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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practitioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practitioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Practitioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practitioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_career_choice_in_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_career_choice_in_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>As a career choice in the US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_career_choice_in_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subspecialties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecialties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Subspecialties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecialties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical application</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_application-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical application subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diagnostic_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostic_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Diagnostic systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostic_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_use_of_MRI/fMRI_in_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_use_of_MRI/fMRI_in_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Potential use of MRI/fMRI in diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_use_of_MRI/fMRI_in_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnostic_manuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostic_manuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Diagnostic manuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostic_manuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inpatient_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inpatient_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Inpatient treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inpatient_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outpatient_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outpatient_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Outpatient treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outpatient_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telepsychiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telepsychiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Telepsychiatry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telepsychiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Earliest knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_specialty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_specialty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medical specialty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_specialty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversy and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Cited texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychiatry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psigiatrie" title="Psigiatrie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Psigiatrie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="طب نفسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب نفسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psiquiatr%C3%ADa" title="Psiquiatría – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Psiquiatría" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հոգեբուժութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հոգեբուժութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মনোৰোগ-বিজ্ঞান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মনোৰোগ-বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psiquiatr%C3%ADa" title="Psiquiatría – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Psiquiatría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psixiatriya" title="Psixiatriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Psixiatriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سایکیاتری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سایکیاتری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মনোরোগ বিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মনোরোগ বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-s%C3%AEn-i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Cheng-sîn-i-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cheng-sîn-i-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%96%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Псіхіятрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Псіхіятрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Псыхіятрыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Псыхіятрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психиатрия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Психиатрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihijatrija" title="Psihijatrija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Psihijatrija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psiquiatria" title="Psiquiatria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Psiquiatria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrie" title="Psychiatrie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psychiatrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapapfungwa" title="Rapapfungwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rapapfungwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykiatri" title="Psykiatri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Psykiatri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrie" title="Psychiatrie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Psychiatrie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps%C3%BChhiaatria" title="Psühhiaatria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Psühhiaatria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ψυχιατρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψυχιατρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psiquiatr%C3%ADa" title="Psiquiatría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Psiquiatría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikiatrio" title="Psikiatrio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Psikiatrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikiatria" title="Psikiatria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Psikiatria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="روان‌پزشکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روان‌پزشکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrie" title="Psychiatrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Psychiatrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Psychiatry" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADciatracht" title="Síciatracht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Síciatracht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psiquiatr%C3%ADa" title="Psiquiatría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Psiquiatría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%A0%EA%B1%B4%EA%B0%95%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99" title="정신건강의학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정신건강의학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հոգեբուժություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոգեբուժություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मनोरोग विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मनोरोग विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihijatrija" title="Psihijatrija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Psihijatrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikiatrio" title="Psikiatrio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Psikiatrio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikiatri" title="Psikiatri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Psikiatri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatria" title="Psychiatria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Psychiatria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psichiatria" title="Psichiatria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Psichiatria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="פסיכיאטריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסיכיאטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikiatri" title="Psikiatri – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Psikiatri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_(%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF)" title="ಮನೋವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ (ಸೈಕಿಯಾಟ್ರಿ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮನೋವೈದ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ (ಸೈಕಿಯಾಟ್ರಿ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფსიქიატრია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფსიქიატრია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps%C3%AEkiyatr%C3%AE" title="Psîkiyatrî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Psîkiyatrî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психиатрия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Психиатрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatria" title="Psychiatria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Psychiatria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihiatrija" title="Psihiatrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Psihiatrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psichiatrija" title="Psichiatrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Psichiatrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrie" title="Psychiatrie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Psychiatrie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pszichi%C3%A1tria" title="Pszichiátria – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pszichiátria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Психијатрија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Психијатрија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="സൈക്യാട്രി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൈക്യാട്രി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%89" title="طب نفسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طب نفسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="روان پزشکی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روان پزشکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikiatri" title="Psikiatri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Psikiatri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="စိတ်ရောဂါပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိတ်ရောဂါပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrie" title="Psychiatrie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Psychiatrie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="मनोरोग विज्ञान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मनोरोग विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="精神医学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="精神医学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykiatri" title="Psykiatri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Psykiatri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykiatri" title="Psykiatri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Psykiatri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psiquiatria" title="Psiquiatria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Psiquiatria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਾਈਕੈਟਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਈਕੈਟਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87" title="سادرملنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سادرملنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psichiatr%C3%ACa" title="Psichiatrìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Psichiatrìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatria" title="Psychiatria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Psychiatria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psiquiatria" title="Psiquiatria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Psiquiatria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihiatrie" title="Psihiatrie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Psihiatrie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психиатрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Психиатрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikiatria" title="Psikiatria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Psikiatria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="මනෝ වෛද්‍යවේදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මනෝ වෛද්‍යවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Psychiatry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatria" title="Psychiatria – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Psychiatria" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihiatrija" title="Psihiatrija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Psihiatrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="دەروونپزیشکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروونپزیشکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Психијатрија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Психијатрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihijatrija" title="Psihijatrija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Psihijatrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykiatria" title="Psykiatria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Psykiatria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykiatri" title="Psykiatri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psykiatri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikiyatriya" title="Sikiyatriya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sikiyatriya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உளநோய் மருத்துவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உளநோய் மருத்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="จิตเวชศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิตเวชศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Равонпизишкӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Равонпизишкӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikiyatri" title="Psikiyatri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Psikiyatri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Психіатрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Психіатрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="طب نفسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طب نفسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psichiatria" title="Psichiatria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Psichiatria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_t%C3%A2m_th%E1%BA%A7n" title="Khoa tâm thần – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa tâm thần" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikyatriya" title="Psikyatriya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Psikyatriya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="精神病学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="精神病学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פסיכיאטריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פסיכיאטריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="精神醫學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="精神醫學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="精神病学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychology</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical specialty</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Psychiatry</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi_and_Caduceus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Psi_and_Caduceus.svg/220px-Psi_and_Caduceus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Psi_and_Caduceus.svg/330px-Psi_and_Caduceus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Psi_and_Caduceus.svg/440px-Psi_and_Caduceus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Focus</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">biological psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychiatry" title="Social psychiatry">social psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interventional_psychiatry" title="Interventional psychiatry">interventional psychiatry</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Significant <span style="padding-left:1px;">diseases</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">impulse-control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">neurodevelopmental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorders</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Significant <span style="padding-left:1px;">tests</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mental_status_examination" title="Mental status examination">Mental status examination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">psychological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_test" title="Cognitive test">cognitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personality_test" title="Personality test">personality tests</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Specialist</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">Psychiatrist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.185em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Glossary</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" title="Glossary of psychiatry">Glossary of psychiatry</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Psychiatry</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">medical specialty</a> devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of deleterious <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental conditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include various matters related to mood, behaviour, <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perceptions</a>, and emotions. </p><p>Initial psychiatric assessment of a person begins with creating a <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">case history</a> and conducting a <a href="/wiki/Mental_status_examination" title="Mental status examination">mental status examination</a>. Physical examinations, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological test">psychological tests</a>, and laboratory tests may be conducted. On occasion, <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurophysiological">neurophysiological</a> studies are performed.<sup id="cite_ref-NIMHSite_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIMHSite-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mental disorders are diagnosed in accordance with diagnostic manuals such as the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">International Classification of Diseases</a></i> (ICD),<sup id="cite_ref-Do_mental_health_professionals_use_diagnostic_classifications_the_way_we_think_they_do?_A_global_survey_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Do_mental_health_professionals_use_diagnostic_classifications_the_way_we_think_they_do?_A_global_survey-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> edited by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i> (DSM), published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> (APA). The fifth edition of the DSM (<a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>), published in May 2013, reorganized the categories of disorders and added newer information and insights consistent with current research.<sup id="cite_ref-Kupfer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kupfer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treatment may include <a href="/wiki/Psychotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotropic">psychotropics</a> (psychiatric medicines), <a href="/wiki/Interventional_psychiatry" title="Interventional psychiatry">interventional</a> approaches and <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also other modalities such as <a href="/wiki/Assertive_community_treatment" title="Assertive community treatment">assertive community treatment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training" title="Community reinforcement approach and family training">community reinforcement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Substance-abuse_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance-abuse treatment">substance-abuse treatment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supported_employment" title="Supported employment">supported employment</a>. Treatment may be delivered on an <a href="/wiki/Inpatient" class="mw-redirect" title="Inpatient">inpatient</a> or <a href="/wiki/Outpatient" class="mw-redirect" title="Outpatient">outpatient</a> basis, depending on the severity of functional impairment or risk to the individual or community. Research within psychiatry is conducted on an interdisciplinary basis with other professionals, such as <a href="/wiki/Epidemiologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemiologists">epidemiologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nurses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Social workers">social workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapists" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational therapists">occupational therapists</a>, and clinical <a href="/wiki/Psychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychologists">psychologists</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Lady_Against_The_Sky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/American_Lady_Against_The_Sky.jpg/220px-American_Lady_Against_The_Sky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/American_Lady_Against_The_Sky.jpg/330px-American_Lady_Against_The_Sky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/American_Lady_Against_The_Sky.jpg/440px-American_Lady_Against_The_Sky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psyche" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psyche">psyche</a></i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> for '<a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fluttering insect appears in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>psychiatry</i> was first coined by the German <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Reil" title="Johann Christian Reil">Johann Christian Reil</a> in 1808 and literally means the 'medical treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>' (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psych" class="extiw" title="wikt:psych">ψυχή psych-</a></i> 'soul' from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i>psykhē</i> 'soul'; <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-iatry" class="extiw" title="wikt:-iatry">-iatry</a></i> 'medical treatment' from Gk. ιατρικός <i>iātrikos</i> 'medical' from ιάσθαι <i>iāsthai</i> 'to heal'). A medical doctor specializing in psychiatry is a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a> (for a historical overview, see: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychiatry" title="Timeline of psychiatry">Timeline of psychiatry</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_and_focus">Theory and focus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory and focus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:24em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Psychiatry, more than any other branch of medicine, forces its practitioners to wrestle with the nature of evidence, the validity of introspection, problems in communication, and other long-standing philosophical issues" <small>(<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#cite_note-Guze4-5">Guze, 1992, p.4</a>).</small> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>Psychiatry refers to a field of medicine focused specifically on the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>, aiming to <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">study</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">prevent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_mental_disorders" title="Treatment of mental disorders">treat</a> <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guze4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guze4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Storrow1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storrow1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyness19973_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyness19973-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been described as an intermediary between the world from a social context and the world from the perspective of those who are mentally ill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGask20047_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGask20047-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People who specialize in psychiatry often differ from most other <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_professional" title="Mental health professional">mental health professionals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> in that they must be familiar with both the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Storrow1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storrow1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discipline studies the operations of different organs and body systems as classified by the patient's subjective experiences and the objective physiology of the patient. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuze1992131_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuze1992131-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychiatry treats mental disorders, which are conventionally divided into three general categories: <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental illnesses</a>, severe learning disabilities, and <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGask2004113_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGask2004113-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the focus of psychiatry has changed little over time, the diagnostic and treatment processes have evolved dramatically and continue to do so. Since the late 20th century, the field of psychiatry has continued to become more biological and less conceptually isolated from other medical fields.