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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>War of Urbino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_Urbino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plans_for_a_crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plans_for_a_crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Plans for a crusade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plans_for_a_crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Protestant Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consistories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consistories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Consistories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consistories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canonizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Canonizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character,_interests_and_talents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character,_interests_and_talents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Character, interests and talents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Character,_interests_and_talents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Character, interests and talents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Character,_interests_and_talents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Intellectual interests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Love_of_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Love_of_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Love of music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Love_of_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unworthy_pursuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unworthy_pursuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Unworthy pursuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unworthy_pursuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benevolence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benevolence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Benevolence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benevolence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure_to_stem_the_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure_to_stem_the_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Failure to stem the Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_to_stem_the_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excessive_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excessive_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Excessive spending</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excessive_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patron_of_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patron_of_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Patron of learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patron_of_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statesman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statesman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Statesman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statesman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pope Leo X</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Leo_X" title="Pous Leo X – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Leo X" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ليو العاشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليو العاشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lle%C3%B3n_X" title="Lleón X – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lleón X" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Leo_10-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Leo 10-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Leo 10-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_X" title="Леў X – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леў X" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E_X" title="Леў X – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Леў X" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B2_X" title="Лъв X – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лъв X" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Lav_X" title="Papa Lav X – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papa Lav X" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_X" title="Leon X – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leon X" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lle%C3%B3_X" title="Lleó X – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lleó X" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_X." title="Lev X. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lev X." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pab_Leo_X" title="Pab Leo X – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pab Leo X" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Leo_10." title="Pave Leo 10. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Leo 10." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_X." title="Leo X. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leo X." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_X" title="Leo X – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leo X" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%AD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%99%CE%84" title="Πάπας Λέων Ι΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Λέων Ι΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_X" title="León X – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="León X" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leono_la_10-a" title="Leono la 10-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leono la 10-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_X.a" title="Leon X.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leon X.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="لئون دهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئون دهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_X" title="Léon X – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Léon X" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Leon_X" title="Pápa Leon X – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Leon X" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paab_Leon_X" title="Paab Leon X – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Paab Leon X" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_X,_papa" title="León X, papa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="León X, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Leo_10-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Leo 10-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Leo 10-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4_10%EC%84%B8" title="교황 레오 10세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 레오 10세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_X." title="Lav X. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lav X." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Leo_la_10ma" title="Papo Leo la 10ma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Leo la 10ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leon_X" title="Papa Leon X – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Leon X" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Leo_X" title="Paus Leo X – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Leo X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leone_X" title="Papa Leone X – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Leone X" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99" title="לאו העשירי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאו העשירי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Leo_X" title="Paus Leo X – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Leo X" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D_X" title="ლეო X – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეო X" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leo_X" title="Papa Leo X – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Leo X" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_X" title="Leo X – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leo X" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leons_X" title="Leons X – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leons X" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonas_X" title="Leonas X – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leonas X" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X._Le%C3%B3_p%C3%A1pa" title="X. Leó pápa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="X. Leó pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_X" title="Папа Лав X – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Лав X" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B4_X" title="Leô X – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Leô X" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="पोप लिओ दहावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोप लिओ दहावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ليو العاشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليو العاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Leo_X" title="Paus Leo X – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Leo X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Leo_10-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Leo 10-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Leo 10-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Leo_X" title="Paus Leo X – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Leo X" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA10%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="レオ10世 (ローマ教皇) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオ10世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_X" title="Leo X – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leo X" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_X" title="Leon X – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Leon X" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_X" title="Leon X – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leon X" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Le%C3%A3o_X" title="Papa Leão X – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Leão X" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leon_al_X-lea" title="Papa Leon al X-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Leon al X-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liyun_X" title="Liyun X – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Liyun X" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_X" title="Лев X – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лев X" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Leo_X" title="Pape Leo X – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pape Leo X" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoni_X" title="Leoni X – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leoni X" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuni_X" title="Liuni X – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Liuni X" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pope Leo X" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_X." title="Lev X. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lev X." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Leon_X." title="Papež Leon X. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Leon X." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2_X" title="Папа Лав X – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Лав X" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_X." title="Lav X. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lav X." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_X" title="Leo X – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leo X" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_X" title="Leo X – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leo X" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leo_X" title="Papa Leo X – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Leo X" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_10" title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาลีโอที่ 10 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระสันตะปาปาลีโอที่ 10" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X._Leo" title="X. Leo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="X. Leo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2_X" title="Лев X – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лев X" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%85" title="لیو دہم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیو دہم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_L%C3%AA%C3%B4_X" title="Giáo hoàng Lêô X – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Lêô X" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Leo_X" title="Paus Leo X – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Paus Leo X" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Leon_X" title="Papa Leon X – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Leon X" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96" title="良十世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="良十世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Leo_10k" title="Pópù Leo 10k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Leo 10k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96" title="良十世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="良十世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_X" title="Leo X – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Leo X" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96" title="良十世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="良十世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49237#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #F7D79C;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">Pope</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Leo X</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaello,_ritratto_di_papa_leone_X_tra_i_cardinali_luigi_de%27_rossi_e_giulio_de%27_medici,_1518,_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Raffaello%2C_ritratto_di_papa_leone_X_tra_i_cardinali_luigi_de%27_rossi_e_giulio_de%27_medici%2C_1518%2C_03.jpg/220px-Raffaello%2C_ritratto_di_papa_leone_X_tra_i_cardinali_luigi_de%27_rossi_e_giulio_de%27_medici%2C_1518%2C_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Raffaello%2C_ritratto_di_papa_leone_X_tra_i_cardinali_luigi_de%27_rossi_e_giulio_de%27_medici%2C_1518%2C_03.jpg/330px-Raffaello%2C_ritratto_di_papa_leone_X_tra_i_cardinali_luigi_de%27_rossi_e_giulio_de%27_medici%2C_1518%2C_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Raffaello%2C_ritratto_di_papa_leone_X_tra_i_cardinali_luigi_de%27_rossi_e_giulio_de%27_medici%2C_1518%2C_03.jpg/440px-Raffaello%2C_ritratto_di_papa_leone_X_tra_i_cardinali_luigi_de%27_rossi_e_giulio_de%27_medici%2C_1518%2C_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Detail from <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Leo_X_(Raphael)" title="Portrait of Leo X (Raphael)">Portrait of Leo X</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy began</th><td class="infobox-data">9 March 1513</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Papacy ended</th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1521</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius II">Julius II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montecassino" class="mw-redirect" title="Montecassino">Abbot Ordinary of Montecassino</a> (1486–1504)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica</a> (1492–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesaro" title="Pesaro">Apostolic Administrator of Pesaro</a> (1503–1504)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Apostolic Administrator of Amalfi</a> (1510–1513)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1513<br />by <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Sansone_Riario" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffaele Sansone Riario">Raffaele Sansone Riario</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecration</th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1513<br />by Raffaele Sansone Riario</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>9 March 1489 (<a href="/wiki/In_pectore" title="In pectore">in pectore</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>29 March 1495 (revealed)</li></ul></div><br />by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici</div><br />15 December 1475<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1521<span style="display:none">(1521-12-01)</span> (aged 45)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">Buried</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">Santa Maria sopra Minerva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Leo_X..PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Leo X's signature"><img alt="Leo X's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Signatur_Leo_X..PNG" decoding="async" width="96" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Medici_popes.