/page/strategies-10457/?tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5Bmode%5D=single&tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5BbackPid%5D=414&tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5BcurrentCat%5D=&cHash=92205d14fab28502662407daf5adfa2f">"Stratégie québécoise de la recherche et de l'innovation (SQRI) 2010–2013"</a> (in French). Gouvernement du Québec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdeie.gouv.qc.ca/objectifs/informer/promotion-de-la-science-et-de-la-technologie/page/strategies-10457/?tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5Bmode%5D=single&tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5BbackPid%5D=414&tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%5BcurrentCat%5D=&cHash=92205d14fab28502662407daf5adfa2f">the original</a> on May 1, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strat%C3%A9gie+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise+de+la+recherche+et+de+l%27innovation+%28SQRI%29+2010%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Gouvernement+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdeie.gouv.qc.ca%2Fobjectifs%2Finformer%2Fpromotion-de-la-science-et-de-la-technologie%2Fpage%2Fstrategies-10457%2F%3Ftx_igaffichagepages_pi1%255Bmode%255D%3Dsingle%26tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%255BbackPid%255D%3D414%26tx_igaffichagepages_pi1%255BcurrentCat%255D%3D%26cHash%3D92205d14fab28502662407daf5adfa2f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerreault,_Mathieu" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Perreault, Mathieu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyberpresse.ca/international/dossiers/prix-nobel-2009/200910/10/01-910310-dix-nobel-au-quebec.php">"Dix Nobel au Québec"</a> (in French). Cyberpresse.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110124175119/http://www.cyberpresse.ca/international/dossiers/prix-nobel-2009/200910/10/01-910310-dix-nobel-au-quebec.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dix+Nobel+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Cyberpresse.ca&rft.au=Perreault%2C+Mathieu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cyberpresse.ca%2Finternational%2Fdossiers%2Fprix-nobel-2009%2F200910%2F10%2F01-910310-dix-nobel-au-quebec.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/economie/sciencestechnologies/?lang=en">"Science and Technology: Portal of the government of Québec"</a>. Government of Quebec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217060340/http://gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait/economie/sciencestechnologies/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology%3A+Portal+of+the+government+of+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouv.qc.ca%2Fportail%2Fquebec%2Fpgs%2Fcommun%2Fportrait%2Feconomie%2Fsciencestechnologies%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612111434/http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/savoir/index_an.htm">"Québec had 195 triadic inventions patented"</a>. Institut de la statistique du Québec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/savoir/index_an.htm">the original</a> on June 12, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%A9bec+had+195+triadic+inventions+patented&rft.pub=Institut+de+la+statistique+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gouv.qc.ca%2Fsavoir%2Findex_an.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402145402/http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/savoir/indicateurs/publications/pub_pays_total.htm">"Nombre de publications scientifiques en sciences naturelles et génie, Québec, Ontario, pays du G8, pays nordiques, certains pays émergents et monde, et part dans le total mondial, 1980 à 2009"</a>. Institut de la statistique du Québec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/savoir/indicateurs/publications/pub_pays_total.htm">the original</a> on April 2, 2012. Retrieved October 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nombre+de+publications+scientifiques+en+sciences+naturelles+et+g%C3%A9nie%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+Ontario%2C+pays+du+G8%2C+pays+nordiques%2C+certains+pays+%C3%A9mergents+et+monde%2C+et+part+dans+le+total+mondial%2C+1980+%C3%A0+2009&rft.pub=Institut+de+la+statistique+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gouv.qc.ca%2Fsavoir%2Findicateurs%2Fpublications%2Fpub_pays_total.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527221548/http://www.investquebec.com/documents/en/secteur/Aerospace.pdf">"Aerospace in Quebec"</a> (PDF). Investissement Québec. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investquebec.com/documents/en/secteur/Aerospace.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 27, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aerospace+in+Quebec&rft.pub=Investissement+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investquebec.com%2Fdocuments%2Fen%2Fsecteur%2FAerospace.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/science/2010/12/09/001-exoplanete-hr8799e-marois.shtml">"A fourth planet around the star HR 8799"</a> (in French). Radio-Canada. December 9, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020818/http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/science/2010/12/09/001-exoplanete-hr8799e-marois.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+fourth+planet+around+the+star+HR+8799&rft.pub=Radio-Canada&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelles%2Fscience%2F2010%2F12%2F09%2F001-exoplanete-hr8799e-marois.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/science/2009/01/21/001-Embargo-scientifiques2008.shtml">"A trio of astronomers awarded"</a> (in French). Radio-Canada. January 21, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015952/http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/science/2009/01/21/001-Embargo-scientifiques2008.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+trio+of+astronomers+awarded&rft.pub=Radio-Canada&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelles%2Fscience%2F2009%2F01%2F21%2F001-Embargo-scientifiques2008.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826024711/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/educators/resources/radarsat/q-a.asp">"RADARSAT-1 Climate Change"</a>. Canadian Space Agency. May 7, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/educators/resources/radarsat/q-a.asp">the original</a> on August 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RADARSAT-1+Climate+Change&rft.pub=Canadian+Space+Agency&rft.date=2001-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asc-csa.gc.ca%2Feng%2Feducators%2Fresources%2Fradarsat%2Fq-a.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826024726/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/radarsat1/construction.asp">"Construction and cost"</a>. Canadian Space Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/radarsat1/construction.asp">the original</a> on August 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Construction+and+cost&rft.pub=Canadian+Space+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asc-csa.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fsatellites%2Fradarsat1%2Fconstruction.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826024702/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/scisat/contractors.asp">"SCISAT Team and partners"</a>. Canadian Space Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/scisat/contractors.asp">the original</a> on August 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCISAT+Team+and+partners&rft.pub=Canadian+Space+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asc-csa.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fsatellites%2Fscisat%2Fcontractors.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emergex2-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emergex2_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emergex2_305-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emergex2_305-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710190032/http://www.emergex.com/fr/content/rd_quebec.aspx">"La recherche et le développement au Québec"</a> (in French). EMERGEX. November 30, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emergex.com/fr/content/rd_quebec.aspx">the original</a> on July 10, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+recherche+et+le+d%C3%A9veloppement+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=EMERGEX&rft.date=2005-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emergex.com%2Ffr%2Fcontent%2Frd_quebec.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527205103/http://www.investquebec.com/documents/en/publications/BrochureSciences2010_en.pdf">"Life sciences"</a> (PDF). Investissement Québec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investquebec.com/documents/en/publications/BrochureSciences2010_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 27, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+sciences&rft.pub=Investissement+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investquebec.com%2Fdocuments%2Fen%2Fpublications%2FBrochureSciences2010_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/travaux-parlementaires/projets-loi/projet-loi-40-42-1.html?appelant=MC">"Bill 40, An Act to amend mainly the Education Act with regard to school organization and governance"</a>. National Assembly of Québec. Retrieved August 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bill+40%2C+An+Act+to+amend+mainly+the+Education+Act+with+regard+to+school+organization+and+governance&rft.pub=National+Assembly+of+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assnat.qc.ca%2Fen%2Ftravaux-parlementaires%2Fprojets-loi%2Fprojet-loi-40-42-1.html%3Fappelant%3DMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.gouv.qc.ca/fileadmin/site_web/documents/PSG/politiques_orientations/rapport_comiteCS_mai2014v3p.pdf">"Rapport comite"</a> (PDF). Government of Quebec. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapport+comite&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.gouv.qc.ca%2Ffileadmin%2Fsite_web%2Fdocuments%2FPSG%2Fpolitiques_orientations%2Frapport_comiteCS_mai2014v3p.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.femmescentreduquebec.qc.ca/cd/mtq.pdf">"MISSION, RÔLE ET MANDAT"</a> (PDF). Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326161857/http://www.femmescentreduquebec.qc.ca/cd/mtq.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MISSION%2C+R%C3%94LE+ET+MANDAT&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Transports+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%28MTQ%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.femmescentreduquebec.qc.ca%2Fcd%2Fmtq.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081113234955/http://www.mtq.gouv.qc.ca/portal/page/portal/grand_public/vehicules_promenade/reseau_routier">"Quebec road network"</a>. Ministère des Transports du Québec. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtq.gouv.qc.ca/portal/page/portal/grand_public/vehicules_promenade/reseau_routier">the original</a> on November 13, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quebec+road+network&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Transports+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtq.gouv.qc.ca%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2Fgrand_public%2Fvehicules_promenade%2Freseau_routier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-transport-qc2-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transport-qc2_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transport-qc2_311-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait?lang=fr&id=pgs.portrait.economie.transport&location=pgs%2Fportrait%2Feconomie%2Ftransport#transferroviaires">"Quebec Portal: Transport"</a>. Government of Quebec. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012205101/http://gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs/commun/portrait?lang=fr&id=pgs.portrait.economie.transport&location=pgs%2Fportrait%2Feconomie%2Ftransport#transferroviaires">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quebec+Portal%3A+Transport&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouv.qc.ca%2Fportail%2Fquebec%2Fpgs%2Fcommun%2Fportrait%3Flang%3Dfr%26id%3Dpgs.portrait.economie.transport%26location%3Dpgs%252Fportrait%252Feconomie%252Ftransport%23transferroviaires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012210055/http://stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/referenc/qcem/qcem_eco_tra.htm">"Le Québec, chiffres en main: Transport"</a>. Institut de la statistique du Québec. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/referenc/qcem/qcem_eco_tra.htm">the original</a> on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+chiffres+en+main%3A+Transport&rft.pub=Institut+de+la+statistique+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2Freferenc%2Fqcem%2Fqcem_eco_tra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807002205/https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/railway-could-tap-quebecs-northern-wealth.html">"Railway Gazette: Railway could tap Québec's northern wealth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Railway_Gazette_International" title="Railway Gazette International">Railway Gazette International</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/railway-could-tap-quebecs-northern-wealth.html">the original</a> on August 7, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Gazette+International&rft.atitle=Railway+Gazette%3A+Railway+could+tap+Qu%C3%A9bec%27s+northern+wealth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnc%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Frailway-could-tap-quebecs-northern-wealth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815150809/http://www.mtq.gouv.qc.ca/portal/page/portal/entreprises/transport_aerien">"Quebec air transport"</a>. Ministère des Transports du Québec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtq.gouv.qc.ca/portal/page/portal/entreprises/transport_aerien">the original</a> on August 15, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quebec+air+transport&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+des+Transports+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtq.gouv.qc.ca%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2Fentreprises%2Ftransport_aerien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715205401/http://www.routeverte.com/rv/index2010_e.php">"The Route verte puts all of Quebec within reach of your handlebars!"</a>. Government of Quebec. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routeverte.com/rv/index2010_e.php">the original</a> on July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Route+verte+puts+all+of+Quebec+within+reach+of+your+handlebars%21&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routeverte.com%2Frv%2Findex2010_e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705142621/http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/demograp/pdf2006/Bilan2006.pdf">"La situation démographique au Québec"</a> (PDF). Bilan 2006. Institut de la statistique du Québec. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-550-48491-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-550-48491-6"><bdi>2-550-48491-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/demograp/pdf2006/Bilan2006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 5, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bilan+2006&rft.atitle=La+situation+d%C3%A9mographique+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pages=53&rft.isbn=2-550-48491-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2Fdemograp%2Fpdf2006%2FBilan2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117205442/http://publications.msss.gouv.qc.ca/acrobat/f/documentation/2007/07-731-01F.pdf">"Le système de santé et de services sociaux au Québec"</a> (PDF). Ministère de la santé et des services sociaux. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.msss.gouv.qc.ca/acrobat/f/documentation/2007/07-731-01F.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 17, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+syst%C3%A8me+de+sant%C3%A9+et+de+services+sociaux+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+sant%C3%A9+et+des+services+sociaux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.msss.gouv.qc.ca%2Facrobat%2Ff%2Fdocumentation%2F2007%2F07-731-01F.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQMI" class="citation web cs1">QMI, Agence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2021/12/01/les-quebecois-en-faveur-dune-implication-du-prive-dans-le-secteur-de-la-sante">"Les québécois en faveur d'une implication du privé dans le secteur de la Santé"</a>. Le Journal de Montréal. Retrieved December 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Journal+de+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.atitle=Les+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois+en+faveur+d%27une+implication+du+priv%C3%A9+dans+le+secteur+de+la+Sant%C3%A9&rft.aulast=QMI&rft.aufirst=Agence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journaldemontreal.com%2F2021%2F12%2F01%2Fles-quebecois-en-faveur-dune-implication-du-prive-dans-le-secteur-de-la-sante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iedm.org/healthcare-in-canada-2023/">"Healthcare in Canada 2023 | Montreal Economic Institute"</a>. www.iedm.org. Retrieved May 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iedm.org&rft.atitle=Healthcare+in+Canada+2023+%7C+Montreal+Economic+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iedm.org%2Fhealthcare-in-canada-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quebechabitation.ca/actualites/le-taux-de-propriete-est-en-baisse-au-quebec-pour-la-toute-premiere-fois/">"Taux de propriété"</a>. Québec habitation (in Canadian French). September 22, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qu%C3%A9bec+habitation&rft.atitle=Taux+de+propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebechabitation.ca%2Factualites%2Fle-taux-de-propriete-est-en-baisse-au-quebec-pour-la-toute-premiere-fois%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyr2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cyr, Guillaume (March 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.24heures.ca/2022/03/10/les-proprietes-sont-presque-10-fois-plus-cheres-quen-1980">"Les propriétés sont presque 10 fois plus chères qu'en 1980, mais les revenus ne suivent pas"</a>. 24 heures (in French). Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=24+heures&rft.atitle=Les+propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+sont+presque+10+fois+plus+ch%C3%A8res+qu%E2%80%99en+1980%2C+mais+les+revenus+ne+suivent+pas&rft.date=2022-03-10&rft.aulast=Cyr&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.24heures.ca%2F2022%2F03%2F10%2Fles-proprietes-sont-presque-10-fois-plus-cheres-quen-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICI.Radio-Canada.ca" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Société-. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1888093/crise-loyers-abordables-regions-inoccupation">"Crise du logement au Québec : " On a perdu le contrôle ""</a>. Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Retrieved June 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio-Canada.ca&rft.atitle=Crise+du+logement+au+Qu%C3%A9bec+%3A+%22+On+a+perdu+le+contr%C3%B4le+%22&rft.aulast=ICI.Radio-Canada.ca&rft.aufirst=Zone+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelle%2F1888093%2Fcrise-loyers-abordables-regions-inoccupation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoignon" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Loignon, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp">"Répertoire des artistes québécois"</a> (in French). DLP multimédia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727213504/http://www.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org/index2.asp">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9pertoire+des+artistes+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.pub=DLP+multim%C3%A9dia&rft.aulast=Loignon&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repertoiredesartistesquebecois.org%2Findex2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFADISQ" class="citation web cs1">ADISQ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718175149/http://www.adisq.com/assoc-profil.html">"Notre raison d'être, c'est la musique de votre quotidien"</a>. Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque, du spectacle et de la vidéo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adisq.com/assoc-profil.html">the original</a> on July 18, 2011. Retrieved June 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notre+raison+d%27%C3%AAtre%2C+c%27est+la+musique+de+votre+quotidien&rft.pub=Association+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coise+de+l%27industrie+du+disque%2C+du+spectacle+et+de+la+vid%C3%A9o&rft.au=ADISQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adisq.com%2Fassoc-profil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quebecvacances.com/centre-culturel">"Centres culturels au Québec"</a>. Quebecvacances.com (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715134916/http://www.quebecvacances.com/centre-culturel">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quebecvacances.com&rft.atitle=Centres+culturels+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebecvacances.com%2Fcentre-culturel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCirque_du_Soleil" class="citation web cs1">Cirque du Soleil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Cirque-du-Soleil-Inc-Company-History.html">"Cirque du Soleil Inc"</a>. Company history. Funding Universe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823105400/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Cirque-du-Soleil-Inc-Company-History.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Company+history&rft.atitle=Cirque+du+Soleil+Inc.&rft.au=Cirque+du+Soleil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundinguniverse.com%2Fcompany-histories%2FCirque-du-Soleil-Inc-Company-History.