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGask2004128_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGask2004128-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope_of_practice">Scope of practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scope of practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Neurology#Overlap_with_psychiatry" title="Neurology">Neurology § Overlap with psychiatry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neuropsychiatric_conditions_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Neuropsychiatric_conditions_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg/250px-Neuropsychiatric_conditions_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Neuropsychiatric_conditions_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg/375px-Neuropsychiatric_conditions_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Neuropsychiatric_conditions_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg/500px-Neuropsychiatric_conditions_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2002.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for neuropsychiatric conditions per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3b3b3; color:black;"> </span> no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff65; color:black;"> </span> less than 10</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff200; color:black;"> </span> 10–20</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffdc00; color:black;"> </span> 20–30</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc600; color:black;"> </span> 30–40</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb000; color:black;"> </span> 40–50</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff9a00; color:black;"> </span> 50–60</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8400; color:black;"> </span> 60–80</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6e00; color:black;"> </span> 80–100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff5800; color:black;"> </span> 100–120</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff4200; color:black;"> </span> 120–140</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff2c00; color:black;"> </span> 140–150</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cb0000; color:white;"> </span> more than 150</div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Though the medical specialty of psychiatry uses research in the field of <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pietrini_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pietrini-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has generally been considered a middle ground between <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a> and psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter1997326_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter1997326-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because psychiatry and neurology are deeply intertwined medical specialties, all certification for both specialties and for their subspecialties is offered by a single board, the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, one of the member boards of the American Board of Medical Specialties.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other physicians and neurologists, psychiatrists specialize in the <a href="/wiki/Doctor%E2%80%93patient_relationship" title="Doctor–patient relationship">doctor–patient relationship</a> and are trained to varying extents in the use of psychotherapy and other therapeutic communication techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter1997326_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter1997326-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychiatrists also differ from psychologists in that they are physicians and have post-graduate training called residency (usually four to five years) in psychiatry; the quality and thoroughness of their graduate medical training is identical to that of all other physicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Hauser_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hauser-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychiatrists can therefore counsel patients, prescribe medication, order <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">laboratory tests</a>, order <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a>, and conduct <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examinations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIMHSite_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIMHSite-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, some psychiatrists are trained in <a href="/wiki/Interventional_psychiatry" title="Interventional psychiatry">interventional psychiatry</a> and can deliver interventional treatments such as <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">transcranial magnetic stimulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve_stimulation" title="Vagus nerve stimulation">vagus nerve stimulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethical_issues_in_psychiatry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ethical issues in psychiatry (disambiguation)">Ethical issues in psychiatry (disambiguation)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Psychiatric_Association" title="World Psychiatric Association">World Psychiatric Association</a> issues an <a href="/wiki/Ethical_code" title="Ethical code">ethical code</a> to govern the conduct of psychiatrists (like other purveyors of <a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">professional ethics</a>). The psychiatric code of ethics, first set forth through the Declaration of Hawaii in 1977 has been expanded through a 1983 Vienna update and in the broader Madrid Declaration in 1996. The code was further revised during the organization's general assemblies in 1999, 2002, 2005, and 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-WPAethics_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPAethics-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The World Psychiatric Association code covers such matters as <a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">confidentiality</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a>, ethnic or cultural discrimination,<sup id="cite_ref-WPAethics_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPAethics-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, genetics, the <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">human dignity</a> of incapacitated patients, media relations, organ transplantation, patient assessment, research ethics, sex selection,<sup id="cite_ref-Lopez_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopez-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gluzman_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gluzman-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Debreu_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debreu-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and up-to-date knowledge. </p><p>In establishing such ethical codes, the profession has responded to a number of controversies about the practice of psychiatry, for example, surrounding the use of <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">lobotomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a>. </p><p>Discredited psychiatrists who operated outside the norms of <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">medical ethics</a> include <a href="/wiki/Harry_Bailey" title="Harry Bailey">Harry Bailey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ewen_Cameron" title="Donald Ewen Cameron">Donald Ewen Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright" title="Samuel A. Cartwright">Samuel A. Cartwright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(doctor)" title="Henry Cotton (doctor)">Henry Cotton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Snezhnevsky" title="Andrei Snezhnevsky">Andrei Snezhnevsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirk2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirk2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approaches">Approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychiatric illnesses can be conceptualised in a number of different ways. The <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_model" title="Biomedical model">biomedical</a> approach examines signs and symptoms and compares them with diagnostic criteria. Mental illness can be assessed, conversely, through a narrative which tries to incorporate symptoms into a meaningful life history and to frame them as responses to external conditions. Both approaches are important in the field of psychiatry<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have not sufficiently reconciled to settle <a href="/wiki/Biopsychiatry_controversy" title="Biopsychiatry controversy">controversy</a> over either the selection of a psychiatric <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> or the specification of <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathology</a>. The notion of a "<a href="/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model" title="Biopsychosocial model">biopsychosocial model</a>" is often used to underline the multifactorial nature of clinical impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_N_1998_86–92;_discussion_93–6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_N_1998_86–92;_discussion_93–6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_madness_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_madness-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_psychiatry_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_psychiatry-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this notion the word <i>model</i> is not used in a strictly scientific way though.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_N_1998_86–92;_discussion_93–6_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_N_1998_86–92;_discussion_93–6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, a Niall McLaren acknowledges the physiological basis for the mind's existence but identifies <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Antireductionism" title="Antireductionism">irreducible</a> and independent realm in which disorder may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_N_1998_86–92;_discussion_93–6_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_N_1998_86–92;_discussion_93–6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_madness_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_madness-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_psychiatry_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_psychiatry-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biocognitive approach includes a <a href="/wiki/Mentalism_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentalism (philosophy)">mentalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiology</a> and provides a natural <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">dualist</a> (i.e., non-spiritual) revision of the biopsychosocial view, reflecting the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> psychiatrist Niall McLaren to bring the discipline into scientific maturity in accordance with the paradigmatic standards of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_N_1998_86–92;_discussion_93–6_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_N_1998_86–92;_discussion_93–6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_madness_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_madness-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McLaren_psychiatry_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaren_psychiatry-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a medical professional diagnoses a patient there are numerous ways that they could choose to treat the patient. Often psychiatrists will develop a treatment strategy that incorporates different facets of different approaches into one. Drug prescriptions are very commonly written to be regimented to patients along with any therapy they receive. There are three major pillars of psychotherapy that treatment strategies are most regularly drawn from. <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a> attempts to put the "whole" of the patient in perspective; it also focuses on self exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-humanistic_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanistic-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a> is a therapeutic school of thought that elects to focus solely on real and observable events, rather than mining the unconscious or <i>subconscious</i>. <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a>, on the other hand, concentrates its dealings on early childhood, irrational drives, the unconscious, and conflict between conscious and unconscious streams.<sup id="cite_ref-psychoanalysis_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psychoanalysis-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practitioners">Practitioners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Practitioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">Psychiatrist</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Psychiatry##" title="Talk:Psychiatry">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> can diagnose mental disorders and prescribe treatments utilizing principles of psychiatry. <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">Psychiatrists</a> are trained physicians who specialize in psychiatry and are certified to treat <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>. They may treat outpatients, inpatients, or both; they may practice as solo practitioners or as members of groups; they may be self-employed, be members of partnerships, or be employees of governmental, academic, nonprofit, or for-profit entities; employees of hospitals; they may treat military personnel as civilians or as members of the military; and in any of these settings they may function as clinicians, researchers, teachers, or some combination of these. Although psychiatrists may also go through significant training to conduct <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>, it is their training as physicians that differentiates them from other <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_professional" title="Mental health professional">mental health professionals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_a_career_choice_in_the_US">As a career choice in the US</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: As a career choice in the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychiatry was not a popular career choice among medical students, even though medical school placements are rated favorably.<sup id="cite_ref-link.springer.com_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-link.springer.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has resulted in a significant shortage of psychiatrists in the United States and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strategies to address this shortfall have included the use of short 'taster' placements early in the medical school curriculum<sup id="cite_ref-link.springer.com_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-link.springer.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attempts to extend psychiatry services further using <a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">telemedicine</a> technologies and other methods.<sup id="cite_ref-THIELE_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THIELE-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, however, there has been an increase in the number of medical students entering into a psychiatry residency. There are several reasons for this surge, including the intriguing nature of the field, growing interest in <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_genetics" title="Psychiatric genetics">genetic biomarkers involved</a> in psychiatric diagnoses, and newer pharmaceuticals on the drug market to treat psychiatric illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecialties">Subspecialties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Subspecialties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of psychiatry has many subspecialties that require additional training and certification by the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Psychiatry_and_Neurology" title="American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology">American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology</a> (ABPN). Such subspecialties include:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">addiction medicine</a></li> <li>Brain injury medicine<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry" title="Child and adolescent psychiatry">Child and adolescent psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_psychiatry" title="Liaison psychiatry">Consultation-liaison psychiatry</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Forensic psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_psychiatry" title="Geriatric psychiatry">Geriatric psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_and_palliative_medicine" title="Hospice and palliative medicine">Hospice and palliative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychiatry" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychiatry" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychiatry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p>Additional psychiatry subspecialties, for which the ABPN does not provide formal certification, include:<sup id="cite_ref-UKReq_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKReq-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_mental_health_service" title="Community mental health service">Community psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Evolutionary psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_mental_health" title="Global mental health">Global mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychiatry" title="Military psychiatry">Military psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">Neurodevelopmental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_psychiatry" title="Interventional psychiatry">Interventional Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychiatry" title="Social psychiatry">Social psychiatry</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a> focuses on evaluation and treatment of individuals with alcohol, drug, or other substance-related disorders, and of individuals with dual diagnosis of substance-related and other psychiatric disorders. <a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a> is an approach to psychiatry that aims to understand mental disorders in terms of the biological function of the nervous system. <a href="/wiki/Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry" title="Child and adolescent psychiatry">Child and adolescent psychiatry</a> is the branch of psychiatry that specializes in work with children, teenagers, and their families. <a href="/wiki/Community_psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Community psychiatry">Community psychiatry</a> is an approach that reflects an inclusive <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> perspective and is practiced in <a href="/wiki/Community_mental_health_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Community mental health services">community mental health services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a> is a branch of psychiatry concerned with the cultural and ethnic context of mental disorder and psychiatric services. <a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a> is the clinical application of psychiatry in emergency settings. <a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Forensic psychiatry</a> utilizes medical science generally, and psychiatric knowledge and assessment methods in particular, to help answer legal questions. <a href="/wiki/Geriatric_psychiatry" title="Geriatric psychiatry">Geriatric psychiatry</a> is a branch of psychiatry dealing with the study, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in the <a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">elderly</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_mental_health" title="Global mental health">Global mental health</a> is an area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving mental health and achieving equity in mental health for all people worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-Patel_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patel-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some scholars consider it to be a neo-colonial, culturally insensitive project.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liaison_psychiatry" title="Liaison psychiatry">Liaison psychiatry</a> is the branch of psychiatry that specializes in the interface between other medical specialties and psychiatry. <a href="/wiki/Military_psychiatry" title="Military psychiatry">Military psychiatry</a> covers special aspects of psychiatry and mental disorders within the military context. <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a> is a branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system. <a href="/wiki/Social_psychiatry" title="Social psychiatry">Social psychiatry</a> is a branch of psychiatry that focuses on the interpersonal and cultural context of mental disorder and mental well-being. </p><p>In larger healthcare organizations, psychiatrists often serve in senior management roles, where they are responsible for the efficient and effective delivery of mental health services for the organization's constituents. For example, the Chief of Mental Health Services at most VA medical centers is usually a psychiatrist, although psychologists occasionally are selected for the position as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, psychiatry is one of the few specialties which qualify for further education and board-certification in <a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">pain medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">sleep medicine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychiatric research is, by its very nature, interdisciplinary; combining social, biological and psychological perspectives in attempt to understand the nature and treatment of mental disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-UManchester_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UManchester-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinical and research psychiatrists study basic and clinical psychiatric topics at research institutions and publish articles in journals.<sup id="cite_ref-Pietrini_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pietrini-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYSPI_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYSPI-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPRF_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPRF-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elsevier_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elsevier-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Institutional_review_board" title="Institutional review board">institutional review boards</a>, psychiatric clinical researchers look at topics such as neuroimaging, genetics, and psychopharmacology in order to enhance diagnostic validity and reliability, to discover new treatment methods, and to classify new mental disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_application">Clinical application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clinical application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnostic_systems">Diagnostic systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diagnostic systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_classification_and_rating_scales_used_in_psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry">Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_assessment" title="Psychiatric assessment">Psychiatric diagnoses</a> take place in a wide variety of settings and are performed by many different <a href="/wiki/Health_care_provider" title="Health care provider">health professionals</a>. Therefore, the diagnostic procedure may vary greatly based upon these factors. Typically, though, a psychiatric diagnosis utilizes a <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis</a> procedure where a <a href="/wiki/Mental_status_examination" title="Mental status examination">mental status examination</a> and physical examination is conducted, with <a href="/wiki/Pathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathological">pathological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychopathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopathological">psychopathological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial" title="Psychosocial">psychosocial</a> histories obtained, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimages</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurophysiological">neurophysiological</a> measurements are taken, or <a href="/wiki/Personality_test" title="Personality test">personality tests</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_test" title="Cognitive test">cognitive tests</a> administered.