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leo X's coat of arms"><img alt="Leo X's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Coat_of_arms_of_Medici_popes.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Medici_popes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Coat_of_arms_of_Medici_popes.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Medici_popes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Coat_of_arms_of_Medici_popes.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Medici_popes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="1562" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pope Leo (disambiguation)">Other popes named Leo</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> <span style="font-size:100%">Ordination history of</span><br /><span style="font-size:125%;">Pope Leo X</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee"><span style="font-size:100%;">History</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">15 March 1513</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Episcopal consecration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consecrated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Sansone_Riario" class="mw-redirect" title="Raffaele Sansone Riario">Raffaele Sansone Riario</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">17 March 1513</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #FF2400; border-top: 3px solid #FF2400">Cardinalate</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Elevated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">9 March 1489 <i><a href="/wiki/In_pectore" title="In pectore">in pectore</a></i> (revealed: 23 March 1492)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee"><span style="font-size:100%;">Episcopal succession</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #800080; border-top: 3px solid #800080">Bishops consecrated by Pope Leo X as principal consecrator</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Pucci" title="Lorenzo Pucci">Lorenzo Pucci</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1513</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltasar_del_R%C3%ADo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baltasar del Río (page does not exist)">Baltasar del Río</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 October 1515</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Urieta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro de Urieta (page does not exist)">Pedro de Urieta</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 October 1516</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Giulio_di_Giuliano_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici">Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1517</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Ponzetti" title="Ferdinando Ponzetti">Ferdinando Ponzetti</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1517</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pope Leo X</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Leone X</i>; born <b>Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici</b>, 11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521) was head of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> from 9 March 1513 to his death, in December 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöffler1910_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELöffler1910-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born into the prominent political and banking <a href="/wiki/Medici_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici family">Medici family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Giovanni was the second son of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Florentine Republic">Florentine Republic</a>, and was elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">cardinalate</a> in 1489. Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>, Giovanni was elected pope after securing the backing of the younger members of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>. Early on in his rule he oversaw the closing sessions of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Fifth Council of the Lateran</a>, but struggled to implement the reforms agreed. In 1517 he led a costly <a href="/wiki/War_of_Urbino" title="War of Urbino">war</a> that succeeded in securing his nephew <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici</a> as <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duke of Urbino</a>, but reduced papal finances. </p><p>In Protestant circles, Leo is associated with granting <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a> for those who donated to reconstruct <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, a practice that was soon challenged by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/95_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="95 Theses">95 Theses</a></i>. Leo rejected the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a> of 1520, <i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i>, condemned Luther's condemnatory stance, rendering ongoing communication difficult. </p><p>He borrowed and spent money without circumspection and was a significant patron of the arts. Under his reign, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Girolamo_Vida" title="Marco Girolamo Vida">Marco Girolamo Vida</a> began composing at the Pope's request a <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgilian</a> Latin epic poem about the life of Jesus called the <i><a href="/wiki/Christiad" title="Christiad">Christiad</a></i>, progress was made on the rebuilding of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, and artists such as <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> decorated the <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Vatican rooms</a>. Leo also reorganised the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Roman University</a>, and promoted <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance humanist">Renaissance humanist</a> study of literature, poetry, and <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a>. He died in 1521 and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">Santa Maria sopra Minerva</a>, Rome. He was the last pope not to have been in <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">priestly orders</a> at the time of his election to the papacy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Maria_in_Domnica_-_esterno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica_-_esterno.jpg/200px-Santa_Maria_in_Domnica_-_esterno.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica_-_esterno.jpg/300px-Santa_Maria_in_Domnica_-_esterno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica_-_esterno.jpg/400px-Santa_Maria_in_Domnica_-_esterno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6767" data-file-height="6276" /></a><figcaption>Santa Maria in Domnica</figcaption></figure> <p>Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici was born on 11 December 1475 in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, the second son of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_the_Magnificent" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo the Magnificent">Lorenzo the Magnificent</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Florentine Republic">Florentine Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Orsini" title="Clarice Orsini">Clarice Orsini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöffler1910_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELöffler1910-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an early age Giovanni was destined for an ecclesiastical career. He received the <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a> at the age of seven and was soon granted rich <a href="/wiki/Benefice" title="Benefice">benefices</a> and preferments. </p><p>His father, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo de Medici">Lorenzo de Medici</a>, was worried about his character early on and wrote a letter to Giovanni to warn him to avoid vice and luxury at the beginning of his ecclesiastical career. Here is a notable excerpt: "There is one rule which I would recommend to your attention in preference to all others. Rise early in the morning. This will not only contribute to your health, but will enable you to arrange and expedite the business of the day; and as there are various duties incident to".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cardinal">Cardinal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cardinal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His father prevailed on his relative <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a> to name him <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">Santa Maria in Domnica</a> on 9 March 1489 when he was age 13,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199871_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199871-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he was not allowed to wear the insignia or share in the deliberations of the college until three years later. Meanwhile, he received an education at Lorenzo's <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">court</a> under such men as <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Poliziano" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelo Poliziano">Angelo Poliziano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Dovizio_Bibbiena" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo Dovizio Bibbiena">Bernardo Dovizio Bibbiena</a>. From 1489 to 1491 he studied <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöffler1910_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELöffler1910-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 March 1492, he was formally admitted into the Sacred <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> and took up his residence at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, receiving a letter of advice from his father. The death of Lorenzo on the following 8 April temporarily recalled the 16-year-old Giovanni to Florence. He returned to Rome to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Conclave_of_1492" class="mw-redirect" title="Conclave of 1492">conclave of 1492</a> which followed the death of Innocent VIII, and unsuccessfully opposed the election of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a>. </p><p>He subsequently made his home with his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici">Piero</a> in Florence throughout the agitation of <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> and the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a>, until the uprising of the Florentines and the expulsion of the Medici in November 1494. While Piero found refuge at <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a>, Giovanni traveled in Germany, in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1500, he returned to Rome, where he was received with outward cordiality by Pope Alexander VI, and where he lived for several years immersed in art and literature. In 1503 he welcomed the accession of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> to the pontificate; the death of Piero de' Medici in the same year made Giovanni head of his family. On 1 October 1511, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romagna" title="Romagna">Romagna</a>, and when the Florentine republic declared in favour of the schismatic Pisans, Julius II sent Giovanni (as legate) with the Papal army venturing against the French. The French won a major battle and captured Giovanni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1984118_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1984118-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This and other attempts to regain political control of Florence were frustrated until a bloodless revolution permitted the return of the Medici. Giovanni's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours">Giuliano</a> was placed at the head of the republic,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Court201190_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Court201190-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Giovanni managed the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pope">Pope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_election">Papal election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Papal election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1513" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1513">Papal conclave, 1513</a></div> <p>Giovanni was <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1513" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal conclave, 1513">elected pope</a> on 9 March 1513, and this was proclaimed two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of the French cardinals effectively reduced the election to a contest between Giovanni (who had the support of the younger and noble members of the college) and <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Riario" title="Raffaele Riario">Raffaele Riario</a> (who had the support of the older group). On 15 March 1513, he was ordained priest, and consecrated as bishop on 17 March. He was crowned pope on 19 March 1513 at the age of 37. He was the last non-priest to be elected pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöffler1910_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELöffler1910-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins,_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_(by_Raphael).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg/270px-Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg/405px-Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg/540px-Portrait_of_Pope_Leo_X_and_his_cousins%2C_cardinals_Giulio_de%27_Medici_and_Luigi_de%27_Rossi_%28by_Raphael%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2538" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Leo_X_(Raphael)" title="Portrait of Leo X (Raphael)">Portrait of Leo X</a></i> with cardinals Giulio de' Medici (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_de%27_Rossi" title="Luigi de' Rossi">Luigi de' Rossi</a>, his first cousins, (<a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi gallery</a>, Florence)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnichRaphael20031005–1052_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnichRaphael20031005–1052-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_Urbino">War of Urbino</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War of Urbino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Urbino" title="War of Urbino">War of Urbino</a></div> <p>Leo had intended his younger brother Giuliano and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_II_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo II de' Medici">Lorenzo</a> for brilliant secular careers. He had named them Roman <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">patricians</a>; the latter he had placed in charge of Florence; the former, for whom he planned to carve out a kingdom in central Italy of Parma, Piacenza, <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> and Urbino, he had taken with himself to Rome and married to Filiberta of Savoy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomas201713_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomas201713-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death of Giuliano in March 1516, however, caused the pope to transfer his ambitions to Lorenzo. At the very time (December 1516) that peace between France, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> seemed to give some promise of a <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> united against the Turks, Leo obtained 150,000 ducats towards the expenses of the expedition from <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>, in return for which he entered the imperial league of Spain and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> against France.