CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Luther Bible - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"48ac4943-5744-4386-a34d-4431db95ccd0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Luther_Bible","wgTitle":"Luther Bible","wgCurRevisionId":1257202362,"wgRevisionId":1257202362,"wgArticleId":4081389,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2014","Articles containing German-language text","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Greek-language sources (el)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Greek-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021", "Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from April 2024","Articles needing additional references from July 2019","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","1522 books","1534 books","16th-century Christian texts","Early printed Bibles","Works by Martin Luther","Bible translations into German","Christian terminology","1534 in Christianity"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Luther_Bible","wgRelevantArticleId":4081389,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1571095","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="911"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/800px-Lutherbibel.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="607"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/640px-Lutherbibel.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="486"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Luther Bible - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Bible"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Bible"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Luther_Bible rootpage-Luther_Bible skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Luther+Bible" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Luther+Bible" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Luther+Bible" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Luther+Bible" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_German_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_German_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Previous German translations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Previous_German_translations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Previous German translations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Previous_German_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translation_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Translation approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Contemporaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"September_Bible"_New_Testament_(1522)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"September_Bible"_New_Testament_(1522)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>"September Bible" New Testament (1522)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"September_Bible"_New_Testament_(1522)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complete_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complete_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Complete Bible</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Complete_Bible-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Complete Bible subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Complete_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions_during_Luther's_lifetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_during_Luther's_lifetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Editions during Luther's lifetime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_during_Luther's_lifetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions_after_1546" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_after_1546"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Editions after 1546</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_after_1546-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_church_revisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_church_revisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Official church revisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_church_revisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_of_the_Luther_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_of_the_Luther_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Books of the Luther Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_of_the_Luther_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mistranslations_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mistranslations_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mistranslations and controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mistranslations_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-View_of_canonicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View_of_canonicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>View of canonicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View_of_canonicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publishing_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Publishing success</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_modern_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_modern_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Emergence of modern German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_modern_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>National identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy_and_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy_and_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Literacy and order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy_and_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Used_as_basis_of_other_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Used_as_basis_of_other_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Used as basis of other translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Used_as_basis_of_other_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excerpted_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excerpted_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Excerpted examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excerpted_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Luther Bible</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Біблія Лютэра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біблія Лютэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Біблія Лютэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біблія Лютэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Библия на Лутер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Библия на Лутер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherbibel" title="Lutherbibel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lutherbibel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_de_Lutero" title="Biblia de Lutero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblia de Lutero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblio_de_Lutero" title="Biblio de Lutero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biblio de Lutero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_de_Luther" title="Bible de Luther – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bible de Luther" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%84%B0_%EC%84%B1%EA%B2%BD" title="루터 성경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루터 성경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkitab_Luther" title="Alkitab Luther – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alkitab Luther" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibbia_di_Lutero" title="Bibbia di Lutero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bibbia di Lutero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%22%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A8" title="תרגום התנ"ך של לותר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרגום התנ"ך של לותר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibolin%27_i_Lotera" title="Baibolin' i Lotera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Baibolin' i Lotera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherbijbel" title="Lutherbijbel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lutherbijbel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8" title="ルター聖書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルター聖書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherbibelen" title="Lutherbibelen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lutherbibelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_Lutra" title="Biblia Lutra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biblia Lutra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADblia_de_Lutero" title="Bíblia de Lutero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bíblia de Lutero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Библия Лютера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библия Лютера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Luther Bible" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherin_Raamattu" title="Lutherin Raamattu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lutherin Raamattu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutherbibeln" title="Lutherbibeln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lutherbibeln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliyang_Luther" title="Bibliyang Luther – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bibliyang Luther" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Kutsal_Kitab%C4%B1" title="Luther Kutsal Kitabı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Luther Kutsal Kitabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Біблія Лютера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біблія Лютера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_Th%C3%A1nh_Luther" title="Kinh Thánh Luther – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh Thánh Luther" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%88%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="路德版聖經 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路德版聖經" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1571095#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Luther_Bible" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Luther_Bible" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Luther_Bible" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&oldid=1257202362" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Luther_Bible&id=1257202362&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLuther_Bible"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLuther_Bible"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Luther_Bible&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Luther_Bible" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1571095" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German-language translation of the Bible by Martin Luther</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:maroon;color:white;">Luther Bible</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherbibel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/310px-Lutherbibel.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/465px-Lutherbibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/620px-Lutherbibel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="759" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Martin Luther's 1534 Bible</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Full name</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>Biblia / das ist / die gantze Heilige Schrifft Deudsch</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">LUT</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">OT</a> published</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1534</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">NT</a> published</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1522</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap">Complete Bible<br />published</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1534<sup id="cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Manasseh" title="Prayer of Manasseh">Prayer of Manasseh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Authorship</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Creuziger" title="Caspar Creuziger">Caspar Creuziger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li><li>others<sup id="cite_ref-Mathesius_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathesius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Textual basis</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b>NT:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Luther)</span><br /><span style="padding-left:1.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bugenhagen)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Mathesius_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathesius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li><li><span class="nowrap"><b>OT:</b> <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Melanchthon)</span><br /><span style="padding-left:1.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text#Critical_study" title="Masoretic Text">2nd Bomberg Edition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Creuziger)</span><sup id="cite_ref-Mathesius_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathesius-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Version revision</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1984 (last official revision)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lufft" title="Hans Lufft">Hans Lufft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Copyright</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Public domain due to age</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:1px;line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Religious affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran churches</a></li><li>Several <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed churches</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1:1" title="Genesis 1:1">Genesis 1:1–3</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <i>Am anfang schuff Gott Himel vnd Erden. Vnd die Erde war wüst und leer / und es war finster auff der Tieffe / Vnd der Geist Gottes schwebet auff dem Wasser. Und Gott sprach / Es werde Liecht / Und es ward Liecht.</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1545 revised 5th edition)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">John 3:16</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <i>Also hat Gott die Welt geliebet / das er seinen eingeboren Son gab / Auff das alle die an jn gleuben / nicht verloren werden / sondern das ewige Leben haben.