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyendorf_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyendorf-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyness199710_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyness199710-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hampel_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hampel-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, a brain scan might be used to rule out other medical illnesses, but at this time relying on brain scans alone cannot accurately diagnose a mental illness or tell the risk of getting a mental illness in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some clinicians are beginning to utilize <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a><sup id="cite_ref-Krebs_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benes_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benes-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vonk_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vonk-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and automated <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a> assessment<sup id="cite_ref-Low_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Low-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the diagnostic process but on the whole these remain research topics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_use_of_MRI/fMRI_in_diagnosis"><span id="Potential_use_of_MRI.2FfMRI_in_diagnosis"></span>Potential use of MRI/fMRI in diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Potential use of MRI/fMRI in diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> commissioned a review to reach a consensus on whether modern clinical <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>/<a href="/wiki/FMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMRI">fMRI</a> will be able to be used in the diagnosis of mental health disorders. The criteria presented by the APA stated that the biomarkers used in diagnosis should: </p> <ol><li>"have a sensitivity of at least 80% for detecting a particular psychiatric disorder"</li> <li>"should have a specificity of at least 80% for distinguishing this disorder from other psychiatric or medical disorders"</li> <li>"should be reliable, reproducible, and ideally be noninvasive, simple to perform, and inexpensive"</li> <li>"proposed biomarkers should be verified by 2 independent studies each by a different investigator and different population samples and published in a peer-reviewed journal"</li></ol> <p>The review concluded that although <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> diagnosis may technically be feasible, very large studies are needed to evaluate specific biomarkers which were not available.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnostic_manuals">Diagnostic manuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diagnostic manuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></div> <p>Three main diagnostic manuals used to classify mental health conditions are in use today. The <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a> is produced and published by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, includes a section on psychiatric conditions, and is used worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-ICD10_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICD10-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a>, produced and published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> (APA), is primarily focused on mental health conditions and is the main classification tool in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently in its fifth revised edition and is also used worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Society_of_Psychiatry" title="Chinese Society of Psychiatry">Chinese Society of Psychiatry</a> has also produced a diagnostic manual, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Classification_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders">Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stated intention of diagnostic manuals is typically to develop replicable and clinically useful categories and criteria, to facilitate consensus and agreed upon standards, whilst being atheoretical as regards etiology.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Essen_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essen-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the categories are nevertheless based on particular psychiatric theories and data; they are broad and often specified by numerous possible combinations of symptoms, and many of the categories overlap in symptomology or typically occur together.<sup id="cite_ref-Mezzich_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mezzich-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While originally intended only as a guide for experienced clinicians trained in its use, the nomenclature is now widely used by clinicians, administrators and insurance companies in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Guze2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guze2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DSM has attracted praise for standardizing psychiatric diagnostic categories and criteria. It has also attracted controversy and criticism. Some critics argue that the DSM represents an <a href="/wiki/Unscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Unscientific">unscientific</a> system that enshrines the opinions of a few powerful psychiatrists. There are ongoing issues concerning the <a href="/wiki/Validity_(statistics)" title="Validity (statistics)">validity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)" title="Reliability (statistics)">reliability</a> of the diagnostic categories; the reliance on superficial <a href="/wiki/Symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptoms">symptoms</a>; the use of artificial dividing lines between categories and from '<a href="/wiki/Normality_(behavior)" title="Normality (behavior)">normality</a>'; possible <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> bias; <a href="/wiki/Medicalization" title="Medicalization">medicalization</a> of human distress and financial <a href="/wiki/Conflicts_of_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflicts of interest">conflicts of interest</a>, including with the practice of psychiatrists and with the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical industry</a>; political controversies about the inclusion or exclusion of diagnoses from the manual, in general or in regard to specific issues; and the experience of those who are most directly affected by the manual by being diagnosed, including the <a href="/wiki/Consumer/survivor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer/survivor movement">consumer/survivor movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-concept&evolution_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concept&evolution-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_considerations">General considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIMH_Clinical_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/NIMH_Clinical_Center.JPG/220px-NIMH_Clinical_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/NIMH_Clinical_Center.JPG/330px-NIMH_Clinical_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/NIMH_Clinical_Center.JPG/440px-NIMH_Clinical_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>NIMH federal agency patient room for Psychiatric research, Maryland, US</figcaption></figure> <p>Individuals receiving psychiatric treatment are commonly referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patients</a></i> but may also be called <i><a href="/wiki/Customer" title="Customer">clients</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a></i>, or <i>service recipients</i>. They may come under the care of a psychiatric physician or other psychiatric practitioners by various paths, the two most common being self-<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/referral" class="extiw" title="wikt:referral">referral</a> or referral by a <a href="/wiki/Primary_care_physician" title="Primary care physician">primary care physician</a>. Alternatively, a person may be referred by hospital medical staff, by <a href="/wiki/Court_order" title="Court order">court order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">involuntary commitment</a>, or, in countries such as the UK and Australia, by <a href="/wiki/Sectioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectioning">sectioning</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Mental_health_law" title="Mental health law">mental health law</a>. </p><p>A psychiatrist or medical provider evaluates people through a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_assessment" title="Psychiatric assessment">psychiatric assessment</a> for their mental and physical condition. This usually involves interviewing the person and often obtaining information from other sources such as other health and social care professionals, relatives, associates, law enforcement personnel, emergency medical personnel, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_diagnostic_classification_and_rating_scales_used_in_psychiatry" title="List of diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry">psychiatric rating scales</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Mental_status_examination" title="Mental status examination">mental status examination</a> is carried out, and a <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> is usually performed to establish or exclude other illnesses that may be contributing to the alleged psychiatric problems. A physical examination may also serve to identify any signs of <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a>; this examination is often performed by someone other than the psychiatrist, especially if <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> are performed. </p><p>Like most medications, psychiatric medications can cause <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effect (medicine)">adverse effects</a> in patients, and some require ongoing <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_drug_monitoring" title="Therapeutic drug monitoring">therapeutic drug monitoring</a>, for instance <a href="/wiki/Full_blood_count" class="mw-redirect" title="Full blood count">full blood counts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">serum</a> drug levels, renal function, liver function or thyroid function. <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">Electroconvulsive therapy</a> (ECT) is sometimes administered for serious conditions, such as those unresponsive to medication. The efficacy<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adverse effects of psychiatric drugs may vary from patient to patient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inpatient_treatment">Inpatient treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Inpatient treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Psychiatry" title="Special:EditPage/Psychiatry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of mental illness">Psychiatric treatments</a> have changed over the past several decades. In the past, psychiatric patients were often <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">hospitalized</a> for six months or more, with some cases involving hospitalization for many years. </p><p>Average inpatient psychiatric treatment stay has decreased significantly since the 1960s, a trend known as <a href="/wiki/Deinstitutionalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinstitutionalization">deinstitutionalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today in most countries, people receiving psychiatric treatment are more likely to be seen as <a href="/wiki/General_out-patient_clinic" class="mw-redirect" title="General out-patient clinic">outpatients</a>. If hospitalization is required, the average hospital stay is around one to two weeks, with only a small number receiving long-term hospitalization.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in Japan psychiatric hospitals continue to keep patients for long periods, sometimes even keeping them in <a href="/wiki/Physical_restraints" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical restraints">physical restraints</a>, strapped to their beds for periods of weeks or months.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychiatric inpatients are people admitted to a hospital or clinic to receive psychiatric care. Some are admitted involuntarily, perhaps committed to a secure hospital, or in some jurisdictions to a facility within the prison system. In many countries including the United States and Canada, the criteria for involuntary admission vary with local jurisdiction. They may be as broad as having a mental health condition, or as narrow as being an immediate danger to themselves or others. Bed availability is often the real determinant of admission decisions to hard pressed public facilities. </p><p>People may be admitted voluntarily if the treating doctor considers that safety is not compromised by this less restrictive option. For many years, controversy has surrounded the use of involuntary treatment and use of the term "lack of insight" in describing patients. Internationally, mental health laws vary significantly but in many cases, involuntary psychiatric treatment is permitted when there is deemed to be a significant risk to the patient or others due to the patient's illness. Involuntary treatment refers to treatment that occurs based on a treating physician's recommendations, without requiring consent from the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inpatient psychiatric wards may be secure (for those thought to have a particular risk of violence or self-harm) or unlocked/open. Some wards are mixed-sex whilst same-sex wards are increasingly favored to protect women inpatients. Once in the care of a hospital, people are <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_assessment" title="Psychiatric assessment">assessed</a>, monitored, and often given medication and care from a multidisciplinary team, which may include physicians, pharmacists, psychiatric nurse practitioners, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_and_mental_health_nursing" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric and mental health nursing">psychiatric nurses</a>, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, psychiatric social workers, occupational therapists and social workers. If a person receiving treatment in a psychiatric hospital is assessed as at particular risk of harming themselves or others, they may be put on constant or intermittent one-to-one supervision and may be put in physical restraints or medicated. People on inpatient wards may be allowed leave for periods of time, either accompanied or on their own.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many developed countries there has been a massive reduction in psychiatric beds since the mid 20th century, with the growth of community care. Italy has been a pioneer in psychiatric reform, particularly through the no-restraint initiative that began nearly fifty years ago. The Italian movement, heavily influenced by Franco Basaglia, emphasizes ethical treatment and the elimination of physical restraints in psychiatric care. A study examining the application of these principles in Italy found that 14 general hospital psychiatric units reported zero restraint incidents in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standards of inpatient care remain a challenge in some public and private facilities, due to levels of funding, and facilities in developing countries are typically grossly inadequate for the same reason. Even in developed countries, programs in public hospitals vary widely. Some may offer structured activities and therapies offered from many perspectives while others may only have the funding for medicating and monitoring patients. This may be problematic in that the maximum amount of therapeutic work might not actually take place in the hospital setting. This is why hospitals are increasingly used in limited situations and moments of crisis where patients are a direct threat to themselves or others. Alternatives to psychiatric hospitals that may actively offer more therapeutic approaches include rehabilitation centers or "rehab" as popularly termed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outpatient_treatment">Outpatient treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Outpatient treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outpatient treatment involves periodic visits to a psychiatrist for consultation in his or her office, or at a community-based outpatient clinic. During initial appointments, a psychiatrist generally conducts a psychiatric assessment or evaluation of the patient. Follow-up appointments then focus on making medication adjustments, reviewing potential medication interactions, considering the impact of other medical disorders on the patient's mental and emotional functioning, and counseling patients regarding changes they might make to facilitate healing and remission of symptoms. The frequency with which a psychiatrist sees people in treatment varies widely, from once a week to twice a year, depending on the type, severity and stability of each person's condition, and depending on what the clinician and patient decide would be best. </p><p>Increasingly, psychiatrists are limiting their practices to psychopharmacology (prescribing medications), as opposed to previous practice in which a psychiatrist would provide traditional 50-minute psychotherapy sessions, of which psychopharmacology would be a part, but most of the consultation sessions consisted of "talk therapy". This shift began in the early 1980s and accelerated in the 1990s and 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major reason for this change was the advent of managed care insurance plans,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is this true globally? (January 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which began to limit reimbursement for psychotherapy sessions provided by psychiatrists. The underlying assumption was that psychopharmacology was at least as effective as psychotherapy, and it could be delivered more efficiently because less time is required for the appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20048220_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20048220-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11779262_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11779262-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comparative_efficacy_debate_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comparative_efficacy_debate-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (January 2022)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> Because of this shift in practice patterns, psychiatrists often refer patients whom they think would benefit from psychotherapy to other mental health professionals, e.g., clinical social workers and psychologists.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telepsychiatry">Telepsychiatry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Telepsychiatry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Telepsychiatry" title="Telepsychiatry">Telepsychiatry</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telepsychiatry&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20180927-RD-LSC-0048_(44259432605).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20180927-RD-LSC-0048_%2844259432605%29.jpg/220px-20180927-RD-LSC-0048_%2844259432605%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20180927-RD-LSC-0048_%2844259432605%29.jpg/330px-20180927-RD-LSC-0048_%2844259432605%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/20180927-RD-LSC-0048_%2844259432605%29.jpg/440px-20180927-RD-LSC-0048_%2844259432605%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7450" data-file-height="4967" /></a><figcaption>Telemental health session</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Telepsychiatry" title="Telepsychiatry">Telepsychiatry</a> or telemental health refers to the use of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> technology (mostly <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videoconferencing</a> and phone calls) to deliver psychiatric care remotely for people with <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental health conditions</a>. It is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Telehealth" title="Telehealth">telemedicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telepsychiatry_:2_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telepsychiatry_:2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telepsychiatry_:3_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telepsychiatry_:3-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telepsychiatry can be effective in treating people with mental health conditions. In the short-term it can be as acceptable and effective as face-to-face care.<sup id="cite_ref-Telepsychiatry_:4_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telepsychiatry_:4-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research also suggests comparable therapeutic factors, such as changes in problematic thinking or behaviour. <sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It can improve access to mental health services for some but might also represent a barrier for those lacking access to a suitable device, the internet or the necessary <a href="/wiki/Computer_literacy" title="Computer literacy">digital skills</a>. Factors such as <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> that are associated with lack of internet access are also associated with greater risk of mental health problems, making <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital exclusion</a> an important problem of telemental health services.<sup id="cite_ref-Telepsychiatry_:4_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telepsychiatry_:4-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> mental health services were adapted to telemental health in <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income countries</a>. It proved effective and acceptable for use in an emergency situation but there were concerns regarding its long-term implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-Telepsychiatry_:52_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telepsychiatry_:52-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_psychiatry" title="History of psychiatry">History of psychiatry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_knowledge">Earliest knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Earliest knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known texts on mental disorders are from ancient India and include the Ayurvedic text, <a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first hospitals for curing mental illness were established in India during the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greek philosophers, including <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (especially in his <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">De Anima</a></i> treatise), also addressed the workings of the mind. As early as the 4th century BC, the Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> theorized that <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a> had physical rather than supernatural causes. In 387 BCE, Plato suggested that the brain is where mental processes take place. In 4th to 5th century B.C. Greece, Hippocrates wrote that he visited <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> and found him in his garden cutting open animals. Democritus explained that he was attempting to discover the cause of madness and melancholy. Hippocrates praised his work. Democritus had with him a book on madness and melancholy.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 5th century BCE, mental disorders, especially those with <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychotic</a> traits, were considered <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> in origin,<sup id="cite_ref-Elkes13_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkes13-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view which existed throughout <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Elkes13_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkes13-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Egyptian regions.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Alcmaeon_of_Croton" title="Alcmaeon of Croton">Alcmaeon</a>, believed the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, not the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, was the "organ of thought". He tracked the ascending sensory nerves from the body to the brain, theorizing that mental activity originated in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a> and that the cause of <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a> resided within the brain. He applied this understanding to classify mental diseases and treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-Pietrini_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pietrini-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious leaders often turned to versions of <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a> to treat mental disorders often utilizing methods that many consider to be cruel or barbaric methods. Trepanning was one of these methods used throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-Elkes13_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkes13-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 6th century AD, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Xie" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Xie">Lin Xie</a> carried out an early <a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">psychological experiment</a>, in which he asked people to draw a square with one hand and at the same time draw a circle with the other (ostensibly to test people's vulnerability to distraction). It has been cited that this was an early psychiatric experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> fostered early studies in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic psychology">Islamic psychology</a> and psychiatry, with many scholars writing about mental disorders. The Persian physician <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi</a>, also known as "Rhazes", wrote texts about psychiatric conditions in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-WaelMohamed_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaelMohamed-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As chief physician of a hospital in Baghdad, he was also the director of one of the first <a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">bimaristans</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-WaelMohamed_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaelMohamed-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">bimaristan</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in the 9th century, and several others of increasing complexity were created throughout the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> in the following centuries. Some of the bimaristans contained wards dedicated to the care of mentally ill patients.