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war lasted from February to September 1517 and ended with the expulsion of the duke and the triumph of Lorenzo; but it revived the policy of Alexander VI, increased <a href="/wiki/Brigandage" title="Brigandage">brigandage</a> and anarchy in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, hindered the preparations for a crusade and wrecked the papal finances. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a> reckoned the cost of the war to Leo at the sum of 800,000 ducats. Ultimately, however, Lorenzo was confirmed as the new duke of Urbino.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plans_for_a_crusade">Plans for a crusade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plans for a crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The War of Urbino was further marked by a crisis in the relations between the pope and the cardinals. The sacred college had allegedly grown very worldly and troublesome since the time of <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a>, and Leo took advantage of a plot by several of its members to poison him, not only to inflict exemplary punishments by executing one (<a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Petrucci" title="Alfonso Petrucci">Alfonso Petrucci</a>) and imprisoning several others, but also to make radical changes in the college.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 July 1517, he published the names of thirty-one new cardinals, a number almost unprecedented in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">papacy</a>. Among the nominations were such notable men such as <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Campeggio" title="Lorenzo Campeggio">Lorenzo Campeggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pallavicino" title="Giovanni Battista Pallavicino">Giovanni Battista Pallavicino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian of Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cristoforo_Numai" title="Cristoforo Numai">Cristoforo Numai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egidio_Canisio" class="mw-redirect" title="Egidio Canisio">Egidio Canisio</a>. The naming of seven members of prominent Roman families, however, reversed the policy of his predecessor which had kept the political factions of the city out of the Curia. Other promotions were for political or family considerations or to secure money for the war against Urbino. The pope was accused of having exaggerated the conspiracy of the cardinals for purposes of financial gain, but most of such accusations appear unsubstantiated.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leo, meanwhile, felt the need of staying the advance of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>, who was threatening eastern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and made elaborate plans for a crusade. A truce was to be proclaimed throughout Christendom; the pope was to be the arbiter of disputes; the emperor and the king of France were to lead the army; England, Spain and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> were to furnish the fleet; and the combined forces were to be directed against <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Papal <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> in the interests of peace failed, however; Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a> made England, not the pope, the arbiter between France and the Empire; and much of the money collected for the crusade from tithes and indulgences was spent in other ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1519 <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> concluded a three years' truce with Selim I, but the succeeding sultan, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, renewed the war in June 1521 and on 28 August captured the citadel of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1521)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1521)">Belgrade</a>. The pope was greatly alarmed, and although he was then involved in war with France he sent about 30,000 ducats to the Hungarians. Leo treated the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> Greeks with great loyalty, and by a bull of 18 May 1521 forbade <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> clergy to celebrate mass in Greek churches and Latin <a href="/wiki/Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops">bishops</a> to ordain Greek clergy. These provisions were later strengthened by Clement VII and <a href="/wiki/Paul_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul III">Paul III</a> and went far to settle the constant disputes between the Latins and Uniate Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_Reformation">Protestant Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Protestant Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="History of Lutheranism">History of Lutheranism § The start of the Reformation</a></div> <p>Leo was disturbed throughout his pontificate by schism, especially the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> sparked by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulla-contra-errores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bulla-contra-errores.jpg/250px-Bulla-contra-errores.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bulla-contra-errores.jpg/375px-Bulla-contra-errores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bulla-contra-errores.jpg/500px-Bulla-contra-errores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bulla <i>Contra errores Martini Lutheri</i> of 1521</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to concerns about misconduct from some <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgence</a> preachers, in 1517 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> on the topic of indulgences. The resulting pamphlet spread Luther's ideas throughout Germany and Europe. Leo failed to fully comprehend the importance of the movement, and in February 1518 he directed the vicar-general of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> to impose silence on his <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 May, Luther sent an explanation of his theses to the pope; on 7 August he was summoned to appear at Rome. An arrangement was effected, however, whereby that summons was cancelled, and Luther went instead to <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> in October 1518 to meet the papal legate, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Cajetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Cajetan">Cardinal Cajetan</a>; but neither the arguments of the cardinal, nor Leo's dogmatic papal bull of 9 November requiring all Christians to believe in the pope's power to grant indulgences, moved Luther to retract. A year of fruitless negotiations followed, during which the controversy took popular root across the German states.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further papal bull of 15 June 1520, <i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i> or <i>Arise, O Lord</i>, condemned forty-one propositions extracted from Luther's teachings, and was taken to Germany by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a> in his capacity as apostolic <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nuncio</a>. Leo followed by formally excommunicating Luther by the bull <i><a href="/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem" title="Decet Romanum Pontificem">Decet Romanum Pontificem</a></i> or <i>It Befits the Roman Pontiff</i>, on 3 January 1521. In a brief, the Pope also directed <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> to take energetic measures against heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leo was pope during the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism#Spread_into_northern_Europe" title="Lutheranism">spread of Lutheranism into Scandinavia</a>. The pope had repeatedly used the rich northern benefices to reward members of the Roman curia, and towards the close of the year 1516, he sent the impolitic <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Angelo_Arcimboldi" title="Giovanni Angelo Arcimboldi">Giovanni Angelo Arcimboldi</a> as papal <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nuncio</a> to <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> to collect money for St Peter's. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark-Norway_and_Holstein#Reformation_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein">Reformation in Denmark</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a> took advantage of the growing dissatisfaction of the native clergy toward the papal government, and of Arcimboldi's interference in the Swedish revolt, to expel the nuncio and summon Lutheran theologians to <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> in 1520. Christian approved a plan by which a formal state church should be established in Denmark, all appeals to Rome should be abolished, and the king and diet should have final jurisdiction in ecclesiastical causes. Leo sent a new nuncio to Copenhagen (1521) in the person of the Minorite Francesco de Potentia, who readily absolved the king and received the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Skara" title="Diocese of Skara">bishopric of Skara</a>. The pope or his legate, however, took no steps to correct abuses or otherwise discipline the Scandinavian churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ara_Coeli_(12).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ara_Coeli_%2812%29.JPG/220px-Ara_Coeli_%2812%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ara_Coeli_%2812%29.JPG/330px-Ara_Coeli_%2812%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ara_Coeli_%2812%29.JPG/440px-Ara_Coeli_%2812%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Leo X in the church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Rome</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consistories">Consistories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consistories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Leo_X" title="Cardinals created by Leo X">Cardinals created by Leo X</a></div> <p>The pope created 42 new cardinals in eight consistories including two cousins (one who would become his successor Pope Clement VII) and a nephew. He also elevated <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adriaan Florensz Boeyens</a> into the cardinalate who would become his immediate successor Pope Adrian VI. Leo X's consistory of 1 July 1517 saw 31 cardinals created, and this remained the largest allocation of cardinals in one consistory until <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> named 42 cardinals in 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canonizations">Canonizations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canonizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pope Leo X canonized eleven individuals during his reign with seven of those being a group cause of martyrs. The most notable canonization from his papacy was that of <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Paola" title="Francis of Paola">Francis of Paola</a> on 1 May 1519. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Final years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>That Leo did not do more to check the anti-papal rebellion in Germany and Scandinavia is to be partially explained by the political complications of the time, and by his own preoccupation with papal and Medicean politics in Italy. The death of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian</a> in 1519 had seriously affected the situation. Leo vacillated between the <a href="/wiki/1519_imperial_election" title="1519 imperial election">powerful candidates</a> for the succession, allowing it to appear at first that he favoured Francis or a minor German prince. He finally accepted <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles of Spain</a> as inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leo was now eager to unite <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, Parma and Piacenza to the Papal States. An attempt late in 1519 to seize Ferrara failed, and the pope recognized the need for foreign aid. In May 1521 a treaty of alliance was signed at Rome between him and the emperor. <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> were to be taken from France and restored to the Empire, and <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a> were to be given to the Church on the expulsion of the French. The expense of enlisting 10,000 Swiss was to be borne equally by Pope and emperor. Charles V took Florence and the Medici family under his protection and promised to punish all enemies of the Catholic faith. Leo agreed to invest Charles V with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, to crown him <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and to aid in a war against Venice. It was provided that England and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Swiss</a> might also join the league. Henry VIII announced his adherence in August 1521. <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> had already begun war with Charles V in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>, and in Italy, too, the French made the first hostile movement on 23 June 1521. Leo at once announced that he would excommunicate the king of France and release his subjects from their allegiance unless Francis I laid down his arms and surrendered Parma and Piacenza to the Church. The pope lived to hear the joyful news of the capture of Milan from the French and of the occupation by papal troops of the long-coveted provinces (November 1521).<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having fallen ill with <a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">bronchopneumonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Leo X died on 1 December 1521, so suddenly that the last sacraments could not be administered; but the contemporary suspicions of poison were unfounded. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">Santa Maria sopra Minerva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character,_interests_and_talents"><span id="Character.2C_interests_and_talents"></span>Character, interests and talents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Character, interests and talents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_assessment">General assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leo has been criticized for his handling of the events of the papacy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a musical and pleasant voice and a cheerful temper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastor190872,_74_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastor190872,_74-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was eloquent in speech and elegant in his manners and epistolary style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastor190878_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastor190878-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enjoyed music and the theatre, art and poetry, the masterpieces of the ancients and the creations of his contemporaries, especially those seasoned with wit and learning. He especially delighted in <a href="/wiki/Ex_tempore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex tempore">ex tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> verse-making (at which he excelled) and cultivated <i>improvisatori</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is said to have stated, "Let us enjoy the papacy since God has given it to us",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Pastor" title="Ludwig von Pastor">Ludwig von Pastor</a> says that it is by no means certain that he made the remark; and historian Klemens Löffler says that "the Venetian ambassador who related this of him was not unbiased, nor was he in Rome at the time."