</i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1545 revised 5th edition)</span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Luther Bible</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Lutherbibel</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/German_language#Early_New_High_German" title="German language">German language</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a> by the Protestant reformer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>. A <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> translation by Luther was first published in September 1522; the completed <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> contained 75 books, including the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, which was printed in 1534. Luther continued to make improvements to the text until 1545. It was the one of first full <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_German" title="Bible translations into German">translations of the Bible into German</a> that used not only the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> but also the Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther did not translate the entire Bible by himself; he relied on a team of translators and helpers that included <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>, a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> who motivated and assisted Luther's New Testament translation from Greek, and <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Aurogallus" title="Matthäus Aurogallus">Matthäus Aurogallus</a>, a linguist and scholar of Hebrew. One of the textual bases of the New Testament translation was the Latin and Greek versions, and its <a href="/wiki/Philological" class="mw-redirect" title="Philological">philological</a> annotations, recently published by the Dutch Catholic humanist <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a> and called the <i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne#Second_edition" title="Novum Instrumentum omne">Novum Testamentum omne</a></i> (1519). </p><p>The project absorbed Luther's later years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany#Culture_and_literacy" title="History of Germany">spread of literacy in early modern Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promoting the development of non-local forms of language and exposing all speakers to forms of German from outside their own areas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to the then recently invented <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the result was widely disseminated and contributed significantly to the development of today's <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">modern High German language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Previous_German_translations">Previous German translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Previous German translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Luther Bible was not the first translation or printing of the Bible into German.<sup id="cite_ref-Volz_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_German" title="Bible translations into German">Bible translations into German</a>, both manuscript and printed, were produced prior to Luther's birth. Historian Margaret O'Rourke Boyle has claimed: "there was no causation between the Lutheran Reformation and the popular reading of Scripture."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>There are still approximately 1,000 manuscripts or manuscript fragments of <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_German#Pre-Lutheran_Germanic_Bibles" title="Bible translations into German">Medieval German Bible translations</a> extant, mainly from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-arblaster_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arblaster-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>In total, there were at least eighteen complete <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_German#Printed_Bibles" title="Bible translations into German">printed German Bible editions</a>, ninety editions in the vernacular of the Gospels and the readings of the Sundays and Holy Days, and some fourteen German Psalters by the time Luther first published his own New Testament translation.<sup id="cite_ref-arblaster_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arblaster-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 116">: 116 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation_approaches">Translation approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Translation approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These previous translations were coupled to the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> and typically <i>word-for-word</i> or literal translations that were not idiomatic in any German dialect, nor necessarily intended to be. One previous <i>word-for-word</i> translation from 1350, printed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Mentelin" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Mentelin">Johann Mentelin</a> in 1466, has been called linguistically clumsy and partially incomprehensible.<sup id="cite_ref-Volz_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volz-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther adopted more of a free <i>phrase-by-phrase</i> or <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic equivalence">dynamic equivalence</a> translation approach and made use of some of <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>' Greek and annotations in his <a href="/wiki/Novum_Instrumentum_omne" title="Novum Instrumentum omne">Novum Testamentum omne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at least some of Luther's passages can be explained as translations from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bluhm_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bluhm-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 230, 231">: 230, 231 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporaneous">Contemporaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contemporaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_German#Other_translations_after_Luther's_New_Testament" title="Bible translations into German">Bible translations into German § Other translations after Luther's New Testament</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich Bible">Zürich Bible</a> was released in stages from 1525 to 1530, made by <a href="/wiki/Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwingli">Zwingli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Jud" title="Leo Jud">Leo Jud</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="High Alemannic">High Alemannic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a>) revision of Luther's New Testament altered in word order and vocabulary,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a new Old Testament: the books of the prophets were derived from the 1527 translation of the Anabaptists <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Haetzer" title="Ludwig Haetzer">Ludwig Haetzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a>. The publication of the complete <i>Zwinglibibel</i> pre-dates the complete <i>Lutherbibel</i> by four years. </p><p>A Catholic revision of Luther's New Testament was issued in 1526 by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Emser" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieronymus Emser">Hieronymus Emser</a>, and in 1534 <a href="/wiki/Johann_Dietenberger" title="Johann Dietenberger">Johann Dietenberger</a> released a complete Bible based on Emser's New Testament and the Zwingli/Jud Old Testament. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a> published a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> version of Luther's New Testament in 1534. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""September_Bible"_New_Testament_(1522)"><span id=".22September_Bible.22_New_Testament_.281522.29"></span>"September Bible" New Testament (1522)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "September Bible" New Testament (1522)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While he was sequestered in the <a href="/wiki/Wartburg_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartburg Castle">Wartburg Castle</a> for ten months (May 4, 1521–March 3, 1522),<sup id="cite_ref-National_Library_of_Scotland_2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Library_of_Scotland_2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther began to translate the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> from Latin and Greek<sup id="cite_ref-Vedder_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vedder-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bluhm_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bluhm-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German#Chancery_languages" title="Early New High German">Saxon German</a>. </p><p>Luther used <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>' second edition (1519) of the Latin New Testament with Greek (later developed into the <i><a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a></i>) and annotations. After leaving the castle, he revised passages obscure to him with the assistance of Greek specialist <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillip Melanchthon">Phillip Melanchthon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> Like Erasmus, Luther had learned some Greek at the Latin schools led by the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life" title="Brethren of the Common Life">Brethren of the Common Life</a> (Erasmus in <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>, the Netherlands; and Luther in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, Germany). These lay brothers had added Greek as a new subject to their curriculum in the late 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time Greek was seldom taught even at universities. </p><p>Known as the "September Bible", this translation included only the New Testament and was printed in September 1522, six months after he had returned to <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>. Luther also published the Bible in the small <a href="/wiki/Octavo" title="Octavo">octavo</a> format. </p><p>In the opinion of the 19th-century Protestant theologian and church historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The richest fruit of Luther's leisure in the Wartburg, and the most important and useful work of his whole life, is the translation of the New Testament, by which he brought the teaching and example of Christ and the Apostles to the mind and heart of the Germans in life-like reproduction. It was a republication of the gospel. He made the Bible the people's book in church, school, and house.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaff_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaff-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Luther's translation was "remarkably free for its time"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Luther's translation goal was to produce idiomatic Saxon German rather than a literal translation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schaff notes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philip_Schaff_on_Luther%27s_Bible" class="extiw" title="q:Philip Schaff on Luther's Bible">Philip Schaff on Luther's Bible</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He adapted the words to the capacity of the Germans, often at the expense of accuracy.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7/hcc7.ii.iv.iv.html">§ 63.</a> A Critical Estimate of Luther's Version</cite></div></blockquote> <p>For example, he translated δίκαιος -forms with <i>gerecht</i> -words to refer to divine righteousness, but with <i>frum</i> -words in contexts which refer to human goodness, with <i>billig</i> for what is fitting or appropriate, and with <i>recht</i> -words when referring to lawful conduct, to create distinctions that reflected his theological view.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complete_Bible">Complete Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Complete Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The translation of the entire Bible into German was published in a six-part edition in 1534, a collaborative effort of Luther and many others such as <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Creuziger" title="Caspar Creuziger">Caspar Creuziger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Aurogallus" title="Matthäus Aurogallus">Matthäus Aurogallus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer" title="Georg Rörer">Georg Rörer</a>. Luther worked on refining the translation up to his death in 1546; he had worked on the edition that was printed that year. </p><p>The Old Testament was translated using a <a href="/wiki/Masoretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic">Masoretic</a> text of <a href="/wiki/Early_editions_of_the_Hebrew_Bible#Soncino_Bibles" title="Early editions of the Hebrew Bible">Soncino</a>, the Vulgate of <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, the Septuagint, and, later, Latin versions by <a href="/wiki/Santes_Pagnino#Writings" title="Santes Pagnino">Santes Pagnino</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaff_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaff-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: § 63">: § 63 </span></sup> </p><p>The 1534 edition issued by the <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lufft" title="Hans Lufft">Hans Lufft</a> press in Wittenberg included 117 original woodcuts. This reflected the recent trend (since 1522) of including artwork to reinforce the textual message.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Biblical historian W. Gordon Campbell, Lufft's printing of the Bible was introduced for sale at the <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> fair in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work, was printed on 1,824 pages in two volumes with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> to Luther's 1522 <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, and included woodcut illustrations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions_during_Luther's_lifetime"><span id="Editions_during_Luther.27s_lifetime"></span>Editions during Luther's lifetime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Editions during Luther's lifetime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Revisions were made during and after Luther's lifetime, sometimes with multiple editions in a single year. The 1530 edition is regarded as his most thoroughgoing revision of the New Testament. The successive revisions were less constrained by Latin and Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther's Bible was a bestseller in its time. About 200,000 copies in hundreds of reprinted editions appeared before Luther died in 1546. However, the book remained too expensive for most people; an unbound copy of the complete 1534 Bible cost the equivalent of a month's wages for the average laborer. Instead, the Bible was bought by churches, pastors, and schools.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions_after_1546">Editions after 1546</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Editions after 1546"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though the translation and revision work on the Luther Bible ended with Martin Luther's death in 1546, this does not mean that the text of the Luther Bible was no longer changed. It was reprinted and distributed in various places. New adaptations were made time and again. Text changes were part of the everyday business for printers and typesetters. Depending on the region, dialectal idiosyncrasies were incorporated and unfamiliar expressions replaced. Due to its fundamental importance for Protestantism, voices were soon raised that wanted to regulate the content of the Luther Bible, but such initiatives were regionally limited. Three regional versions came to prominence. </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Central_Germany_(cultural_area)" title="Central Germany (cultural area)">central Germany</a>, the <i>Normalbibel</i> imposed by <a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Augustus, Elector of Saxony">Augustus, Elector of Saxony</a>, was the standard text for decades from 1581 onwards.