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospitals</a> and lunatic asylums were built and expanded throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Specialist hospitals such as <a href="/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital" title="Bethlem Royal Hospital">Bethlem Royal Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> were built in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a> from the 13th century to treat mental disorders, but were used only as custodial institutions and did not provide any type of treatment. It is the oldest extant psychiatric hospital in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Shorter4_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shorter4-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ancient text known as <i><a href="/wiki/Huangdi_Neijing" title="Huangdi Neijing">The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine</a></i> identifies the brain as the nexus of wisdom and sensation, includes theories of personality based on <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin–yang</a> balance, and analyzes mental disorder in terms of physiological and social disequilibria. Chinese scholarship that focused on the brain advanced during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> with the work of Western-educated Fang Yizhi (1611–1671), <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(scholar)" title="Liu Zhi (scholar)">Liu Zhi</a> (1660–1730), and Wang Qingren (1768–1831). Wang Qingren emphasized the importance of the brain as the center of the nervous system, linked mental disorder with brain diseases, investigated the causes of dreams, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_specialty">Medical specialty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Medical specialty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning of psychiatry as a medical specialty is dated to the middle of the nineteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter19971_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter19971-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although its germination can be traced to the late eighteenth century. In the late 17th century, privately run asylums for the insane began to proliferate and expand in size. In 1713, the Bethel Hospital Norwich was opened, the first purpose-built asylum in England.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1656, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> created a public system of hospitals for those with mental disorders, but as in England, no real treatment was applied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter19975_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter19975-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, attitudes towards the mentally ill began to change. It came to be viewed as a disorder that required compassionate treatment. In 1758, English physician <a href="/wiki/William_Battie" title="William Battie">William Battie</a> wrote his <i>Treatise on Madness</i> on the management of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a>. It was a critique aimed particularly at the Bethlem Royal Hospital, where a conservative regime continued to use barbaric custodial treatment. Battie argued for a tailored management of patients entailing cleanliness, good food, fresh air, and distraction from friends and family. He argued that mental disorder originated from dysfunction of the material brain and body rather than the internal workings of the mind.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter19979_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter19979-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_Pinel_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Philippe_Pinel_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-Philippe_Pinel_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Philippe_Pinel_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg/330px-Philippe_Pinel_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Philippe_Pinel_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg/440px-Philippe_Pinel_%C3%A0_la_Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Dr. Philippe Pinel at the Salpêtrière, 1795 by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Robert-Fleury" title="Tony Robert-Fleury">Tony Robert-Fleury</a>. Pinel ordering the removal of chains from patients at the Paris Asylum for insane women.</figcaption></figure> <p>The introduction of moral treatment was initiated independently by the French doctor <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Pinel" title="Philippe Pinel">Philippe Pinel</a> and the English <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Tuke" title="William Tuke">William Tuke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elkes13_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkes13-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1792, Pinel became the chief physician at the <a href="/wiki/Bic%C3%AAtre_Hospital" title="Bicêtre Hospital">Bicêtre Hospital</a>. Patients were allowed to move freely about the hospital grounds, and eventually dark dungeons were replaced with sunny, well-ventilated rooms. Pinel's student and successor, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Esquirol" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Esquirol">Jean Esquirol</a> (1772–1840), went on to help establish 10 new mental hospitals that operated on the same principles.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Tuke, Pinel and others had tried to do away with physical restraint, it remained widespread into the 19th century. At the <a href="/wiki/The_Lawn,_Lincoln" title="The Lawn, Lincoln">Lincoln Asylum</a> in England, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gardiner_Hill" title="Robert Gardiner Hill">Robert Gardiner Hill</a>, with the support of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Parker_Charlesworth" title="Edward Parker Charlesworth">Edward Parker Charlesworth</a>, pioneered a mode of treatment that suited "all types" of patients, so that mechanical restraints and coercion could be dispensed with—a situation he finally achieved in 1838. In 1839, Sergeant John Adams and Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_Conolly" title="John Conolly">John Conolly</a> were impressed by the work of Hill, and introduced the method into their <a href="/wiki/St_Bernard%27s_Hospital,_Hanwell" title="St Bernard's Hospital, Hanwell">Hanwell Asylum</a>, by then the largest in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Suzuki_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suzuki-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taom_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taom-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The modern era of institutionalized provision for the care of the mentally ill, began in the early 19th century with a large state-led effort. In England, the <a href="/wiki/Lunacy_Act_1845" title="Lunacy Act 1845">Lunacy Act 1845</a> was an important landmark in the treatment of the mentally ill, as it explicitly changed the status of <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mentally ill</a> people to <a href="/wiki/Patients" class="mw-redirect" title="Patients">patients</a> who required treatment. All asylums were required to have written regulations and to have a resident qualified <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright,_1999_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright,_1999-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1838, France enacted a law to regulate both the admissions into asylums and asylum services across the country. </p><p>In the United States, the erection of state asylums began with the first law for the creation of one in New York, passed in 1842. The <a href="/wiki/Utica_State_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Utica State Hospital">Utica State Hospital</a> was opened around 1850. Many state hospitals in the United States were built in the 1850s and 1860s on the <a href="/wiki/Kirkbride_Plan" title="Kirkbride Plan">Kirkbride Plan</a>, an architectural style meant to have curative effect.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the turn of the century, England and France combined had only a few hundred individuals in asylums.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter199734_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter199734-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1890s and early 1900s, this number had risen to the hundreds of thousands. However, the idea that mental illness could be ameliorated through institutionalization ran into difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-Shorter46_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shorter46-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychiatrists were pressured by an ever-increasing patient population,<sup id="cite_ref-Shorter46_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shorter46-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and asylums again became almost indistinguishable from custodial institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothman_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothman-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1800s, psychiatry made advances in the diagnosis of mental illness by broadening the category of mental disease to include <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">mood disorders</a>, in addition to disease level <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusion</a> or irrationality.<sup id="cite_ref-WCFCD_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WCFCD-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 20th century introduced a new psychiatry into the world, with different perspectives of looking at mental disorders. For <a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Emil Kraepelin</a>, the initial ideas behind biological psychiatry, stating that the different mental disorders are all biological in nature, evolved into a new concept of "nerves", and psychiatry became a rough approximation of neurology and neuropsychiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter1997114_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter1997114-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s pioneering work, ideas stemming from <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">psychoanalytic theory</a> also began to take root in psychiatry.<sup id="cite_ref-Shorter145_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shorter145-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychoanalytic theory became popular among psychiatrists because it allowed the patients to be treated in private practices instead of warehoused in asylums.<sup id="cite_ref-Shorter145_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shorter145-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetylcholine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Acetylcholine.svg/220px-Acetylcholine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Acetylcholine.svg/330px-Acetylcholine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Acetylcholine.svg/440px-Acetylcholine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="84" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a>'s work led to the identification of the first neurotransmitter, <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1970s, however, the psychoanalytic school of thought became marginalized within the field.<sup id="cite_ref-Shorter145_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shorter145-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biological psychiatry reemerged during this time. <a href="/wiki/Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">neurochemistry</a> became the integral parts of psychiatry starting with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a>'s discovery of the neuromodulatory properties of <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>; thus identifying it as the first-known neurotransmitter. Subsequently, it has been shown that different neurotransmitters have different and multiple functions in regulation of behaviour. In a wide range of studies in neurochemistry using human and animal samples, individual differences in neurotransmitters' production, reuptake, receptors' density and locations were linked to differences in dispositions for specific psychiatric disorders. For example, the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>'s effectiveness in treating <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> in 1952 revolutionized treatment of the disorder,<sup id="cite_ref-Turner2007_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner2007-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did <a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">lithium carbonate</a>'s ability to stabilize mood highs and lows in <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychotherapy was still utilized, but as a treatment for psychosocial issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter1997239_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter1997239-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proved the idea of neurochemical nature of many psychiatric disorders. </p><p>Another approach to look for biomarkers of psychiatric disorders is <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter1997246_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter1997246-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a> that was first utilized as a tool for psychiatry in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter1997270_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter1997270-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US president</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> introduced legislation delegating the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a> to administer Community Mental Health Centers for those being discharged from state psychiatric hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-Shorter280_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shorter280-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, though, the Community Mental Health Centers focus shifted to providing psychotherapy for those with acute but less serious mental disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Shorter280_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shorter280-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately there were no arrangements made for actively following and treating severely mentally ill patients who were being discharged from hospitals, resulting in a large population of chronically homeless people with mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-Shorter280_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shorter280-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_and_criticism">Controversy and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Controversy and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Controversy_surrounding_psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Controversy surrounding psychiatry">Controversy surrounding psychiatry</a></div> <p>The institution of psychiatry has attracted controversy since its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-crit-psych_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crit-psych-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 47
Quotation: "The institution of psychiatry has attracted controversy since its 19th century origins, initially from public campaigners with experience of asylum life."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">47</span> </sup> Scholars including those from <a href="/wiki/Social_psychiatry" title="Social psychiatry">social psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Critical_Psychiatry_Network" title="Critical Psychiatry Network">critical psychiatry</a> have produced critiques.<sup id="cite_ref-crit-psych_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crit-psych-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 47
Quotation: "Other perspectives that challenge the hegemony of the now dominant biological view of mental disorder include social psychiatry, psychotherapy and psy- choanalysis. Critical psychiatry is indebted to this background."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">47</span> </sup> It has been argued that psychiatry confuses disorders of the mind with disorders of the brain that can be treated with drugs;<sup id="cite_ref-crit-psych_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crit-psych-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 53">: 53 </span></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 47
Quotation: "The idea that psychiatric conditions are equiva- lent to medical diseases suggests that psychiatric practice is straightforward and uncontroversial. Illnesses should be eradicated wherever possible, and coercion is sometimes justified because mental illness can disrupt insight. Disturbances of thought and behaviour are sufficiently understood as medical conditions, underpinning much of how mental health difficulties are viewed and responded to, and who has authority over them. Unfortunately, this position glosses over a number of conceptual difficulties, which critical psychiatry considers important."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">47</span> </sup> that its use of drugs is in part due to lobbying by drug companies resulting in distortion of research;<sup id="cite_ref-crit-psych_132-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crit-psych-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 51
Quotation: "There is considerable criticism of the dominant role drug treatment plays in contemporary psychiatry. Critics point to the enormous influence of the pharmaceutical industry, accusing it of overselling its products, inflating their benefits and understating adverse effects"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">51</span> </sup> and that the concept of "mental illness" is often used to label and <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">control</a> those with beliefs and behaviours that the majority of people disagree with;<sup id="cite_ref-crit-psych_132-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crit-psych-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Page: 50
Quotation: "The fact that diagnosis can be presented as an objective, scientific endeavour means it is easily open to abuse, and powerful groups can define any socially repudiated behaviour as 'mental illness' in order to eradicate or control it. Generally agreed examples of this include the desig- nation of male homosexuality as a mental disorder up until the 1970s, and the application of a 'diagno- sis' of drapetomania to African American slaves intent on escaping."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">50</span> </sup> and that it is too influenced by ideas from medicine causing it to misunderstand the nature of mental distress.<sup id="cite_ref-crit-psych_132-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crit-psych-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critique of psychiatry from within the field comes from the <a href="/wiki/Critical_psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical psychiatry">critical psychiatry</a> group in the UK. </p><p>Double argues that most critical psychiatry is <a href="/wiki/Antireductionism" title="Antireductionism">anti-reductionist</a>. Rashed argues new mental health science has moved beyond this reductionist critique by seeking <a href="/wiki/Integrative_psychotherapy" title="Integrative psychotherapy">integrative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biopsychosocial_model" title="Biopsychosocial model">biopsychosocial</a> models for conditions and that much of critical psychiatry now exists with orthodox psychiatry but notes that many critiques remain unaddressed<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 237">: 237 </span></sup> </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">anti-psychiatry</a></i> was coined by psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/David_Cooper_(psychiatrist)" title="David Cooper (psychiatrist)">David Cooper</a> in 1967 and was later made popular by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Thomas Szasz</a>. The word <i>Antipsychiatrie</i> was already used in Germany in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic premise of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-psychiatry movement">anti-psychiatry movement</a> is that psychiatrists attempt to classify "normal" people as "deviant"; psychiatric treatments are ultimately more damaging than helpful to patients; and psychiatry's history involves (what may now be seen as) dangerous treatments, such as <a href="/wiki/Psychosurgery" title="Psychosurgery">psychosurgery</a> an example of this being the frontal lobectomy (commonly called a <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">lobotomy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of lobotomies largely disappeared by the late 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" title="Glossary of psychiatry">Glossary of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopsychiatry_controversy" title="Biopsychiatry controversy">Biopsychiatry controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry" title="Child and adolescent psychiatry">Child and adolescent psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepsychiatry" title="Telepsychiatry">Telepsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry_Innovation_Lab" title="Psychiatry Innovation Lab">Psychiatry Innovation Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_psychiatry" title="Controversies about psychiatry">Controversies about psychiatry</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Comparative_efficacy_debate-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Comparative_efficacy_debate_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This article does not enter into that debate or seek to summarize the comparative efficacy literature. It simply explains why managed care insurance companies stopped routinely reimbursing psychiatrists for traditional psychotherapy, without commenting on the validity of that rationale.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBackesBorgesBinderRoman2013" class="citation journal cs1">Backes KA, Borges NJ, Binder SB, Roman BJ (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5116%2Fijme.5103.b037">"First-year medical student objective structured clinical exam performance and specialty choice"</a>. <i>International Journal of Medical Education</i>. <b>4</b>: 38–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5116%2Fijme.5103.b037">10.5116/ijme.5103.b037</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Medical+Education&rft.atitle=First-year+medical+student+objective+structured+clinical+exam+performance+and+specialty+choice&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=38-40&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5116%2Fijme.5103.b037&rft.aulast=Backes&rft.aufirst=KA&rft.au=Borges%2C+NJ&rft.au=Binder%2C+SB&rft.au=Roman%2C+BJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5116%252Fijme.5103.b037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; 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London: Chatto & Windus. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA22">22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAIGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3149647W">3149647W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Melancholy%3A+What+it+is+with+All+the+Kinds%2C+Causes%2C+Symptoms%2C+Prognostics%2C+and+Several+Cures+of+it%3A+in+Three+Partitions%2C+with+Their+Several+Sections%2C+Members+and+Subsections+Philosophically%2C+Medicinally%2C+Historically+Opened+and+Cut+Up&rft.place=London&rft.pages=22%2C+24&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL3149647W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkes13-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elkes13_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkes13_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkes13_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elkes13_103-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkesThorpe1967" class="citation book cs1">Elkes A, Thorpe JG (1967). <i>A Summary of Psychiatry</i>. London: Faber & Faber. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4687317">4687317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Summary+of+Psychiatry&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4687317&rft.aulast=Elkes&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Thorpe%2C+JG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumont2010" class="citation book cs1">Dumont F (2010). <i>A history of personality psychology: Theory, science and research from Hellenism to the twenty-first century</i>. 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(May 2021). "Psychology: Early print uses of the term by Pier Nicola Castellani (1525) and Gerhard Synellius (1525)". <i>History of Psychology</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 182–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fhop0000187">10.1037/hop0000187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-0610">1939-0610</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34081519">34081519</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235334263">235334263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Psychology%3A+Early+print+uses+of+the+term+by+Pier+Nicola+Castellani+%281525%29+and+Gerhard+Synellius+%281525%29.&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-187&rft.date=2021-05&rft.issn=1939-0610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235334263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34081519&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fhop0000187&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=Diederik+F.&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Thomas+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssenHubbard2021" class="citation journal cs1">Janssen, Diederik F.; Hubbard, Thomas K. (May 2021). "Psychology: Early print uses of the term by Pier Nicola Castellani (1525) and Gerhard Synellius (1525)". <i>History of Psychology</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 182–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fhop0000187">10.1037/hop0000187</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-0610">1939-0610</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34081519">34081519</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235334263">235334263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Psychology%3A+Early+print+uses+of+the+term+by+Pier+Nicola+Castellani+%281525%29+and+Gerhard+Synellius+%281525%29.