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTellier,_Chantal" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tellier, Chantal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellequebec.com/societe/fabuleux-destin-du-cirque-quebecois/a/25816">"Le fabuleux destin du cirque québécois"</a>. ELLE Québec (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912020849/http://www.ellequebec.com/societe/fabuleux-destin-du-cirque-quebecois/a/25816">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ELLE+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Le+fabuleux+destin+du+cirque+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.au=Tellier%2C+Chantal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellequebec.com%2Fsociete%2Ffabuleux-destin-du-cirque-quebecois%2Fa%2F25816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706205825/http://www.tohu.ca/en/TOHU/">"Historic and mission"</a>. Tohu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tohu.ca/en/TOHU/">the original</a> on July 6, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+and+mission&rft.pub=Tohu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tohu.ca%2Fen%2FTOHU%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonjourquebec.com/fr-ca/quoi-faire/festivals-et-evenements">"Festivals et evenements"</a>. Bonjour Quebec. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festivals+et+evenements&rft.pub=Bonjour+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonjourquebec.com%2Ffr-ca%2Fquoi-faire%2Ffestivals-et-evenements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706201401/http://www.apftq.qc.ca/fr/apftq/mission.asp">"L'Association des producteurs de films et de télévision du Québec"</a>. APFTQ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apftq.qc.ca/fr/apftq/mission.asp">the original</a> on July 6, 2011. Retrieved June 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Association+des+producteurs+de+films+et+de+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=APFTQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apftq.qc.ca%2Ffr%2Fapftq%2Fmission.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFARCQ" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ARCQ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706202316/http://radiovision.ca/arcq/">"L'Association des radiodiffuseurs communautaires du Québec, historique"</a> (in French). RadioVision. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiovision.ca/arcq/">the original</a> on July 6, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Association+des+radiodiffuseurs+communautaires+du+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+historique&rft.pub=RadioVision&rft.au=ARCQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiovision.ca%2Farcq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Cité_du_cinéma" class="citation web cs1">La Cité du cinéma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031001192505/http://www.micheltrudel.tv/index.html">"La Cité du Cinéma"</a>. Mel's Cité du cinéma. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.micheltrudel.tv/index.html">the original</a> on October 1, 2003. Retrieved July 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Cit%C3%A9+du+Cin%C3%A9ma&rft.pub=Mel%27s+Cit%C3%A9+du+cin%C3%A9ma&rft.au=La+Cit%C3%A9+du+cin%C3%A9ma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micheltrudel.tv%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telequebec.tv/corporatif/">"Mission Télé-Québec"</a> (in French). Télé-Québec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707165150/http://www.telequebec.tv/corporatif/">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+T%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=T%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telequebec.tv%2Fcorporatif%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709072730/http://www.cbc.radio-canada.ca/about/">"About CBC/Radio-Canada"</a>. CBC corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbc.radio-canada.ca/about/">the original</a> on July 9, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+CBC%2FRadio-Canada&rft.pub=CBC+corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbc.radio-canada.ca%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_soirée_des_Jutra" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">La soirée des Jutra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309204726/http://www.lesjutra.ca/apropos.php">"La soirée des Jutra – À propos de nous"</a> (in French). Radio-Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesjutra.ca/apropos.php">the original</a> on March 9, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+soir%C3%A9e+des+Jutra+%E2%80%93+%C3%80+propos+de+nous&rft.pub=Radio-Canada&rft.au=La+soir%C3%A9e+des+Jutra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesjutra.ca%2Fapropos.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anel.qc.ca/quebec-edition/accueil/">"Québec édition"</a>. Association nationale des éditeurs de livres/Québec Édition. Retrieved July 29, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%A9bec+%C3%A9dition&rft.pub=Association+nationale+des+%C3%A9diteurs+de+livres%2FQu%C3%A9bec+%C3%89dition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anel.qc.ca%2Fquebec-edition%2Faccueil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowke1988" class="citation book cs1">Fowke, Edith (1988). Canadian Folklore. Oxford University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-540671-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-540671-0"><bdi>0-19-540671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Folklore&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-540671-0&rft.aulast=Fowke&rft.aufirst=Edith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenough1897" class="citation book cs1">Greenough, William P. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924105761831">Canadian Folk-Life and Folk-Lore</a>. George H. Richmond.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Folk-Life+and+Folk-Lore&rft.pub=George+H.+Richmond&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Greenough&rft.aufirst=William+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924105761831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiasson2-339"><a href="#cite_ref-Chiasson2_339-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiasson1969" class="citation book cs1">Chiasson, Père Anselme (1969). Les Légendes des îles de la Madeleine. Éditions des Aboiteaux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+L%C3%A9gendes+des+%C3%AEles+de+la+Madeleine&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+des+Aboiteaux&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Chiasson&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A8re+Anselme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupont2008-340"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupont2008_340-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDupont2008">Dupont 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litterature-quebecoise.org/terroir.htm">"Littérature du terroir québécois"</a> (in French). Litterature-quebecoise.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034815/http://www.litterature-quebecoise.org/terroir.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Litt%C3%A9rature+du+terroir+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.pub=Litterature-quebecoise.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litterature-quebecoise.org%2Fterroir.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johan_Beetz_House,_heritage-342"><a href="#cite_ref-Johan_Beetz_House,_heritage_342-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture_and_Communications_of_Quebec2006" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Culture and Communications of Quebec (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/rpcq/detail.do?methode=consulter&id=92401&type=bien">"Johan Beetz House, heritage real estate"</a>. Heritage directory cultural of Quebec. Retrieved June 18, 2024. <q>Other name, Château Johan-Beetz</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johan+Beetz+House%2C+heritage+real+estate&rft.pub=Heritage+directory+cultural+of+Quebec&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Ministry+of+Culture+and+Communications+of+Quebec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca%2Frpcq%2Fdetail.do%3Fmethode%3Dconsulter%26id%3D92401%26type%3Dbien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Explore_Quebec,_Parc_Canada-343"><a href="#cite_ref-Explore_Quebec,_Parc_Canada_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.canada.ca/voyage-travel/region/quebec/itin">"National historic sites Explore Quebec, Parc Canada"</a>. Government of Canada. April 22, 2024. Retrieved June 27, 2024. <q>Explore Quebec, travel itineraries in Quebec Find day trips, weekend getaway ideas and week-long itineraries. Parc Canada</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+historic+sites+Explore+Quebec%2C+Parc+Canada&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2024-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparks.canada.ca%2Fvoyage-travel%2Fregion%2Fquebec%2Fitin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_SitesMonuments_Board_of_Canada" class="citation web cs1">Historic Sites & Monuments Board of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006084636/http://www.pc.gc.ca/clmhc-hsmbc/crit/crit2_e.asp">"About the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada – Duties"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/clmhc-hsmbc/crit/crit2_e.asp">the original</a> on October 6, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Historic+Sites+and+Monuments+Board+of+Canada+%E2%80%93+Duties&rft.au=Historic+Sites&rft.au=Monuments+Board+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fclmhc-hsmbc%2Fcrit%2Fcrit2_e.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quebecfolklore.qc.ca/fr/index.php">"L'Association Quebecoise des Loisirs Folkloriques"</a>. Retrieved April 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Association+Quebecoise+des+Loisirs+Folkloriques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebecfolklore.qc.ca%2Ffr%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc17-346"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc17_346-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson-KingMurphy2017" class="citation web cs1">Levinson-King, Robin; Murphy, Jessica (April 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39375257">"Quebec's maple syrup producers seeking global domination"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606145949/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39375257">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quebec%27s+maple+syrup+producers+seeking+global+domination&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2017-04-09&rft.aulast=Levinson-King&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-39375257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708091949/http://fr.canoe.ca/sports/nouvelles/hockey/canadiens/archives/2009/12/20091205-065501.html">"Un anniversaire douloureux"</a>. Fr.canoe.ca. September 20, 2013. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un+anniversaire+douloureux&rft.pub=Fr.canoe.ca&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.canoe.ca%2Fsports%2Fnouvelles%2Fhockey%2Fcanadiens%2Farchives%2F2009%2F12%2F20091205-065501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympic.ca/2018/02/25/who-won-team-canadas-29-medals-in-pyeongchang/">"Who won Team Canada's 29 medals in Pyeongchang"</a>. Olympic.ca. February 25, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314095047/https://olympic.ca/2018/02/25/who-won-team-canadas-29-medals-in-pyeongchang/">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympic.ca&rft.atitle=Who+won+Team+Canada%27s+29+medals+in+Pyeongchang&rft.date=2018-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympic.ca%2F2018%2F02%2F25%2Fwho-won-team-canadas-29-medals-in-pyeongchang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlouffe,_Hélène" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Plouffe, Hélène. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/a-la-claire-fontaine-emc/">"À la claire fontaine"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806082946/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000031">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%80+la+claire+fontaine&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Plouffe%2C+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fa-la-claire-fontaine-emc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-law2-350"><a href="#cite_ref-law2_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=1&file=39585.PDF">"Décret no 1322-2002 concernant la Journée nationale des Patriotes"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Gazette_officielle_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Gazette officielle du Québec">Gazette officielle du Québec</a>. partie II. Vol. 134, no. 50. p. 8463. Retrieved January 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazette+officielle+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9cret+no+1322-2002+concernant+la+Journ%C3%A9e+nationale+des+Patriotes&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=8463&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca%2FdynamicSearch%2Ftelecharge.php%3Ftype%3D1%26file%3D39585.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917185047/https://150ans150oeuvres.uqam.ca/fr/oeuvre/1970-un-vieux-de-37-de-henri-julien/#description">"Une vieux de 37 de Henri Julien"</a>. UQAM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://150ans150oeuvres.uqam.ca/fr/oeuvre/1970-un-vieux-de-37-de-henri-julien/#description">the original</a> on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Une+vieux+de+37+de+Henri+Julien&rft.pub=UQAM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F150ans150oeuvres.uqam.ca%2Ffr%2Foeuvre%2F1970-un-vieux-de-37-de-henri-julien%2F%23description&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://immigrantquebec.com/fr/actualites/actualites/1er-juillet-grand-demenagement-montreal">"Jour du grand demenagement"</a>. immigrantquebec.com. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=immigrantquebec.com&rft.atitle=Jour+du+grand+demenagement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimmigrantquebec.com%2Ffr%2Factualites%2Factualites%2F1er-juillet-grand-demenagement-montreal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bv.cdeacf.ca/bvdoc.php?no=23309&col=RA&format=htm">"Le temps des fêtes au Québec"</a>. cdeacf.ca. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdeacf.ca&rft.atitle=Le+temps+des+f%C3%AAtes+au+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbv.cdeacf.ca%2Fbvdoc.php%3Fno%3D23309%26col%3DRA%26format%3Dhtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collegecdi.ca/quebec/connectez-vous/actualites/quelles-sont-les-origines-du-poisson-d-avril/">"Quelles sont les origines du Poisson d'Avril"</a>. collegcdi.ca. Retrieved September 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collegcdi.ca&rft.atitle=Quelles+sont+les+origines+du+Poisson+d%27Avril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegecdi.ca%2Fquebec%2Fconnectez-vous%2Factualites%2Fquelles-sont-les-origines-du-poisson-d-avril%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009212247/http://www.drapeau.gouv.qc.ca/">"Drapeauet et symboles nationaux"</a>. Justice Québec (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drapeau.gouv.qc.ca/">the original</a> on October 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justice+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.atitle=Drapeauet+et+symboles+nationaux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drapeau.gouv.qc.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qsymbols2-356"><a href="#cite_ref-Qsymbols2_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuebec_Portal2015" class="citation web cs1">Quebec Portal (May 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca/representation-quebec-canada/le-quebec/symboles-en.asp">"Quebec's Symbols"</a>. Government of Quebec. Retrieved August 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quebec%27s+Symbols&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.au=Quebec+Portal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca%2Frepresentation-quebec-canada%2Fle-quebec%2Fsymboles-en.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emblems_of_Quebec-357"><a href="#cite_ref-Emblems_of_Quebec_357-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quebec.ca/gouvernement/portrait-quebec/drapeau-symboles-nationaux/emblemes">"Emblems of Quebec"</a>. Quebec Gouvernement (in French). 2024. Retrieved June 25, 2024. <q>There are three official emblems in Quebec: the yellow birch, the snowy owl and the versicolor iris.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quebec+Gouvernement&rft.atitle=Emblems+of+Quebec&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quebec.ca%2Fgouvernement%2Fportrait-quebec%2Fdrapeau-symboles-nationaux%2Femblemes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBélanger" class="citation web cs1">Bélanger, Claude. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/stats/goto-us.htm">"Emigration to the United States from Canada and Quebec, 1840–1940"</a>. Quebec History. Marianopolis College. Retrieved July 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quebec+History&rft.atitle=Emigration+to+the+United+States+from+Canada+and+Quebec%2C+1840%E2%80%931940&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9langer&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.marianopolis.edu%2Fc.belanger%2Fquebechistory%2Fstats%2Fgoto-us.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBélanger,_Claude2000" class="citation web cs1">Bélanger, Claude (August 23, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070213234956/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/events/repatr.htm">"Rapatriement"</a>. Marianopolis College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/events/repatr.htm">the original</a> on February 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapatriement&rft.pub=Marianopolis+College&rft.date=2000-08-23&rft.au=B%C3%A9langer%2C+Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.marianopolis.edu%2Fquebechistory%2Fevents%2Frepatr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corridorcanada.ca/resource/le-nord-franco-ontarien-nature-culture-et-chaleur-humaine/">"Le Nord franco-ontarien : nature, culture et hospitalité"</a>. Le Corridor. Retrieved May 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Corridor&rft.atitle=Le+Nord+franco-ontarien+%3A+nature%2C+culture+et+hospitalit%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorridorcanada.ca%2Fresource%2Fle-nord-franco-ontarien-nature-culture-et-chaleur-humaine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabin1986" class="citation book cs1">Babin, Andrée (1986). L'interatlas: Ressources du Québec et du Canada. Centre éducatif et culturel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7617-0317-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7617-0317-8"><bdi>978-2-7617-0317-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27interatlas%3A+Ressources+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+et+du+Canada&rft.pub=Centre+%C3%A9ducatif+et+culturel&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-2-7617-0317-8&rft.aulast=Babin&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrûlotte2009" class="citation book cs1">Brûlotte, Suzanne (2009). Les oiseaux du Québec. Éditions Broquet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89654-075-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89654-075-4"><bdi>978-2-89654-075-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+oiseaux+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Broquet&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-89654-075-4&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BBlotte&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunTremblayBrouillet2008" class="citation book cs1">Brun, Henri; Tremblay, Guy; Brouillet, Eugénie (2008). Droit constitutionnel (5 ed.). Éditions Yvon Blais. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233522214">233522214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Droit+constitutionnel&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Yvon+Blais&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233522214&rft.aulast=Brun&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.au=Tremblay%2C+Guy&rft.au=Brouillet%2C+Eug%C3%A9nie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau1985" class="citation book cs1">Charpentier, Louise; Durocher, René; Laville, Christian; Linteau, Paul-André (1985). Nouvelle histoire du Québec et du Canada. Éditions du Boréal Express.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouvelle+histoire+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+et+du+Canada&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Bor%C3%A9al+Express&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Charpentier&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft.au=Durocher%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Laville%2C+Christian&rft.au=Linteau%2C+Paul-Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupont2008" class="citation book cs1">Dupont, Jean-Claude (2008). Légendes du Québec – Un héritage culturel. Les éditions GID. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89634-023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89634-023-1"><bdi>978-2-89634-023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C3%A9gendes+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+%E2%80%93+Un+h%C3%A9ritage+culturel&rft.pub=Les+%C3%A9ditions+GID&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-89634-023-1&rft.aulast=Dupont&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉmondLauzière2003" class="citation book cs1">Émond, André; Lauzière, Lucie (2003). Introduction à l'étude du droit. Wilson & Lafleur. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52798925">52798925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9tude+du+droit&rft.pub=Wilson+%26+Lafleur&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52798925&rft.aulast=%C3%89mond&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Lauzi%C3%A8re%2C+Lucie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1999" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, William A. (1999). Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier, 1753–1758. Wennawoods. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889037-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-889037-20-2"><bdi>978-1-889037-20-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forts+on+the+Pennsylvania+Frontier%2C+1753%E2%80%931758&rft.pub=Wennawoods&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-889037-20-2&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKélada1970" class="citation book cs1">Kélada, Henri (1970). Précis de droit québécois. Centre éducatif et culturel. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17462972">17462972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pr%C3%A9cis+de+droit+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.pub=Centre+%C3%A9ducatif+et+culturel&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17462972&rft.aulast=K%C3%A9lada&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Environment_of_Quebec2002" class="citation book cs1">Ministry of Environment of Quebec (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/eau/politique/politique-integral.pdf">Water. Life. Future. National Policy on water</a> (PDF). Government of Quebec. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-550-40074-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-550-40074-5"><bdi>978-2-550-40074-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water.+Life.+Future.+National+Policy+on+water&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-550-40074-5&rft.au=Ministry+of+Environment+of+Quebec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mddep.gouv.qc.ca%2Feau%2Fpolitique%2Fpolitique-integral.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiendeau2007" class="citation book cs1">Riendeau, Roger E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CFWy0EfzlX0C">A brief history of Canada</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6335-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6335-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-6335-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Canada&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6335-2&rft.aulast=Riendeau&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCFWy0EfzlX0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmorePineau2020" class="citation book cs1">Whitmore, Johanne; Pineau, Pierre-Olivier (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energie.hec.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/EEQ2020_WEB.pdf">État de llénergie au Québec 2020</a> (PDF). HEC Montréal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tat+de+ll%C3%A9nergie+au+Qu%C3%A9bec+2020&rft.pub=HEC+Montr%C3%A9al&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Whitmore&rft.aufirst=Johanne&rft.au=Pineau%2C+Pierre-Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenergie.hec.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F03%2FEEQ2020_WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Fred (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-vMxLslZopgC&pg=PR1">Crucible of Wars: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766</a>. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40642-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-40642-3"><bdi>978-0-375-40642-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+Wars%3A+The+Seven+Years%27+War+and+the+Fate+of+Empire+in+British+North+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931766&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-375-40642-3&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-vMxLslZopgC%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bergeron, Léandre (1974). Why There Must Be a Revolution in Québec. New Canada Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919600-16-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-919600-16-6"><bdi>0-919600-16-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+There+Must+Be+a+Revolution+in+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=New+Canada+Publications&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-919600-16-6&rft.aulast=Bergeron&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cave, Alfred A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiZoWyv77qQC&q=French%20and%20Indian%20Wars&pg=PP1">The French and Indian War</a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32168-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32168-9"><bdi>978-0-313-32168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+and+Indian+War&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32168-9&rft.aulast=Cave&rft.aufirst=Alfred+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiiZoWyv77qQC%26q%3DFrench%2520and%2520Indian%2520Wars%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Courville, Serge; Howard, Richard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDDs1HJWfOQC&q=Quebec&pg=PP1">Quebec: A Historical Geography</a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1426-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1426-3"><bdi>978-0-7748-1426-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quebec%3A+A+Historical+Geography&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1426-3&rft.aulast=Courville&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft.au=Howard%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDDs1HJWfOQC%26q%3DQuebec%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, John Alexander; Young, Brian J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8">A short history of Quebec</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2393-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-2393-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Quebec&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2393-7&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=John+Alexander&rft.au=Young%2C+Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofqu0000dick_z9p8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gairdner, William D (1994). Constitutional Crack-up: Canada and the Coming Showdown with Québec. Stoddart Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7737-5658-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7737-5658-2"><bdi>0-7737-5658-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Crack-up%3A+Canada+and+the+Coming+Showdown+with+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Stoddart+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7737-5658-2&rft.aulast=Gairdner&rft.aufirst=William+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gauvreau, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz7uyc94sUYC&q=Quebec&pg=PP1">The Catholic origins of Quebec's Quiet Revolution, 1931–1970</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2874-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2874-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-2874-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+origins+of+Quebec%27s+Quiet+Revolution%2C+1931%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2874-1&rft.aulast=Gauvreau&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJz7uyc94sUYC%26q%3DQuebec%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Grenon, Jean-Yves (2000). Pierre Dugua De Mons: Founder of Acadie (1604–5), Co-Founder of Quebec (1608). Translated by Phil Roberts. Annapolis Royal, NS: Peninsular Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9682016-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9682016-2-6"><bdi>978-0-9682016-2-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Dugua+De+Mons%3A+Founder+of+Acadie+%281604%E2%80%935%29%2C+Co-Founder+of+Quebec+%281608%29&rft.pub=Annapolis+Royal%2C+NS%3A+Peninsular+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9682016-2-6&rft.aulast=Grenon&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kokker, Steve (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iZB5AQ02PfIC&q=Quebec&pg=PP1">Québec</a>. Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-024-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-024-2"><bdi>978-1-74059-024-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-024-2&rft.aulast=Kokker&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiZB5AQ02PfIC%26q%3DQuebec%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lefkowitz, Arthur S. (2008). Benedict Arnold's Army: The 1775 American Invasion of Canada during the Revolutionary War. Savas Beatie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932714-03-6"><bdi>978-1-932714-03-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedict+Arnold%27s+Army%3A+The+1775+American+Invasion+of+Canada+during+the+Revolutionary+War&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-932714-03-6&rft.aulast=Lefkowitz&rft.aufirst=Arthur+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Maclure, Jocelyn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quebecidentitych0000macl">Quebec identity: the challenge of pluralism</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2553-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2553-5"><bdi>978-0-7735-2553-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quebec+identity%3A+the+challenge+of+pluralism&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2553-5&rft.aulast=Maclure&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquebecidentitych0000macl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">McRoberts, Kenneth; Posgate, Dale (1984). Québec: Social Change and Political Crisis (Rev. and updated ed.). McClelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-7185-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-7185-X"><bdi>0-7710-7185-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%A9bec%3A+Social+Change+and+Political+Crisis&rft.edition=Rev.+and+updated&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-7710-7185-X&rft.aulast=McRoberts&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Posgate%2C+Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Merriam; Webster (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersc00merr_6">Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary</a> (11th ed.). Merriam-Webster, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-809-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-809-5"><bdi>978-0-87779-809-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Collegiate+Dictionary&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-809-5&rft.au=Merriam&rft.au=Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerriamwebstersc00merr_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Roussopoulos, Dimitrios I, ed. (1974). Québec and Radical Social Change. Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919618-51-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-919618-51-0"><bdi>0-919618-51-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qu%C3%A9bec+and+Radical+Social+Change&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-919618-51-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Scott, Colin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bT6-05HTyFUC&q=Quebec&pg=PP1">Aboriginal autonomy and development in northern Quebec and Labrador</a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0844-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0844-6"><bdi>978-0-7748-0844-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+autonomy+and+development+in+northern+Quebec+and+Labrador&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0844-6&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbT6-05HTyFUC%26q%3DQuebec%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Taucar, Christopher Edward (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t17352tmB74C&q=Quebec&pg=PP1">Canadian Federalism and Quebec Sovereignty</a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6242-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6242-4"><bdi>978-0-8204-6242-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Federalism+and+Quebec+Sovereignty&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-6242-4&rft.aulast=Taucar&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt17352tmB74C%26q%3DQuebec%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Webb Hodge, Frederick (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2h8HAtCWsIAC&q=Handbook+of+American+Indians+North+of+Mexico">American Indians North of Mexico, Volume 4, Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Handbook</a>. Digital Scanning Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58218-751-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58218-751-8"><bdi>978-1-58218-751-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indians+North+of+Mexico%2C+Volume+4%2C+Smithsonian+Institution+Bureau+of+American+Ethnology+Handbook&rft.pub=Digital+Scanning+Inc&rft.date=1912&rft.isbn=978-1-58218-751-8&rft.aulast=Webb+Hodge&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2h8HAtCWsIAC%26q%3DHandbook%2Bof%2BAmerican%2BIndians%2BNorth%2Bof%2BMexico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Armony, Victor (2007). Le Québec expliqué aux immigrants. VLB Éditeur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89005-985-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89005-985-6"><bdi>978-2-89005-985-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Qu%C3%A9bec+expliqu%C3%A9+aux+immigrants&rft.pub=VLB+%C3%89diteur&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-89005-985-6&rft.aulast=Armony&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bergeron, Léandre; Landry, Pierre (2008). Petit manuel d'histoire du Québec, 1534–2008. Éditions Trois-Pistoles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89583-183-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89583-183-9"><bdi>978-2-89583-183-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petit+manuel+d%27histoire+du+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+1534%E2%80%932008&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Trois-Pistoles&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-89583-183-9&rft.aulast=Bergeron&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9andre&rft.au=Landry%2C+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Binot, Guy (2004). Pierre Dugua de Mons: gentilhomme royannais, premier colonisateur du Canada, lieutenant général de la Nouvelle-France de 1603 à 1612. Bonne anse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-914463-13-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-914463-13-3"><bdi>978-2-914463-13-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Dugua+de+Mons%3A+gentilhomme+royannais%2C+premier+colonisateur+du+Canada%2C+lieutenant+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+la+Nouvelle-France+de+1603+%C3%A0+1612&rft.pub=Bonne+anse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-914463-13-3&rft.aulast=Binot&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Institut de la statistique du Québec (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827015202/http://stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/referenc/pdf2010/QCM2010_fr.pdf">Le Québec chiffres en main</a> (PDF). Government of Quebec. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-550-49444-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-550-49444-7"><bdi>978-2-550-49444-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gouv.qc.ca/publications/referenc/pdf2010/QCM2010_fr.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 27, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Qu%C3%A9bec+chiffres+en+main&rft.pub=Government+of+Quebec&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-550-49444-7&rft.au=Institut+de+la+statistique+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gouv.qc.ca%2Fpublications%2Freferenc%2Fpdf2010%2FQCM2010_fr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lacoursière, Jacques; Provencher, Jean; Vaugeois, Denis (2000). Canada-Québec 1534–2000. Septentrion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89448-156-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89448-156-1"><bdi>978-2-89448-156-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada-Qu%C3%A9bec+1534%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Septentrion&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-89448-156-1&rft.aulast=Lacoursi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Provencher%2C+Jean&rft.au=Vaugeois%2C+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lacoursière, Jacques (2005). Histoire du Québec, Des origines à nos jours. Édition Nouveau Monde. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84736-113-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84736-113-1"><bdi>978-2-84736-113-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+Des+origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=%C3%89dition+Nouveau+Monde&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-84736-113-1&rft.aulast=Lacoursi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">La Rochelle, Louis (1982). En flagrant délit de pouvoir: chroniques des événements poliltiques, de Maurice Duplessis à René Lévesque. Boreal Express. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-89052-058-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-89052-058-7"><bdi>2-89052-058-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=En+flagrant+d%C3%A9lit+de+pouvoir%3A+chroniques+des+%C3%A9v%C3%A9nements+poliltiques%2C+de+Maurice+Duplessis+%C3%A0+Ren%C3%A9+L%C3%A9vesque&rft.pub=Boreal+Express&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=2-89052-058-7&rft.aulast=La+Rochelle&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Liebel, Jean (1999). Pierre Dugua, sieur de Mons, fondateur de Québec. Le Croît vif. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-907967-48-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-907967-48-8"><bdi>978-2-907967-48-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Dugua%2C+sieur+de+Mons%2C+fondateur+de+Qu%C3%A9bec&rft.pub=Le+Cro%C3%AEt+vif&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-907967-48-8&rft.aulast=Liebel&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Linteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain; Volume 1; De la Confédération à la crise (1867–1929). Les Éditions du Boréal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89052-297-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89052-297-8"><bdi>978-2-89052-297-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+contemporain%3B+Volume+1%3B+De+la+Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+%C3%A0+la+crise+%281867%E2%80%931929%29&rft.pub=Les+%C3%89ditions+du+Bor%C3%A9al&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-89052-297-8&rft.aulast=Linteau&rft.aufirst=Paul-Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Linteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain; Volume 2; Le Québec depuis 1930. Les Éditions du Boréal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89052-298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-89052-298-5"><bdi>978-2-89052-298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+contemporain%3B+Volume+2%3B+Le+Qu%C3%A9bec+depuis+1930&rft.pub=Les+%C3%89ditions+du+Bor%C3%A9al&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-89052-298-5&rft.aulast=Linteau&rft.aufirst=Paul-Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Morf, Gustave (1970). Le Terrorisme québécois. Éditions de l'Homme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Terrorisme+qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+l%27Homme&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Morf&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Parizeau, Jacques (1997). Pour un Québec souverain. V.L.B. éditeur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-89005-655-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-89005-655-4"><bdi>2-89005-655-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pour+un+Qu%C3%A9bec+souverain&rft.pub=V.L.B.+%C3%A9diteur&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=2-89005-655-4&rft.aulast=Parizeau&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pelletier, Réal, ed. (1975). Une Certaine Révolution tranquille: 22 juin [19]60–[19]75. La Presse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+Certaine+R%C3%A9volution+tranquille%3A+22+juin+%5B19%5D60%E2%80%93%5B19%5D75&rft.pub=La+Presse&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Venne, Michel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lannuaireduquebe0000unse">L'annuaire du Québec 2007</a>. Fides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7621-2746-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7621-2746-1"><bdi>978-2-7621-2746-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27annuaire+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+2007&rft.pub=Fides&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-7621-2746-1&rft.aulast=Venne&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flannuaireduquebe0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuebec" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Quebec at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Quebec" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Quebec">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quebec" class="extiw" title="c:Quebec">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Quebec" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Quebec">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Quebec" class="extiw" title="q:Quebec">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Quebec" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Quebec">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Quebec_and_Canada" class="extiw" title="v:Category:History of Quebec and Canada">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Quebec" class="extiw" title="voy:Quebec">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176" class="extiw" title="d:Q176">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quebec.ca/en/">Official website of the Government of