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no doubt that he was by nature pleasure-loving and that the anecdote reflects his casual attitude to the high and solemn office to which he had been called.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastor190876_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastor190876-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, in spite of his worldliness, Leo prayed, fasted, went to confession before celebrating Mass in public, and conscientiously participated in the religious services of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the virtues of liberality, charity, and clemency he added the Machiavellian qualities of deception and shrewdness, so highly esteemed by the princes of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The character of Leo X was formerly assailed by lurid aspersions of debauchery, murder, impiety, and atheism. In the 17th century it was estimated that 300 or 400 writers, more or less, reported (on the authority of a single polemical anti-Catholic source) a story that when someone had quoted to Leo a passage from one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a>, he had replied that it was common knowledge "how profitable that fable of Christe hath ben to us and our companie".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These aspersions and more were examined by <a href="/wiki/William_Roscoe" title="William Roscoe">William Roscoe</a> in the 19th century (and again by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Pastor" title="Ludwig von Pastor">Ludwig von Pastor</a> in the 20th) and rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, even the eminent philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, while claiming that Leo was too intelligent to believe in Catholic doctrine, conceded that he was "one of the most illustrious princes that ever sat on the papal throne. Humane, beneficent, generous, affable; the patron of every art, and friend of every virtue".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, in a <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_of_Martin_Luther_to_Pope_Leo_X" class="extiw" title="s:Letter of Martin Luther to Pope Leo X">conciliatory letter</a> to Leo, himself testified to Leo's universal reputation for morality: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indeed, the published opinion of so many great men and the repute of your blameless life are too widely famed and too much reverenced throughout the world to be assailed by any man, of however great name, or by any arts. I am not so foolish to attack one whom everybody praises ...<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The final report of the Venetian ambassador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marino_Giorgi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marino Giorgi (page does not exist)">Marino Giorgi</a> supports Hume's assessment of affability and testifies to the range of Leo's talents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastor190875ff_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastor190875ff-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bearing the date of March 1517 it indicates some of his predominant characteristics:<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The pope is a good-natured and extremely free-hearted man, who avoids every difficult situation and above all wants peace; he would not undertake a war himself unless his own personal interests were involved; he loves learning; of canon law and literature he possesses remarkable knowledge; he is, moreover, a very excellent musician.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Leo is the fifth of the six popes who are unfavourably profiled by historian <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Tuchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Tuchman">Barbara Tuchman</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_Folly" title="The March of Folly">The March of Folly</a></i>, and who are accused by her of precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. Tuchman describes Leo as a cultured – if religiously devout – <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_interests">Intellectual interests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Intellectual interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Raphael_-_Coronation_of_Charlemagne_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>Detail of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_Charlemagne" title="The Coronation of Charlemagne">The Coronation of Charlemagne</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s workshop (1516–17), in which Leo X served in fact as a model for the figure of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a><sup id="cite_ref-Crowe_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowe-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Leo X's love for all forms of art stemmed from the humanistic education he received in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, his studies in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> and his extensive travel throughout Europe when a youth. He loved the Latin poems of the humanists, the tragedies of the Greeks and the comedies of <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Dovizi" title="Bernardo Dovizi">Cardinal Bibbiena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto" title="Ludovico Ariosto">Ariosto</a>, while relishing the accounts sent back by the explorers of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. Yet "Such a humanistic interest was itself religious. ... In the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the vines of the classical world and the Christian world, of Rome, were seen as intertwined. It was a historically minded culture where artists' representations of <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Madonna</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter">St. Peter</a> could exist side-by-side".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocker_III2001222_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocker_III2001222-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Love_of_music">Love of music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Love of music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pastor says that "From his youth, Leo, who had a fine ear and a melodious voice, loved music to the pitch of fanaticism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastor1908144_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastor1908144-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As pope he procured the services of professional singers, instrumentalists and composers from as far away as France, Germany and Spain. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Canova_da_Milano" title="Francesco Canova da Milano">Francesco Canova da Milano</a>, the foremost lute composer of his time, was prominent in his musical establishment. Next to goldsmiths, the highest salaries recorded in the papal accounts are those paid to musicians, who also received largesse from Leo's private purse. Their services were retained not so much for the delectation of Leo and his guests at private social functions as for the enhancement of religious services on which the pope placed great store. The standard of singing of the papal choir was a particular object of Leo's concern, with French, Dutch, Spanish and Italian singers being retained. Large sums of money were also spent on the acquisition of highly ornamented musical instruments, and he was especially assiduous in securing musical scores from Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also fostered technical improvements developed for the diffusion of such scores. <a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a>, who had overcome practical difficulties in the way of using movable type to print musical notation, obtained from Leo X the exclusive privilege of printing organ scores (which, according to the papal brief, "adds greatly to the dignity of divine worship") for a period for 15 years from 22 October 1513.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings1884–1885103ff_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings1884–1885103ff-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to fostering the performance of sung Masses, he promoted the singing of the Gospel in Greek in his private chapel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings2009586_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings2009586-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unworthy_pursuits">Unworthy pursuits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unworthy pursuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanno.raffael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hanno.raffael.jpg/250px-Hanno.raffael.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hanno.raffael.jpg/375px-Hanno.raffael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hanno.raffael.jpg/500px-Hanno.raffael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Leo X's pet elephant, <a href="/wiki/Hanno_(elephant)" title="Hanno (elephant)">Hanno</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Even those who defend him against the more outlandish attacks on his character acknowledge that he partook of entertainment such as masquerades, "jests," fowling, and hunting boar and other wild beasts.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one biographer, he was "engrossed in idle and selfish amusements".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan1908283_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1908283-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leo indulged buffoons at his Court, but also tolerated behaviour which made them the object of ridicule. One case concerned the conceited <i>improvisatore</i> Giacomo Baraballo, Abbot of <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a>, who was the butt of a burlesque procession organised in the style of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">Roman triumph</a>. Baraballo was dressed in festal robes of velvet and with ermine and presented to the pope. He was then taken to the piazza of St Peter's and was mounted on the back of <a href="/wiki/Hanno_(elephant)" title="Hanno (elephant)">Hanno, a white elephant</a>, the gift of King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a>. The magnificently ornamented animal was then led off in the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitol</a> to the sound of drums and trumpets. But while crossing the <a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">bridge of Sant'Angelo</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>, the elephant, already distressed by the noise and confusion around him, shied violently, throwing his passenger onto the muddy riverbank below.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leo's most recent biographer, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Falconi" title="Carlo Falconi">Carlo Falconi</a>, says Leo hid a private life of moral irregularity behind a mask of urbanity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scabrous verse libels of the type known as <a href="/wiki/Pasquinade" title="Pasquinade">pasquinades</a> were particularly abundant during the conclave which followed Leo's death in 1521 and made imputations about Leo's unchastity, implying or asserting <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suggestions of homosexual attraction appear in works by two contemporary historians, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Paolo Giovio</a>. Zimmerman notes Giovio's "disapproval of the pope's familiar banter with his chamberlains – handsome young men from noble families – and the advantage he was said to take of them."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther spent a month in Rome in 1510, three years before Leo became pontiff, and was disillusioned at the corruption he found there.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1520, the year before his excommunication from the Catholic Church, Luther claimed that Leo lived a "blameless life."<sup id="cite_ref-lutherleo_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutherleo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Luther later distanced himself from this claim and alleged in 1531 that Leo had vetoed a measure that cardinals should restrict the number of boys they kept for their pleasure, "otherwise it would have been spread throughout the world how openly and shamelessly the pope and the cardinals in Rome practice sodomy."<sup id="cite_ref-lutherleo_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutherleo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against this allegation is the papal bull <i>Supernae dispositionis arbitrio</i> from 1514 which, <i>inter alia</i>, required cardinals to live "... soberly, chastely, and piously, abstaining not only from evil but also from every appearance of evil" and a contemporary and eye-witness at Leo's Court (Matteo Herculaneo), emphasized his belief that Leo was chaste all his life.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians have dealt with the issue of Leo's sexuality at least since the late 18th century, and few have given credence to the imputations made against him in his later years and decades following his death, or else have at least regarded them as unworthy of notice; without necessarily reaching conclusions on whether he was homosexual.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who stand outside this consensus generally fall short of concluding with certainty that Leo was unchaste during his pontificate.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a> accused Pastor of untruthfulness and Vaughan of lying in the course of their treatment of the evidence, pointing out that Giovio and Guicciardini seemed to share the belief that Leo engaged in "unnatural vice" (homosexuality) while pope.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benevolence">Benevolence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Benevolence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leo X made charitable donations of more than 6,000 ducats annually to retirement homes, hospitals, convents, discharged soldiers, pilgrims, poor students, exiles, cripples, and the sick and unfortunate.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pope Leo X died suddenly of pneumonia at the age of 45 on 1 December 1521 and was buried in Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_Leo_X_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope_Leo_X-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death came just 10 months after he had excommunicated <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, the seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation, who was accused of 41 errors in his teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_Leo_X_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope_Leo_X-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_to_stem_the_Reformation">Failure to stem the Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Failure to stem the Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possibly the most lasting legacy of the reign of Pope Leo X was his perceived failure not just to stem the Reformation but to fuel it.