&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=182-187&rft.date=2021-05&rft.issn=1939-0610&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235334263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34081519&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fhop0000187&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=Diederik+F.&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Thomas+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaelMohamed-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaelMohamed_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaelMohamed_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed2008" class="citation web cs1">Mohamed WM (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140610082740/http://ibro.info/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Arab-and-Muslim-Contributions-to-Modern-Neuroscience.pdf">"History of Neuroscience: Arab and Muslim Contributions to Modern Neuroscience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Brain Research Organization</i>. 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Norwich HEART: Heritage Economic & Regeneration Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagecity.org/research-centre/social-innovation/the-bethel-hospital.htm/">the original</a> on 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bethel+Hospital&rft.pub=Norwich+HEART%3A+Heritage+Economic+%26+Regeneration+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagecity.org%2Fresearch-centre%2Fsocial-innovation%2Fthe-bethel-hospital.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter19975-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter19975_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShorter1997">Shorter 1997</a>, p. 5.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFShorter1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaffey2003" class="citation journal cs1">Laffey P (October 2003). "Psychiatric therapy in Georgian Britain". <i>Psychological Medicine</i>. <b>33</b> (7): 1285–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033291703008109">10.1017/S0033291703008109</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14580082">14580082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13162025">13162025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Medicine&rft.atitle=Psychiatric+therapy+in+Georgian+Britain&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1285-97&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13162025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14580082&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033291703008109&rft.aulast=Laffey&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter19979-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter19979_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShorter1997">Shorter 1997</a>, p. 9.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFShorter1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard1997" class="citation journal cs1">Gerard DL (September 1997). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/45798/abstract">"Chiarugi and Pinel considered: Soul's brain/person's mind"</a></span>. <i>Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 381–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-6696%28199723%2933%3A4%3C381%3A%3AAID-JHBS3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-S">10.1002/(SICI)1520-6696(199723)33:4<381::AID-JHBS3>3.0.CO;2-S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+the+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=Chiarugi+and+Pinel+considered%3A+Soul%27s+brain%2Fperson%27s+mind&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=381-403&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291520-6696%28199723%2933%3A4%3C381%3A%3AAID-JHBS3%3E3.0.CO%3B2-S&rft.aulast=Gerard&rft.aufirst=DL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F45798%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suzuki-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suzuki_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki1995" class="citation journal cs1">Suzuki A (January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1036935">"The politics and ideology of non-restraint: the case of the Hanwell Asylum"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300059457">10.1017/s0025727300059457</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1036935">1036935</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7877402">7877402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=The+politics+and+ideology+of+non-restraint%3A+the+case+of+the+Hanwell+Asylum&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1036935%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7877402&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025727300059457&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1036935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taom-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taom_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBynumPorterShepherd1988" class="citation book cs1">Bynum WF, Porter R, Shepherd M, eds. (1988). <i>The Asylum and its psychiatry</i>. The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the history of psychiatry. Vol. 3. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00859-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-00859-4"><bdi>978-0-415-00859-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/538062123">538062123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asylum+and+its+psychiatry&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Anatomy+of+Madness%3A+Essays+in+the+history+of+psychiatry&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F538062123&rft.isbn=978-0-415-00859-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright,_1999-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wright,_1999_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, David: "Mental Health Timeline", 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanni2007" class="citation book cs1">Yanni C (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fJOC_rSW1kgC"><i>The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States</i></a>. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4939-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-4939-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-4939-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Madness%3A+Insane+Asylums+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Minnesota+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-4939-6&rft.aulast=Yanni&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfJOC_rSW1kgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter199734-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter199734_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShorter1997">Shorter 1997</a>, p. 34.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFShorter1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shorter46-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shorter46_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shorter46_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShorter1997">Shorter 1997</a>, p. 46<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShorter1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothman-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rothman_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman1990" class="citation book cs1">Rothman DJ (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofasylu00roth/page/239"><i>The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic</i></a>. Boston: Little Brown. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofasylu00roth/page/239">239</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-75745-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-75745-4"><bdi>978-0-316-75745-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Asylum%3A+Social+Order+and+Disorder+in+the+New+Republic&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-316-75745-4&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofasylu00roth%2Fpage%2F239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WCFCD-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WCFCD_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorch-Jacobsen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Borch-Jacobsen M (7 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n19/mikkel-borch-jacobsen/which-came-first-the-condition-or-the-drug">"Which came first, the condition or the drug?"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. <b>32</b> (19): 31–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150313201452/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n19/mikkel-borch-jacobsen/which-came-first-the-condition-or-the-drug">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Which+came+first%2C+the+condition+or+the+drug%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=31-33&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft.aulast=Borch-Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv32%2Fn19%2Fmikkel-borch-jacobsen%2Fwhich-came-first-the-condition-or-the-drug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter1997114-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter1997114_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShorter1997">Shorter 1997</a>, p. 114.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFShorter1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shorter145-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shorter145_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shorter145_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shorter145_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShorter1997">Shorter 1997</a>, p. 145<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShorter1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner2007-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turner2007_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2007" class="citation journal cs1">Turner T (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.39034.609074.94">"Chlorpromazine: unlocking psychosis"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>334</b> (Suppl 1): s7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.39034.609074.94">10.1136/bmj.39034.609074.94</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17204765">17204765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Chlorpromazine%3A+unlocking+psychosis&rft.volume=334&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=s7&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.39034.609074.94&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17204765&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1136%252Fbmj.39034.609074.94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCade1949" class="citation journal cs1">Cade JF (September 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2560740">"Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement"</a>. <i>The Medical Journal of Australia</i>. <b>2</b> (10): 349–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2Fj.1440-1614.1999.06241.x">10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.06241.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2560740">2560740</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18142718">18142718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Journal+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Lithium+salts+in+the+treatment+of+psychotic+excitement&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=349-52&rft.date=1949-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2560740%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18142718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2Fj.1440-1614.1999.06241.x&rft.aulast=Cade&rft.aufirst=JF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2560740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter1997239-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter1997239_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShorter1997">Shorter 1997</a>, p. 239.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFShorter1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter1997246-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter1997246_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShorter1997">Shorter 1997</a>, p. 246.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFShorter1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShorter1997270-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShorter1997270_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShorter1997">Shorter 1997</a>, p. 270.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFShorter1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shorter280-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shorter280_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shorter280_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shorter280_131-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShorter1997">Shorter 1997</a>, p. 280<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShorter1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crit-psych-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crit-psych_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crit-psych_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crit-psych_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crit-psych_132-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crit-psych_132-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crit-psych_132-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddletonMoncrieff2019" class="citation journal cs1">Middleton H, Moncrieff J (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbja.2018.38">"Critical psychiatry: a brief overview"</a>. <i>BJPsych Advances</i>. <b>25</b>: 47–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbja.2018.38">10.1192/bja.2018.38</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149547063">149547063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BJPsych+Advances&rft.atitle=Critical+psychiatry%3A+a+brief+overview&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=47-54&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbja.2018.38&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149547063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Moncrieff%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fbja.2018.38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashed2020" class="citation journal cs1">Rashed MA (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7684776">"The critique of psychiatry as we enter the third decade of the 21st century: Commentary on… Critical psychiatry"</a>. <i>BJPsych Bulletin</i>. <b>44</b> (6): 236–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjb.2020.10">10.1192/bjb.2020.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-4694">2056-4694</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7684776">7684776</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32102717">32102717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BJPsych+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+critique+of+psychiatry+as+we+enter+the+third+decade+of+the+21st+century%3A+Commentary+on%E2%80%A6+Critical+psychiatry&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=236-238&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7684776%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2056-4694&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32102717&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjb.2020.10&rft.aulast=Rashed&rft.aufirst=MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7684776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bangen, Hans: Geschichte der medikamentösen Therapie der Schizophrenie. Berlin 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-927408-82-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-927408-82-4">3-927408-82-4</a>, page 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientology.org/scientology-today/clearwater-citizens-commission-on-human-rights-center-opening.html">"Citizens Commission on Human Rights Expands its Activities to Expose and Handle Psychiatric Abuse in Clearwater, Tampa Bay via New Center"</a>. <i>Scientology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311140608/https://www.scientology.org/scientology-today/clearwater-citizens-commission-on-human-rights-center-opening.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientology&rft.atitle=Citizens+Commission+on+Human+Rights+Expands+its+Activities+to+Expose+and+Handle+Psychiatric+Abuse+in+Clearwater%2C+Tampa+Bay+via+New+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientology.org%2Fscientology-today%2Fclearwater-citizens-commission-on-human-rights-center-opening.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_texts">Cited texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cited texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGask2004" class="citation book cs1">Gask L (2004). <i>A Short Introduction to Psychiatry</i>. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-7138-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-7138-2"><bdi>978-0-7619-7138-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56009828">56009828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Introduction+to+Psychiatry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+Ltd.&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56009828&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-7138-2&rft.aulast=Gask&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuze1992" class="citation book cs1">Guze SB (1992). <i>Why Psychiatry Is a Branch of Medicine</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507420-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507420-8"><bdi>978-0-19-507420-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25315637">25315637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Psychiatry+Is+a+Branch+of+Medicine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25315637&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507420-8&rft.aulast=Guze&rft.aufirst=SB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyness1997" class="citation book cs1">Lyness JM (1997). <i>Psychiatric Pearls</i>. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-0280-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-0280-9"><bdi>978-0-8036-0280-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/807453406">807453406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychiatric+Pearls&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=F.A.+Davis+Company&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F807453406&rft.isbn=978-0-8036-0280-9&rft.aulast=Lyness&rft.aufirst=JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorter1998" class="citation book cs1">Shorter, E (1998) [1997]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpsychia0000shor"><i>A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac</i></a></span>. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24531-5"><bdi>978-0-471-24531-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60169541">60169541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Psychiatry%3A+From+the+Era+of+the+Asylum+to+the+Age+of+Prozac&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60169541&rft.isbn=978-0-471-24531-5&rft.aulast=Shorter&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofpsychia0000shor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerriosPorter1995" class="citation book cs1">Berrios GE, Porter R, eds. (1995). <i>The History of Clinical Psychiatry</i>. London: Athlone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-485-24211-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-485-24211-9"><bdi>978-0-485-24211-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1000559759">1000559759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Athlone+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1000559759&rft.isbn=978-0-485-24211-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrios1996" class="citation book cs1">Berrios GE (1996). <i>History of Mental symptoms: The History of Descriptive Psychopathology since the 19th century</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-52672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-52672-5"><bdi>978-0-511-52672-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/668203298">668203298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mental+symptoms%3A+The+History+of+Descriptive+Psychopathology+since+the+19th+century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F668203298&rft.isbn=978-0-511-52672-5&rft.aulast=Berrios&rft.aufirst=GE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2000" class="citation journal cs1">Burke C (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/369">"Psychiatry: a "value-free" science?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Linacre_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Linacre Quarterly">Linacre Quarterly</a></i>. <b>67/1</b>: 59–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20508549.2000.11877569">10.1080/20508549.2000.11877569</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:77216987">77216987</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129195128/http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/369">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linacre+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Psychiatry%3A+a+%22value-free%22+science%3F&rft.volume=67%2F1&rft.pages=59-88&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F20508549.2000.11877569&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A77216987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cormacburke.or.ke%2Fnode%2F369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord-Martin2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ford-Martin PA (2002). "Psychosis". In Longe JL, Blanchfield DS (eds.). <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine</i>. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Gale Group. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51166617">51166617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Psychosis&rft.btitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+of+Medicine&rft.place=Detroit&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51166617&rft.aulast=Ford-Martin&rft.aufirst=PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Francis" title="Gavin Francis">Francis, Gavin</a>, "Changing Psychiatry's Mind" (review of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Harrington" title="Anne Harrington">Anne Harrington</a>, <i>Mind Fixers: Psychiatry's Troubled Search for the Biology of Mental Illness</i>, Norton, 366 pp.; and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Filer" title="Nathan Filer">Nathan Filer</a>, <i>This Book Will Change Your Mind about Mental Health: A Journey into the Heartland of Psychiatry</i>, London, Faber and Faber, 248 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXVIII, no. 1 (14 January 2021), pp. 26–29. "[M]ental disorders are different [from illnesses addressed by other medical specialties].... [T]o treat them as purely physical is to misunderstand their nature." "[C]are [needs to be] based on distress and [cognitive, emotional, and physical] need rather than [on psychiatric] diagnos[is]", which is often uncertain, erratic, and unreplicable. (p. 29.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sue_Halpern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sue Halpern (page does not exist)">Halpern, Sue</a>, "The Bull's-Eye on Your Thoughts" (review of <a href="/wiki/Nita_A._Farahany" title="Nita A. Farahany">Nita A. Farahany</a>, <i>The Battle for Your Brain: Defending the Right to Think Freely in the Age of Neurotechnology</i>, St. Martin's, 2023, 277 pp.; and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barron" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Barron">Daniel Barron</a>, <i>Reading Our Minds: The Rise of Big Data Psychiatry</i>, Columbia Global Reports, 2023, 150 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXX, no. 17 (2 November 2023), pp. 60–62. Psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barron" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Barron">Daniel Barron</a> deplores psychiatry's reliance largely on subjective impressions of a patient's condition – on <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">behavioral-pattern recognition</a> – whereas other medical specialties dispose of a more substantial armamentarium of objective diagnostic <a href="/wiki/Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Technologies">technologies</a>. A psychiatric patient's <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnoses</a> are arguably more in the eye of the physician: "An <a href="/wiki/Anti-psychotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-psychotic">anti-psychotic</a> 'works' if a [psychiatric] patient <i>looks and feels</i> less <a href="/wiki/Psychotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic">psychotic</a>." Barron also posits that <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">talking</a> – an important aspect of psychiatric <a href="/wiki/Diagnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostics">diagnostics</a> and treatment – involves vague, subjective <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> and therefore cannot reveal the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>'s objective workings. He trusts, though, that <a href="/wiki/Big_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Data">Big Data</a> technologies will make psychiatric <a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">signs and symptoms</a> more quantifiably objective. Sue Halpern cautions, however, that "When numbers have no agreed-upon, scientifically-derived, extrinsic meaning, quantification is unavailing." (p. 62.