CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ninety-five Theses - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e5682db4-2f96-4b02-82bf-03545897e753","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ninety-five_Theses","wgTitle":"Ninety-five Theses","wgCurRevisionId":1256763357,"wgRevisionId":1256763357,"wgArticleId":188050,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Featured articles","Use dmy dates from May 2016","Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources","Articles that link to Wikisource","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with LibriVox links","1517 in the Holy Roman Empire","1517 works" ,"16th-century Christian texts","Wittenberg","Works by Martin Luther","Disputations","Texts in Latin","Reformation in Germany","1517 in Christianity"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ninety-five_Theses","wgRelevantArticleId":188050,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true, "wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q157506","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"} ;RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/1200px-Luther_95_Thesen.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1714"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/800px-Luther_95_Thesen.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1143"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/640px-Luther_95_Thesen.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="914"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ninety-five Theses - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ninety-five_Theses rootpage-Ninety-five_Theses skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ninety-five+Theses" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ninety-five+Theses" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ninety-five+Theses" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ninety-five+Theses" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luther's_intent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luther's_intent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Luther's intent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luther's_intent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution and publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Ninety-five Theses</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_stellings" title="95 stellings – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="95 stellings" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86" title="القضايا الخمس والتسعون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القضايا الخمس والتسعون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_tezis" title="95 tezis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="95 tezis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="95 тэзісаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="95 тэзісаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="95 тэзісаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="95 тэзісаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" title="95 тезиса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="95 тезиса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_95_tesis" title="Les 95 tesis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Les 95 tesis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_tez%C3%AD" title="95 tezí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="95 tezí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luthers_95_teser" title="Luthers 95 teser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Luthers 95 teser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_Thesen" title="95 Thesen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="95 Thesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_%CE%98%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="95 Θέσεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="95 Θέσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_noventa_y_cinco_tesis" title="Las noventa y cinco tesis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Las noventa y cinco tesis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C5%ADdek_kvin_Tezoj" title="Naŭdek kvin Tezoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naŭdek kvin Tezoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurogeita_hamabost_Tesiak" title="Laurogeita hamabost Tesiak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laurogeita hamabost Tesiak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="اعلامیه نود و پنج ماده‌ای مارتین لوتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعلامیه نود و پنج ماده‌ای مارتین لوتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_th%C3%A8ses" title="95 thèses – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="95 thèses" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_Th%C3%A9is_Mh%C3%A1rtan_Li%C3%BAtar" title="95 Théis Mhártan Liútar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="95 Théis Mhártan Liútar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/95%EA%B0%9C%EC%A1%B0_%EB%B0%98%EB%B0%95%EB%AC%B8" title="95개조 반박문 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="95개조 반박문" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="95 թեզիսներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="95 թեզիսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devedeset_pet_teza" title="Devedeset pet teza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Devedeset pet teza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_dalil_Luther" title="95 dalil Luther – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="95 dalil Luther" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novanta-Cinque_Theses" title="Novanta-Cinque Theses – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Novanta-Cinque Theses" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinar_95_greinar" title="Hinar 95 greinar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hinar 95 greinar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_tesi_di_Lutero" title="95 tesi di Lutero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="95 tesi di Lutero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%95%D7%AA" title="95 התזות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="95 התזות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_dalil" title="95 dalil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="95 dalil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="95 თეზისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="95 თეზისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputatio_pro_declaratione_virtutis_indulgentiarum" title="Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_t%C4%93zes" title="95 tēzes – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="95 tēzes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_tez%C4%97s" title="95 tezės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="95 tezės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C5%B5a_wulu_a_lima_dalil_Luther" title="Siŵa wulu a lima dalil Luther – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Siŵa wulu a lima dalil Luther" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_M%C3%A1rton_95_t%C3%A9tele" title="Luther Márton 95 tétele – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Luther Márton 95 tétele" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsangan-kevitra_95n%27_i_Lotera" title="Tsangan-kevitra 95n' i Lotera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsangan-kevitra 95n' i Lotera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_Dalil" title="95 Dalil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="95 Dalil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_stellingen" title="95 stellingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="95 stellingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/95%E3%81%8B%E6%9D%A1%E3%81%AE%E8%AB%96%E9%A1%8C" title="95か条の論題 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="95か条の論題" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luthers_95_teser_mot_avlatshandelen" title="Martin Luthers 95 teser mot avlatshandelen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martin Luthers 95 teser mot avlatshandelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_T%C3%A8sis" title="95 Tèsis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="95 Tèsis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_t%C3%A8ses" title="95 tèses – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="95 tèses" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_tez" title="95 tez – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="95 tez" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_Teses" title="95 Teses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="95 Teses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cele_95_de_teze" title="Cele 95 de teze – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cele 95 de teze" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="95 тезисов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="95 тезисов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-Five_Theses" title="Ninety-Five Theses – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ninety-Five Theses" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petindevetdeset_tez" title="Petindevetdeset tez – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Petindevetdeset tez" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Деведесет пет теза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Деведесет пет теза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devedeset_pet_teza" title="Devedeset pet teza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Devedeset pet teza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_teesi%C3%A4" title="95 teesiä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="95 teesiä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_95_teserna" title="De 95 teserna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="De 95 teserna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-Five_Theses" title="Ninety-Five Theses – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ninety-Five Theses" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_95_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మార్టిన్ లూథర్ 95 చర్చనీయాంశాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మార్టిన్ లూథర్ 95 చర్చనీయాంశాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2_95_%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD" title="ข้อปัญหา 95 ข้อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้อปัญหา 95 ข้อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doksan_Be%C5%9F_Tez" title="Doksan Beş Tez – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doksan Beş Tez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="95 тез – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="95 тез" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_Tese_Luterane" title="95 Tese Luterane – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="95 Tese Luterane" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/95_lu%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%81" title="95 luận đề – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="95 luận đề" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E6%9D%A1%E8%AE%BA%E7%BA%B2" title="九十五条论纲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="九十五条论纲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q157506#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ninety-five_Theses" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ninety-five_Theses" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ninety-five_Theses" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&oldid=1256763357" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ninety-five_Theses&id=1256763357&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNinety-five_Theses"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNinety-five_Theses"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ninety-five_Theses&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:95_theses" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Works_of_Martin_Luther,_with_introductions_and_notes/Volume_1/Disputation_on_Indulgences" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q157506" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disputation by Martin Luther on indulgences</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Ninety-five Theses <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninety-five+Theses&rft.author=%5B%5BMartin+Luther%5D%5D&rft.date=31+October+1517&rft.place=Germany"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_95_Thesen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A single page printing of Ninety-five Theses in two columns"><img alt="A single page printing of Ninety-five Theses in two columns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/220px-Luther_95_Thesen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/330px-Luther_95_Thesen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Luther_95_Thesen.png/440px-Luther_95_Thesen.png 2x" data-file-width="3228" data-file-height="4611" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The 1517 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> printing of <i>Ninety-five Theses</i>, now housed at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Library" title="Berlin State Library">Berlin State Library</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum<sup id="cite_ref-title_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-title-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Latin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 October 1517</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Original text</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Disputatio_pro_declaratione_virtutis_indulgentiarum" class="extiw" title="s:la:Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum">Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum<sup id="cite_ref-title_2-0" class="reference"></sup></a><a href="#cite_note-title-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></i></span> at Latin <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translation</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" class="extiw" title="s:Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> at Wikisource</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Ninety-five Theses</b></i> or <i><b>Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-title_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-title-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a list of propositions for an academic <a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">disputation</a> written in 1517 by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, then a professor of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">moral theology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Theses</i> is retrospectively considered to have launched the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and the birth of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, despite various <a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">proto-Protestant</a> groups having existed previously. It detailed Luther's opposition to what he saw as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>'s abuse and corruption by Catholic clergy, who were selling <a href="/wiki/Plenary_indulgence" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenary indulgence">plenary indulgences</a>, which were certificates supposed to reduce the temporal punishment in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> for <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sins</a> committed by the purchasers or their loved ones. </p><p>In the <i>Theses</i>, Luther claimed that the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_XII:_Of_Repentance." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">repentance</a> required by <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> in order for sins to be forgiven involves inner spiritual repentance rather than merely external <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">sacramental confession</a>. He argued that indulgences led Christians to avoid true repentance and sorrow for sin, believing that they could forgo it by obtaining an indulgence. These indulgences, according to Luther, discouraged Christians from giving to the poor and performing other acts of mercy, which he attributed to a belief that indulgence certificates were more spiritually valuable. Though Luther claimed that his positions on indulgences accorded with those of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>, the <i>Theses</i> challenge a 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> stating that the pope could use the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_merit" title="Treasury of merit">treasury of merit</a> and the good deeds of past saints to forgive temporal punishment for sins. The <i>Theses</i> are framed as propositions to be argued in debate rather than necessarily representing Luther's opinions, but Luther later clarified his views in the <i>Explanations of the Disputation Concerning the Value of Indulgences</i>. </p><p>Luther sent the <i>Theses</i> enclosed with a letter to <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg" title="Albert of Brandenburg">Albert of Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Mainz">Archbishop of Mainz</a>, on 31 October 1517, a date now considered the start of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and commemorated annually as <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a>. Luther may have also posted the <i>Ninety-five Theses</i> on the door of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church</a> and other churches in Wittenberg, in accordance with University custom, at some point between 31 October and mid-November. The <i>Theses</i> were quickly reprinted and translated, and distributed throughout Germany and Europe. They initiated a <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamphlet war">pamphlet war</a> with the indulgence preacher <a href="/wiki/Johann_Tetzel" title="Johann Tetzel">Johann Tetzel</a>, which spread Luther's fame even further. Luther's ecclesiastical superiors had him tried for <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>, which culminated in his <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">excommunication</a> in 1521. Though the <i>Theses</i> were the start of the Reformation, Luther did not consider indulgences to be as important as other theological matters which would divide the church, such as <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">justification by faith alone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">bondage of the will</a>. His breakthrough on these issues would come later, and he did not see the writing of the <i>Theses</i> as the point at which his beliefs diverged from those of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indulgence_selling_from_On_Aplas_von_Rom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Woodcut illustration of a preacher preaching to listening people while other people exchange money for indulgence certificates. The papal arms are displayed on the walls on either side of a cross." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Indulgence_selling_from_On_Aplas_von_Rom.png/220px-Indulgence_selling_from_On_Aplas_von_Rom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Indulgence_selling_from_On_Aplas_von_Rom.png/330px-Indulgence_selling_from_On_Aplas_von_Rom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Indulgence_selling_from_On_Aplas_von_Rom.png/440px-Indulgence_selling_from_On_Aplas_von_Rom.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut of an indulgence-seller in a church from a 1521 pamphlet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetzel_Kasten.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tetzel_Kasten.JPG/220px-Tetzel_Kasten.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tetzel_Kasten.JPG/330px-Tetzel_Kasten.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Tetzel_Kasten.JPG/440px-Tetzel_Kasten.JPG 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Tetzel" title="Johann Tetzel">Johann Tetzel</a>'s coffer, now on display at <a href="/wiki/St._Nikolai_church_(J%C3%BCterbog)" title="St. Nikolai church (Jüterbog)">St. Nicholaus</a> church in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCterbog" title="Jüterbog">Jüterbog</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">moral theology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</a> and town preacher,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJunghans200323,_25_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJunghans200323,_25-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote the <i>Ninety-five Theses</i> against the contemporary practice of the church with respect to <a href="/wiki/Indulgences" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgences">indulgences</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, which was practically the only Christian church in Western Europe at the time, indulgences were part of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Salvation" title="Economy of Salvation">economy of salvation</a>. In this system, when Christians <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">confess</a>, they are forgiven and no longer stand to receive eternal punishment in hell, but may still be liable to temporal punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985176_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985176-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This punishment could be satisfied by the penitent's performing <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">works of mercy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengert2015axvi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengert2015axvi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the temporal punishment is not satisfied during life, it needs to be satisfied in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, a place believed by Catholics to exist between <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>. By indulgence (which may be understood in the sense of "kindness"), this temporal punishment could be lessened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985176_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985176-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under abuses of the system of indulgences, clergy benefited by selling indulgences and the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> gave official sanction in exchange for a fee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll201531_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll201531-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popes are empowered to grant plenary indulgences, which provide complete satisfaction for any remaining temporal punishment due to sins, and these were purchased on behalf of people believed to be in purgatory. This led to the popular saying, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs". Theologians at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> criticized this saying late in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985182_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985182-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier critics of indulgences included <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>, who denied that the pope had jurisdiction over Purgatory. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">his followers</a> had advocated a more severe system of penance, in which indulgences were not available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985177_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985177-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_von_Wesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes von Wesel">Johannes von Wesel</a> had also attacked indulgences late in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaibel200547_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaibel200547-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political rulers had an interest in controlling indulgences because local economies suffered when the money for indulgences left a given territory. Rulers often sought to receive a portion of the proceeds or prohibited indulgences altogether, as <a href="/wiki/George,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="George, Duke of Saxony">Duke George</a> did in Luther's <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral Saxony">Electoral Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985169,_420_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985169,_420-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1515, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> granted a plenary indulgence intended to finance the construction of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985178_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985178-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would apply to almost any sin, including adultery and theft. All other indulgence preaching was to cease for the eight years in which it was offered. Indulgence preachers were given strict instructions on how the indulgence was to be preached, and they were much more laudatory of the indulgence than those of earlier indulgences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985180_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985180-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Tetzel" title="Johann Tetzel">Johann Tetzel</a> was commissioned to preach and offer the indulgence in 1517, and his campaign in cities near <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> drew many Wittenbergers to travel to these cities and purchase them, since sales had been prohibited in Wittenberg and other Saxon cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985183_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985183-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther also had a rather negative experience and idea with the indulgences connected to <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church, Wittenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985186_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985186-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By venerating the large collection of relics at the church, one could receive an indulgence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985117–118_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985117–118-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had preached as early as 1514 against the abuse of indulgences and the way they cheapened grace rather than requiring true <a href="/wiki/Repentance_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repentance (Christianity)">repentance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985185_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985185-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther became especially concerned in 1517 when his parishioners, returning from purchasing Tetzel's indulgences, claimed that they no longer needed to repent and change their lives in order to be forgiven of sin. After hearing what Tetzel had said about indulgences in his sermons, Luther began to study the issue more carefully, and contacted experts on the subject. He preached about indulgences several times in 1517, explaining that true repentance was better than purchasing an indulgence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985184_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985184-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught that receiving an indulgence presupposed that the penitent had confessed and repented, otherwise it was worthless. A truly repentant sinner would also not seek an indulgence, because they loved God's righteousness and desired the inward punishment of their sin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985187_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985187-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sermons seem to have ceased from April to October 1517, presumably while Luther was writing the <i>Ninety-five Theses</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985188_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985188-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He composed a <i>Treatise on Indulgences</i>, apparently in early autumn 1517. It is a cautious and searching examination of the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWicks1967489_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks1967489-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He contacted church leaders on the subject by letter, including his superior <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hieronymus_Schulz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hieronymus Schulz (page does not exist)">Hieronymus Schulz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Schulz" class="extiw" title="de:Hieronymus Schulz">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Brandenburg">Bishop of Brandenburg</a>, sometime on or before 31 October, when he sent the <i>Theses</i> to Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg" title="Albert of Brandenburg">Albert of Brandenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015387_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015387-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>The first thesis states, "When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ said, 'Repent,' he willed the entire life of believers to be one of repentance." In the first few theses Luther develops the idea of repentance as the Christian's inner struggle with sin rather than the external system of sacramental confession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985192_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985192-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theses 5–7 then state that the pope who Luther called the Vicar of Christ on earth can only release people from the punishments he has administered himself or through the church's system of penance, not the guilt of sin. The pope can only announce God's forgiveness of the guilt of sin in his name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaibel200543_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaibel200543-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In theses 14–29, Luther challenged common beliefs about purgatory. Theses 14–16 discuss the idea that the punishment of purgatory can be likened to the fear and despair felt by dying people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengert2015b36_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengert2015b36-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In theses 17–24 he asserts that nothing can be definitively said about the spiritual state of people in purgatory. He denies that the pope has any power over people in purgatory in theses 25 and 26. In theses 27–29, he attacks the idea that as soon as payment is made, the payer's loved one is released from purgatory. He sees it as encouraging sinful greed, and says it is impossible to be certain because only God has ultimate power in forgiving punishments in purgatory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985194_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985194-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forgiveness_from_Christ_outweighs_indulgences_from_the_Pope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A giant scale holds the pope with a certificate bearing the papal seal and another man on one side being outweighed on the other side by a bearded figure handing another certificate to kneeling figures. Animal figures are receiving the pope's certificates." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Forgiveness_from_Christ_outweighs_indulgences_from_the_Pope.png/220px-Forgiveness_from_Christ_outweighs_indulgences_from_the_Pope.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Forgiveness_from_Christ_outweighs_indulgences_from_the_Pope.png/330px-Forgiveness_from_Christ_outweighs_indulgences_from_the_Pope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Forgiveness_from_Christ_outweighs_indulgences_from_the_Pope.