<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_Leo_X_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope_Leo_X-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key issue was that his pontificate failed to bring about the reforms decreed by the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Fifth Lateran Council</a> (held between 1512 and 1517) which aimed to deal with many of their political problems as well as to reform Christendom, specifically relating to the papacy, cardinals, and curia. Some believe enforcing these decrees may have been enough to dampen support for radical challenges to church authority. But instead under his leadership, Rome's fiscal and political problems were deepened. A major contributor was his lavish spending (especially on the arts and himself) which led the papal treasury into mounting debt and his decision to authorize the sale of indulgences. The exploitation of people and corruption of religious principles linked to the practice of selling indulgences quickly became the key stimulus for the onset of the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther's <i><a href="/wiki/95_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="95 Theses">95 Theses</a></i>, otherwise entitled "Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences", was posted on a Church door in Wittenberg, Germany in October 1517 just seven months after the Lateran V was completed. But Pope Leo X's attempt to prosecute Luther's teaching on indulgences, and to eventually excommunicate him in January 1521, did not get rid of Lutheran doctrine but had the opposite effect of further splintering the Western church.<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_Leo_X_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope_Leo_X-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excessive_spending">Excessive spending</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Excessive spending"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leo was renowned for spending money lavishly on the arts; on charities; on benefices for his friends, relatives, and even people he barely knew; on dynastic wars, such as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Urbino" title="War of Urbino">War of Urbino</a>; and on his own personal luxury. Within two years of becoming Pope, Leo X spent all of the treasure amassed by the previous Pope, the frugal Julius II, and drove the Papacy into deep debt. By the end of his pontificate in 1521, the papal treasury was 400,000 ducats in debt.<sup id="cite_ref-Pope_Leo_X_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pope_Leo_X-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This debt contributed not only to the calamities of Leo's own pontificate (particularly the sale of indulgences that precipitated <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>) but severely constrained later pontificates (Pope <a href="/wiki/Adrian_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a>; and Leo's beloved cousin, <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a>) and forced austerity measures.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leo X's personal spending was likewise vast. For 1517, his personal income is recorded as 580,000 ducats, of which 420,000 came from the states of the Church, 100,000 from <a href="/wiki/Annates" title="Annates">annates</a>, and 60,000 from the composition tax instituted by Sixtus IV.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These sums, together with the considerable amounts accruing from indulgences, jubilees, and special fees, vanished as quickly as they were received. To remain financially solvent, the Pope resorted to desperate measures: instructing his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Giulio_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Giulio de' Medici">Cardinal Giulio de' Medici</a>, to pawn the Papal jewels; palace furniture; tableware; and even statues of the apostles. Additionally, Leo sold cardinals' hats; memberships to a fraternal order he invented in 1520, the <i>Papal Knights of St. Peter and St. Paul</i>; and borrowed such immense sums from bankers that upon his death, many were ruined.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Leo's death, the Venetian ambassador Gradenigo estimated the number of the Church's paying offices at 2,150, with a capital value of approximately 3,000,000 ducats and a yearly income of 328,000 ducats.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patron_of_learning">Patron of learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Patron of learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leo X raised the Church to a high rank as the friend of whatever seemed to extend knowledge or to refine and embellish life. He made the capital of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, Rome, a centre of <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European culture</a>. While yet a cardinal, he had restored the church of Santa Maria in Domnica after Raphael's designs; and as pope he had <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Fiorentini" title="San Giovanni dei Fiorentini">San Giovanni dei Fiorentini</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Via_Giulia" title="Via Giulia">Via Giulia</a>, built, after designs by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Sansovino" title="Jacopo Sansovino">Jacopo Sansovino</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pressed forward the work on St Peter's Basilica and the Vatican under <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Chigi" title="Agostino Chigi">Agostino Chigi</a>. Leo's constitution of 5 November 1513 reformed the Roman university, which had been neglected by Julius II. He restored all its faculties, gave larger salaries to the professors, and summoned distinguished teachers from afar;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, although it never attained to the importance of <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, it nevertheless possessed in 1514 a faculty (with a good reputation) of eighty-eight professors. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_X_Rubens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Leo_X_Rubens.jpg/237px-Leo_X_Rubens.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Leo_X_Rubens.jpg/355px-Leo_X_Rubens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Leo_X_Rubens.jpg/474px-Leo_X_Rubens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2518" data-file-height="3210" /></a><figcaption>1610s portrait of Leo X by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Leo called <a href="/wiki/Janus_Lascaris" title="Janus Lascaris">Janus Lascaris</a> to Rome to give instruction in Greek, and established a Greek printing press from which the first Greek book printed in Rome appeared in 1515. He made Raphael custodian of the classical antiquities of Rome and the vicinity, the ancient monuments of which formed the subject of a famous letter from Raphael to the pope in 1519.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinguished Latinists <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Sadoleto" title="Jacopo Sadoleto">Jacopo Sadoleto</a> were papal secretaries,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the famous poet <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Accolti" title="Bernardo Accolti">Bernardo Accolti</a>. Other poets, such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_Girolamo_Vida" title="Marco Girolamo Vida">Marco Girolamo Vida</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gian_Giorgio_Trissino" title="Gian Giorgio Trissino">Gian Giorgio Trissino</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bibbiena, writers of <i>novelle</i> like <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Bandello" title="Matteo Bandello">Matteo Bandello</a>, and a hundred other <i>literati</i> of the time were bishops, or papal scriptors or <a href="/wiki/Abbreviators" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbreviators">abbreviators</a>, or in other papal employs. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Under his pontificate, Latin Christianity assumed a pagan, Greco-Roman character, which, passing from art into manners, gives to this epoch a strange complexion. Crimes for the moment disappeared, to give place to vices; but to charming vices, vices in good taste, such as those indulged in by <a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> and sung by <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>. —<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas <i>père</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statesman">Statesman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Statesman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several minor events of Leo's pontificate are worthy of mention. He was particularly friendly with King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> as a result of the latter's missionary enterprises in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Pope Leo X was granted a large embassy from the Portuguese king furnished with goods from Manuel's colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His concordat with Florence (1516) guaranteed the free election of the clergy in that city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His constitution of 1 March 1519 condemned the King of Spain's claim to refuse the publication of papal bulls. He maintained close relations with <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Poland</a> because of the Turkish advance and the Polish contest with the Teutonic Knights. His bull of July 1519, which regulated the discipline of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Polish Church</a>, was later transformed into a concordat by <a href="/wiki/Clement_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leo showed special favours to the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and permitted them to erect a Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>-press in Rome. Under <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bomberg" title="Daniel Bomberg">Daniel Bomberg</a>, that press produced manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a><sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mikraot_Gedolot" title="Mikraot Gedolot">Mikraot Gedolot</a> with Leo's approval and protection.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He approved the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Divine_Love" title="Oratory of Divine Love">Oratory of Divine Love</a>, a group of pious men in Rome which later became the <a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatine Order</a>, and he canonized <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Paola" title="Francis of Paola">Francis of Paola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the 1965 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Agony_and_the_Ecstasy_(film)" title="The Agony and the Ecstasy (film)">The Agony and the Ecstasy</a></i>, Pope Leo is played, while still a Cardinal, by actor <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Celi" title="Adolfo Celi">Adolfo Celi</a>.</li> <li>In the 1953 film <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1953_film)" title="Martin Luther (1953 film)">Martin Luther</a>,</i> he is portrayed by Philip Leaver <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Leaver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Leaver (page does not exist)">Philip Leaver</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Leaver" class="extiw" title="de:Philip Leaver">de</a>]</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Leo_X" title="Cardinals created by Leo X">Cardinals created by Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sexually_active_popes" title="List of sexually active popes">List of sexually active popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_from_the_Medici_family" title="List of popes from the Medici family">List of popes from the Medici family</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlberigo1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alberigo, Giuseppe (1960). "Leone X, papa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-leone-x_(Dizionario-Biografico)/"><i>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</i></a> (in Italian). Vol. 2. Istituto Treccani.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leone+X%2C+papa&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani&rft.pub=Istituto+Treccani&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Alberigo&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fpapa-leone-x_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELöffler1910-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöffler1910_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöffler1910_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöffler1910_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELöffler1910_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLöffler1910">Löffler 1910</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/lorenzomed1.asp">"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Florenzomed1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199871-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199871_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1998">Williams 1998</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-leo-x/">"Pope Leo X"</a>. 7 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pope+Leo+X&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freformation500.csl.edu%2Fbio%2Fpope-leo-x%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1984118-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1984118_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSetton1984">Setton 1984</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Court201190-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips-Court201190_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips-Court2011">Phillips-Court 2011</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121094401/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1489.htm#Medici">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church – Biographical Dictionary – Consistory of March 9, 1489"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1489.htm#Medici">the original</a> on 21 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church+%E2%80%93+Biographical+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Consistory+of+March+9%2C+1489&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Fbios1489.htm%23Medici&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinnichRaphael20031005–1052-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinnichRaphael20031005–1052_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinnichRaphael2003">Minnich & Raphael 2003</a>, pp. 1005–1052.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomas201713-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomas201713_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomas2017">Tomas 2017</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chisholm1911-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_11-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leo_(popes)/Leo_X" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leo (popes)/Leo X">Leo (popes) § Leo X</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leo+%28popes%29+%C2%A7+Leo+X&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407104828/http://www.palazzo-medici.it/mediateca/en/Scheda_Leone_X">"Leo X, Pope (1475–1521)"</a> (in Italian). Mediateca di Palazzo Medici Riccardi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palazzo-medici.it/mediateca/en/Scheda_Leone_X">the original</a> on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leo+X%2C+Pope+%281475%E2%80%931521%29&rft.pub=Mediateca+di+Palazzo+Medici+Riccardi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palazzo-medici.it%2Fmediateca%2Fen%2FScheda_Leone_X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Strathern, <i>The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance</i>, 2008, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastor190872,_74-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastor190872,_74_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, pp. 72, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastor190878-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastor190878_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roscoe gives an instance of Leo's skill (<a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1806">Roscoe 1806</a>, p. 493). See also <a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, pp. 77, 149ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lilly, William Samuel. <i>The Claims of Christianity</i> (1894) p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09162a.htm">Löffler, Klemens. "Pope Leo X." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 23 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastor190876-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastor190876_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, p. 76 and <a href="#CITEREFVaughan1908">Vaughan 1908</a>, p. 282, both citing the Venetian ambassador Marco Minio, and also <a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, pp. 78–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virtues of benevolence: <a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, p. 81; political treachery: <a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1806">Roscoe 1806</a>, pp. 464ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The claim was made by <a href="/wiki/John_Bale" title="John Bale">John Bale</a> in <i>Pageant of Popes</i> (published posthumously in 1574); for the proliferation of the story, see <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a> quoted by <a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1806">Roscoe 1806</a>, pp. 479ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1806">Roscoe 1806</a>, pp. 478–486; <a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, pp. 79–81. Vaughan, reviewing the allegation of blasphemous infidelity, called it "a spiteful and monstrous invention by a rabid or unscrupulous Reformer". (<a href="#CITEREFVaughan1908">Vaughan 1908</a>, pp. 280–283 at p. 281)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSiebert1990">Siebert 1990</a>, p. 95 citing Hume's <i>History of England</i> (1754–1762), vol. 3, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter of 6 September 1520, published as a preface to his <i>Freedom of a Christian</i>. See Hans Joachim Hillerbrand, <i>The Division of Christendom</i>, Westminster John Knox Press (Louisville, 2007), p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastor190875ff-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastor190875ff_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, pp. 75ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1984" class="citation book cs1">Tuchman, Barbara (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marchoffollyfrom00tuch"><i>The March of Folly</i></a></span>. Knopf. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marchoffollyfrom00tuch/page/104">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394527772" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394527772"><bdi>978-0394527772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+March+of+Folly&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0394527772&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarchoffollyfrom00tuch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/personal/reading/tuchman-folly.html">"Book review – 'The March of Folly' By Barbara W. Tuchman"</a>. <i>faculty.webster.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=faculty.webster.edu&rft.atitle=Book+review+%E2%80%93+%27The+March+of+Folly%27+By+Barbara+W.+Tuchman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.webster.edu%2Fcorbetre%2Fpersonal%2Freading%2Ftuchman-folly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowe-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crowe_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowe2009" class="citation book cs1">Crowe, J.A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-NZAAAAAYAAJ&dq=the+coronation+of+charlemagne+raphael&pg=PA361"><i>Raphael: His Life and Works. With Particular Reference to Recently Discovered Records, and an Exhaustive Study of Extant Drawings and Pictures Volume 2 (1882–85)</i></a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-112-00369-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-112-00369-1"><bdi>978-1-112-00369-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raphael%3A+His+Life+and+Works.+With+Particular+Reference+to+Recently+Discovered+Records%2C+and+an+Exhaustive+Study+of+Extant+Drawings+and+Pictures+Volume+2+%281882%E2%80%9385%29&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Library&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-112-00369-1&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-NZAAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bcoronation%2Bof%2Bcharlemagne%2Braphael%26pg%3DPA361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocker_III2001222-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocker_III2001222_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrocker_III2001">Crocker III 2001</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPastor1908144-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPastor1908144_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See generally on his love of music: <a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1806">Roscoe 1806</a>, pp. 487–490 and <a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, pp. 144–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings1884–1885103ff-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings1884–1885103ff_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCummings1884–1885">Cummings 1884–1885</a>, pp. 103ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings2009586-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings2009586_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCummings2009">Cummings 2009</a>, p. 586.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buffoonery: <a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1806">Roscoe 1806</a>, pp. 491–496; <a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, pp. 77, 151–156. Fowling and hunting: <a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1806">Roscoe 1806</a>, pp. 496–498; <a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, pp. 157–161; <a href="#CITEREFVaughan1908">Vaughan 1908</a>, pp. 192–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaughan1908283-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVaughan1908283_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaughan1908">Vaughan 1908</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBedini1981">Bedini 1981</a>, pp. 79ff. And see <a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, pp. 154ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Falconi" title="Carlo Falconi">Falconi, Carlo</a>, <i>Leone X</i>, Milano (1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, <i>e.g.</i>, <a href="#CITEREFCesareo1938">Cesareo 1938</a>, pp. 4ff, 78; see also references to lampoons in (<a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1806">Roscoe 1806</a>, p. 464 footnote) (he also prints several in his appendix); and <a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Paolo Giovio</a>, <i>De Vita Leonis Decimi Pont. Max.</i>, Firenze (1548, 4 vols), written for the Medici Pope Clement VII and completed in 1533; and (covering the years 1492 to 1534) <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a>, <i>Storia d'Italia</i>, Firenze (1561, first 16 books; 1564 full edn. 20 books) written between 1537 and 1540, and published after his death in the latter year. For the characterisation of the relevant passages (few and brief) in these authors, see, <i>e.g.</i>, <a href="#CITEREFVaughan1908">Vaughan 1908</a>, p. 280: and Wyatt, Michael, "Bibbiena's Closet: Interpretation and the Sexual Culture of a Renaissance Papal Court", comprising chap. 2 of Cestaro, Gary P. (ed.), <i>Queer Italia</i>, London (2004) pp. 35–54 a. To these can be added Zimmerman, T.P., <i>Paolo Giovio: The Historian and the Crisis of Sixteenth-Century Italy</i>, Princeton University Press (1996), citing at p. 23 Giovio's disapproval of the banter. Two pages later Zimmerman notes Giovio's <i>penchant</i> for gossip.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/luther_martin.shtml">"BBC History – Historic Figures: Martin Luther (1483–1546)"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+History+%E2%80%93+Historic+Figures%3A+Martin+Luther+%281483%E2%80%931546%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fluther_martin.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lutherleo-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lutherleo_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lutherleo_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2007">Wilson 2007</a>, p. 282; This allegation (made in the pamphlet <i>Warnunge D. Martini Luther/ An seine lieben Deudschen</i>, Wittenberg, 1531) is in stark contrast to Luther's earlier praise of Leo's "blameless life" in a conciliatory letter of his to the pope dated 6 September 1520 and published as a preface to his <i>Freedom of a Christian</i>. See on this, <a href="#CITEREFHillerbrand2007">Hillerbrand 2007</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Passage from <i>Supernae dispositionis arbitrio</i> quoted by Jill Burke (<a href="#CITEREFBurke2006">Burke 2006</a>, p. 491). Herculaneo, Matteo, publ. in Fabroni, <i>Leonis X: Pontificis Maximi Vita</i> at note 84, and quoted in the material part by <a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1806">Roscoe 1806</a>, p. 485 in a footnote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Those who have rejected the evidence include: Fabroni, Angelo, <i>Leone X: Pontificis Maximi Vita</i>, Pisa (1797) at p. 165 with note 84; <a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1806">Roscoe 1806</a>, pp. 478–486; and (<a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, pp. 80f. with a long footnote). Those who have treated of the life of Leo at any length and ignored the imputations, or summarily dismissed them, include: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Gregorovius" title="Ferdinand Gregorovius">Gregorovius, Ferdinand</a>, <i>History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages</i> Eng. trans. Hamilton, Annie, London (1902, vol. VIII.1), p. 243; <a href="#CITEREFVaughan1908">Vaughan 1908</a>, p. 280; <a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Hayes, Carlton Huntley</a>, article "Leo X" in <i>The Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, Cambridge (1911, vol. XVI); <a href="/wiki/Mandell_Creighton" title="Mandell Creighton">Creighton, Mandell</a>, <i>A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome</i>, London (new edn., 1919), vol. 6, p. 210; Pellegrini, Marco, articles "Leone X" in <i>Enciclopedia dei Papi</i>, (2000, vol.3) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani" title="Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani">Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</a></i> (2005, vol. 64); and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Strathern" title="Paul Strathern">Strathern, Paul</a> <i>The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance</i> (a popular history), London (2003, pbk 2005), p. 277. Of these, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Pastor" title="Ludwig von Pastor">Ludwig von Pastor</a> and Hayes are known Catholics, and Roscoe, Gregorovius, and Creighton are known non-Catholics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most recent biography of the pope speculates that his private life may have been marked by moral irregularity: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Falconi" title="Carlo Falconi">Falconi, Carlo</a>, <i>Leone X</i>, Milano (1987). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Dall%27Orto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Dall'Orto (page does not exist)">Giovanni Dall'Orto</a> gathered and reviewed the most relevant material (including Falconi, pp. 455–461) in an entry in Wotherspoon & Aldrich, <i>Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History</i>, Routledge, London and New York (2001), at p. 264, arriving only at tentative and provisional conclusions as to Leo's suggested homosexuality.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of the Popes</i>, London (1939), p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, <i>e.g.</i>, <a href="#CITEREFPastor1908">Pastor 1908</a>, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pope_Leo_X-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pope_Leo_X_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pope_Leo_X_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pope_Leo_X_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pope_Leo_X_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pope_Leo_X_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/pope-leo-x/">"Pope Leo X"</a>. <i>Reformation 500</i>. <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Seminary" title="Concordia Seminary">Concordia Seminary</a>. 7 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reformation+500&rft.atitle=Pope+Leo+X&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freformation500.csl.edu%2Fbio%2Fpope-leo-x%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401090054/http://www.sgira.org/hm/pope_hadrian_6.htm">"Pope Hadrian VI"</a>. <i>www.sgira.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgira.org/hm/pope_hadrian_6.htm">the original</a> on 1 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sgira.org&rft.atitle=Pope+Hadrian+VI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgira.org%2Fhm%2Fpope_hadrian_6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knightsofstpeterandstpaul.com/history.html">"History"</a>. <i>Knights of St. Peter and St. Paul</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knights+of+St.+Peter+and+St.+Paul&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knightsofstpeterandstpaul.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/leo10.htm">"Luminarium Encyclopedia: Pope Leo X (1475-1521)"</a>. <i>www.luminarium.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Architecture in Italy 1400–1600". <i>Pelican History of Art</i>. pp. 195–196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Architecture+in+Italy+1400%E2%80%931600&rft.btitle=Pelican+History+of+Art&rft.pages=195-196&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Heydenreich&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Lotz%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniroma1.it/it/pagina/la-storia">"La storia | Sapienza Università di Roma"</a>. <i>www.uniroma1.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Translation of Andrea Palladio’s <i>L’Antichita di Roma</i> and <i>Descritione de le chiese…in la città de Roma,</i> (1554) including as an appendix Raphael’s famous Letter to Leo X concerning Rome's ancient monuments, Yale University Press, London and New Haven, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolo_Giovio1551" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paolo Giovio (1551). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrVQAAAAcAAJ"><i>Vita Leonis Decimi, pontifici maximi: libri IV</i></a> (in Latin). Florentiae: officina Laurentii Torrentini. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vita+Leonis+Decimi%2C+pontifici+maximi%3A+libri+IV&rft.place=Florentiae&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=officina+Laurentii+Torrentini&rft.date=1551&rft.au=Paolo+Giovio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrVQAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lancetti, Vencenzo (1831). <i>Della vita e degli scritti di Marco Girolamo Vida</i> (in Italian). Milano: Giuseppe Crespi. pp. 30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15061a.htm">Ford, Jeremiah. "Giangiorgio Trissino." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 2 January 2020<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celebrated Crimes, Vol. I. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1910, pp. 361–414 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.angelfire.com/mn3/mixed_lit/dumas_cenci.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Emanuel I."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Emanuel_I.">"Emanuel I." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 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(2011). <i>The Perfect Genre: Drama and Painting in Renaissance Italy</i>. Ashgate Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+Genre%3A+Drama+and+Painting+in+Renaissance+Italy&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoscoe1806" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Roscoe" title="William Roscoe">Roscoe, William</a> (1806). <i>The Life and Pontificate of Leo the Tenth</i>. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). 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London and New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medici+Popes&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Herbert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.99911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1998" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George L. (1998). <i>Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes</i>. 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Random House. p. 282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+legacy+of+Martin+Luther&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Luther Martin. <i>Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters,</i> 2 vols., tr. and ed. by Preserved Smith, Charles Michael Jacobs, The Lutheran Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 1913, 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4r3cwHjnvUC&dq=%22Luther%27s+Correspondence+and+Other+Contemporary+Letters%22&pg=PA1">vol.I (1507–1521)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEy_3aDT61sC&q=%22%09Luther%27s+Correspondence+and+Other+Contemporary+Letters%22">vol.2 (1521–1530)</a> from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. Reprint of Vol.1, Wipf & Stock Publishers (March 2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59752-601-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59752-601-0">1-59752-601-0</a></li> <li>Zophy, Jonathan W. <i>A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation: Europe Dances over Fire and Water</i>. 1996. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Leo_X&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pope_Leo_X" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Leo_X" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Leo X">Leo X</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leo_X" class="extiw" title="commons:Leo X"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Leo X</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/List of Popes"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/List_of_Popes">"The List of the Popes" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+List+of+the+Popes&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APope+Leo+X" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/scanned/paulo_giovio_de_leonis_x.htm">Vita de Leonis X</a> life in Latin by <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Jovius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Jovius">Paulus Jovius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEy_3aDT61sC&q=%22%09Luther%27s+Correspondence+and+Other+Contemporary+Letters%22">Henry VIII to Pope Leo X. 21 May 1521</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4r3cwHjnvUC&dq=%22Luther%27s+Correspondence+and+Other+Contemporary+Letters%22&pg=PA334">Leo X to Frederic, Elector of Saxony. Rome, 8 July 1520</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615172353/http://paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Italian%20Images/Montages/Firenze/Medici%20Popes.htm">Paradoxplace Medici Popes' Page</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Pope Leo X </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">House of Medici</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 11 December 1475</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 1 December 1521</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Popes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Popes">Pope</a> </b><br />9 March 1513 – 1 December 1521 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Pope Adrian VI</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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talk:Popes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Popes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Popes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Popes_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popes_(graphical)" title="List of popes (graphical)">graphical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonised_popes" title="List of canonised popes">canonised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal names</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">extant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-extant_papal_tombs" title="List of non-extant papal tombs">non-extant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Pope emeritus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">papal resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope-elect_Stephen" title="Pope-elect Stephen">Pope-elect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">1st–4th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Liberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">5th–8th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_II" title="Pope Anastasius II">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_V" title="Pope Boniface V">Boniface V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Honorius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Donus" title="Pope Donus">Donus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VII" title="Pope John VII">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sisinnius" title="Pope Sisinnius">Sisinnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Constantine" title="Pope Constantine">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">9th–12th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Valentine" title="Pope Valentine">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Formosus" title="Pope Formosus">Formosus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VI" title="Pope Boniface VI">Boniface VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VI" title="Pope Stephen VI">Stephen VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_II" title="Pope Theodore II">Theodore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IV" title="Pope Benedict IV">Benedict IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_III" title="Pope Anastasius III">Anastasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lando" title="Pope Lando">Lando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VIII" title="Pope Stephen VIII">Stephen VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Sylvester III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_III" title="Pope Victor III">Victor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II" title="Pope Gelasius II">Gelasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_II" title="Pope Honorius II">Honorius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_II" title="Pope Lucius II">Lucius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_IV" title="Pope Anastasius IV">Anastasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_III" title="Pope Lucius III">Lucius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_III" title="Pope Clement III">Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Celestine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">13th–16th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_IV" title="Pope Celestine IV">Celestine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Urban IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IV" title="Pope Clement IV">Clement IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_V" title="Pope Innocent V">Innocent V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Adrian V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXI" title="Pope John XXI">John XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_IV" title="Pope Honorius IV">Honorius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Benedict XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">John XXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Benedict XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Clement VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI" title="Pope Innocent VI">Innocent VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_V" title="Pope Urban V">Urban V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI" title="Pope Gregory XI">Gregory XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VI" title="Pope Urban VI">Urban VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IX" title="Pope Boniface IX">Boniface IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VII" title="Pope Innocent VII">Innocent VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XII" title="Pope Gregory XII">Gregory XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Martin V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_III" title="Pope Callixtus III">Callixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_III" title="Pope Pius III">Pius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_VI" title="Pope Adrian VI">Adrian VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Julius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Marcellus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Gregory XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VII" title="Pope Urban VII">Urban VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Gregory XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IX" title="Pope Innocent IX">Innocent IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">17th–21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Paul V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Gregory XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Innocent X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VII" title="Pope Alexander VII">Alexander VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_IX" title="Pope Clement IX">Clement IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_X" title="Pope Clement X">Clement X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VIII" title="Pope Alexander VIII">Alexander VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Innocent XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Clement XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XIII" title="Pope Innocent XIII">Innocent XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Benedict XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XII" title="Pope Clement XII">Clement XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIII" title="Pope Clement XIII">Clement XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XII" title="Pope Leo XII">Leo XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VIII" title="Pope Pius VIII">Pius VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Benedict XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pius XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Antiquity and Early<br /> Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059#During_the_Roman_Empire" title="Papal selection before 1059">During the Roman Empire</a> (until 493) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_of_Rome_under_Constantine_the_Great" title="Bishops of Rome under Constantine the Great">Under Constantine</a> (312–337)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Papacy" title="Ostrogothic Papacy">Ostrogothic Papacy</a> (493–537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a> (537–752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Papacy" title="Frankish Papacy">Frankish Papacy</a> (756–857)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></i> (904–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii era</a> (974–1012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">High and Late<br />Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculan_Papacy" title="Tusculan Papacy">Tusculan Papacy</a> (1012–1044 / 1048)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy_(1048%E2%80%931257)" title="History of the papacy (1048–1257)">Conflicts with the HRE</a> (1048–1257)</li> <li>Wandering Papacy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo_Papacy" title="Viterbo Papacy">Viterbo</a>, 1257–1281</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orvieto Papacy">Orvieto</a>, 1262–1297</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perugia_Papacy" title="Perugia Papacy">Perugia</a>, 1228–1304</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a> (1309–1378)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> (1378–1417)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Early Modern and<br /> Modern Era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Renaissance Papacy</a> (1417–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">Reformation Papacy</a> (1534–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Papacy">Baroque Papacy</a> (1585–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church#Baroque,_Enlightenment_and_revolutions" title="History of the Catholic Church">Age of Enlightenment</a> (c. 1640–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popes_during_the_Age_of_Revolution" title="Popes during the Age of Revolution">Revolutionary Papacy</a> (1775–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">Roman Question</a> (1870–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> (1929–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican City in World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Cold War</a> (1945–1991)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a><br />(30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a><br />(180–451)<br /><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman<br />state church</a><br />(380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Medici" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medici" title="Template:Medici"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medici" title="Template talk:Medici"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medici" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medici"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Medici" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">House of Medici</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Lords of Florence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo "The Elder"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Piero di Cosimo de' Medici">Piero "The Gouty"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo "The Magnificent"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_the_Unfortunate" title="Piero the Unfortunate">Piero "The Brief"</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giovanni, Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours">Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Giulio</a> (Clement VII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence" title="Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence">Alessandro "The Moor"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Florence">Dukes of Florence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence" title="Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence">Alessandro "The Moor"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Dukes of Tuscany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_de%27_Medici" title="Francesco I de' Medici">Francesco I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici" title="Ferdinando I de' Medici">Ferdinando I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_II_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo II de' Medici">Cosimo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_II_de%27_Medici" title="Ferdinando II de' Medici">Ferdinando II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_III_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo III de' Medici">Cosimo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Gastone_de%27_Medici" title="Gian Gastone de' Medici">Gian Gastone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Queens of France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Caterina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Maria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Popes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Clement VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Leo XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Cardinals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>male line</i>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Giovanni</a> (Leo