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfeldLewisVornik2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hirschfeld RM, Lewis L, Vornik LA (February 2003). "Perceptions and impact of bipolar disorder: how far have we really come? Results of the national depressive and manic-depressive association 2000 survey of individuals with bipolar disorder". <i>The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</i>. <b>64</b> (2): 161–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4088%2FJCP.v64n0209">10.4088/JCP.v64n0209</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12633125">12633125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Perceptions+and+impact+of+bipolar+disorder%3A+how+far+have+we+really+come%3F+Results+of+the+national+depressive+and+manic-depressive+association+2000+survey+of+individuals+with+bipolar+disorder&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-74&rft.date=2003-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4088%2FJCP.v64n0209&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12633125&rft.aulast=Hirschfeld&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Lewis%2C+L&rft.au=Vornik%2C+LA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiruta2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hiruta G (June 2002). Beveridge A (ed.). "Japanese psychiatry in the Edo period (1600-1868)". <i>History of Psychiatry</i>. <b>13</b> (50): 131–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0957154X0201305002">10.1177/0957154X0201305002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143377079">143377079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Japanese+psychiatry+in+the+Edo+period+%281600-1868%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=131-51&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0957154X0201305002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143377079%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hiruta&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriekeJeronimusBlaauwWanders2016" class="citation journal cs1">Krieke LV, Jeronimus BF, Blaauw FJ, Wanders RB, Emerencia AC, Schenk HM, Vos SD, Snippe E, Wichers M, Wigman JT, Bos EH, Wardenaar KJ, Jonge PD (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163143/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/30435764/2015_Van_der_Krieke_Jeronimus_HowNutsAreTheDutch_A_Crowdsourcing_Study_of_Mental_Symptoms_and_Strengths.pdf">"HowNutsAreTheDutch (HoeGekIsNL): A crowdsourcing study of mental symptoms and strengths"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 123–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmpr.1495">10.1002/mpr.1495</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11370%2F060326b0-0c6a-4df3-94cf-3468f2b2dbd6">11370/060326b0-0c6a-4df3-94cf-3468f2b2dbd6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6877205">6877205</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26395198">26395198</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/30435764/2015_Van_der_Krieke_Jeronimus_HowNutsAreTheDutch_A_Crowdsourcing_Study_of_Mental_Symptoms_and_Strengths.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Methods+in+Psychiatric+Research&rft.atitle=HowNutsAreTheDutch+%28HoeGekIsNL%29%3A+A+crowdsourcing+study+of+mental+symptoms+and+strengths&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-44&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6877205%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26395198&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11370%2F060326b0-0c6a-4df3-94cf-3468f2b2dbd6&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmpr.1495&rft.aulast=Krieke&rft.aufirst=LV&rft.au=Jeronimus%2C+BF&rft.au=Blaauw%2C+FJ&rft.au=Wanders%2C+RB&rft.au=Emerencia%2C+AC&rft.au=Schenk%2C+HM&rft.au=Vos%2C+SD&rft.au=Snippe%2C+E&rft.au=Wichers%2C+M&rft.au=Wigman%2C+JT&rft.au=Bos%2C+EH&rft.au=Wardenaar%2C+KJ&rft.au=Jonge%2C+PD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F30435764%2F2015_Van_der_Krieke_Jeronimus_HowNutsAreTheDutch_A_Crowdsourcing_Study_of_Mental_Symptoms_and_Strengths.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGorryMihalopoulosHenryDakis1995" class="citation journal cs1">McGorry PD, Mihalopoulos C, Henry L, Dakis J, Jackson HJ, Flaum M, Harrigan S, McKenzie D, Kulkarni J, Karoly R (February 1995). "Spurious precision: procedural validity of diagnostic assessment in psychotic disorders". <i>The American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>152</b> (2): 220–3. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.469.3360">10.1.1.469.3360</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.152.2.220">10.1176/ajp.152.2.220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7840355">7840355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Spurious+precision%3A+procedural+validity+of+diagnostic+assessment+in+psychotic+disorders&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=220-3&rft.date=1995-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.469.3360%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7840355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.152.2.220&rft.aulast=McGorry&rft.aufirst=PD&rft.au=Mihalopoulos%2C+C&rft.au=Henry%2C+L&rft.au=Dakis%2C+J&rft.au=Jackson%2C+HJ&rft.au=Flaum%2C+M&rft.au=Harrigan%2C+S&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+D&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+J&rft.au=Karoly%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoncrieffCohen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Moncrieff J, Cohen D (2005). "Rethinking models of psychotropic drug action". <i>Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics</i>. <b>74</b> (3): 145–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000083999">10.1159/000083999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15832065">15832065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6917144">6917144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychotherapy+and+Psychosomatics&rft.atitle=Rethinking+models+of+psychotropic+drug+action&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=145-53&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6917144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15832065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000083999&rft.aulast=Moncrieff&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Cohen%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Singh, Manvir, "Read the Label: How psychiatric diagnoses create identities", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, 13 May 2024, pp. 20-24. "[T]he <i><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a></i>, or <i>DSM</i> [...] guides how Americans [...] understand and deal with <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>. [...] The <i>DSM</i> as we know it appeared in 1980, with the publication of the <i>DSM-III</i> [which] favored more precise diagnostic criteria and a more scientific approach [than the first two <i>DSM</i> editions]. [H]owever, the emerging picture is of overlapping conditions, of categories that blur rather than stand apart. No disorder has been tied to a specific <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> or set of genes. Nearly [p. 20] all genetic vulnerabilities implicated in mental illness have been associated with many conditions. [...] As the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a> observed, labelling people is very different from labelling <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a>. Quarks and microbes are indifferent to their labels; by contrast, human classifications change how 'individuals experience themselves – and may even lead people to evolve their feelings and behavior in part because they are so classified.' Hacking's best-known example is <a href="/wiki/Multiple_personality_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple personality disorder">multiple personality disorder</a> [now called <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">dissociative identity disorder</a>]. Between 1972 and 1986, the number of cases of patients with multiple personalities exploded from the double digits to an estimated six thousand. [...] [I]n 1955 [n]o such diagnosis [had] existed. [Similarly, o]ver the past twenty years, the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> in the United States has quadrupled [...]. A major driver of this surge has been a broadening of the definition and a lowering of the diagnostic threshold. Among people diagnosed with autism [...] evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> traits associated with the condition declined by up to eighty per cent between 2000 and 2015. <a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a> [has commented that] [p. 21] 'The spectrum is so broad it doesn't make much sense.' [Confusion has also surrounded the term "<a href="/wiki/Sociopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociopathy">sociopathy</a>", which] was dropped from the <i>DSM-II</i> with the arrival of '<a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial personality disorder</a>' [...]. Some scholars associated sociopathy with remorseless and impulsive behavior caused by a brain injury. Other people associated it with an antisocial personality. [T]he psychologist <a href="/wiki/Martha_Stout" title="Martha Stout">Martha Stout</a> used it to mean a lack of <a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a>." (p. 22.) Yet another confusing <a href="/wiki/Nosological" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosological">nosological</a> entity is <a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">borderline personality disorder</a>, "defined by sudden swings in <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">self-image</a>, and perceptions of others. [...] The concept is generally attributed to the psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Stern" title="Adolph Stern">Adolph Stern</a>, who used it in 1937 to describe patients who were neither <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurotic</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Psychotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychotic">psychotic</a> and thus [were] 'borderline.' [It has been noted that] key symptoms such as <a href="/wiki/Identity_disturbance" title="Identity disturbance">identity disturbance</a>, outbursts of <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>, and unstable interpersonal relations also feature in <a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">narcissistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Histrionic_personality_disorder" title="Histrionic personality disorder">histrionic personality disorders</a>. [Medical sociologist] <a href="/wiki/Allan_Horwitz" title="Allan Horwitz">Allan Horwitz</a> [...] asks why the <i>DSM</i> still treats B.P.D. as a <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">disorder of personality</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">of mood</a>. [p. 23.] [T]he process of labelling <a href="/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)" title="Reification (fallacy)">reifies</a> categories [that is, endows them with a deceptive quality of "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thingness" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:thingness">thingness</a>"], especially in the age of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. [...] [P]eople everywhere encounter models of illness that they unconsciously embody. [...] In 2006, a [Mexican] student [...] developed devastating leg pain and had trouble walking; soon hundreds of classmates were afflicted." (p. 24.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacbt.org/whatiscbt.htm">"What is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy?"</a>. <i>National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925210024/http://www.nacbt.org/whatiscbt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Association+of+Cognitive-Behavioral+Therapists&rft.atitle=What+is+Cognitive-Behavioral+Therapy%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacbt.org%2Fwhatiscbt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_OsGilvarryBaleVan_Horn1999" class="citation journal cs1">Van Os J, Gilvarry C, Bale R, Van Horn E, Tattan T, White I, Murray R (May 1999). "A comparison of the utility of dimensional and categorical representations of psychosis. UK700 Group". <i>Psychological Medicine</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 595–606. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0033291798008162">10.1017/s0033291798008162</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10405080">10405080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38854519">38854519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+the+utility+of+dimensional+and+categorical+representations+of+psychosis.+UK700+Group&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=595-606&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38854519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10405080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0033291798008162&rft.aulast=Van+Os&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Gilvarry%2C+C&rft.au=Bale%2C+R&rft.au=Van+Horn%2C+E&rft.au=Tattan%2C+T&rft.au=White%2C+I&rft.au=Murray%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerYoung1986" class="citation book cs1">Walker E, Young PD (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/killingcure00walk"><i>A Killing Cure</i></a></span> (1st ed.). New York: H. Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-069906-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-069906-1"><bdi>978-0-03-069906-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12665467">12665467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Killing+Cure&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=H.+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12665467&rft.isbn=978-0-03-069906-1&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Young%2C+PD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkillingcure00walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychiatry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsGibbonFirstSpitzer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB, Spitzer RL, Davies M, Borus J, Howes MJ, Kane J, Pope HG, Rounsaville B (August 1992). "The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). II. Multisite test-retest reliability". <i>Archives of General Psychiatry</i>. <b>49</b> (8): 630–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1992.01820080038006">10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080038006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1637253">1637253</a>.</cite><span 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychiatry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychiatry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subspecialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry" title="Child and adolescent psychiatry">Child and adolescent psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuropsychiatry" title="Cognitive neuropsychiatry">Cognitive neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">Developmental disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_psychiatry" title="Descriptive psychiatry">Descriptive psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Forensic psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_psychiatry" title="Geriatric psychiatry">Geriatric psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immuno-psychiatry" title="Immuno-psychiatry">Immuno-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_psychiatry" title="Liaison psychiatry">Liaison psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychiatry" title="Military psychiatry">Military psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_psychiatry" title="Nutritional psychiatry">Nutritional psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative medicine">Palliative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepsychiatry" title="Telepsychiatry">Telepsychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Psychiatry_and_Neurology" title="American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology">American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Neuropsychiatric_Association" title="American Neuropsychiatric Association">American Neuropsychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Psychiatric_Abuse" title="Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse">Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Society_of_Psychiatry" title="Chinese Society of Psychiatry">Chinese Society of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Psychiatry" title="Democratic Psychiatry">Democratic Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Psychiatric_Association" title="European Psychiatric Association">European Psychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_on_Psychiatry" title="Global Initiative on Psychiatry">Global Initiative on Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists">Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Psychiatric_Association_of_Russia" title="Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia">Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Psychiatric_Society" title="Indian Psychiatric Society">Indian Psychiatric Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Association" title="Philadelphia Association">Philadelphia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_and_New_Zealand_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists">Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Society_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Commission_to_Investigate_the_Use_of_Psychiatry_for_Political_Purposes" title="Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes">Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Psychiatric_Association" title="World Psychiatric Association">World Psychiatric Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_medicine" title="Behavioral medicine">Behavioral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_psychiatry" title="Controversies about psychiatry">Controversies about psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopsychiatry_controversy" title="Biopsychiatry controversy">Biopsychiatry controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">Electroconvulsive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_shock_therapy" title="Insulin shock therapy">Insulin shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentylenetetrazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychiatry" title="Philosophy of psychiatry">Philosophy of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_epidemiology" title="Psychiatric epidemiology">Psychiatric epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_genetics" title="Psychiatric genetics">Psychiatric genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">Psychiatrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycho-oncology" title="Psycho-oncology">Psycho-oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic_medicine" title="Psychosomatic medicine">Psychosomatic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosurgery" title="Psychosurgery">Psychosurgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counseling_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counseling topics">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neurological_conditions_and_disorders" title="List of neurological conditions and disorders">Neurological conditions and disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications" title="List of psychiatric medications">Psychiatric medications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications_by_condition_treated" title="List of psychiatric medications by condition treated">by condition treated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatrists" title="List of psychiatrists">Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychiatry" title="Portal:Psychiatry">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychiatry" title="Outline of psychiatry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders" title="Template talk:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development<br />(<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_amnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic amnesia">Psychogenic amnesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and<br />schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuroscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuroscience" title="Template:Neuroscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuroscience" title="Template talk:Neuroscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neuroscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience" title="Outline of neuroscience">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neuroscience" title="History of neuroscience">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Basic<br />science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_mapping" title="Brain mapping">Brain mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_neuroscience" title="Cellular neuroscience">Cellular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectomics" title="Connectomics">Connectomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_neuroscience" title="Integrative neuroscience">Integrative neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_neuroscience" title="Molecular neuroscience">Molecular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_decoding" title="Neural decoding">Neural decoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">Neurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrinology" title="Neuroendocrinology">Neuroendocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenetics" title="Neurogenetics">Neurogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurometrics" title="Neurometrics">Neurometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphology" title="Neuromorphology">Neuromorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysics" title="Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Systems neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray739.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/130px-Gray739.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/195px-Gray739.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/260px-Gray739.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical<br />neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neurology" title="Behavioral neurology">Behavioral neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptology" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptology">Epileptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocardiology" title="Neurocardiology">Neurocardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepidemiology" title="Neuroepidemiology">Neuroepidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system#Function" title="Enteric nervous system">Neurogastroenterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimmunology" title="Neuroimmunology">Neuroimmunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurointensive_care" title="Neurointensive care">Neurointensive care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-oncology" title="Neuro-oncology">Neuro-oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-ophthalmology" title="Neuro-ophthalmology">Neuro-ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">Neuropathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurorehabilitation" title="Neurorehabilitation">Neurorehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotology" title="Neurotology">Neurotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurovirology" title="Neurovirology">Neurovirology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_neuroscience" title="Nutritional neuroscience">Nutritional neuroscience</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive<br />neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cellular_cognition" title="Molecular cellular cognition">Molecular cellular cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuroscience" title="Sensory neuroscience">Sensory neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social cognitive neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_neuroscience" title="Consumer neuroscience">Consumer neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">Educational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_neurosurgery" title="Global neurosurgery">Global neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology">Neuroanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurobiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocriminology" title="Neurocriminology">Neurocriminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroeconomics" title="Neuroeconomics">Neuroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepistemology" title="Neuroepistemology">Neuroepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohistory" title="Neurohistory">Neurohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolaw" title="Neurolaw">Neurolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromarketing" title="Neuromarketing">Neuromarketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophilosophy" title="Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropolitics" title="Neuropolitics">Neuropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurorobotics" title="Neurorobotics">Neurorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoneurobiology" title="Paleoneurobiology">Paleoneurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_neuroscience" title="Social neuroscience">Social neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system" title="Development of the nervous system">Development of the nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Neural network (artificial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_circuit" title="Neural circuit">Neural network (biological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_theory" title="Detection theory">Detection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring" title="Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring">Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochip" title="Neurochip">Neurochip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Neurodegenerative disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">Neurodevelopmental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">Neurogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimmune_system" title="Neuroimmune