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Elector_Bible" title="Elector Bible">Kurfürstenbibel</a></i> (Elector's Bible), printed in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> in 1641, was compiled by a committee of the theological faculty in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a> with the aim of producing an exact reprint of the 1545 edition. By this time, however, everyday language had already clearly moved away from Luther's language. For this reason, more and more Bible editions tried to make the text easier to understand by adding glossaries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1690, a carefully edited version of the text was also published in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">northern Germany</a> in the form of the <i>Stader Bibel</i> (<a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a> Bible), after translations of the Luther Bible into <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> had been common in northern Germany until then. Johannes Diecmann, who studied philology in Bremen, had compared numerous editions of the Bible and was thus able to publish the most reliable edition of the Luther Bible to date. The <i>Stader Bibel</i> also formed the textual basis for the first printing of the <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hildebrand_von_Canstein" title="Carl Hildebrand von Canstein">Canstein Bible Society</a>. This "Canstein Bible" was the most widely used Luther Bible until the end of the 19th century.</li></ul> <p>Nevertheless, the number of different versions of the text grew. By the end of the 19th century, there were around ten different versions of the Luther Bible, which contained numerous errors, some of which distorted the meaning. In some editions, for example, the "Sintflut" (<a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis flood narrative</a>) became the "Sündflut" (Flood of Sins), "Osterfest" (<a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>) was inadvertently reinterpreted as the "Opferfest" (Feast of Sacrifice) and Luther's now incomprehensible expression "freidig" (courageous, bold) became "freudig" (joyful).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_church_revisions">Official church revisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Official church revisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1863, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Evangelische Kirchenkonferenz</i></span> (EKD, German Protestant Church Conference) decided to prepare a revision of the Luther Bible. Linguistic modernisation was avoided. The explicit aim was to produce a standardised text in which obviously incorrect passages were carefully corrected. The editing lasted until 1892, when the edition was confirmed by the EKD and published by the Bible societies.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the first revision, the EKD realised that the Luther Bible contained too many archaisms and that the spelling did not conform to the current rules. With the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>, a binding spelling system was taught in schools for the first time. So it was unacceptable that the Luther Bible, of all things, deviated from this. The text was carefully modernised and adopted and the second official church revision was published in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bible societies were of the opinion that the text was still completely outdated and that the Luther Bible could therefore lose its character as a popular book, but the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second</a> World Wars hampered editorial work. Partial revisions were made in 1956, 1964, 1970, and 1975. In 1976, "Luther NT", a very modern version of the New Testament, was published, but it met with much opposition, so that the translation had to be revised again. In 1984, the third official church revision of the Luther Bible was then completed and published.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version was adapted to the <a href="/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1996" title="German orthography reform of 1996">new German orthography</a> in 1999. Here also some revisions have taken place, e.g., <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Weib</i></span> changed to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Frau</i></span>. Despite the revisions, the language is still somewhat archaic and difficult for non-native speakers who want to learn the German language using a German translation of the Bible. </p><p>In 2017, on the 500th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a> and the posting of the <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a>, the fourth official revision of the Luther Bible was published. This is the translation currently in use. Some of the text that had been toned down in previous revisions has, in this revision, been reverted to Luther's stronger formulations.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apocrypha were extensively revised. The Septuagint, the old Greek translation of the Old Testament, was used throughout. As a result, the numbering of the verses had to be revised in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_of_the_Luther_Bible">Books of the Luther Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Books of the Luther Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The complete 1534 edition of the Luther Bible contains a total of 75 books, including 39 books of the Old Testament, 9 books of the Apocrypha, and 27 books of the New Testament:<sup id="cite_ref-LutherFüssel_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LutherFüssel-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a><sup id="cite_ref-LB_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LB-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Samuel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Kings</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Chronicles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Solomon">Song of Solomon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a><sup id="cite_ref-LB_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LB-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LutherFüssel_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LutherFüssel-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Judith</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wisdom" title="Book of Wisdom">Wisdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Sirach</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Baruch</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Letter of Jeremiah</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">2 Maccabees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Additions to Esther">Additions to Esther</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Additions_to_Daniel" title="Additions to Daniel">Additions to Daniel</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Saint Matthew</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Saint Mark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Saint Luke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Saint John</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">Second Epistle to the Corinthians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Epistle to the Philippians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Epistle to the Colossians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">First Epistle to the Thessalonians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Epistle to Philemon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">Second Epistle of John</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">Third Epistle of John</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mistranslations_and_controversies">Mistranslations and controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mistranslations and controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luther controversially added the word "alone" (<i>allein</i> in German) to <a href="/wiki/Romans_3:28" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans 3:28">Romans 3:28</a> so that it read: "So now we hold, that man is justified without the help of the works of the law, <b>alone</b> through faith".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "alone" does not appear in the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">texts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Luther defended his translation by maintaining that the adverb "alone" was required both by idiomatic German and the <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">apostle Paul's</a> intended meaning according to his interpretation,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that <i>sola</i> had been used in Western theological tradition before him. </p><p>Many Protestant and Catholic scholars have noted the bias or methological flaw in Luther's translation (i.e. using <a href="/wiki/Idiom#Translation" title="Idiom">idiomacity</a> as a justification for making explicit a proposition that is, at best, implicit in the text) including Anglican apologist <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Luther insisted that Paul's doctrine of "justification by faith" was definitive for Christianity. And to make sure that there was no understandings about this, he added the word "alone" lest anyone see faith as one among a number of causes of justification-including works. This addition caused a furor. Catholics pointed out that the NT nowhere taught "justification by faith alone"; indeed, the Letter of James explicitly condemned the idea. Luther responded by making the point that his slogan encapsulated neatly the substance of the NT even if it did not use precisely its original words. And as for the letter of James, was it not "an epistle of straw" that ought not to be in the NT anyway? This second argument caused considerable unease within Protestant circles and was not maintained by Luther's successors.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Alister Mcgrath</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The 2017 version of the <i>Lutherbibel</i> has added footnotes on Romans 1:17, Romans 2:13, Romans 3:21, and Romans 3:28 which note that German idiom does not, in fact, require <i>alone</i>. While the text of the 2017 version retains the disputed word "alone" (<i>So halten wir nun dafür, dass der Mensch gerecht wird ohne des Gesetzes Werke, </i>allein<i> durch den Glauben</i>), the footnote gives a "literal" translation (<i>Wörtlich: »dass der Mensch aus Glauben gerechtfertigt wird, ohne Werke des Gesetzes«</i>) for the second half of the verse.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another controversial translation in the 1522 New Testament is 1 Timothy 2:4, which translates that God wills that all men "be helped" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">geholfen werden</i>) rather than the expected "be saved" for <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%E1%BF%B4%CE%B6%CF%89">σωθῆναι</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 484">: 484 </span></sup> </p><p>Karl-Heinz Göttert, a professor of Medieval Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a>, in reference to his book <i>Luther's Bible - History of a Hostile Takeover</i> noted:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Luther developed a certain theology and now he wants to prove this theology. He wants to show it... You can call that awesome and you can call it wrong. In any case, it does not offer a philologically clean translation of the Bible.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Karl-Heinz Gottert</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Luther did not know ancient Greek well, and when he referenced the Greek New Testament, he relied on his friend Melanchthon and a number of other philologists. Significant changes correcting Luther's translations were made in the 2017 version of the Luther Bible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Luther also added German legal terminology which is not found in the original text, for example <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Denkzettel</i></span> in Matthew 23:5.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also many understandable mistranslations due to a lack of knowledge, such as in Psalms 104 where he mistranslated <a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">chamois</a> as "rabbit" because he did not know what a chamois was.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="View_of_canonicity">View of canonicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: View of canonicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_(4674520).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Luther%27s_first_study_of_the_Bible_%284674520%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>Luther's first study of the Bible</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially Luther had a low view of the Old Testament book of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> and of the New Testament books of <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation of John</a>. He called the Letter of James "an epistle of straw", finding little in it that pointed to Christ and his saving work. He also had harsh words for the Revelation of John, saying that he could "in no way detect that the Holy Spirit produced it".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his translation of the New Testament, Luther moved Hebrews and James out of the usual order, to join Jude and the Revelation at the end, and differentiated these from the other books which he considered "the true and certain chief books of the New Testament. The four which follow have from ancient times had a different reputation."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His views on some of these books changed in later years, and became more positive.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther chose to place the books he considered <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a> between the Old and New Testaments. These books and addenda to <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a> of the Old Testament are found in the ancient Greek <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> but not in the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic text">Masoretic text</a>. Luther left the translating of them largely to <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brecht_98_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brecht_98-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though included, they were not numbered in the table of contents of his 1532 Old Testament, and in the 1534 Bible they were given the well-known title: "Apocrypha: These Books Are Not Held Equal to the Scriptures, but Are Useful and Good to Read".<sup id="cite_ref-Brecht_98_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brecht_98-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_Biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian Biblical canon">Development of the Christian Biblical canon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large part of Luther's significance was in his influence on the emergence of the German language and national identity. This stemmed predominantly from his translation of the Bible into the vernacular, which was potentially as revolutionary as canon law and the burning of the papal bull.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing_success">Publishing success</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Publishing success"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luther adopted the officially-promoted bureaucratic dialect <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German#Chancery_languages" title="Early New High German">Saxon Chancery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some writers claim his translation was guided by how people spoke (presumably in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a> dialect),<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Luther's faithfulness to the language spoken by the common people was to produce a work which they could relate to.