Quebec</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bonjourquebec.com/en">Quebec government official tourist site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quebec_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quebec_topics" title="Template:Quebec topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quebec_topics" title="Template talk:Quebec topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quebec_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quebec topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quebec_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quebec</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Quebec-related_articles" title="Index of Quebec-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec" title="History of Quebec">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history" title="Timeline of Quebec history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(beginnings%E2%80%931533)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (beginnings–1533)">Prehistory to 1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_France_history_(1534%E2%80%931607)" title="Timeline of New France history (1534–1607)">1534–1607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1608%E2%80%931662)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1608–1662)">1608–1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1663%E2%80%931759)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1663–1759)">1663–1759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1760%E2%80%931790)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1760–1790)">1760–1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1791%E2%80%931840)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1791–1840)">1791–1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1841%E2%80%931866)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1841–1866)">1841–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1867%E2%80%931899)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1867–1899)">1867–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1900%E2%80%931930)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1900–1930)">1900–1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1931%E2%80%931959)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1931–1959)">1931–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Quebec_history_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of Quebec history (1982–present)">1982–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Historic identities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Colony of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Quebec" title="Geography of Quebec">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Quebec" title="List of lakes of Quebec">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Quebec" title="National Parks of Quebec">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Quebec" title="List of protected areas of Quebec">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Quebec" title="List of rivers of Quebec">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Quebec" title="Politics of Quebec">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_electoral_districts#Quebec_—_75_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian federal electoral districts">Electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Quebec" title="Executive Council of Quebec">Executive Council (cabinet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_general_elections" title="List of Quebec general elections">General elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">Lieutenant Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Official_Opposition_of_Quebec" title="List of leaders of the Official Opposition of Quebec">Leaders of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec" title="Monarchy in Quebec">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Quebec" title="List of political parties in Quebec">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Quebec" title="List of premiers of Quebec">Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Quebec" title="List of regions of Quebec">Regions (administrative)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Quebec" title="Economy of Quebec">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Quebec">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Quebec" title="Tourism in Quebec">Tourism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transportation">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Quebec" title="List of airports in Quebec">airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_provincial_highways" title="List of Quebec provincial highways">highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_railways" title="List of Quebec railways">railways</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Quebec" title="Culture of Quebec">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Quebec" title="Architecture of Quebec">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Quebec" title="Cinema of Quebec">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_movies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Quebec movies">List of movies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Quebec" title="Dance in Quebec">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Quebec" title="List of festivals in Quebec">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Quebec" title="Folklore of Quebec">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9pertoire_du_patrimoine_culturel_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec">Heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Quebec" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec">Historic Sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_in_Quebec" title="Comedy in Quebec">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_literature" title="Quebec literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_writers" title="List of Quebec writers">List of writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quebec_media" title="List of Quebec media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Quebec" title="Music of Quebec">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada#Quebec" title="Public holidays in Canada">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French-language_Canadian_television_series" title="List of French-language Canadian television series">TV shows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Quebec" title="Demographics of Quebec">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Quebec" title="Indigenous peoples in Quebec">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_divisions_of_Quebec" title="List of census divisions of Quebec">Census divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Quebec" title="List of communities in Quebec">Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Quebec" title="Demographic history of Quebec">Demographic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Quebec" title="Education in Quebec">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_demographics_of_Quebec" title="Language demographics of Quebec">Language demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Quebec" title="List of people from Quebec">Notable people from Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebecois_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebecois people">Québécois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecer" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking Quebecer">English-speaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Quebec" title="Symbols of Quebec">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Quebec" title="Coat of arms of Quebec">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Quebec" title="Flag of Quebec">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis#Canada" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Quebec" title="Great Seal of Quebec">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_versicolor" title="Iris versicolor">Iris versicolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_me_souviens" title="Je me souviens">Je me souviens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_Province_(nickname)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Belle Province (nickname)">La Belle Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">Saint-Jean-Baptiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowy_owl" title="Snowy owl">Snowy owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow birch">Yellow birch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Quebec" title="Outline of Quebec">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Quebec-related_articles" title="Index of Quebec-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quebec" title="Category:Quebec">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121928834">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/157025694">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207316/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRCQp8M3whjghQmqVPXM">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4048030-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80001244">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119396489">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119396489">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00628471">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35437291">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134446&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450963">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6033643">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000638778&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000031486">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=6830">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000047744">Argentina</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/54839">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557240905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515604906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/a510b9b1-404d-4e23-8db8-0f6585909ed8">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05194141?