system">Neuroimmune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromanagement" title="Neuromanagement">Neuromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromodulation" title="Neuromodulation">Neuromodulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_basis_of_self" title="Neural basis of self">Self-awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Neuroscience" title="Category:Neuroscience">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuroscience" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neuroscience">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antipsychotics_(N05A)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antipsychotics" title="Template:Antipsychotics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antipsychotics" title="Template talk:Antipsychotics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antipsychotics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antipsychotics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antipsychotics_(N05A)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05A" title="ATC code N05">N05A</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Butyrophenone" title="Butyrophenone">Butyrophenones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Benperidol" title="Benperidol">Benperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromperidol" title="Bromperidol">Bromperidol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromperidol_decanoate" title="Bromperidol decanoate">Bromperidol decanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droperidol" title="Droperidol">Droperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol_decanoate" title="Haloperidol decanoate">Haloperidol decanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moperone" title="Moperone">Moperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">Pipamperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timiperone" title="Timiperone">Timiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluperidol" title="Trifluperidol">Trifluperidol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diphenylbutylpiperidine" title="Diphenylbutylpiperidine">Diphenylbutylpiperidines</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Fluspirilene" title="Fluspirilene">Fluspirilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penfluridol" title="Penfluridol">Penfluridol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Phenothiazine" title="Phenothiazine">Phenothiazines</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Acepromazine" title="Acepromazine">Acepromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenazine" title="Acetophenazine">Acetophenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaperazine" title="Butaperazine">Butaperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfenazine" title="Carfenazine">Carphenazine (carfenazine)</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyamemazine" title="Cyamemazine">Cyamemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixyrazine" title="Dixyrazine">Dixyrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluphenazine decanoate">Fluphenazine decanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine_enanthate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluphenazine enanthate">Fluphenazine enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomepromazine" title="Levomepromazine">Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoridazine" title="Mesoridazine">Mesoridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perazine" title="Perazine">Perazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periciazine" title="Periciazine">Periciazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Perphenazine decanoate">Perphenazine decanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine_enanthate" title="Perphenazine enanthate">Perphenazine enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperacetazine" title="Piperacetazine">Piperacetazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine" title="Pipotiazine">Pipotiazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine_palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipotiazine palmitate">Pipotiazine palmitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine_undecylenate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipotiazine undecylenate">Pipotiazine undecylenate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">Prochlorperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promazine" title="Promazine">Promazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulforidazine" title="Sulforidazine">Sulforidazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiopropazate" title="Thiopropazate">Thiopropazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioproperazine" title="Thioproperazine">Thioproperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflupromazine" title="Triflupromazine">Triflupromazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Thioxanthene" title="Thioxanthene">Thioxanthenes</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">Chlorprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopenthixol" title="Clopenthixol">Clopenthixol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clopenthixol_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Clopenthixol decanoate">Clopenthixol decanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Flupentixol decanoate">Flupentixol decanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiotixene" title="Tiotixene">Tiotixene (thiothixene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuclopenthixol acetate">Zuclopenthixol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol_decanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuclopenthixol decanoate">Zuclopenthixol decanoate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Benzamide" title="Benzamide">Benzamides</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levosulpiride" title="Levosulpiride">Levosulpiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remoxipride" title="Remoxipride">Remoxipride</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">Sulpiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultopride" title="Sultopride">Sultopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiapride" title="Tiapride">Tiapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veralipride" title="Veralipride">Veralipride</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Butyrophenone" title="Butyrophenone">Butyrophenones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">Melperone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic" title="Tricyclic">Tricyclics</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Carpipramine" title="Carpipramine">Carpipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">Clocapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">Clorotepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiapine" title="Clotiapine">Clotiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosapramine" title="Mosapramine">Mosapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyprothepin_decanoate" title="Oxyprothepin decanoate">Oxyprothepin decanoate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Molindone" title="Molindone">Molindone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Benzisoxazole" title="Benzisoxazole">Benzisoxazole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benzisothiazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzisothiazole">benzisothiazoles</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">Lurasidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone_palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Paliperidone palmitate">Paliperidone palmitate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perospirone" title="Perospirone">Perospirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Butyrophenone" title="Butyrophenone">Butyrophenones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lumateperone" title="Lumateperone">Lumateperone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Phenylpiperazine" title="Phenylpiperazine">Phenylpiperazines</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quinolinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinolinone">quinolinones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole_lauroxil" title="Aripiprazole lauroxil">Aripiprazole lauroxil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilaroxazine" title="Brilaroxazine">Brilaroxazine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">Brexpiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">Cariprazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic" title="Tricyclic">Tricyclics</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/samidorphan" title="Olanzapine/samidorphan">+samidorphan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Blonanserin" title="Blonanserin">Blonanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimavanserin" title="Pimavanserin">Pimavanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monoamine-depleting_agent" title="Monoamine-depleting agent">Monoamine-depleting agents</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Oxypertine" title="Oxypertine">Oxypertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabenazine" title="Tetrabenazine">Tetrabenazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others/unknown:</i> <a href="/wiki/Azacyclonol" title="Azacyclonol">Azacyclonol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanomeline/trospium_chloride" title="Xanomeline/trospium chloride">Xanomeline/trospium chloride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anxiolytics_(N05B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Template:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anxiolytics" title="Template talk:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anxiolytics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anxiolytics_(N05B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05B" title="ATC code N05">N05B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor"><abbr title="5-HT1A receptor">5-HT<sub>1A</sub>R</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip 5-HT1A receptor</span> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">Gepirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">Tandospirone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor"><abbr title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub>R</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip GABAA receptor</span> <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulators"><abbr title="positive allosteric modulators">PAMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip positive allosteric modulators</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">Alprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a>; <i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alpidem" title="Alpidem">Alpidem</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">meprobamate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel"><abbr title="alpha2delta subunit">α<sub>2</sub>δ</abbr> <abbr title="voltage-dependent calcium channel">VDCC</abbr></a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">blockers</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">escitalopram</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin-norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">SNRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">duloxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors">SARIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">trazodone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">clomipramine</a><sup>#</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tetracyclic antidepressants">TeCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">mirtazapine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors"><abbr title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors">MAOIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</span> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">phenelzine</a>); <i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sympatholytic" title="Sympatholytic">Sympatholytics</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Antiadrenergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiadrenergic">Antiadrenergics</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">Alpha-1 blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">prazosin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-2 agonist">Alpha-2 agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">dexmedetomidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoctamine" title="Benzoctamine">Benzoctamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabomotizole" title="Fabomotizole">Fabomotizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorpiprazole" title="Lorpiprazole">Lorpiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebicar">Mebicar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepiprazole" title="Mepiprazole">Mepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenaglycodol" title="Phenaglycodol">Phenaglycodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picamilon" title="Picamilon">Picamilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selank" title="Selank">Selank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofisopam" title="Tofisopam">Tofisopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validolum" class="mw-redirect" title="Validolum">Validolum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hypnotics/sedatives_(N05C)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypnotics_and_sedatives" title="Template:Hypnotics and sedatives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypnotics_and_sedatives" title="Template talk:Hypnotics and sedatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypnotics_and_sedatives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypnotics and sedatives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hypnotics/sedatives_(N05C)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N05#N05C" title="ATC code N05">N05C</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2M2B" class="mw-redirect" title="2M2B">2M2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralodol" title="Chloralodol">Chloralodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylpropanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="Diethylpropanediol">Diethylpropanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethchlorvynol" title="Ethchlorvynol">Ethchlorvynol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylpentynol" title="Methylpentynol">Methylpentynol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol" title="2,2,2-Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allobarbital" title="Allobarbital">Allobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">Amobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprobarbital" title="Aprobarbital">Aprobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbital" title="Barbital">Barbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butabarbital" title="Butabarbital">Butabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butobarbital" title="Butobarbital">Butobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobarbital" title="Cyclobarbital">Cyclobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethallobarbital" title="Ethallobarbital">Ethallobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptabarb" title="Heptabarb">Heptabarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexobarbital" title="Hexobarbital">Hexobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephobarbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mephobarbital">Mephobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methohexital" title="Methohexital">Methohexital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcobarbital" title="Narcobarbital">Narcobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenallymal" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenallymal">Phenallymal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylbarbital" title="Propylbarbital">Propylbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxibarbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Proxibarbal">Proxibarbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reposal" title="Reposal">Reposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secobarbital" title="Secobarbital">Secobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbutal" title="Talbutal">Talbutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamylal" title="Thiamylal">Thiamylal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">Thiopental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiotetrabarbital" title="Thiotetrabarbital">Thiotetrabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinbarbital" title="Vinbarbital">Vinbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylbital" title="Vinylbital">Vinylbital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brotizolam" title="Brotizolam">Brotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolazepam" title="Cinolazepam">Cinolazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climazolam" title="Climazolam">Climazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazolam" title="Clonazolam">Clonazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxefazepam" title="Doxefazepam">Doxefazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estazolam" title="Estazolam">Estazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazolam" title="Flubromazolam">Flubromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazolam" title="Flunitrazolam">Flunitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">Flunitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">Flurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutemazepam" title="Flutemazepam">Flutemazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutoprazepam" title="Flutoprazepam">Flutoprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loprazolam" title="Loprazolam">Loprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lormetazepam" title="Lormetazepam">Lormetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitemazepam" title="Nitemazepam">Nitemazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazolam" title="Nitrazolam">Nitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quazepam" title="Quazepam">Quazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">Triazolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emylcamate" title="Emylcamate">Emylcamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinamate" title="Ethinamate">Ethinamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapropymate" title="Hexapropymate">Hexapropymate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenprobamate" title="Phenprobamate">Phenprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymate" title="Procymate">Procymate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tybamate" title="Tybamate">Tybamate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">Etomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metomidate" title="Metomidate">Metomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxate" title="Propoxate">Propoxate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Monoureide" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoureide">Monoureides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acecarbromal" title="Acecarbromal">Acecarbromal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apronal" title="Apronal">Apronal (apronalide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromisoval" title="Bromisoval">Bromisoval</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capuride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capuride (page does not exist)">Capuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbromal" title="Carbromal">Carbromal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectylurea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectylurea (page does not exist)">Ectylurea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebrochol" title="Acebrochol">Acebrochol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfadolone" title="Alfadolone">Alphadolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphaxolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphaxolone">Alphaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eltanolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Eltanolone">Eltanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxydione" title="Hydroxydione">Hydroxydione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaxolone" title="Minaxolone">Minaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">Eszopiclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiplon" title="Indiplon">Indiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirequinil" title="Lirequinil">Lirequinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necopidem" title="Necopidem">Necopidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazinaclone" title="Pazinaclone">Pazinaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saripidem" title="Saripidem">Saripidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suproclone" title="Suproclone">Suproclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriclone" title="Suriclone">Suriclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">Zaleplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">Zolpidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Piperidinedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Piperidinedione">Piperidinediones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">Glutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyprylon" title="Methyprylon">Methyprylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrithyldione" title="Pyrithyldione">Pyrithyldione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperidione" title="Piperidione">Piperidione</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afloqualone" title="Afloqualone">Afloqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloroqualone" title="Cloroqualone">Cloroqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diproqualone" title="Diproqualone">Diproqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etaqualone" title="Etaqualone">Etaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebroqualone" title="Mebroqualone">Mebroqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecloqualone" title="Mecloqualone">Mecloqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Methaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmethaqualone" title="Methylmethaqualone">Methylmethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethaqualone" title="Nitromethaqualone">Nitromethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL-164" title="SL-164">SL-164</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenone" title="Acetophenone">Acetophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylglycinamide_chloral_hydrate" title="Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate">Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> compounds <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_bromide" title="Lithium bromide">Lithium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">Potassium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">Sodium bromide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centalun" title="Centalun">Centalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_betaine" title="Chloral betaine">Chloral betaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">Chloral hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomethiazole" title="Clomethiazole">Clomethiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloralphenazone" title="Dichloralphenazone">Dichloralphenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">Gaboxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalactone" title="Kavalactone">Kavalactones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrichloral" title="Petrichloral">Petrichloral</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfonylalkane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfonylalkane (page does not exist)">Sulfonylalkanes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonmethane" title="Sulfonmethane">Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetronal" title="Tetronal">Tetronal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trional" title="Trional">Trional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclofos" title="Triclofos">Triclofos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquiterpene" title="Sesquiterpene">Sesquiterpene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleramide" title="Isovaleramide">Isovaleramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleric_acid" title="Isovaleric acid">Isovaleric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">Valerenic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GABAB_receptor" title="GABAB receptor">GABA<sub>B</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1,4-Butanediol" title="1,4-Butanediol">1,4-Butanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluorophenibut" title="4-Fluorophenibut">4-Fluorophenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceburic_acid" title="Aceburic acid">Aceburic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABOB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABOB">GABOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">sodium oxybate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Butyrolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Butyrolactone">GBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Valerolactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Valerolactone">GVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolibut" title="Tolibut">Tolibut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/H1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="H1 receptor">H<sub>1</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Antihistamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxylamine" title="Doxylamine">Doxylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methapyrilene" title="Methapyrilene">Methapyrilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheniramine" title="Pheniramine">Pheniramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiomazine" title="Propiomazine">Propiomazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonists_and_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors">Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a>, etc.