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led later German writers such as <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> to praise Luther's Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, because Luther's Bible was printed, it could spread rapidly and could be read by or to all. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lufft" title="Hans Lufft">Hans Lufft</a>, the Bible printer in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>, printed over 100,000 copies between 1534 and 1574, and these were read by or to millions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther's vernacular Bible came to be present in virtually every German-speaking Protestant's home, and increased the Biblical knowledge of the German common masses.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther even had large-print Bibles made for those who had failing eyesight.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther's goal was to equip every German-speaking Christian with the ability to hear the Word of God,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and his completing his translation of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into the vernacular by 1534 was one of the most significant acts of the Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic German humanist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Cochlaeus" title="Johann Cochlaeus">Johann Cochlaeus</a> complained that </p> <blockquote><p>Luther's New Testament was so much multiplied and spread by printers that even <a href="/wiki/Plowboy_trope" title="Plowboy trope">tailors and shoemakers</a>, yea, even women and ignorant persons who had accepted this new Lutheran gospel, and could read a little German, studied it with the greatest avidity as the fountain of all truth. Some committed it to memory, and carried it about in their bosom. In a few months such people deemed themselves so learned that they were not ashamed to dispute about faith and the gospel not only with Catholic laymen, but even with priests and monks and doctors of divinity."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_modern_German">Emergence of modern German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Emergence of modern German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></div> <p>Luther's German Bible and its widespread circulation facilitated the emergence of a standard, modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> for the German-speaking people throughout the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, an empire extending through and beyond present-day Germany. It is also considered a landmark in <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a>, with Luther's vernacular style often praised by modern German sources for the forceful vigor (<i>"kraftvolles Deutsch"</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with which he translated the Holy Scripture. </p><p>The spread of Luther's Bible translation had implications for the German language. The German language had developed into so many dialects that German speakers from different regions could barely understand each other. This led Luther to conclude that "I have so far read no book or letter in which the German language is properly handled. Nobody seems to care sufficiently for it; and every preacher thinks he has a right to change it at pleasure and to invent new terms."<sup id="cite_ref-Schaff_12_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaff_12-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars preferred to write in the Latin which they all understood. </p><p>Luther's Bible translation, based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German#Chancery_languages" title="Early New High German">Saxon Chancery language</a> used in royal courts and his native <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Saxon dialect">Upper Saxon dialect</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and enriched with the vocabulary of German poets and chroniclers, was a step on the path to a standardized German language,<sup id="cite_ref-Schaff_12_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaff_12-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a> developed into modern "<i>neuhochdeutsch</i>." A contemporary of Luther's, <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Alberus" title="Erasmus Alberus">Erasmus Alberus</a>, labeled him the German <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, as he reformed not only religion but the German language also. </p><p>Luther's Bible has been hailed as the first German "classic", comparable to the English <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible. German-speaking Protestant writers and poets such as Klopstock, Herder, and Lessing owe stylistic qualities to Luther's vernacular Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaff_13_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaff_13-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther adapted words to the capacity of the German public and through the pervasiveness of his German Bible, created and spread the modern German language.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaff_13_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaff_13-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_identity">National identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luther's vernacular Bible also had a role in the creation of a German national identity based on language. Because it penetrated every German-speaking Protestant home, the language of his translation became part of a German national heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_216_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter_216-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther's program of exposure to the words of the Bible was extended into every sphere of daily life and work, illuminating moral considerations for Germans. It gradually became infused into the culture of the whole nation and has occupied a permanent space in German history.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_216_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter_216-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some hagiographers, the popularity and influence of his translation gave Luther confidence to act as a spokesperson of a nation and as the leader of an anti-Roman movement throughout Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It made it possible for him to be a prophet of a new German national identity<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and helped form the spirit of a new epoch in German history.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of the vernacular Bible was a public affirmation of empowerment and reform, such as might deprive any elite or priestly class of exclusive control over words, as well as over the word of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Luther_Bible#Dubious" title="Talk:Luther Bible">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Through the translation, Luther was intending to make it easier for "simple people" to understand what he was teaching.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In some major controversies of the time, even some evangelicals, let alone the commoners, did not understand the reasons for disagreement;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Luther wanted to help those who were confused to see that the disagreement between himself and the Roman Catholic Church was real and had significance.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So the translation of the Bible would allow the common people to become aware of the issues at hand and develop an informed opinion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Luther_Bible#Dubious" title="Talk:Luther Bible">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Luther's vernacular Bible broke the domination and unity of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Luther_Bible#Dubious" title="Talk:Luther Bible">discuss</a></i>]</sup> He had claimed Holy Scripture to be the sole authority, and through his translation every individual would be able to abide by its authority, and might nullify his or her need for a monarchical pope. As Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a> put it, Luther's Bible had "stirred a mighty storm and tempest in the church".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy_and_order">Literacy and order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literacy and order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NTLutherBible1769.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Testament titlepage from a Luther Bible printed in 1769"><img alt="New Testament titlepage from a Luther Bible printed in 1769" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NTLutherBible1769.jpg/150px-NTLutherBible1769.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NTLutherBible1769.jpg/225px-NTLutherBible1769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/NTLutherBible1769.jpg/300px-NTLutherBible1769.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>New Testament titlepage from a Luther Bible printed in 1769</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Luther_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Luther Bible">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although not as significantly as on German linguistics, Luther's Bible also made a large impression on educational reform throughout Germany. Luther's goal of a readable, accurate translation of the Bible became a stimulus towards universal education, since everyone should be able to read in order to understand the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, only 5% of Germans had good literacy, 30% in the cities,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though estimates vary from 1% to 17%.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther followed <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, who followed <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, on the benefits of educating girls.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther believed that mankind had fallen from grace and was ruled by selfishness, but had not lost moral consciousness: all were sinners and needed to be educated. Thus his vernacular Bible could become a means of establishing a form of law, order, and morality which everyone could abide by, if all could read and understand it. The possibility of understanding the vernacular Bible allowed Luther to found a State Church and educate his followers into a law-abiding community.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Protestant states of Germany became educational states, which encouraged the spirit of teaching which was ultimately fueled by Luther's vernacular Bible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Used_as_basis_of_other_translations">Used as basis of other translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Used as basis of other translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finally, Luther's translated Bible also had international significance in the spread of Christianity. Luther's translation influenced the English translations by <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myles_Coverdale" title="Myles Coverdale">Myles Coverdale</a>, who in turn inspired many other translations of the Bible such as the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Bible" title="Bishops' Bible">Bishops' Bible</a> of 1568, the <a href="/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible" title="Douay–Rheims Bible">Douay–Rheims Bible</a> of 1582–1609, and the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">King James Version</a> of 1611.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_2_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter_2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also inspired translations in <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa_Bible" title="Gustav Vasa Bible">Scandinavia</a> and the Netherlands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Luther's Bible spread its influence for the remolding of Western European culture in the ferment of the sixteenth century. The worldwide implications of the translation far surpassed the expectations of even Luther himself.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excerpted_examples">Excerpted examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Excerpted examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verse </th> <th>Luther Bible </th> <th>Translation </th> <th>English versions </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>Gen 2:23 </th> <td>"[...] Man wird sie Männin heißen, darum daß sie vom Manne genommen ist." </td> <td>"One will call her she-man, based on this[:] that she was taken out of the man." </td> <td>"[...] She shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man." </td> <td>Here Luther tried to preserve the resemblance of Hebrew <i>ish</i> (man) and <i>ishah</i> (woman) by adding the female German suffix -in to the masculine word <i>Mann</i>, because the correct word (at that time), <i>Weib</i>, does not resemble it (as neither does the modern <i>Frau</i>). As with adding she- to man in English, adding -in to Mann in German is considered grammatically awkward. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Matthew 12:34 </th> <td>"[...] Wes das Herz voll ist, des geht der Mund über." </td> <td>"What the heart is full of, of that the mouth overflows." </td> <td>"[...] For out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks." </td> <td>Emphasis on conveyance of meaning. </td></tr> <tr> <th>John 11:35 </th> <td>"Und Jesus gingen die Augen über." </td> <td>"And Jesus' eyes overflowed." </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Jesus_wept" title="Jesus wept">Jesus wept</a>." </td> <td>Poetic emphasis. </td></tr> <tr> <th>John 19:5 </th> <td>"[...] Sehet, welch ein Mensch!" </td> <td>"Behold what a man (this is)!" </td> <td>"[...] Behold the man!" </td> <td>Emphasis on Jesus' glory in spite of an ignoble situation; now considered an incorrect translation. See also: <a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecce Homo">Ecce Homo</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Matthew 23:5 </th> <td>"[...] Sie machen ihre Denkzettel breit und die Säume an ihren Kleidern groß." </td> <td>"They make their slips wide and the hems of their garments large." </td> <td>"[...] "They make their phylacteries wide and the tassels on their garments long" </td> <td>Luther used the German legal term <i>Denkzettel</i> in Matthew 23:5 for the translation of the Greek word φυλακτήριον. This Legalistic language does not exist in the Vulgate or any ancient text. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elector_Bible" title="Elector Bible">Elector Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bible_translations" class="mw-redirect" title="German Bible translations">German Bible translations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant Bible</a></li> <li>Permanent Exhibition <i>Luther and the Bible</i> at <a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus_Eisenach" title="Lutherhaus Eisenach">Lutherhaus Eisenach</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lobenstein-Reichmann-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lobenstein-Reichmann_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLobenstein-Reichmann2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja (29 March 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/religion/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-382">"Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language"</a></span>. <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.382">10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.382</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199340378" title="Special:BookSources/9780199340378"><bdi>9780199340378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther%2C+Bible+Translation%2C+and+the+German+Language&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.382&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Lobenstein-Reichmann&rft.aufirst=Anja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Freligion%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathesius-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mathesius_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathesius_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mathesius_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathesius1906" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Mathesius" title="Johannes Mathesius">Mathesius, Johannes</a> (1906). "Die dreyzehnde predig, vom viertzigsten jare in Doctor Luthers historien. [Thirteenth Sermon: About the Fortieth Year of Doctor Luthers Biography]". In Georg Loesche (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ausgewhltewerke00loesgoog"><i>Ausgewählte Werke</i></a> [<i>Selected Works</i>]. (in <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a>). Vol. Dritter Band: Luthers Leben in Predigten [Third Volume: Luthers Life in Sermons] (2nd ed.). Prague: J.G. Calvesche k.u.k. Hof- u. Universitäts-Buchhandlung (Joseph Koch). p. 316. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12595454">12595454</a>. <q><i>Wenn nun Doctor [Luther] zuvor die außgangen Bibel vbersehen und darneben bey Juden vnnd frembden sprachkündigen sich erlernet vnd sich bey alten Deutschen von guten worten erfragt hatte, Wie er ihm etlich <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wether" class="extiw" title="wikt:wether">Schöps</a> abstechen ließ, damit jn ein Deutscher Fleischer berichtet, wie man ein jedes am Schaf nennete, kam Doctor in das <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consistory" class="extiw" title="wikt:consistory">Consistorium</a> mit seiner alten Lateinischen und newen Deutschen Biblien, darbey er auch stettigs den Hebreischen text hatte. <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Herr Philippus</a> bracht mit sich den Greckischen text, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Creuziger" title="Caspar Creuziger">Doctor Creuziger</a> neben dem Hebreischen die Chaldeische Bibel. Die Professores hatten bey sich jre Rabinen, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">D. Pommer</a> het auch ein Lateinischen text für sich, darinn er sehr wol bekant war. Zuvor hat sich ein jeder auff den text gerüst, davon man rathschlagen solte, Greckische unnd Lateinische neben den Jüdischen außlegern vbersehen. Darauff proponirt diser President [Luther] ein text und ließ die stimm herumb gehen und höret was ein jeder darzu zu reden hette, nach eygenschaft der sprache oder nach der alten Doctorn außlegung.</i><br />[Rough translation: After Doctor Luther had translated the original Bible, learning from Jews, from foreign language scholars, and from old Germans in the process (for example, he asked a German butcher to slaughter some wethers for him so he could tell him how the different entrails are called), he came to the <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Protestantism)" title="Consistory (Protestantism)">consistory</a> with his old Latin Bible and with his new German Bible. He also always carried the Hebrew text with him. <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Herr Philippus</a> contributed the Greek text, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Creuziger" title="Caspar Creuziger">Doctor Creuziger</a> contributed the Hebrew text and the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Chaldaic Bible</a>. The Professors also brought their <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Rabbinic Bibles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Doctor Pommer</a> had a Latin text which he knew very well. Before the meetings, everyone of them studied the text that was to be translated, to discuss the translation of the Greek and Latin version along with the Hebrew exegesis. Luther then proposed a text and asked and listened to what everyone had to say concerning the language or the interpretation.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+dreyzehnde+predig%2C+vom+viertzigsten+jare+in+Doctor+Luthers+historien.+%5BThirteenth+Sermon%3A+About+the+Fortieth+Year+of+Doctor+Luthers+Biography%5D&rft.btitle=Ausgew%C3%A4hlte+Werke&rft.place=Prague&rft.series=%28in+Early+New+High+German%29&rft.pages=316&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=J.G.+Calvesche+k.u.k.+Hof-+u.+Universit%C3%A4ts-Buchhandlung+%28Joseph+Koch%29&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12595454&rft.aulast=Mathesius&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fausgewhltewerke00loesgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1545" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (1545). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204110153/http://lutherbibel.net/">"Genesis 1:1–3"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lutherbibel.net/"><i>Die gantze Heilige Schrifft Deudsch</i></a> [<i>The German Holy Scriptures</i>]. (in <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a>) (5th ed.). Wittenberg: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lufft" title="Hans Lufft">Hans Lufft</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933070-56-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-933070-56-2"><bdi>978-3-933070-56-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enominepatris.com/biblia/biblia2/B001K001.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genesis+1%3A1%E2%80%933&rft.btitle=Die+gantze+Heilige+Schrifft+Deudsch&rft.place=Wittenberg&rft.series=%28in+Early+New+High+German%29&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Hans+Lufft&rft.date=1545&rft.isbn=978-3-933070-56-2&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenominepatris.com%2Fbiblia%2Fbiblia2%2FB001K001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1545" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (1545). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204110153/http://lutherbibel.net/">"John 3:16"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lutherbibel.net/"><i>Die gantze Heilige Schrifft Deudsch</i></a> [<i>The German Holy Scriptures</i>]. (in <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a>) (5th ed.). Wittenberg: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lufft" title="Hans Lufft">Hans Lufft</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933070-56-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-933070-56-2"><bdi>978-3-933070-56-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enominepatris.com/biblia/biblia2/B043K003.htm">the original</a> on 2008-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+3%3A16&rft.btitle=Die+gantze+Heilige+Schrifft+Deudsch&rft.place=Wittenberg&rft.series=%28in+Early+New+High+German%29&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Hans+Lufft&rft.date=1545&rft.isbn=978-3-933070-56-2&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenominepatris.com%2Fbiblia%2Fbiblia2%2FB043K003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Burger, "Luther's Thought Took Shape in Translation of Scripture and Hymns", in <i>The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther's Theology</i> (Oxford University Press, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Brecht, <i>Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532</i>, Minneapolis: Fortress, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birgit Stolt, "Luther's Translation of the Bible." <i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Quarterly" title="Lutheran Quarterly">Lutheran Quarterly</a></i> 28.4 (2014): 373–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark U. Edwards, Jr., <i>Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther</i> (1994).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volz-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Volz_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volz_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolzGreenslide1963" class="citation book cs1">Volz, H.; Greenslide, S.L., eds. (1963). <i>The Cambridge History of the Bible</i>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94, 102, 104, 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139055512" title="Special:BookSources/9781139055512"><bdi>9781139055512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=94%2C+102%2C+104%2C+106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=9781139055512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Although schooling, thus literacy, significantly increased, bibles were scarcely assigned, so that there was no causation between the Lutheran Reformation and the popular reading of Scripture. It was the spiritualists who favoured personal reading and judgement of the Bible; Luther condemned that as heresy." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1999" class="citation journal cs1">Boyle, Marjorie O'rourke (25 November 1999). "Evangelism and Erasmus". <i>The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism</i>: 44–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521300087.005">10.1017/CHOL9780521300087.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05363-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05363-1"><bdi>978-1-139-05363-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Literary+Criticism&rft.atitle=Evangelism+and+Erasmus&rft.pages=44-52&rft.date=1999-11-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521300087.005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05363-1&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+O%27rourke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arblaster-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arblaster_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arblaster_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblasterJuhászLatré2002" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, Paul; Juhász, Gergely; Latré, Guido (2002). <i>Tyndale's testament</i>. Turnhout: Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51411-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51411-6"><bdi>978-2-503-51411-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyndale%27s+testament&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51411-6&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Juh%C3%A1sz%2C+Gergely&rft.au=Latr%C3%A9%2C+Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carter_Lindberg" title="Carter Lindberg">Carter Lindberg</a>, The European Reformations (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1996), 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bluhm-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bluhm_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bluhm_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luther had in the immediate six months been writing his Christmas Postil (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Weihnachtspostille</i>), which included many free translations of the Vulgate into German. Such <i>plenaria</i> were printed free translations of the church readings and fairly common around this time; they were read out in services after the Latin had been read out.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluhm1965" class="citation journal cs1">Bluhm, Heinz (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27714632">"The Rendering of Galatians 3:23-4:2 in the Printed High German "Plenaria" and in Luther's Christmas Postil"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Journal of English and Germanic Philology</i>. <b>64</b> (2): 213–231. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6941">0363-6941</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27714632">27714632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+English+and+Germanic+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Rendering+of+Galatians+3%3A23-4%3A2+in+the+Printed+High+German+%22Plenaria%22+and+in+Luther%27s+Christmas+Postil%22&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-231&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27714632%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0363-6941&rft.aulast=Bluhm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27714632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Froschauer_Bibles_and_Testaments">"Froschauer Bibles and Testaments"</a>. <i>gameo.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gameo.org&rft.atitle=Froschauer+Bibles+and+Testaments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgameo.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFroschauer_Bibles_and_Testaments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Library_of_Scotland_2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-National_Library_of_Scotland_2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nls.uk/exhibitions/the-reformation/martin-luther/">"Martin Luther"</a>. <i>National Library of Scotland</i>. 10 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther&rft.date=2017-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nls.uk%2Fexhibitions%2Fthe-reformation%2Fmartin-luther%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">21. Luther the Translator of the Bible<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDau" class="citation web cs1">Dau, W. H. T. (William Herman Theodore). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16322/pg16322.html">"Luther Examined and Reexamined / A Review of Catholic Criticism and a Plea for Revaluation"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=Luther+Examined+and+Reexamined+%2F+A+Review+of+Catholic+Criticism+and+a+Plea+for+Revaluation&rft.aulast=Dau&rft.aufirst=W.+H.+T.+%28William+Herman+Theodore%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Fcache%2Fepub%2F16322%2Fpg16322.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vedder-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vedder_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedder1914" class="citation book cs1">Vedder, Henry Clay (1914). <i>The Reformation in Germany</i>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+in+Germany&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Vedder&rft.aufirst=Henry+Clay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span>. Vedder also notes (p170) the implausibility of Luther completing the initial New Testament draft in only "10 weeks" without reference to existing vernacular translations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifephilipmelan01stumgoog"><i>Life of Philip Melanchthon</i></a>. Pilger publishing house. 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Philip+Melanchthon&rft.pub=Pilger+publishing+house&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifephilipmelan01stumgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-Hegius">"Alexander Hegius"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Alexander+Hegius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlexander-Hegius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Schaff, Philip</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/7_ch04.htm#§%2062.