X)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Giulio</a> (Clement VII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_de%27_Medici" title="Ippolito de' Medici">Ippolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI" title="Pope Leo XI">Alessandro</a> (Leo XI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de%27_Medici_(cardinal)" title="Giovanni de' Medici (cardinal)">Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinando I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_de%27_Medici_(cardinal)" title="Carlo de' Medici (cardinal)">Carlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_de%27_Medici" title="Giancarlo de' Medici">Giovan Carlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_de%27_Medici" title="Leopoldo de' Medici">Leopoldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_de%27_Medici" title="Francesco Maria de' Medici">Francesco Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_de%27_Medici_di_Ottaiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco de' Medici di Ottaiano (page does not exist)">Francesco</a><br /><i>female line</i>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_de%27_Rossi" title="Luigi de' Rossi">Luigi de' Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Salviati" title="Giovanni Salviati">Giovanni Salviati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Cybo" title="Innocenzo Cybo">Innocenzo Cybo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Salviati" title="Bernardo Salviati">Bernardo Salviati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Ridolfi" title="Niccolò Ridolfi">Niccolò Ridolfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Strozzi" title="Lorenzo Strozzi">Lorenzo Strozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrante_Gonzaga" title="Ferrante Gonzaga">Ferrante Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_II_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua" title="Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua">Vincenzo II Gonzaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Bishops and archbishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filippo_de%27_Medici_(archbishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filippo de' Medici (archbishop) (page does not exist)">Filippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Antonio_de%27_Medici" title="Bernardo Antonio de' Medici">Bernardo Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuliano_de%27_Medici_Castellina_(bishop)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuliano de' Medici Castellina (bishop) (page does not exist)">Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zanobi_de%27_Medici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zanobi de' Medici (page does not exist)">Zanobi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Condottieri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_delle_Bande_Nere" title="Giovanni delle Bande Nere">Giovanni delle Bande Nere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni_de%27_Medici" title="Don Giovanni de' Medici">Don Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattias_de%27_Medici" title="Mattias de' Medici">Mattias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_tables_of_the_House_of_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogical tables of the House of Medici">Genealogical tables of the House of Medici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_Of_Medici.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="798" /></a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Festina Lente</i></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Villas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_di_Cafaggiolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea di Cafaggiolo">Cafaggiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_del_Trebbio" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea del Trebbio">Trebbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_di_Careggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea di Careggi">Careggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici_in_Fiesole" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Medici in Fiesole">Fiesole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_La_Quiete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa La Quiete (page does not exist)">La Quiete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_in_Collesalvetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea in Collesalvetti (page does not exist)">Collesalvetti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_in_Poggio_a_Caiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea in Poggio a Caiano (page does not exist)">Poggio a Caiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Castello" title="Villa di Castello">Castello</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Corsini_a_Mezzomonte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Corsini a Mezzomonte (page does not exist)">Mezzomonte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Agnano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa di Agnano (page does not exist)">Agnano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Spedaletto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa di Spedaletto (page does not exist)">Spedaletto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Petraia" title="Villa La Petraia">La Petraia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Niccolini_(Camugliano)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Niccolini (Camugliano) (page does not exist)">Camugliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fattoria_medicea_di_Stabbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fattoria medicea di Stabbia (page does not exist)">Stabbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_della_Topaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea della Topaia (page does not exist)">La Topaia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Cerreto_Guidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Cerreto Guidi (page does not exist)">Cerreto Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Marignolle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Marignolle (page does not exist)">Marignolle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_di_Arena_Metato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa di Arena Metato (page does not exist)">Arena Metato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_del_Poggio_Imperiale" title="Villa del Poggio Imperiale">Poggio Imperiale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Lappeggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Lappeggi (page does not exist)">Lapeggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_dell%27Ambrogiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea dell'Ambrogiana">L'Ambrogiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_La_Magia" title="Villa La Magia">La Màgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Lilliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Lilliano (page does not exist)">Liliano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Coltano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Coltano (page does not exist)">Coltano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_medicea_di_Montevettolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa medicea di Montevettolini">Montevettolini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Artimino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Artimino (page does not exist)">Artimino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_medicea_di_Buti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa medicea di Buti (page does not exist)">Buti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_mediceo_di_Seravezza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo mediceo di Seravezza (page does not exist)">Seravezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Madama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casino_Mediceo_di_San_Marco" title="Casino Mediceo di San Marco">Casino Mediceo di San Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Turin" title="Palazzo Madama, Turin">Palazzo Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Medici_Tornaquinci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci (page does not exist)">Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Mediceo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Mediceo (page does not exist)">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Vedove" title="Palazzo delle Vedove">Palazzo delle Vedove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio_de%E2%80%99_Medici,_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Vecchio de’ Medici, Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Medici_a_Materdei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Medici a Materdei (page does not exist)">Materdei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palazzo_Medici_di_Ottaviano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano (page does not exist)">Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Fountains and gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medici_fountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medici fountain (page does not exist)">Medici fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_di_Pratolino" title="Villa di Pratolino">Villa di Pratolino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Fortresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arezzo#Others" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bastione_Fortezza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bastione Fortezza (page does not exist)">Grosseto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piombino#Main_sights" title="Piombino">Piombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistoia#Others" title="Pistoia">Pistoia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortezza_Medicea_di_San_Martino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortezza Medicea di San Martino (page does not exist)">San Piero a Sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortezza_Medicea_(Siena)" title="Fortezza Medicea (Siena)">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortezza_Medicea_(Volterra)" title="Fortezza Medicea (Volterra)">Volterra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Chapels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magi_Chapel" title="Magi Chapel">Magi Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Chapels" title="Medici Chapels">Medici Chapels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Florence" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence">San Lorenzo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Sacristy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Sacristy">New Sacristy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappella_dei_Principi" title="Cappella dei Principi">Cappella dei Principi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sacristy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Sacristy">Old Sacristy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patronage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Painters, sculptors and architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Ammannati" title="Bartolomeo Ammannati">Bartolomeo Ammannati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_and_the_Medici" title="Michelangelo and the Medici">Michelangelo and the Medici</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Buontalenti" title="Bernardo Buontalenti">Bernardo Buontalenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelozzo" title="Michelozzo">Michelozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_del_Pollaiuolo" title="Antonio del Pollaiuolo">Antonio del Pollaiuolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_della_Quercia" title="Jacopo della Quercia">Jacopo della Quercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Poets and other literary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poliziano" title="Poliziano">Agnolo Poliziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Humanists and philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em;text-align: left;">Musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_de%27_Cavalieri" title="Emilio de' Cavalieri">Emilio de' Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heraldry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palleschi" title="Palleschi">Medici coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany">Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Order of Saint Stephen">Order of Saint Stephen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Bank" title="Medici Bank">Medici Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_lions" title="Medici lions">Medici lions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_porcelain" title="Medici porcelain">Medici porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Vase" title="Medici Vase">Medici Vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_de%27_Medici" title="Venus de' Medici">Venus de' Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arazzeria_Medicea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arazzeria Medicea (page does not exist)">Arazzeria Medicea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medici_giraffe" title="Medici giraffe">Medici giraffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_opera" title="Origins of opera">Stories set to music: "opera"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albizzi" title="Albizzi">Albizzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazzi_conspiracy" title="Pazzi conspiracy">Pazzi conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_(TV_series)" title="Medici (TV series)">TV series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Medici_episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Medici episodes">episodes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49237#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49237#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49237#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012096688X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/96579640">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19548/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118640437">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50080601">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11682016v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11682016v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Leo X <papa>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMLV022500">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35984350">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0003704&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1142097">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072482877">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p304967580">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99055272">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000085469&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=166447">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khw05x2345ftnqb">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810698755505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/3125">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279071405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516207306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14778833">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05559659?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500121783">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/leo-x">Städel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1173104">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="LEONE X, papa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-leone-x_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118640437.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118640437">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/070725721">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62j84gx">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/99205">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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