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>1525 woodcut of forgiveness from Christ outweighing the pope's indulgences</figcaption></figure> <p>Theses 30–34 deal with the false certainty Luther believed the indulgence preachers offered Christians. Since no one knows whether a person is truly repentant, a letter assuring a person of his forgiveness is dangerous. In theses 35 and 36, he attacks the idea that an indulgence makes repentance unnecessary. This leads to the conclusion that the truly repentant person, who alone may benefit from the indulgence, has already received the only benefit the indulgence provides. Truly repentant Christians have already, according to Luther, been forgiven of the penalty as well as the guilt of sin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985194_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985194-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In thesis 37, he states that indulgences are not necessary for Christians to receive all the benefits provided by Christ. Theses 39 and 40 argue that indulgences make true repentance more difficult. True repentance desires God's punishment of sin, but indulgences teach one to avoid punishment, since that is the purpose of purchasing the indulgence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985195_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985195-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In theses 41–47 Luther criticizes indulgences on the basis that they discourage works of mercy by those who purchase them. Here he begins to use the phrase, "Christians are to be taught..." to state how he thinks people should be instructed on the value of indulgences. They should be taught that giving to the poor is incomparably more important than buying indulgences, that buying an indulgence rather than giving to the poor invites God's wrath, and that doing good works makes a person better while buying indulgences does not. In theses 48–52 Luther takes the side of the pope, saying that if the pope knew what was being preached in his name he would rather St. Peter's Basilica be burned down than "built up with the skin, flesh, and bones of his sheep".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985195_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985195-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theses 53–55 complain about the restrictions on preaching while the indulgence was being offered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaibel200544_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaibel200544-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In theses 56–66, Martin Luther criticizes the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_merit" title="Treasury of merit">treasury of merit</a> on which the doctrine of indulgences is based. He states that everyday Christians do not understand the doctrine and are being misled. For Luther, the true treasure of the church is <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the gospel</a> of Jesus Christ. This treasure tends to be hated because it makes "the first last",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985196_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985196-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the words of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> 19:30 and 20:16.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengert2015a22_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengert2015a22-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther uses <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wordplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordplay">wordplay</a> to describe the treasures of the gospel as nets to catch wealthy people, whereas the treasures of indulgences are nets to catch the wealth of men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985196_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985196-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninety-five_Theses_(Basel).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Single pamphlet page with decorative initial capital letter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ninety-five_Theses_%28Basel%29.jpg/220px-Ninety-five_Theses_%28Basel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ninety-five_Theses_%28Basel%29.jpg/330px-Ninety-five_Theses_%28Basel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ninety-five_Theses_%28Basel%29.jpg/440px-Ninety-five_Theses_%28Basel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption>First page of the 1517 <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> printing of the <i>Theses</i> as a <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In theses 67–80, Luther discusses further the problems with the way indulgences are being preached, as he had done in the letter to Archbishop Albert. The preachers have been promoting indulgences as the greatest of the graces available from the church, but they actually only promote greed. He points out that bishops have been commanded to offer reverence to indulgence preachers who enter their jurisdiction, but bishops are also charged with protecting their people from preachers who preach contrary to the pope's intention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985196_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985196-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then attacks the belief allegedly propagated by the preachers that the indulgence could forgive one who had violated the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. Luther states that indulgences cannot take away the guilt of even the lightest of <a href="/wiki/Venial_sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Venial sins">venial sins</a>. He labels several other alleged statements of the indulgence preachers as blasphemy: that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> could not have granted a greater indulgence than the current one, and that the indulgence cross with the <a href="/wiki/Papal_coats_of_arms" title="Papal coats of arms">papal arms</a> is as worthy as the cross of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985197_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985197-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther lists several criticisms advanced by laypeople against indulgences in theses 81–91. He presents these as difficult objections his congregants are bringing rather than his own criticisms. How should he answer those who ask why the pope does not simply empty purgatory if it is in his power? What should he say to those who ask why anniversary <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">masses for the dead</a>, which were for the sake of those in purgatory, continued for those who had been redeemed by an indulgence? Luther claimed that it seemed strange to some that pious people in purgatory could be redeemed by living impious people. Luther also mentions the question of why the pope, who is very rich, requires money from poor believers to build St. Peter's Basilica. Luther claims that ignoring these questions risks allowing people to ridicule the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985197_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985197-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appeals to the pope's financial interest, saying that if the preachers limited their preaching in accordance with Luther's positions on indulgences (which he claimed was also the pope's position), the objections would cease to be relevant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985198_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985198-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther closes the <i>Theses</i> by exhorting Christians to imitate Christ even if it brings pain and suffering. Enduring punishment and entering heaven is preferable to false security.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luther's_intent"><span id="Luther.27s_intent"></span>Luther's intent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Luther's intent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Theses</i> are written as propositions to be argued in a formal academic <a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">disputation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there is no evidence that such an event ever took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015388_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015388-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the heading of the <i>Theses</i>, Luther invited interested scholars from other cities to participate. Holding such a debate was a privilege Luther held as a doctor, and it was not an unusual form of academic inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther prepared twenty sets of theses for disputation at Wittenberg between 1516 and 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201561_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201561-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a> had written a set of such theses in April 1517, and these were more radical in theological terms than Luther's. He posted them on the door of All Saints' Church, as Luther was alleged to have done with the <i>Ninety-five Theses</i>. Karlstadt posted his theses at a time when the relics of the church were placed on display, and this may have been considered a provocative gesture. Similarly, Luther posted the <i>Ninety-five Theses</i> on the eve of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>, the most important day of the year for the display of relics at All Saints' Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201123–24_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201123–24-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther's theses were intended to begin a debate among academics, not a popular revolution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201561_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201561-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there are indications that he saw his action as prophetic and significant. Around this time, he began using the name "Luther" and sometimes "Eleutherius", Greek for "free", rather than "Luder". This seems to refer to his being free from the scholastic theology which he had argued against earlier that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohse1999101_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohse1999101-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther later claimed not to have desired the <i>Theses</i> to be widely distributed. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein" title="Elizabeth Eisenstein">Elizabeth Eisenstein</a> has argued that his claimed surprise at their success may have involved self-deception and Hans Hillerbrand has claimed that Luther was certainly intending to instigate a large controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings200232_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings200232-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, Luther seems to use the academic nature of the <i>Theses</i> as a cover to allow him to attack established beliefs while being able to deny that he intended to attack church teaching. Since writing a set of theses for a disputation does not necessarily commit the author to those views, Luther could deny that he held the most incendiary ideas in the <i>Theses</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings200235_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings200235-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_publication">Distribution and publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution and publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letter_to_the_Archbishop_of_Mainz" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letter to the Archbishop of Mainz">Letter to the Archbishop of Mainz</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>On 31 October 1517, Luther sent a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Mainz">Archbishop of Mainz</a>, Albert of Brandenburg, under whose authority the indulgences were being sold. In the letter, Luther addresses the archbishop out of a loyal desire to alert him to the pastoral problems created by the indulgence sermons. He assumes that Albert is unaware of what is being preached under his authority, and speaks out of concern that the people are being led away from the gospel, and that the indulgence preaching may bring shame to Albert's name. Luther does not condemn indulgences or the current doctrine regarding them, nor even the sermons which had been preached themselves, as he had not seen them firsthand. Instead he states his concern regarding the misunderstandings of the people about indulgences which have been fostered by the preaching, such as the belief that any sin could be forgiven by indulgences or that the guilt as well as the punishment for sin could be forgiven by an indulgence. In a postscript, Luther wrote that Albert could find some theses on the matter enclosed with his letter, so that he could see the uncertainty surrounding the doctrine of indulgences in contrast to the preachers who spoke so confidently of the benefits of indulgences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985190–192_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985190–192-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_Anschlag_von_Luthers_95_Thesen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Martin Luther in monk's garb preaching and gesturing while a boy nails the Ninety-Five Theses to the door before a crowd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Der_Anschlag_von_Luthers_95_Thesen.jpg/290px-Der_Anschlag_von_Luthers_95_Thesen.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Der_Anschlag_von_Luthers_95_Thesen.jpg/435px-Der_Anschlag_von_Luthers_95_Thesen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Der_Anschlag_von_Luthers_95_Thesen.jpg/580px-Der_Anschlag_von_Luthers_95_Thesen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="2823" /></a><figcaption>This 19th-century painting by <a href="/wiki/Julius_H%C3%BCbner" title="Julius Hübner">Julius Hübner</a> sensationalizes Luther's posting of the <i>Theses</i> before a crowd. In reality, posting theses for a disputation would have been routine.</figcaption></figure> <p>It was customary when proposing a disputation to have the theses printed by the <a href="/wiki/University_press" title="University press">university press</a> and publicly posted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015128_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015128-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No copies of a Wittenberg printing of the <i>Ninety-five Theses</i> have survived, but this is not surprising as Luther was not famous and the importance of the document was not recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015129_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015129-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Wittenberg, the university statutes demand that theses be posted on every church door in the city, but <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>, who first mentioned the posting of the <i>Theses</i>, only mentioned the door of All Saints' Church.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengert2015b23_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengert2015b23-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melanchthon also claimed that Luther posted the <i>Theses</i> on 31 October, but this conflicts with several of Luther's statements about the course of events,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Luther always claimed that he brought his objections through proper channels rather than inciting a public controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarius1999138_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarius1999138-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that while Luther later saw the 31 October letter to Albert as the beginning of the Reformation, he did not post the <i>Theses</i> to the church door until mid-November, but he may not have posted them on the door at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, the <i>Theses</i> were well known among the Wittenberg intellectual elite soon after Luther sent them to Albert.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015129_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015129-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Theses</i> were copied and distributed to interested parties soon after Luther sent the letter to Archbishop Albert.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201562_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201562-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin <i>Theses</i> were printed in a four-page <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Placards" class="mw-redirect" title="Placards">placards</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings200232_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings200232-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201562_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201562-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all, several hundred copies of the Latin <i>Theses</i> were printed in Germany in 1517. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaspar_N%C3%BCtzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaspar Nützel (page does not exist)">Kaspar Nützel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspar_N%C3%BCtzel" class="extiw" title="de:Kaspar Nützel">de</a>]</span> in Nuremberg translated them into German later that year, and copies of this translation were sent to several interested parties across Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201562_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201562-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was not necessarily printed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015389_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015389-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction">Reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Albert seems to have received Luther's letter with the <i>Theses</i> around the end of November. He requested the opinion of theologians at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mainz" title="University of Mainz">University of Mainz</a> and conferred with his advisers. His advisers recommended he have Luther prohibited from preaching against indulgences in accordance with the indulgence bull. Albert requested such action from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985205–206_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985205–206-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Rome, Luther was immediately perceived as a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015152_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015152-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1518, Pope Leo asked the head of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_Hermits" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustinian Hermits">Augustinian Hermits</a>, Luther's <a href="/wiki/Religious_order#Christianity" title="Religious order">religious order</a>, to convince him to stop spreading his ideas about indulgences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985205–206_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985205–206-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mazzolini" title="Sylvester Mazzolini">Sylvester Mazzolini</a> was also appointed to write an opinion which would be used in the trial against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985242_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985242-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mazzolini" title="Sylvester Mazzolini">Mazzolini</a> wrote <i>A Dialogue against Martin Luther's Presumptuous Theses concerning the Power of the Pope</i>, which focused on Luther's questioning of the pope's authority rather than his complaints about indulgence preaching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201566_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201566-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther received a summons to Rome in August 1518.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985242_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985242-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He responded with <i>Explanations of the Disputation Concerning the Value of Indulgences</i>, in which he attempted to clear himself of the charge that he was attacking the pope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201566_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201566-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he set down his views more extensively, Luther seems to have recognized that the implications of his beliefs set him further from official teaching than he initially knew. He later said he might not have begun the controversy had he known where it would lead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarius1999145_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarius1999145-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Explanations</i> have been called Luther's first Reformation work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohse1986125_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELohse1986125-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wittenberg_Thesentuer_Schlosskirche.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two large black church doors with a crucifixion scene painted above with Luther and Melanchthon kneeling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wittenberg_Thesentuer_Schlosskirche.JPG/220px-Wittenberg_Thesentuer_Schlosskirche.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wittenberg_Thesentuer_Schlosskirche.JPG/330px-Wittenberg_Thesentuer_Schlosskirche.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Wittenberg_Thesentuer_Schlosskirche.JPG/440px-Wittenberg_Thesentuer_Schlosskirche.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>These commemorative doors were installed at <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church, Wittenberg</a>, on Luther's 375th birthday in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson201017_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson201017-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Johann Tetzel responded to the <i>Theses</i> by calling for Luther to be burnt for <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> and having theologian <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wimpina" title="Konrad Wimpina">Konrad Wimpina</a> write 106 theses against Luther's work. Tetzel defended these in a disputation before the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Frankfurt_on_the_Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Frankfurt on the Oder">University of Frankfurt on the Oder</a> in January 1518.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985206–207_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985206–207-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 800 copies of the printed disputation were sent to be sold in Wittenberg, but students of the university seized them from the bookseller and burned them. Luther became increasingly fearful that the situation was out of hand and that he would be in danger. To placate his opponents, he published a <i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Indulgences_and_Grace" title="Sermon on Indulgences and Grace">Sermon on Indulgences and Grace</a></i>, which did not challenge the pope's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201564_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201564-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pamphlet, written in German, was very short and easy for laypeople to understand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015389_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015389-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther's first widely successful work, it was reprinted twenty times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985208–209_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985208–209-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tetzel responded with a point-by-point refutation, citing heavily from the Bible and important theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201565_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201565-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His pamphlet was not nearly as popular as Luther's. Luther's reply to Tetzel's pamphlet, on the other hand, was another publishing success for Luther.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015145_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015145-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another prominent opponent of the <i>Theses</i> was <a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a>, Luther's friend and a theologian at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ingolstadt" title="University of Ingolstadt">University of Ingolstadt</a>. Eck wrote a refutation, intended for the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Eichst%C3%A4tt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Eichstätt">Bishop of Eichstätt</a>, entitled the <i>Obelisks</i>. This was in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Dagger_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagger (typography)">obelisks</a> used to mark heretical passages in texts in the Middle Ages. It was a harsh and unexpected personal attack, charging Luther with heresy and stupidity. Luther responded privately with the <i>Asterisks</i>, titled after the <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> marks then used to highlight important texts. Luther's response was angry and he expressed the opinion that Eck did not understand the matter on which he wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985212_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985212-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute between Luther and Eck would become public in the 1519 <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201565_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201565-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luther was summoned by authority of the pope to defend himself against charges of heresy before <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> in October 1518. Cajetan did not allow Luther to argue with him over his alleged heresies, but he did identify two points of controversy. The first was against the 58th thesis, which stated that the pope could not use the treasury of merit to forgive temporal punishment of sin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHequet2015124_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHequet2015124-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contradicted the papal bull <i>Unigenitus</i> promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Clement_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VI">Clement VI</a> in 1343.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985253_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985253-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second point was whether one could be assured that one had been forgiven when one's sin had been absolved by a priest. Luther's <i>Explanations</i> on thesis seven asserted that one could based on God's promise, but Cajetan argued that the humble Christian should never presume to be certain of their standing before God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHequet2015124_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHequet2015124-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther refused to recant and requested that the case be reviewed by university theologians. This request was denied, so Luther appealed to the pope before leaving Augsburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHequet2015125_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHequet2015125-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther was finally <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">excommunicated</a> in 1521 after he burned <a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">the papal bull</a> threatening him to recant or face excommunication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985427_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985427-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ttlicher_Schrifftmessiger_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Print showing Luther inscribing a church door with a giant quill. The opposite end of the quill pierces a lion's head. There are many other symbolic and historical figures." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/G%C3%B6ttlicher_Schrifftmessiger_print.jpg/290px-G%C3%B6ttlicher_Schrifftmessiger_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/G%C3%B6ttlicher_Schrifftmessiger_print.jpg/435px-G%C3%B6ttlicher_Schrifftmessiger_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/G%C3%B6ttlicher_Schrifftmessiger_print.jpg/580px-G%C3%B6ttlicher_Schrifftmessiger_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Print made for the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day#Centenary" title="Reformation Day">1617 Reformation Jubilee</a> showing Luther inscribing the <i>Theses</i> on the Wittenberg church door with a giant quill.</figcaption></figure> <p>The indulgence controversy set off by the <i>Theses</i> was the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> in the Roman Catholic Church which initiated profound and lasting social and political change in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon200223_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon200223-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luther later stated that the issue of indulgences was insignificant relative to controversies which he would enter into later, such as his debate with <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Bondage_of_the_Will" class="mw-redirect" title="Bondage of the Will">bondage of the will</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201126_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201126-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nor did he see the controversy as important to his intellectual breakthrough regarding <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the gospel</a>. Luther later wrote that at the time that he wrote the <i>Theses</i>, he remained a "<a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">papist</a>", and he did not seem to think the <i>Theses</i> represented a break with established Roman Catholic doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarius1999138_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarius1999138-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it was out of the indulgences controversy that the movement which would be called the Reformation began, and the controversy propelled Luther to the leadership position he would hold in that movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201126_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201126-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Theses</i> also made evident that Luther believed the church was not preaching properly and that this put the laity in serious danger. Further, the <i>Theses</i> contradicted the decree of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a>, in 1343, that indulgences are the treasury of the church. This disregard for papal authority presaged later conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengert2015axliii–xliv_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengert2015axliii–xliv-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>31 October 1517, the day Luther sent the <i>Theses</i> to Albert, was commemorated as the beginning of the Reformation as early as 1527, when Luther and his friends raised a glass of beer to commemorate the "trampling out of indulgences".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson201039–40_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson201039–40-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The posting of the <i>Theses</i> was established in the historiography of the Reformation as the beginning of the movement by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a> in his 1548 <i>Historia de vita et actis Lutheri</i>. During the 1617 Reformation Jubilee, the centenary of 31 October was celebrated by a procession to the Wittenberg Church where Luther was believed to have posted the <i>Theses</i>. An engraving was made showing Luther writing the <i>Theses</i> on the door of the church with a gigantic quill. The quill penetrates the head of a lion symbolizing Pope Leo X.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings200215–16_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings200215–16-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1668, 31 October was made <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a>, an annual holiday in Electoral Saxony, which spread to other Lutheran lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson201040_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson201040-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 31 October 2017, the 500th Anniversary of Reformation Day, was celebrated with a national public holiday throughout Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(pastor)#Chinese_95_theses" title="Wang Yi (pastor)">Chinese 95 theses</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-title-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-title_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-title_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum</i>. The title comes from the 1517 Basel pamphlet printing. The first printings of the <i>Theses</i> use an <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">incipit</a> rather than a title which summarizes the content. The 1517 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> placard edition opens <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Amore et studio elucidande veritatis: hec subscripta disputabuntur Wittenberge. Presidente R.P. Martino Lutther ... Quare petit: vt qui non possunt verbis presentes nobiscum disceptare: agant id literis absentes.