%20Luther's%20Translation%20of%20the%20Bible">"4. Luther's Translation of the Bible"</a>, <i>History of the Christian Church</i>, vol. 7, New York: CCEL, p. xxx</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.+Luther%27s+Translation+of+the+Bible&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xxx&rft.pub=CCEL&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fs%2Fschaff%2Fhistory%2F7_ch04.htm%23%C2%A7%252062.%2520Luther%27s%2520Translation%2520of%2520the%2520Bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span>, 8 vols.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaber" class="citation web cs1">Faber, Riemer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianstudylibrary.org/article/martin-luther-translator-bible">"Martin Luther as Translator of the Bible | Christian Library"</a>. <i>www.christianstudylibrary.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.christianstudylibrary.org&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther+as+Translator+of+the+Bible+%7C+Christian+Library&rft.aulast=Faber&rft.aufirst=Riemer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianstudylibrary.org%2Farticle%2Fmartin-luther-translator-bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimoska" class="citation journal cs1">Simoska, Silvana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/101503128">"Martin Luther's German Translation of the Bible – a Popular or Populist Approach?"</a>. <i>Religious Dialogue and Cooperation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Dialogue+and+Cooperation&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther%27s+German+Translation+of+the+Bible+%E2%80%93+a+Popular+or+Populist+Approach%3F&rft.aulast=Simoska&rft.aufirst=Silvana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F101503128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2018" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Howard (2 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:efdbe434-932c-480f-904e-3dabcefa0b50">"The Vocabulary of Righteousness in Martin Luther's New Testament Translations"</a>. <i>Oxford German Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 381–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00787191.2019.1548122">10.1080/00787191.2019.1548122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+German+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Vocabulary+of+Righteousness+in+Martin+Luther%27s+New+Testament+Translations&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=381-416&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00787191.2019.1548122&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Aefdbe434-932c-480f-904e-3dabcefa0b50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl C. Christensen, "Luther and the Woodcuts to the 1534 Bible", <i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Quarterly" title="Lutheran Quarterly">Lutheran Quarterly</a></i>, Winter 2005, Vol. 19 Issue 4, pp 392–413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Martin Luther's 1522 September Testament as the Epoch-Making Foundation for a Quarter-Century of Wittenberg Bible Publication", by W. Gordon Campbell, in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osL0EAAAQBAJ&dq=German+Bible+%22October+1534%22&pg=PA45">Martin Luther's Bible</a></i>, ed. by W. Gordon Campbell (James Clarke Company, Ltd., 2024) p.45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluhm1969" class="citation journal cs1">Bluhm, Heinz (October 1969). "An "Unknown" Luther Translation of the Bible". <i><a href="/wiki/Publications_of_the_Modern_Language_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Publications of the Modern Language Association of America">PMLA</a></i>. <b>84</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 1537–1544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1261499">10.2307/1261499</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1261499">1261499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=An+%22Unknown%22+Luther+Translation+of+the+Bible&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1537-1544&rft.date=1969-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1261499&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1261499%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bluhm&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2011" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Martyn (2011). <i>Books: A Living History</i> (1 ed.). Getty Publications. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606060834" title="Special:BookSources/9781606060834"><bdi>9781606060834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books%3A+A+Living+History&rft.pages=69&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781606060834&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinitzer" class="citation journal cs1">Reinitzer, Heimo. "Die Revision der Lutherbibel im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert". <i>Wolfenbütteler Beiträge</i>. <b>6</b>: 302–304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wolfenb%C3%BCtteler+Beitr%C3%A4ge&rft.atitle=Die+Revision+der+Lutherbibel+im+16.+und+17.+Jahrhundert.&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=302-304&rft.aulast=Reinitzer&rft.aufirst=Heimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/dreihundert-jahre-wildwuchs">Dreihundert Jahre Wildwuchs</a>, Sven Bigl, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeluebersetzungen/lutherbibel/die-geschichte-der-lutherbibel/die-revisionen-1912-und-1984">"Die Revisionen 1912 und 1984 - www.die-bibel.de"</a>. <i>die-bibel.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=die-bibel.de&rft.atitle=Die+Revisionen+1912+und+1984+-+www.die-bibel.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-bibel.de%2Fbibeluebersetzungen%2Flutherbibel%2Fdie-geschichte-der-lutherbibel%2Fdie-revisionen-1912-und-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeluebersetzungen/lutherbibel/die-geschichte-der-lutherbibel/die-revisionen-1912-und-1984">"Die Revisionen 1912 und 1984 - www.die-bibel.de"</a>. <i>die-bibel.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=die-bibel.de&rft.atitle=Die+Revisionen+1912+und+1984+-+www.die-bibel.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-bibel.de%2Fbibeluebersetzungen%2Flutherbibel%2Fdie-geschichte-der-lutherbibel%2Fdie-revisionen-1912-und-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeluebersetzungen/lutherbibel/die-geschichte-der-lutherbibel/die-revisionen-1912-und-1984">"Die Revisionen 1912 und 1984 - www.die-bibel.de"</a>. <i>die-bibel.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=die-bibel.de&rft.atitle=Die+Revisionen+1912+und+1984+-+www.die-bibel.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-bibel.de%2Fbibeluebersetzungen%2Flutherbibel%2Fdie-geschichte-der-lutherbibel%2Fdie-revisionen-1912-und-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeln/online-bibeln/lesen/LU17/GEN.1/1.-Mose-1">"Lutherbibel 2017 (LU17)"</a>. <i>www.die-bibel.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.die-bibel.de&rft.atitle=Lutherbibel+2017+%28LU17%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-bibel.de%2Fbibeln%2Fonline-bibeln%2Flesen%2FLU17%2FGEN.1%2F1.-Mose-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/die-lutherbibel-2017">Die Lutherbibel 2017</a>, on die-bibel.de</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LutherFüssel-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LutherFüssel_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LutherFüssel_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutherFüssel1534" class="citation book cs1">Luther, Martin; Füssel, Stephan (1534). <i>Bible de Luther de 1534, Réimpression Intégral</i>. Taschen. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-2470-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-2470-2"><bdi>978-3-8228-2470-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bible+de+Luther+de+1534%2C+R%C3%A9impression+Int%C3%A9gral&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=1534&rft.isbn=978-3-8228-2470-2&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=F%C3%BCssel%2C+Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LB-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LB_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LB_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Bücher des Alten Testaments</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. 1535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%BCcher+des+Alten+Testaments&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=1535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Die Bucher des Newen Testaments</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. 1535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bucher+des+Newen+Testaments&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=1535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Lutherbibel/R%C3%B6mer_%281522%29#Das_Dritte_Capitel">"Romans 3:28"</a>, <i>Testament</i>, 1522, <q>So halten wyrs nu, das der mensch gerechtfertiget werde, on zu thun der werck des gesetzs, <b>alleyn</b> durch den glawben (emphasis added to the German word for 'alone.')</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romans+3%3A28&rft.btitle=Testament&rft.date=1522&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fde.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLutherbibel%2FR%25C3%25B6mer_%25281522%2529%23Das_Dritte_Capitel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080702051519/http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~fisher/cgi-bin/gnt?id=0603"><i>New testament</i></a> (in Greek), York, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~fisher/cgi-bin/gnt?id=0603">the original</a> on 2008-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-21</span></span>, <q>λογιζόμεθα γάρ δικαιоῦσθαι πίστει ἄνθρωπον χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου ("for we reckon a man to be justified by faith without deeds of law")</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+testament&rft.pub=York&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-users.cs.york.ac.uk%2F~fisher%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgnt%3Fid%3D0603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Luther, <i>On Translating: An Open Letter</i> (1530), Luther's Works, 55 vols. (St. Louis and Philadelphia: Concordia Publishing House and Fortress Press), 35:187–189, 195; cf. also Heinz Bluhm, <i>Martin Luther Creative Translator</i> (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1965), 125–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2009" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister (2009-10-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQzhEclsl94C"><i>Christianity's Dangerous Idea: The Protestant Revolution--A History from the Sixteenth Century to the Twenty-First</i></a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-186474-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-186474-2"><bdi>978-0-06-186474-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%27s+Dangerous+Idea%3A+The+Protestant+Revolution--A+History+from+the+Sixteenth+Century+to+the+Twenty-First&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2009-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-06-186474-2&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQzhEclsl94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeln/online-bibeln/lesen/LU17/ROM.3/R%C3%B6mer-3">"Römer 3 - Lutherbibel 2017 (LU17) - die-bibel.de"</a>. <i>www.die-bibel.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.die-bibel.de&rft.atitle=R%C3%B6mer+3+-+Lutherbibel+2017+%28LU17%29+-+die-bibel.de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-bibel.de%2Fbibeln%2Fonline-bibeln%2Flesen%2FLU17%2FROM.3%2FR%25C3%25B6mer-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheck2013" class="citation journal cs1">Scheck, Thomas P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43855981">"Bishop John Fisher's Response To Martin Luther"</a>. <i>Franciscan Studies</i>. <b>71</b>: 463–509. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-5459">0080-5459</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43855981">43855981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Franciscan+Studies&rft.atitle=Bishop+John+Fisher%27s+Response+To+Martin+Luther&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=463-509&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43855981%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0080-5459&rft.aulast=Scheck&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43855981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/luther-uebersetzung-unsere-kultur-ist-ohne-die-bibel-nicht.700.de.html?dram:article_id=386502">"Luther-Übersetzung - "Unsere Kultur ist ohne die Bibel nicht wirklich zugänglich"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Deutschlandfunk</i> (in German). 18 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschlandfunk&rft.atitle=Luther-%C3%9Cbersetzung+-+%22Unsere+Kultur+ist+ohne+die+Bibel+nicht+wirklich+zug%C3%A4nglich%22&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunk.de%2Fluther-uebersetzung-unsere-kultur-ist-ohne-die-bibel-nicht.700.de.html%3Fdram%3Aarticle_id%3D386502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, Luther complained about neologisms by other writers, such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">beherzigen, behandigen, erspriesslich, erschiesslich, bethoren, ernarren</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther" class="citation book cs1">Luther, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.sabda.org/alkitab-8/LIBRARY/LUT_WRK6.PDF"><i>Introduction to New Testament, in Works of Martin Luther, Vol 6</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+New+Testament%2C+in+Works+of+Martin+Luther%2C+Vol+6&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.sabda.org%2Falkitab-8%2FLIBRARY%2FLUT_WRK6.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 273">: 273 </span></sup> despite making his own, such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-early-modern-history-online/schwarmer-radical-reformer-COM_027282">Schwärmer</a>, knabenschender</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirrig2022" class="citation book cs1">Wirrig, Adam L. (4 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncRpEAAAQBAJ&dq=luther+neologism&pg=PT15"><i>Trial of Translation: An Examination of 1 Corinthians 6:9 in the Vernacular Bibles of the Early Modern Period</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-7755-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-7755-7"><bdi>978-1-7252-7755-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trial+of+Translation%3A+An+Examination+of+1+Corinthians+6%3A9+in+the+Vernacular+Bibles+of+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2022-04-04&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-7755-7&rft.aulast=Wirrig&rft.aufirst=Adam+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncRpEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dluther%2Bneologism%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415024016/http://www.wels.net/sab/qa/luther-03.html">"Martin Luther – Questions and Answers"</a>. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/sab/qa/luther-03.html">the original</a> on 2009-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+%26ndash%3B+Questions+and+Answers&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fsab%2Fqa%2Fluther-03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/antilegomena.html">"Luther's Antilegomena"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Antilegomena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible-researcher.com%2Fantilegomena.