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/952601">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026398982">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044773">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec&oldid=1259815613">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec&oldid=1259815613</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quebec" title="Category:Quebec">Quebec</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1867_establishments_in_Canada" title="Category:1867 establishments in Canada">1867 establishments in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_Canada" title="Category:Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Canada" title="Category:Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:French-speaking countries and territories">French-speaking countries and territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1534" title="Category:Populated places established in 1534">Populated places established in 1534</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Category:Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1867" title="Category:States and territories established in 1867">States and territories established in 1867</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Canadian_French-language_sources_(fr-ca)" title="Category:CS1 Canadian French-language sources (fr-ca)">CS1 Canadian French-language sources (fr-ca)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2024">Articles with dead external links from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_July_2014" title="Category:Use Canadian English from July 2014">Use Canadian English from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2023">Use mdy dates from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_be_too_long_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles that may be too long from June 2024">Articles that may be too long from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_motto_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_demonym_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_image_map1_but_not_image_map" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map">Pages using infobox settlement with image map1 but not image map</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Iroquoian_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Iroquoian languages">Articles with text in Iroquoian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_June_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2019">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2009" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 05:47 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-npb9k","wgBackendResponseTime":199,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.915","walltime":"4.596","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29722,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":890852,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":51202,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":105,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1329483,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3899.249 1 -total"," 43.98% 1715.057 2 Template:Reflist"," 29.03% 1132.133 278 Template:Cite_web"," 12.34% 481.000 1 Template:Infobox_province_or_territory_of_Canada"," 12.26% 478.102 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 11.73% 457.266 4 Template:Infobox"," 8.75% 341.121 74 Template:Cite_book"," 6.23% 242.959 21 Template:Sfn"," 4.32% 168.619 1 Template:Quebec_topics"," 4.27% 166.435 1 Template:Region_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.486","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23190775,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFADISQ\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFARCQ\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfableBeeler1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArsenaultLamarcheDaigle1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabin1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaillargeon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergeron2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBothwell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBranch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunTremblayBrouillet2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunet1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrûlotte2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBustaHui\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBélanger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBélanger,_Claude2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBéliveauVauclair2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanada2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Association_of_Geographers1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarabin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharpentierDurocherLavilleLinteau1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChartrand2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiasson1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCirque_du_Soleil\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClaude_Morneau,_Ph._D.Pierre-Luc_Couillard,_ing.f.,_Ph._D.Jason_Laflamme,_ing.f.,_M._ScMélanie_Major,_ing.f.,_M._Sc.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole_Harris1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommission_de_toponymie_du_Québec\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyr2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDagenais2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinsonYoung2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirecteur_général_des_élections_du_Québec\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDufour2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuplé2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupont2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEccles2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeeMcAlpine2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowke1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagnéLanglois2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGouvernement_du_Québec2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGreenough1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGÉLINASFerretti2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistoric_SitesMonuments_Board_of_Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHébert1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFICI.Radio-Canada.ca\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitut_de_la_statistique_du_Québec\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozhaya2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKélada1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Cité_du_cinéma\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_soirée_des_Jutra\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacoursièreProvencherVaugeois2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurendeau2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Cours,_Rudy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeaMilwardRowe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepage,_Denis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinson-KingMurphy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitalien2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoignon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLordSassevilleBruneauLachance1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLévesque2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarotte\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathieu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIlwraithMuller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Culture_and_Communications_of_Quebec2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Environment_of_Quebec2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistère_de_la_Sécurité_publique2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson,_Robert1838\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOfficerSmith2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnishi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOuellet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaquette2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParent2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParizeau2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerreault,_Mathieu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlouffe,_Hélène\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQMI\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuebec_Portal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuébec\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiendeau2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauvé,_Mathieu-Robert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheppard2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSéguin,_Hugo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTellier,_Chantal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTermoteThibault2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTetley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToby_Elaine_Morantz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrudel1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrudel1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVadnais2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWherrett1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmorePineau2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFl\u0026#039;Innovation\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFÉmondLauzière2003\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bots\"] = 1,\n [\"Canada topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EPD\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite canlaw\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite cgndb\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 278,\n [\"Convert\"] = 19,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"End div col\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"Ill\"] = 14,\n [\"Infobox province or territory of Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"La Francophonie\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 35,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 22,\n [\"Legend-table\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 24,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Pop density\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Quebec topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 21,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Very long\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","15.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","12.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","7.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","7.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","5.4"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","120","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","4.7"],["(for generator)","80","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","3.1"],["[others]","760","29.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-57b59b5979-6n5dr","timestamp":"20241127054811","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Quebec","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quebec","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q176","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q176","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-03-27T18:14:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T05:47:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Flag_of_Quebec.svg","headline":"province of Canada"}</script> </body> </html>