</i></span> Luther usually called them "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">meine Propositiones</i></span>" (my propositions).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings200232_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings200232-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Disputation über die Macht und Wirksamkeit des Ablasses</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the time, Luther was the youngest member of the theological faculty at the university, which was still known for its <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval theology</a>. Luther was later promoted to take over the chair of Biblical studies of the theological staff of Wittenberg as the successor of <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Staupitz" title="Johann von Staupitz">Johann von Staupitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Wittenberg printer was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Rhau-Grunenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Rhau-Grunenberg (page does not exist)">Johann Rhau-Grunenberg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Rhau-Grunenberg" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Rhau-Grunenberg">de</a>]</span>. A Rhau-Grunenberg printing of Luther's "Disputation Against Scholastic Theology", published just eight weeks before the <i>Ninety-five Theses</i>, was discovered in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree201597_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree201597-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its form is very similar to that of the Nuremberg printing of the <i>Ninety-five Theses</i>. This is evidence for a Rhau-Grunenberg printing of the <i>Ninety-five Theses</i>, as the Nuremberg printing may be a copy of the Wittenberg printing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015129_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015129-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer" title="Georg Rörer">Georg Rörer</a>, Luther's scribe, claimed in a note that Luther posted the theses to every church door.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No copies of the 1517 German translation survive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberman2006191_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberman2006191-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetzel's pamphlet is titled <i>Rebuttal Against a Presumptuous Sermon of Twenty Erroneous Articles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015144_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015144-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luther's reply to Tetzel's <i>Rebuttal</i> is titled <i>Concerning the Freedom of the Sermon on Papal Indulgences and Grace</i>. Luther intends to free the Sermon from Tetzel's insults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985209_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985209-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings200232-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings200232_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings200232_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings200232_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCummings2002">Cummings 2002</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLutherAland1967" class="citation book cs1">Luther, Martin; Aland, Kurt (1967). <i>Martin Luther's 95 Theses: With the Pertinent Documents from the History of the Reformation</i>. Saint Louis Missouri: Concordia Publishing House. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%27s+95+Theses%3A+With+the+Pertinent+Documents+from+the+History+of+the+Reformation&rft.place=Saint+Louis+Missouri&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Aland%2C+Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJunghans200323,_25-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJunghans200323,_25_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJunghans2003">Junghans 2003</a>, pp. 23, 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985176-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985176_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985176_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengert2015axvi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengert2015axvi_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWengert2015a">Wengert 2015a</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll201531-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll201531_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoll2015">Noll 2015</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985182-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985182_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985177-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985177_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaibel200547-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaibel200547_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaibel2005">Waibel 2005</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985169,_420-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985169,_420_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, pp. 169, 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985178-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985178_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985180-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985180_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985183-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985183_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985186-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985186_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985117–118-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985117–118_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985185-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985185_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985184-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985184_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985187-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985187_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985188-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985188_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWicks1967489-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWicks1967489_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWicks1967">Wicks 1967</a>, p. 489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015387-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015387_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeppinWengert2015">Leppin & Wengert 2015</a>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985192-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985192_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaibel200543-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaibel200543_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaibel2005">Waibel 2005</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengert2015b36-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengert2015b36_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWengert2015b">Wengert 2015b</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985194-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985194_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985194_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985195-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985195_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985195_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaibel200544-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaibel200544_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaibel2005">Waibel 2005</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985196-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985196_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985196_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985196_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengert2015a22-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengert2015a22_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWengert2015a">Wengert 2015a</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985197-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985197_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985197_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985198-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985198_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985199–200_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015388-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015388_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeppinWengert2015">Leppin & Wengert 2015</a>, p. 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201561-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201561_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201561_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrix2015">Hendrix 2015</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201123–24-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201123–24_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2011">McGrath 2011</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELohse1999101-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohse1999101_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLohse1999">Lohse 1999</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings200235-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings200235_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCummings2002">Cummings 2002</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985190–192-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985190–192_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, pp. 190–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015128-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015128_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettegree2015">Pettegree 2015</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015129-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015129_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015129_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015129_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettegree2015">Pettegree 2015</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree201597-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree201597_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettegree2015">Pettegree 2015</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengert2015b23-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengert2015b23_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWengert2015b">Wengert 2015b</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarius1999138-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarius1999138_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarius1999138_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarius1999">Marius 1999</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201562-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201562_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201562_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201562_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrix2015">Hendrix 2015</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015389-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015389_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeppinWengert2015389_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeppinWengert2015">Leppin & Wengert 2015</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOberman2006191-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOberman2006191_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOberman2006">Oberman 2006</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985205–206-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985205–206_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985205–206_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015152-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015152_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettegree2015">Pettegree 2015</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985242-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985242_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985242_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201566-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201566_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201566_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrix2015">Hendrix 2015</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarius1999145-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarius1999145_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarius1999">Marius 1999</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELohse1986125-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELohse1986125_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLohse1986">Lohse 1986</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson201017-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson201017_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2010">Stephenson 2010</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985206–207-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985206–207_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201564-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201564_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrix2015">Hendrix 2015</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985208–209-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985208–209_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, pp. 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrix201565-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201565_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrix201565_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHendrix2015">Hendrix 2015</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015144-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015144_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettegree2015">Pettegree 2015</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015145-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettegree2015145_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettegree2015">Pettegree 2015</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985209-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985209_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985212-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985212_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHequet2015124-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHequet2015124_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHequet2015124_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHequet2015">Hequet 2015</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985253-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985253_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHequet2015125-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHequet2015125_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHequet2015">Hequet 2015</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985427-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1985427_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrecht1985">Brecht 1985</a>, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixon200223-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDixon200223_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDixon2002">Dixon 2002</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201126-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201126_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath201126_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2011">McGrath 2011</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWengert2015axliii–xliv-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWengert2015axliii–xliv_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWengert2015a">Wengert 2015a</a>, pp. xliii–xliv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson201039–40-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson201039–40_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2010">Stephenson 2010</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings200215–16-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings200215–16_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCummings2002">Cummings 2002</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson201040-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephenson201040_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephenson2010">Stephenson 2010</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicholidays.de/reformation-day/">"Reformation Day 2021, 2022 and 2023"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reformation+Day+2021%2C+2022+and+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublicholidays.de%2Freformation-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecht1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Brecht" title="Martin Brecht">Brecht, Martin</a> (1985) [1981]. <i>Sein Weg zur Reformation 1483–1521</i> [<i>Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation 1483–1521</i>] (in German). Translated by James L. Schaff. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2813-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2813-0"><bdi>978-0-8006-2813-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/985533561">985533561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sein+Weg+zur+Reformation+1483%E2%80%931521&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F985533561&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2813-0&rft.aulast=Brecht&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2002" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Brian (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187356.001.0001/acprof-9780198187356"><i>The Literary Culture of the Reformation: Grammar and Grace</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198187356.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187356.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198187356" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198187356"><bdi>978-0198187356</bdi></a> – via Oxford Scholarship Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Culture+of+the+Reformation%3A+Grammar+and+Grace&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198187356.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0198187356&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198187356.001.0001%2Facprof-9780198187356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2002" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, C. Scott (2002). <i>The Reformation in Germany</i>. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+in+Germany&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=C.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrix2015" class="citation book cs1">Hendrix, Scott H. (2015). <i>Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16669-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16669-9"><bdi>978-0-300-16669-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%3A+Visionary+Reformer&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16669-9&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHequet2015" class="citation book cs1">Hequet, Suzanne (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1692338">"The Proceedings at Augsburg, 1518"</a>. In Wengert, Timothy J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/book/43325"><i>The Annotated Luther, Volume 1: The Roots of Reform</i></a></span>. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. pp. 121–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-6535-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-6535-8"><bdi>978-1-4514-6535-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Proceedings+at+Augsburg%2C+1518&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Luther%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Roots+of+Reform&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pages=121-166&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-6535-8&rft.aulast=Hequet&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fchapter%2F1692338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunghans2003" class="citation book cs1">Junghans, Helmar (2003). "Luther's Wittenberg". In <a href="/wiki/Donald_McKim" title="Donald McKim">McKim, Donald K.</a> (ed.). <i>Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL0521816483.002">10.1017/CCOL0521816483.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521816489" title="Special:BookSources/9780521816489"><bdi>9780521816489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Luther%27s+Wittenberg&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Companion+to+Martin+Luther&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=20-36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL0521816483.002&rft.isbn=9780521816489&rft.aulast=Junghans&rft.aufirst=Helmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeppinWengert2015" class="citation journal cs1">Leppin, Volker; Wengert, Timothy J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326124747/http://www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/lq-95theses-leppin_wengert.pdf">"Sources for and against the Posting of the <i>Ninety-Five Theses</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Quarterly" title="Lutheran Quarterly">Lutheran Quarterly</a></i>. <b>29</b>: 373–398. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/lq-95theses-leppin_wengert.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lutheran+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sources+for+and+against+the+Posting+of+the+Ninety-Five+Theses&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=373-398&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Leppin&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft.au=Wengert%2C+Timothy+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lutheranquarterly.com%2Fuploads%2F7%2F4%2F0%2F1%2F7401289%2Flq-95theses-leppin_wengert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohse1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lohse, Bernhard (1999) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinluthersthe0000lohs"><i>Luthers Theologie in ihrer historischen Entwicklung und in ihrem systematischen Zusammenhang</i></a> [<i>Martin Luther's Theology: Its Historical and Systematic Development. Contributors</i>] (in German). Translated by Roy A. Harrisville. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3091-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3091-1"><bdi>978-0-8006-3091-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luthers+Theologie+in+ihrer+historischen+Entwicklung+und+in+ihrem+systematischen+Zusammenhang&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3091-1&rft.aulast=Lohse&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinluthersthe0000lohs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohse1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lohse, Bernhard (1986) [1980]. <i>Martin Luther—Eine Einführung in sein Leben und sein Werk</i> [<i>Martin Luther: An Introduction to His Life and Work</i>] (in German). Translated by Robert C. Schultz. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0764-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0764-7"><bdi>978-0-8006-0764-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12974562">12974562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%E2%80%94Eine+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+sein+Leben+und+sein+Werk&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12974562&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-0764-7&rft.aulast=Lohse&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarius1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marius" title="Richard Marius">Marius, Richard</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinlutherchri00mari"><i>Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-55090-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-55090-2"><bdi>978-0-674-55090-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%3A+The+Christian+Between+God+and+Death&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-674-55090-2&rft.aulast=Marius&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinlutherchri00mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2011" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister E. (2011). <i>Luther's Theology of the Cross: Martin Luther's Theological Breakthrough</i>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119995999">10.1002/9781119995999</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119995999" title="Special:BookSources/9781119995999"><bdi>9781119995999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Theology+of+the+Cross%3A+Martin+Luther%27s+Theological+Breakthrough&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781119995999&rft.isbn=9781119995999&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Noll" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark A. Noll">Noll, Mark A.</a> (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190263980.001.0001/acprof-9780190263980"><i>In the Beginning Was the Word: The Bible in American Public Life, 1492–1783</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190263980.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190263980.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026398-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026398-0"><bdi>978-0-19-026398-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Scholarship_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Scholarship Online">Oxford Scholarship Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Beginning+Was+the+Word%3A+The+Bible+in+American+Public+Life%2C+1492%E2%80%931783&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190263980.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026398-0&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190263980.001.0001%2Facprof-9780190263980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberman2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heiko_A._Oberman" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiko A. Oberman">Oberman, Heiko A.</a> (2006) [1982]. <i>Luther: Mensch zwischen Gott und Teufel</i> [<i>Luther: Man Between God and the Devil</i>] (in German). Translated by Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10313-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10313-7"><bdi>978-0-300-10313-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther%3A+Mensch+zwischen+Gott+und+Teufel&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10313-7&rft.aulast=Oberman&rft.aufirst=Heiko+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettegree2015" class="citation book cs1">Pettegree, Andrew (2015). <i>Brand Luther</i>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-496-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-496-8"><bdi>978-1-59420-496-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brand+Luther&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-496-8&rft.aulast=Pettegree&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2010" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Barry (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732753.001.0001/acprof-9780199732753"><i>Performing the Reformation: Religious Festivals in Contemporary Wittenberg</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199732753.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732753.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199732753" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199732753"><bdi>978-0199732753</bdi></a> – via Oxford Scholarship Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+the+Reformation%3A+Religious+Festivals+in+Contemporary+Wittenberg&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199732753.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0199732753&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199732753.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199732753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaibel2005" class="citation book cs1">Waibel, Paul R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Martin+Luther%3A+A+Brief+Introduction+to+His+Life+and+Works-p-9780882952314"><i>Martin Luther: A Brief Introduction to His Life and Works</i></a>. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88295-231-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88295-231-4"><bdi>978-0-88295-231-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%3A+A+Brief+Introduction+to+His+Life+and+Works&rft.place=Wheeling%2C+IL&rft.pub=Harlan+Davidson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88295-231-4&rft.aulast=Waibel&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2Fen-us%2FMartin%2BLuther%253A%2BA%2BBrief%2BIntroduction%2Bto%2BHis%2BLife%2Band%2BWorks-p-9780882952314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWengert2015a" class="citation book cs1">Wengert, Timothy J. (2015a). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/43237"><i>Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses: With Introduction, Commentary, and Study Guide</i></a></span>. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506401942" title="Special:BookSources/9781506401942"><bdi>9781506401942</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%27s+Ninety-Five+Theses%3A+With+Introduction%2C+Commentary%2C+and+Study+Guide&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781506401942&rft.aulast=Wengert&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F43237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWengert2015b" class="citation book cs1">Wengert, Timothy J. (2015b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1692334">"[The 95 Theses or] Disputation for Clarifying the Power of Indulgences, 1517"</a>. In Wengert, Timothy J. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/book/43325"><i>The Annotated Luther, Volume 1: The Roots of Reform</i></a></span>. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. pp. 13–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-6535-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-6535-8"><bdi>978-1-4514-6535-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%5BThe+95+Theses+or%5D+Disputation+for+Clarifying+the+Power+of+Indulgences%2C+1517&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Luther%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Roots+of+Reform&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pages=13-46&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-6535-8&rft.aulast=Wengert&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fchapter%2F1692334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicks1967" class="citation journal cs1">Wicks, Jared (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181523/http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/28/28.3/28.3.2.pdf">"Martin Luther's Treatise on Indulgences"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theological Studies</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 481–518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004056396702800302">10.1177/004056396702800302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29384371">29384371</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.theologicalstudies.net/28/28.3/28.3.2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther%27s+Treatise+on+Indulgences&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=481-518&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004056396702800302&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29384371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wicks&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.theologicalstudies.net%2F28%2F28.3%2F28.3.