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery1974" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, John Warwick (1974). "Chapter 3". <i>God's Inerrant Word</i>. Canadian Institute for Law, Theology & Public Policy, Inc. pp. 79–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3&rft.btitle=God%27s+Inerrant+Word&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Canadian+Institute+for+Law%2C+Theology+%26+Public+Policy%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=John+Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brecht_98-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brecht_98_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brecht_98_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Brecht, <i>Martin Luther</i>, James L. Schaaf, trans., 3 vols., (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985-1993), 3:98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"My language is based on that of the Saxon Chancery, which is followed by all the princes and kings in Germany." (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ich rede nach der sächsischen Canzley, welcher nachfolgen alle Fürsten und Könige in Deutschland</i></span>.)" Luther, Martin (1566). <i>Tischreden</i> 1040 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Antliff, The Legacy of Martin Luther (Ottawa, McGill University Press, 1983), 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter_2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_2_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_2_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter_2_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter Lindberg, The European Reformations (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1996), 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1974), 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1974), 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schreiber, Mathias (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-49067625.html"><i>Deutsch for sale</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>, no. 40, October 2, 2006 (<i>"So schuf er eine Hochsprache aus Volkssprache, sächsischem Kanzleideutsch (aus der Gegend von Meißen), Predigt und Alltagsrede, eine in sich widersprüchliche, aber bildhafte und <b>kraftvolle</b> Mischung, an der die deutschsprachige Literatur im Grunde bis heute Maß nimmt."</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Köppelmann, K. (2006) . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immanuelkirche-muenchen.de/Kirchenmusik/Kantorei/Repertoire/Mendelssohn_2006/Mendelssohn%20Programm%20Immanuel%20Druckfassung.pdf"><i>Zwischen Barock und Romantik: Mendelssohns kirchliche Kompositionen für Chor</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043727/http://www.immanuelkirche-muenchen.de/Kirchenmusik/Kantorei/Repertoire/Mendelssohn_2006/Mendelssohn%20Programm%20Immanuel%20Druckfassung.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("Between <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>'s ecclesiastic choir compositions"), Mendelssohn-Programm 2006, p. 3 (<i>"Martin Luthers <b>kraftvolle deutsche Texte</b> werden durch Mendelssohns Musik mit emotionalen Qualitäten versehen, die über die Zeit des <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bachschen</a> Vorbildes weit hinaus reicht und das persönlich empfindende romantische Selbst stark in den Vordergrund rückt."</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werth, Jürgen. <i>Die Lutherbibel</i> ("The Luther Bible"), in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schoeneberg-evangelisch.de/download/gem/mi/michaelsbote_0702.pdf"><i>Michaelsbote: Gemeindebrief der Evangelischen Michaeliskirchengemeinde</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719082404/http://www.schoeneberg-evangelisch.de/download/gem/mi/michaelsbote_0702.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("St. Michael's Messenger: Parish newsletter of the Protestant Community of St. Michael's Church"), no. 2, May/June/July, 2007, p. 4. (<i>"Gottes Worte für die Welt. Kaum einer hat diese Worte so <b>kraftvoll in die deutsche Sprache</b> übersetzt wie Martin Luther."</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehmann, Klaus-Dieter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goethe.de/prs/int/05/de4375742.htm"><i>Rede von Klaus-Dieter Lehmann zur Ausstellungseröffnung von "die Sprache Deutsch"</i></a> ("Speech held by Klaus-Dieter Lehmann upon the opening of the exposition 'The German language'"), <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a> (<i>"Und so schuf der Reformator eine Sprache, indem er, wie er selbst sagt, 'dem Volk auf's Maul schaut', <b>kraftvoll</b>, bildhaft und Stil prägend wie kein anderes Dokument der deutschen Literatur."</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigelt, Silvia (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitteldeutsche-kirchenzeitungen.de/2009/12/24/das-griechlein-und-der-wagenlenker/"><i>Das Griechlein und der Wagenlenker - Das kommende Jahr steht ganz im Zeichen Philip Melanchtons</i></a> ("The Greek writer and the charioteer: 2010 to be the official <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a> year"), mitteldeutsche-kirchenzeitungen.de, online portal of the two print church magazines <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Sonntag_(Sachsen)" class="extiw" title="de:Der Sonntag (Sachsen)">Der Sonntag</a></i> and <i>Glaube und Heimat</i> (<i>"Wenn auch die <b>kraftvolle und bilderreiche Sprache</b> des Bibeltextes zu Recht als Luthers Verdienst gilt, so kommt Melanchthon ein gewichtiger Anteil am richtigen sprachlichen Verständnis des griechischen Urtextes und an der sachlichen Genauigkeit der Übersetzung zu."</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hulme, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionjournal.de/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=673&rdr=true&LangType=1031"><i>Die Bibel - ein multilinguales Meisterwerk</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719112704/http://www.visionjournal.de/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=673&rdr=true&LangType=1031">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ("The Bible: A multi-lingual masterpiece"), visionjournal.de, no. 2, 2006, the German version of the spiritual magazine <i>Vision: Insights and New Horizons</i> published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_God,_an_International_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of God, an International Community (page does not exist)">Church of God, an International Community</a> available in English at www.vision.org (<i>"Luthers Bibelübersetzung mit ihrer <b>kraftvollen</b>, aus ostmitteldeutschen und ostoberdeutschen Elementen gebildeten Ausgleichssprache hatte auf die Entwicklung der neuhochdeutschen Sprache großen Einfluss."</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salzmann, Betram; Schäfer, Rolf (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibelwissenschaft.de/nc/wibilex/das-bibellexikon/details/quelle/WIBI/referenz/15285/cache/1ee18574e2ab8d0957ddde9a8aea4571/#h8"><i>Bibelübersetzungen, christliche deutsche</i></a> ("Bible translations, Christian and German"), <i>www.wibilex.de: Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikom im Internet</i> (<i>"die Orientierung an der mündlichen Volkssprache, die zu <b>besonders kräftigen und bildhaften Formulierungen</b> führt"</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmitsdorf, Joachim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.sdirekt-net.de/jschmitsdorf/texte/bibeluebersetzungen.html"><i>Deutsche Bibelübersetzungen: Ein Überblick</i></a> ("German Bible translations: An overview") (<i>"<b>Kraftvolle</b>, melodische Sprache, die gut zum Auswendiglernen geeignet, aber auch oft schwer verständlich und altertümelnd ist"</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mehner.info/html/lutherdeutsch.html"><i>Lutherdeutsch</i></a> ("Luther's German") (<i>"Luthers Sprache ist saft- und <b>kraftvoll</b>."</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff_12-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_12_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_12_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borchardt, F. (1996). "German Language." In <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation</i>. Edited by Hans J. Hillerbrand. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 May. 2019, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www-oxfordreference-com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001/acref-9780195064933-e-0570">https://www-oxfordreference-com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195064933.001.0001/acref-9780195064933-e-0570</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff_13-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_13_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_13_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritter_216-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_216_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_216_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartmann Grisar, Luther: Volume I (London: Luigi Cappadelta, 1914), 402</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V.H.H. Green. Luther and the Reformation (London: B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1964), 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Edwards, Luther and the False Brethren (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975), 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V.H.H. Green. Luther and the Reformation (London: B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1964), 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1994" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Mark U. Jr. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3q2nb278/"><i>Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther</i></a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Printing%2C+Propaganda%2C+and+Martin+Luther&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark+U.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fark.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft3q2nb278%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEskelson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Eskelson, Tyrel C. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5539%2Fjel.v10n2p109">"States, Institutions, and Literacy Rates in Early-Modern Western Europe"</a>. <i>Journal of Education and Learning</i>. <b>10</b> (2). Canadian Center of Science and Education: 109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5539%2Fjel.v10n2p109">10.5539/jel.v10n2p109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1927-5269">1927-5269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1927-5250">1927-5250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Education+and+Learning&rft.atitle=States%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Literacy+Rates+in+Early-Modern+Western+Europe&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=109&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1927-5250&rft.eissn=1927-5269&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5539%2Fjel.v10n2p109&rft.aulast=Eskelson&rft.aufirst=Tyrel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5539%252Fjel.v10n2p109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerWößmann2008" class="citation report cs1">Becker, Sascha O.; Wößmann, Ludger (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.iza.org/dp3837.pdf">Luther and the Girls: Religious Denomination and the Female Education Gap in 19th Century Prussia</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Luther+and+the+Girls%3A+Religious+Denomination+and+the+Female+Education+Gap+in+19th+Century+Prussia&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Sascha+O.&rft.au=W%C3%B6%C3%9Fmann%2C+Ludger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.iza.org%2Fdp3837.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 212</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Antliff, Mark. The Legacy of Martin Luther. Ottawa, McGill University Press, 1983</li> <li>Atkinson, James. Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1968</li> <li>Bindseil, H.E. and Niemeyer, H.A. <i>Dr. Martin Luther's Bibelübersetzung nach der letzten Original-Ausgabe, kritisch bearbeitet</i>. 7 vols. Halle, 1845–55. [The N. T. in vols. 6 and 7. A critical reprint of the last edition of Luther (1545). Niemeyer died after the publication of the first volume. Comp. the Probebibel (the revised Luther-Version), Halle, 1883. Luther's Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen und Fürbitte der Heiligen (with a letter to Wenceslaus Link, Sept. 12, 1530), in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Walch" title="Johann Georg Walch">Walch</a>, XXI. 310 sqq., and the Erl. Frkf. ed., vol. LXV. 102–123.] Free <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:61dd3bfe-bd7d-48a2-adca-79e28d5cc63d">open access edition with new English translation</a> by Howard Jones for the <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Institution" title="Taylor Institution">Taylor Institution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/taylor/about/exhibitions-and-publications">Reformation Pamphlet Series</a> with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Henrike_L%C3%A4hnemann" title="Henrike Lähnemann">Henrike Lähnemann</a>.</li> <li>Bluhm, Heinz. <i>Martin Luther: Creative Translator</i>. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1965.</li> <li>Brecht, Martin. <i>Martin Luther</i>. 3 Volumes. James L. Schaaf, trans. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2813-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2813-6">0-8006-2813-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2814-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2814-4">0-8006-2814-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2815-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2815-2">0-8006-2815-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1974" class="citation cs2">Dickens, AG (1974), <i>The German Nation and Martin Luther</i>, New York: Harper & Row</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Nation+and+Martin+Luther&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=AG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1975" class="citation cs2">Edwards, Mark (1975), <i>Luther and the False Brethren</i>, Stanford: Stanford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther+and+the+False+Brethren&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Gerrish, B.A. Reformers in Profile. Philadelphia: Fortpress Press, 1967</li> <li>Green, V.H.H. Luther and the Reformation. London: B.T. Batsford, 1964</li> <li>Grisar, Hartmann. Luther: Volume I. London: Luigi Cappadelta, 1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Lindberg" title="Carter Lindberg">Lindberg, Carter</a>. The European Reformations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996</li> <li>Lyons, Martin. Books: A Living History. Thames and Hudson: 2011.</li> <li>Reu, [John] M[ichael]. <i>Luther and the Scriptures</i>. Columbus, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>: The Wartburg Press, 1944. [Reprint: St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1980].