</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>2</sub>-Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detomidine" title="Detomidine">Detomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexmedetomidine" title="Dexmedetomidine">Dexmedetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofexidine" title="Lofexidine">Lofexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medetomidine" title="Medetomidine">Medetomidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romifidine" title="Romifidine">Romifidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizanidine" title="Tizanidine">Tizanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylazine" title="Xylazine">Xylazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">5-HT<sub>2A</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">Tetracyclic antidepressants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typical_antipsychotic" title="Typical antipsychotic">Typical antipsychotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a>, etc.</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niaprazine" title="Niaprazine">Niaprazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(medication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (medication)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramelteon" title="Ramelteon">Ramelteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasimelteon" title="Tasimelteon">Tasimelteon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daridorexant" title="Daridorexant">Daridorexant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemborexant" title="Lemborexant">Lemborexant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvorexant" title="Suvorexant">Suvorexant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid"><abbr title="alpha2delta subunit">α<sub>2</sub>δ</abbr> <abbr title="voltage-gated calcium channel">VDCC</abbr></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorophenylalkyldiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorophenylalkyldiol (page does not exist)">Chlorophenylalkyldiols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenpentadiol" title="Fenpentadiol">Fenpentadiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaglycodol" title="Metaglycodol">Metaglycodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenaglycodol" title="Phenaglycodol">Phenaglycodol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol">Diethylpropanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evoxine" title="Evoxine">Evoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenadiazole" title="Fenadiazole">Fenadiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaifenesin" title="Guaifenesin">Guaifenesin</a>-related <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">muscle relaxants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenesin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorphenesin">Chlorphenesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenesin" title="Mephenesin">Mephenesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenoxalone" title="Mephenoxalone">Mephenoxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxalone" title="Metaxalone">Metaxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midaflur" title="Midaflur">Midaflur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passiflora" title="Passiflora">Passion flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMB68" class="mw-redirect" title="UMB68">UMB68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antidepressants_(N06A)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antidepressants" title="Template:Antidepressants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antidepressants" title="Template talk:Antidepressants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antidepressants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antidepressants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antidepressants_(N06A)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06A" title="ATC code N06">N06A</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Specific_reuptake_inhibitors_and/or_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Specific <a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">reuptake inhibitors</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">receptor modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors">SSRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citalopram" title="Citalopram">Citalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indalpine" title="Indalpine">Indalpine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">Paroxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimelidine" title="Zimelidine">Zimelidine</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">SNRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desvenlafaxine" title="Desvenlafaxine">Desvenlafaxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloxetine" title="Duloxetine">Duloxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofenacin" title="Tofenacin">Tofenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venlafaxine" title="Venlafaxine">Venlafaxine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors">NRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reboxetine" title="Reboxetine">Reboxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viloxazine" title="Viloxazine">Viloxazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine%E2%80%93dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors">NDRIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomifensine" title="Nomifensine">Nomifensine</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noradrenergic_and_specific_serotonergic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants"><abbr title="Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants">NaSSAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist_and_reuptake_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors"><abbr title="Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors">SARIs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etoperidone" title="Etoperidone">Etoperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_modulator_and_stimulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin modulator and stimulators"><abbr title="Serotonin modulator and stimulators">SMS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Serotonin modulator and stimulators</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilazodone" title="Vilazodone">Vilazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortioxetine" title="Vortioxetine">Vortioxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agomelatine" title="Agomelatine">Agomelatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan/bupropion" title="Dextromethorphan/bupropion">Dextromethorphan/bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethyltryptamine">Etryptamine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepirone" title="Gepirone">Gepirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeloxazine" title="Indeloxazine">Indeloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medifoxamine" title="Medifoxamine">Medifoxamine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">Metryptamine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaflozane" title="Oxaflozane">Oxaflozane</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivagabine" title="Pivagabine">Pivagabine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandospirone" title="Tandospirone">Tandospirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teniloxazine" title="Teniloxazine">Teniloxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tricyclic_and_tetracyclic_antidepressants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic" title="Tricyclic">Tricyclic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant" title="Tetracyclic antidepressant">tetracyclic antidepressants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tricyclic antidepressants">TCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">Amineptine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptylinoxide" title="Amitriptylinoxide">Amitriptylinoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butriptyline" title="Butriptyline">Butriptyline</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomipramine" title="Clomipramine">Clomipramine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demexiptiline" title="Demexiptiline">Demexiptiline</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibenzepin" title="Dibenzepin">Dibenzepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimetacrine" title="Dimetacrine">Dimetacrine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosulepin" title="Dosulepin">Dosulepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxepin" title="Doxepin">Doxepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipraminoxide" title="Imipraminoxide">Imipraminoxide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iprindole" title="Iprindole">Iprindole</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofepramine" title="Lofepramine">Lofepramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitracen" title="Melitracen">Melitracen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapramine" title="Metapramine">Metapramine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxazepine" title="Nitroxazepine">Nitroxazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">Nortriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noxiptiline" title="Noxiptiline">Noxiptiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipofezine" title="Pipofezine">Pipofezine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propizepine" title="Propizepine">Propizepine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protriptyline" title="Protriptyline">Protriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinupramine" title="Quinupramine">Quinupramine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracyclic antidepressants"><abbr title="Tetracyclic antidepressants">TeCAs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tetracyclic antidepressants</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maprotiline" title="Maprotiline">Maprotiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setiptiline" title="Setiptiline">Setiptiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiazesim" title="Tiazesim">Tiazesim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-selective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Irreversible:</i> <a href="/wiki/Benmoxin" title="Benmoxin">Benmoxin</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iproclozide" title="Iproclozide">Iproclozide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iproniazid" title="Iproniazid">Iproniazid</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocarboxazid" title="Isocarboxazid">Isocarboxazid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoniazid" title="Isoniazid">Isoniazid</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linezolid" title="Linezolid">Linezolid</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebanazine" title="Mebanazine">Mebanazine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nialamide" title="Nialamide">Nialamide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamoxin" title="Octamoxin">Octamoxin</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenelzine" title="Phenelzine">Phenelzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheniprazine" title="Pheniprazine">Pheniprazine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoxypropazine" title="Phenoxypropazine">Phenoxypropazine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivhydrazine" title="Pivhydrazine">Pivhydrazine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safrazine" title="Safrazine">Safrazine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedizolid" title="Tedizolid">Tedizolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine" title="Tranylcypromine">Tranylcypromine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Reversible:</i> <a href="/wiki/Caroxazone" title="Caroxazone">Caroxazone</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Mixed:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bifemelane" title="Bifemelane">Bifemelane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_A" title="Monoamine oxidase A"><abbr title="Monoamine oxidase A">MAO<sub>A</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Monoamine oxidase A</span>-selective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Reversible:</i> <a href="/wiki/Eprobemide" title="Eprobemide">Eprobemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metralindole" title="Metralindole">Metralindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaprine" title="Minaprine">Minaprine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moclobemide" title="Moclobemide">Moclobemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirlindole" title="Pirlindole">Pirlindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrindole" title="Tetrindole">Tetrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toloxatone" title="Toloxatone">Toloxatone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_B" title="Monoamine oxidase B"><abbr title="Monoamine oxidase B">MAO<sub>B</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Monoamine oxidase B</span>-selective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Irreversible:</i> <a href="/wiki/Selegiline" title="Selegiline">Selegiline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adjunctive_therapies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adjuvant_therapy" title="Adjuvant therapy">Adjunctive therapies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">aripiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">brexpiprazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">lurasidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">olanzapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">quetiapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">lithium carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium_citrate" title="Lithium citrate">lithium citrate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">triiodothyronine</a> (T<sub>3</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Levothyroxine" title="Levothyroxine">levothyroxine</a> (T<sub>4</sub>))</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Miscellaneous</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ademetionine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ademetionine">Ademetionine (<abbr title="S-adenosyl-L-methionine">SAMe</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator" title="GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator">GABAkine</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">neurosteroids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">brexanolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuranolone" title="Zuranolone">zuranolone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum"><i>Hypericum perforatum</i> (St. John's Wort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxitriptan" title="Oxitriptan">Oxitriptan (<abbr title="5-hydroxytryptophan">5-HTP</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_chloride" title="Rubidium chloride">Rubidium chloride (RbCl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychostimulants,_agents_used_for_ADHD,_and_nootropics_(N06B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">nootropics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N06#N06B" title="ATC code N06">N06B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: LemonChiffon"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">N06BA<br />Centrally acting <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathomimetic">sympathomimetics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atomoxetine" title="Atomoxetine">Atomoxetine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dextromethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethamphetamine">Dextromethamphetamine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamin" title="Fencamfamin">Fencamfamin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fenetylline" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenetylline">Fenetylline</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fenozolone" title="Fenozolone">Fenozolone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">Dexmethylphenidate</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pemoline" title="Pemoline">Pemoline</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Serdexmethylphenidate" title="Serdexmethylphenidate">Serdexmethylphenidate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Solriamfetol" title="Solriamfetol">Solriamfetol</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: LemonChiffon"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">N06BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Xanthine" title="Xanthine">Xanthine</a> derivatives</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Propentofylline" title="Propentofylline">Propentofylline</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: LemonChiffon"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">N06BX<br />Other psychostimulants and nootropics</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acetylcarnitine" title="Acetylcarnitine">Acetylcarnitine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aniracetam" title="Aniracetam">Aniracetam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Citicoline" title="Citicoline">Citicoline</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Deanol">Deanol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fipexide" title="Fipexide">Fipexide</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Idebenone" title="Idebenone">Idebenone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mebicar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebicar">Mebicar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meclofenoxate" title="Meclofenoxate">Meclofenoxate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nizofenone" title="Nizofenone">Nizofenone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">Pipradrol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pirisudanol" title="Pirisudanol">Pirisudanol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pramiracetam" title="Pramiracetam">Pramiracetam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prolintane" title="Prolintane">Prolintane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pyritinol" title="Pyritinol">Pyritinol</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vinpocetine" title="Vinpocetine">Vinpocetine</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psych_navs" title="Template:Psych navs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psych_navs" title="Template talk:Psych navs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psych_navs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psych navs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Index_of_psychology_and_psychiatry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Index of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">psychiatry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Description</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes">Mental processes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_and_behavioral_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Mental and behavioral disorders">Mental and behavioral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Template:Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Template:Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourette_syndrome" title="Template:Tourette syndrome">Tourette's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mood_disorders" title="Template:Mood disorders">Mood</a></li> <li>Developmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pervasive_developmental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pervasive developmental disorders">pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dyslexia_and_specific_developmental_disorders" title="Template:Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders">dyslexia and specific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychoactive_substance_use" title="Template:Psychoactive substance use">Substance-related</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcohol_and_health" title="Template:Alcohol and health">alcohol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cognition,_perception,_emotional_state_and_behaviour_symptoms_and_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs">Symptoms and signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychological_and_psychiatric_evaluation_and_testing" title="Template:Psychological and psychiatric evaluation and testing">Evaluation and testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychotherapy" title="Template:Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Template:Cognitive behavioral therapy">CBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Antidepressants" title="Template:Antidepressants">depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Antipsychotics" title="Template:Antipsychotics">antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Anxiolytics" title="Template:Anxiolytics">anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-dementia_drugs" title="Template:Anti-dementia drugs">dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypnotics_and_sedatives" title="Template:Hypnotics and sedatives">hypnotics and sedatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Template:Cognitive behavioral therapy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Template talk:Cognitive behavioral therapy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cognitive behavioral therapy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cognitive_behavioral_therapy_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive%E2%80%93behavioral_therapies" title="List of cognitive–behavioral therapies">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior therapy">Behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_activation" title="Behavioral activation">Behavioral activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_analytic_therapy" title="Cognitive analytic therapy">Cognitive analytic therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_analysis_system_of_psychotherapy" title="Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy">Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">Cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_reinforcement_approach_and_family_training" title="Community reinforcement approach and family training">Community reinforcement approach and family training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion-focused_therapy" title="Compassion-focused therapy">Compassion-focused therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_management" title="Contingency management">Contingency management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_therapeutic_exposure" title="Direct therapeutic exposure">Direct therapeutic exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_and_response_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure and response prevention">Exposure and response prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_(psychology)" title="Flooding (psychology)">Flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolonged_exposure_therapy" title="Prolonged exposure therapy">Prolonged exposure therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_desensitization" title="Systematic desensitization">Systematic desensitization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analytic_psychotherapy" title="Functional analytic psychotherapy">Functional analytic psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habit_reversal_training" title="Habit reversal training">Habit reversal training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inference-based_therapy" title="Inference-based therapy">Inference-based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacognitive_therapy" title="Metacognitive therapy">Metacognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_levels" title="Method of levels">Method of levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_cognitive_therapy" title="Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy">Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_therapy" title="Multimodal therapy">Multimodal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" title="Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_therapy" title="Reality therapy">Reality therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relapse_prevention" title="Relapse prevention">Relapse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_therapy" title="Schema therapy">Schema therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control_therapy" title="Self-control therapy">Self-control therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047667-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Psychiatry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85108381">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Psychiatrie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942040d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Psychiatrie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11942040d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570413">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="psychiatrie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115943&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Psiquiatría"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525719">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000055437&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545996005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008285">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642787">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&oldid=1257405844">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychiatry&oldid=1257405844</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychiatry" title="Category:Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_disciplines" title="Category:Academic disciplines">Academic disciplines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Behavioural_sciences" title="Category:Behavioural 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