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinety-five+Theses" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Ninety-five Theses</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/95_theses" class="extiw" title="c:95 theses">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Works_of_Martin_Luther,_with_introductions_and_notes/Volume_1/Disputation_on_Indulgences" class="extiw" title="s:Works of Martin Luther, with introductions and notes/Volume 1/Disputation on Indulgences">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/274">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holyword.church/miscellaneous-resources/martin-luther-and-his-95-theses/"><i>Ninety-five Theses</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124222407/https://holyword.church/miscellaneous-resources/martin-luther-and-his-95-theses/">Archived</a> 24 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Modern English translation with commentary and notes</li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Ninety-five+Theses&author=Luther&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Ninety-five Theses</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luther.de/en/95th-lat.html">Latin original</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413072642/https://www.luther2017.de/en">Luther 2017</a> Official website of 500th anniversary celebrations</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martin_Luther" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martin_Luther" title="Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther" title="Template talk:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Luther" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martin_Luther" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_bibliography" title="Martin Luther bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resources_about_Martin_Luther" title="Resources about Martin Luther">Resources about Martin Luther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> (1517)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Indulgences_and_Grace" title="Sermon on Indulgences and Grace">Sermon on Indulgences and Grace</a></i> (1518)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation">To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</a></i> (1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" title="On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church">On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church</a></i> (1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_a_Christian" title="On the Freedom of a Christian">On the Freedom of a Christian</a></i> (1520)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_Henry,_King_of_the_English" title="Against Henry, King of the English">Against Henry, King of the English</a></i> (1522)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></i> (1522, 1534)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Sacrament" title="The Adoration of the Sacrament">The Adoration of the Sacrament</a></i> (1523)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a></i> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_prayer" title="Flood prayer">Flood prayer</a> (1523)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Murderous,_Thieving_Hordes_of_Peasants" title="Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants">Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants</a></i> (1525)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a></i> (1525)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics</a></i> (1526)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a></i> (1526)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confession_Concerning_Christ%27s_Supper" title="Confession Concerning Christ's Supper">Confession Concerning Christ's Supper</a></i> (1528)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_War_Against_the_Turk" title="On War Against the Turk">On War Against the Turk</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Small Catechism</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach" title="Articles of Schwabach">Articles of Schwabach</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a></i> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a> (1537)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Councils_and_the_Church" title="On the Councils and the Church">On the Councils and the Church</a></i> (1539)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></i> (1543)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vom_Schem_Hamphoras" title="Vom Schem Hamphoras">Vom Schem Hamphoras</a></i> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)" title="Table Talk (Luther)">Luther's <i>Table Talk</i></a> (1566)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_edition_of_Martin_Luther%27s_works" title="Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works">Weimar edition of Luther's works</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther" title="List of hymns by Martin Luther">List of hymns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First Lutheran hymnal</a> (1524)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Erfurt Enchiridion</a></i> (1524)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn</a></i> (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Es_spricht_der_Unweisen_Mund_wohl" title="Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl">Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gott_sei_gelobet_und_gebenedeiet" title="Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet">Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God" title="A Mighty Fortress Is Our God">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</a>" (1529)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sie_ist_mir_lieb,_die_werte_Magd" title="Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd">Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd</a>" (1535)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_unser_Herr_zum_Jordan_kam" title="Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam">Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam</a>" (1543)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation" title="Heidelberg Disputation">Heidelberg Disputation, 1518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate, 1519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine"><i>Exsurge Domine</i>, 1520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem" title="Decet Romanum Pontificem"><i>Decet Romanum Pontificem</i>, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy, 1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession, 1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther's canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerwolf" title="Beerwolf">Beerwolf</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#Martin_Luther_and_Lutheran_theologians" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Marian theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist in Lutheranism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution#Lutheran_Churches" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda during the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_L%C3%BCgend_von_S._Johanne_Chrysostomo" title="Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo"><i>Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo</i> (1537 edition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hans and Margarethe Luther <small>(parents)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a> <small>(wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Luther" title="Magdalena Luther">Magdalena Luther</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Luther" title="Paul Luther">Paul Luther</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg" title="Albert of Brandenburg">Albert of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Arnoldi" title="Bartholomaeus Arnoldi">Bartholomaeus Arnoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer" title="Georg Rörer">Georg Rörer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cochlaeus" title="Johann Cochlaeus">Johann Cochlaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin#Influence_on_Luther" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Staupitz" title="Johann von Staupitz">Johann von Staupitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Miltitz" title="Karl von Miltitz">Karl von Miltitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_VII_von_Mansfeld" title="Albrecht VII von Mansfeld">Albrecht VII von Mansfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Luther sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church, Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadtkirche_Wittenberg" title="Stadtkirche Wittenberg">Stadtkirche Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus" title="Lutherhaus">Lutherhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherstadt" title="Lutherstadt">Lutherstädte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Birth_House" title="Martin Luther's Birth House">Martin Luther's Birth House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Death_House" title="Martin Luther's Death House">Martin Luther's Death House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchthonhaus_(Wittenberg)" title="Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)">Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St. Augustine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veste_Coburg" title="Veste Coburg">Veste Coburg (Fortress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Martin_Luther" title="List of films about Martin Luther">Film</a> and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1923_film)" title="Martin Luther (1923 film)"><i>Martin Luther</i> (1923 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1928_film)" title="Luther (1928 film)"><i>Luther</i> (1928 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1953_film)" title="Martin Luther (1953 film)"><i>Martin Luther</i> (1953 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(play)" title="Luther (play)"><i>Luther</i> (1961 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1964_film)" title="Luther (1964 film)"><i>Luther</i> (1964 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1974_film)" title="Luther (1974 film)"><i>Luther</i> (1974 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther,_Heretic" title="Martin Luther, Heretic"><i>Martin Luther, Heretic</i> (1983 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(2003_film)" title="Luther (2003 film)"><i>Luther</i> (2003 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_and_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luther and I (page does not exist)"><i>Luther and I</i> (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Luther Monument (Washington, D.C.)">Luther Monument</a>, Washington D.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)" title="Luther Monument (Worms)">Luther Monument</a>, Worms</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_rose" title="Luther rose">Luther rose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theologia_Germanica" title="Theologia Germanica">Theologia Germanica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Christian_University" title="Martin Luther Christian University">Martin Luther Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_Halle-Wittenberg" title="Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg">Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Lutheranism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Template:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Template talk:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Lutheranism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther#The_start_of_the_Reformation" title="Martin Luther">Start of the<br />Reformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation" title="Heidelberg Disputation">Heidelberg Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Speyer_(1529)" title="Diet of Speyer (1529)">Diet of Speyer (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestation_at_Speyer" title="Protestation at Speyer">Protestation at Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach" title="Articles of Schwabach">Articles of Schwabach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Presentation of the <i>Augsburg Confession</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Religious_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Religious Peace">Nuremberg Religious Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Reformation in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland#The_Reformation" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany#Reformation_and_Thirty_Years_War" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland#The_Reformation" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_German_Protestant_theologians" title="Category:16th-century German Protestant theologians">Reformers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brenz" title="Johannes Brenz">Johannes Brenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argula_von_Grumbach" title="Argula von Grumbach">Argula von Grumbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_S%C3%A4rkilahti" title="Petrus Särkilahti">Petrus Särkilahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Agricola" title="Stephan Agricola">Stephan Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_von_Amsdorf" title="Nicolaus von Amsdorf">Nicolaus von Amsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Praetorius" title="Stephan Praetorius">Stephan Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pfeffinger" title="Johann Pfeffinger">Johann Pfeffinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick the Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early turmoil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession_Variata" title="Augsburg Confession Variata">Dissemination of the <i>Augsburg Confession Variata</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1540%E2%80%931541)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541)">Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Regensburg_(1541)" title="Diet of Regensburg (1541)">Diet of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg_Interim" title="Regensburg Interim">Regensburg Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Interim" title="Leipzig Interim">Leipzig Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Passau" title="Peace of Passau">Peace of Passau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1557)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1557)">Colloquy of Worms (1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent#Protestant_response" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent § Protestant response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_Centuries" title="Magdeburg Centuries">Publication of the <i>Magdeburg Centuries</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphoristic_Controversy_in_Lutheranism" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphoristic controversies (first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Second_Antinomian_Controversy" title="Antinomianism">second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell#Lutheran" title="Harrowing of Hell">Controversy on the Descent into Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_of_Constantinople#The_Greek_Augsburg_Confession" title="Jeremias II of Constantinople">Presentation of the <i>Greek Augsburg Confession</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Signing of the <i>Formula of Concord</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Synod" title="Uppsala Synod">Uppsala Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Gallus" title="Nicolaus Gallus">Nicolaus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_Spangenberg" title="Cyriacus Spangenberg">Cyriacus Spangenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Westphal_(of_Hamburg)" title="Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)">Joachim Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Musculus" title="Andreas Musculus">Andreas Musculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John the Magnanimous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Scholastic</a><br />periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Acceptance of the <i>Book of Concord</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza#The_Colloquy_of_Mumpelgart" title="Theodore Beza">Colloquy of Mumpelgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Andreae" title="Jakob Andreae">Jakob Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Selnecker" title="Nikolaus Selnecker">Nikolaus Selnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chytraeus" title="David Chytraeus">David Chytraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hafenreffer" title="Matthias Hafenreffer">Matthias Hafenreffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Hutter" title="Leonhard Hutter">Leonhard Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegidius_Hunnius" title="Aegidius Hunnius">Aegidius Hunnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Praetorius" title="Stephan Praetorius">Stephan Praetorius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Quenstedt" title="Johannes Andreas Quenstedt">J. A. Quenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Hunnius" title="Nicolaus Hunnius">Nicolaus Hunnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Brochmand" title="Jesper Brochmand">Jesper Brochmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomo_Glassius" title="Salomo Glassius">Salomo Glassius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_H%C3%BClsemann" title="Johann Hülsemann">Johann Hülsemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Conrad_Dannhauer" title="Johann Conrad Dannhauer">J. C. Dannhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_K%C3%B6nig" title="Johann Friedrich König">J. F. König</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Musaeus" title="Johannes Musaeus">Johannes Musaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baier" title="Johann Wilhelm Baier">J. W. Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Scriver" title="Christian Scriver">Christian Scriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ernst_L%C3%B6scher" title="Valentin Ernst Löscher">V. E. Löscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Melchior_Goeze" title="Johann Melchior Goeze">J. M. Goeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Protestants" title="Salzburg Protestants">Salzburg Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian Landler">Landlers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speculative <p>or critical </p> theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolffian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Salomo_Semler" title="Johann Salomo Semler">Johann Salomo Semler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Michaelis" title="Johann David Michaelis">Johann David Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_D%C3%B6derlein" title="Johann Christoph Döderlein">Johann Christoph Döderlein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Old Tübingen school</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Christian_Storr" title="Gottlob Christian Storr">Gottlob Christian Storr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_S%C3%BCskind" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind">Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Flatt" title="Johann Friedrich Flatt">Johann Friedrich Flatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kantian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Friedrich_von_Ammon" title="Christoph Friedrich von Ammon">Christoph Friedrich von Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wegscheider" title="Julius Wegscheider">Julius Wegscheider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Herrmann" title="Wilhelm Herrmann">Wilhelm Herrmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Daub" title="Karl Daub">Karl Daub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marheineke" title="Philip Marheineke">Philip Marheineke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Christian_Baur" title="Ferdinand Christian Baur">Ferdinand Christian Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Adelbert_Lipsius" title="Richard Adelbert Lipsius">Richard Adelbert Lipsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Pfleiderer" title="Otto Pfleiderer">Otto Pfleiderer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Moderate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Volkmar_Reinhard" title="Franz Volkmar Reinhard">Franz Volkmar Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gottlieb_Bretschneider" title="Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider">Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Martin_Leberecht_de_Wette" title="Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette">Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Transitional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_Jacobi" title="Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi">Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Moller" title="Martin Moller">Martin Moller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Arndt" title="Johann Arndt">Johann Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Valentinus_Andreae" title="Johannes Valentinus Andreae">J. V. Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">P. J. Spener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Petersen" title="Johann Wilhelm Petersen">J. W. Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">A. H. Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Buddeus" title="Johann Franz Buddeus">J. F. Buddeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Albrecht_Bengel" title="Johann Albrecht Bengel">J. A. Bengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christian_Knapp" title="Georg Christian Knapp">G. C. Knapp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment#The_Counter-Enlightenment_Movement_vs_Counter-Enlightenments" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Awakening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">J. G. Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge" title="Hans Nielsen Hauge">Hans Nielsen Hauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Ruotsalainen" title="Paavo Ruotsalainen">Paavo Ruotsalainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Harms" title="Claus Harms">Claus Harms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Olof_Rosenius" title="Carl Olof Rosenius">Carl Olof Rosenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Tholuck" title="August Tholuck">August Tholuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zillertal#History" title="Zillertal">Zillertal Valley expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism#Repristination_versus_Erlangen_school" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Repristination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Hengstenberg" title="Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg">E. W. Hengstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Philippi" title="Friedrich Adolf Philippi">F. A. Philippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Gabriel_Hedberg" title="Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg">F. G. Hedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Paul_Caspari" title="Carl Paul Caspari">Carl Paul Caspari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth" title="Charles Porterfield Krauth">C. P. Krauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Alexander_Gotwald" title="Luther Alexander Gotwald">L .A. Gotwald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism#Repristination_versus_Erlangen_school" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Erlangen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Christoph_Adolf_von_Harless" title="Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless">G. C. A. von Harless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Friedrich_H%C3%B6fling" title="Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling">J. W. F. Höfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Thomasius" title="Gottfried Thomasius">Gottfried Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Konrad_von_Hofmann" title="Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann">J. C. K. von Hofmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Delitzsch" title="Franz Delitzsch">Franz Delitzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_August_Kahnis" title="Karl Friedrich August Kahnis">K. F. A. Kahnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Harnack" title="Theodosius Harnack">Theodosius Harnack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ernst_Luthardt" title="Christoph Ernst Luthardt">C. E. Luthardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Hermann_Reinhold_von_Frank" title="Franz Hermann Reinhold von Frank">F. H. R. von Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Althaus" title="Paul Althaus">Paul Althaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Elert" title="Werner Elert">Werner Elert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/High_Church_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church Lutheranism">High Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Christian_Vilmar" title="August Friedrich Christian Vilmar">A. F. C. Vilmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">F. J. Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Otto_M%C3%BCnchmeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="August Friedrich Otto Münchmeyer">A. F. O. Münchmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Wilhelm_L%C3%B6he" title="Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe">J. K. W. Löhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kliefoth" title="Theodor Kliefoth">Theodor Kliefoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hansen_(theologian)" title="Heinrich Hansen (theologian)">Heinrich Hansen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches#Quarrels_over_the_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union of churches">Old Lutheran schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church#Background" title="German Evangelical Church">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Scheibel" title="Johann Gottfried Scheibel">J. G. Scheibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Huschke" title="Eduard Huschke">Eduard Huschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Steffens" title="Henrik Steffens">Henrik Steffens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ernst_Ferdinand_Guericke" title="Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand Guericke">H. E. F. Guericke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Huschke" title="Eduard Huschke">G. P. E. Huschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Free churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Australia / New Guinea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Kavel" title="August Kavel">August Kavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Fritzsche" title="Gotthard Fritzsche">Gotthard Fritzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Flierl" title="Johann Flierl">Johann Flierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Australia" title="Lutheran Church of Australia">Lutheran Church of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stephan" title="Martin Stephan">Martin Stephan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_August_Grabau" title="Johannes Andreas August Grabau">J. A. A. Grabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sihler" title="Wilhelm Sihler">Wilhelm Sihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._D._Wyneken" title="F. C. D. Wyneken">F. C. D. Wyneken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._W._Walther" title="C. F. W. Walther">C. F. W. Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Amberg_Preus" title="Herman Amberg Preus">H. A. Preus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Stellhorn" title="Frederick William Stellhorn">F. W. Stellhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Synodical_Conference_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America">Synodical Conference of North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Lutheranism" title="Homosexuality and Lutheranism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157506#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/109152138628310981754">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/182008368">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1358935/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4228382-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Luther, Martin, 1483-1546. Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016168656">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an56963527">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=aun2015873089&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007369353805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/120743647">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&oldid=1256763357">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&oldid=1256763357</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1517_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Category:1517 in the Holy Roman Empire">1517 in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1517_works" title="Category:1517 works">1517 works</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Christian_texts" title="Category:16th-century Christian texts">16th-century Christian texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wittenberg" title="Category:Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Martin_Luther" title="Category:Works by Martin Luther">Works by Martin Luther</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disputations" title="Category:Disputations">Disputations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Texts_in_Latin" title="Category:Texts in Latin">Texts in Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reformation_in_Germany" title="Category:Reformation in Germany">Reformation in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1517_in_Christianity" title="Category:1517 in Christianity">1517 in Christianity</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2016">Use dmy dates from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_link_to_foreign-language_Wikisources" title="Category:Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources">Articles that link to foreign-language Wikisources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_link_to_Wikisource" title="Category:Articles that link to Wikisource">Articles that link to Wikisource</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 13:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninety-five_Theses&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-69xkf","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.147","walltime":"1.454","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9741,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":235149,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14059,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":131666,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1200.544 1 -total"," 25.34% 304.206 95 Template:Sfn"," 22.88% 274.640 1 Template:Infobox_book"," 21.05% 252.690 1 Template:Infobox"," 17.24% 206.958 8 Template:Efn"," 13.88% 166.591 18 Template:Cite_book"," 10.59% 127.193 11 Template:Navbox"," 10.34% 124.136 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.45% 113.506 2 Template:Langx"," 6.97% 83.672 1 Template:Martin_Luther"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.674","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15340297,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBrecht1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCummings2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrix2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHequet2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunghans2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeppinWengert2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohse1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLohse1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutherAland1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarius1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoll2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettegree2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephenson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaibel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWengert2015a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWengert2015b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWicks1967\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Christian History\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Lutheran History\"] = 1,\n [\"Martin Luther\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 95,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zw2dd","timestamp":"20241124161526","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ninety-five Theses","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ninety-five_Theses","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q157506","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q157506","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-02-25T02:13:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T13:03:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3a\/Luther_95_Thesen.png","headline":"disputation by Martin Luther on indulgences"}</script> </body> </html>