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReu1984" class="citation cs2">——— (1984) [Columbus, OH: The Lutheran Book Concern, 1934], <i>Luther's German Bible: An Historical Presentation Together with a Collection of Sources</i>, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+German+Bible%3A+An+Historical+Presentation+Together+with+a+Collection+of+Sources&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Reu&rft.aufirst=John+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Ritter, Gerhard. Luther: His life and Work. New York: Harper & Row, 1963</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Orrin W. (2004). "Luther's Bible and the Emergence of Standard German". In Wellbery, David E. (ed.). <i>A New History of German Literature</i>. The Belknap Press. pp. 231–235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luther%27s+Bible+and+the+Emergence+of+Standard+German&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+German+Literature&rft.pages=231-235&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Orrin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuther+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">German <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="de" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Lutherbibel" class="extiw" title="s:de:Lutherbibel">Luther Bible</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Luther_Bible" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bolls.life/LUT/1/1">Luther Bible (1912 Edition)</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/luther02.html">Luther's Translation of the Bible</a> in Philip Schaff's History of the Christian Church.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bible%2C%20Luther%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Luther%20Bible%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bible%2C%20Luther%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Luther%20Bible%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bible%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Luther%20Bible%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bible%2C%20Luther%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Luther%20Bible%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Luther Bible</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1202">Works by Luther Bible</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldbibles.org/language_detail/eng/deu/German,%20Standard">Standard German Bible at World Bibles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129083251/http://worldbibles.org/language_detail/eng/deu/German,%20Standard">Archived</a> 2021-11-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wordproject.org/bibles/de/66/9.htm#0">1912 Luther Bible at Word Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martin_Luther" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martin_Luther" title="Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther" title="Template talk:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Luther" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martin_Luther" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_bibliography" title="Martin Luther bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resources_about_Martin_Luther" title="Resources about Martin Luther">Resources about Martin Luther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> (1517)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Indulgences_and_Grace" title="Sermon on Indulgences and Grace">Sermon on Indulgences and Grace</a></i> (1518)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation">To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</a></i> (1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" title="On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church">On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church</a></i> (1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_a_Christian" title="On the Freedom of a Christian">On the Freedom of a Christian</a></i> (1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_Henry,_King_of_the_English" title="Against Henry, King of the English">Against Henry, King of the English</a></i> (1522)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luther Bible</a></i> (1522, 1534)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Sacrament" title="The Adoration of the Sacrament">The Adoration of the Sacrament</a></i> (1523)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a></i> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_prayer" title="Flood prayer">Flood prayer</a> (1523)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Murderous,_Thieving_Hordes_of_Peasants" title="Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants">Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants</a></i> (1525)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a></i> (1525)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics</a></i> (1526)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a></i> (1526)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confession_Concerning_Christ%27s_Supper" title="Confession Concerning Christ's Supper">Confession Concerning Christ's Supper</a></i> (1528)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_War_Against_the_Turk" title="On War Against the Turk">On War Against the Turk</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Small Catechism</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach" title="Articles of Schwabach">Articles of Schwabach</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a> (1537)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Councils_and_the_Church" title="On the Councils and the Church">On the Councils and the Church</a></i> (1539)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></i> (1543)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vom_Schem_Hamphoras" title="Vom Schem Hamphoras">Vom Schem Hamphoras</a></i> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)" title="Table Talk (Luther)">Luther's <i>Table Talk</i></a> (1566)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_edition_of_Martin_Luther%27s_works" title="Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works">Weimar edition of Luther's works</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther" title="List of hymns by Martin Luther">List of hymns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First Lutheran hymnal</a> (1524)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Erfurt Enchiridion</a></i> (1524)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn</a></i> (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Es_spricht_der_Unweisen_Mund_wohl" title="Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl">Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gott_sei_gelobet_und_gebenedeiet" title="Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet">Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God" title="A Mighty Fortress Is Our God">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</a>" (1529)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sie_ist_mir_lieb,_die_werte_Magd" title="Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd">Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd</a>" (1535)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_unser_Herr_zum_Jordan_kam" title="Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam">Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam</a>" (1543)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation" title="Heidelberg Disputation">Heidelberg Disputation, 1518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate, 1519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine"><i>Exsurge Domine</i>, 1520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem" title="Decet Romanum Pontificem"><i>Decet Romanum Pontificem</i>, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy, 1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession, 1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther's canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerwolf" title="Beerwolf">Beerwolf</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#Martin_Luther_and_Lutheran_theologians" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Marian theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist in Lutheranism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution#Lutheran_Churches" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda during the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_L%C3%BCgend_von_S._Johanne_Chrysostomo" title="Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo"><i>Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo</i> (1537 edition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hans and Margarethe Luther <small>(parents)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a> <small>(wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Luther" title="Magdalena Luther">Magdalena Luther</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Luther" title="Paul Luther">Paul Luther</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg" title="Albert of Brandenburg">Albert of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Arnoldi" title="Bartholomaeus Arnoldi">Bartholomaeus Arnoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer" title="Georg Rörer">Georg Rörer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cochlaeus" title="Johann Cochlaeus">Johann Cochlaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin#Influence_on_Luther" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Staupitz" title="Johann von Staupitz">Johann von Staupitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Miltitz" title="Karl von Miltitz">Karl von Miltitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_VII_von_Mansfeld" title="Albrecht VII von Mansfeld">Albrecht VII von Mansfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Luther sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church, Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadtkirche_Wittenberg" title="Stadtkirche Wittenberg">Stadtkirche Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus" title="Lutherhaus">Lutherhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherstadt" title="Lutherstadt">Lutherstädte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Birth_House" title="Martin Luther's Birth House">Martin Luther's Birth House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Death_House" title="Martin Luther's Death House">Martin Luther's Death House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchthonhaus_(Wittenberg)" title="Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)">Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St. Augustine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veste_Coburg" title="Veste Coburg">Veste Coburg (Fortress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Martin_Luther" title="List of films about Martin Luther">Film</a> and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1923_film)" title="Martin Luther (1923 film)"><i>Martin Luther</i> (1923 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1928_film)" title="Luther (1928 film)"><i>Luther</i> (1928 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1953_film)" title="Martin Luther (1953 film)"><i>Martin Luther</i> (1953 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(play)" title="Luther (play)"><i>Luther</i> (1961 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1964_film)" title="Luther (1964 film)"><i>Luther</i> (1964 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1974_film)" title="Luther (1974 film)"><i>Luther</i> (1974 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther,_Heretic" title="Martin Luther, Heretic"><i>Martin Luther, Heretic</i> (1983 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(2003_film)" title="Luther (2003 film)"><i>Luther</i> (2003 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_and_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luther and I (page does not exist)"><i>Luther and I</i> (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Luther Monument (Washington, D.C.)">Luther Monument</a>, Washington D.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)" title="Luther Monument (Worms)">Luther Monument</a>, Worms</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_rose" title="Luther rose">Luther rose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theologia_Germanica" title="Theologia Germanica">Theologia Germanica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Christian_University" title="Martin Luther Christian University">Martin Luther Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_Halle-Wittenberg" title="Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg">Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571095#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571095#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1571095#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/213054815">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4122499-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007288913105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&oldid=1257202362">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&oldid=1257202362</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1522_books" title="Category:1522 books">1522 books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1534_books" title="Category:1534 books">1534 books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Christian_texts" title="Category:16th-century Christian texts">16th-century Christian texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_printed_Bibles" title="Category:Early printed Bibles">Early printed Bibles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Martin_Luther" title="Category:Works by Martin Luther">Works by Martin Luther</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations_into_German" title="Category:Bible translations into German">Bible translations into German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1534_in_Christianity" title="Category:1534 in Christianity">1534 in Christianity</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2014" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2014">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Greek-language_sources_(el)" title="Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)">CS1 Greek-language sources (el)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from April 2024">Articles with disputed statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2019">Articles needing additional references from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 19:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vbwr2","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.483","walltime":"1.734","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9208,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":205282,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14867,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":317597,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1522.488 1 -total"," 29.56% 449.982 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.88% 135.132 10 Template:Fix"," 8.17% 124.439 6 Template:Langx"," 7.98% 121.437 1 Template:Infobox_Bible_translation"," 7.79% 118.611 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.72% 117.609 1 Template:Bible_related"," 6.99% 106.388 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 6.98% 106.201 6 Template:Citation_needed"," 6.13% 93.271 17 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.878","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19802489,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-mh5xp","timestamp":"20241122150755","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Luther Bible","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luther_Bible","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1571095","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1571095","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-02-15T14:51:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-13T19:39:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/03\/Lutherbibel.jpg","headline":"German-language translation of the Bible by Martin Luther"}</script> </body> </html>