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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_Protection_of_Choreography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Copyright Protection of Choreography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_Protection_of_Choreography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Choreography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5" title="فن الرقص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن الرقص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%27%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%27%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%80_(%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF)" title="ক'ৰিয়'গ্ৰাফী (নৃত্য) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ক'ৰিয়'গ্ৰাফী (নৃত্য)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreograf%C3%ADa" title="Coreografía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Coreografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoreoqrafiya" title="Xoreoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xoreoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="নৃত্য পরিচালনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নৃত্য পরিচালনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хореография – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хореография" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Харэаграфія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Харэаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreograpiya" title="Koreograpiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Koreograpiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хореография – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хореография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreografia" title="Coreografia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coreografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Хореографи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хореографи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreografie" title="Choreografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Choreografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawnslunio" title="Dawnslunio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dawnslunio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografi" title="Koreografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Koreografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografiija" title="Koreografiija – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Koreografiija" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreografie" title="Choreografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Choreografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreograafia" title="Koreograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koreograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χορογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χορογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreograf%C3%ADa" title="Coreografía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coreografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografio" title="Koreografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koreografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografia" title="Koreografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koreografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5" title="طراحی رقص – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طراحی رقص" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chor%C3%A9graphie" title="Chorégraphie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chorégraphie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografy" title="Koreografy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koreografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreograf%C3%ADa" title="Coreografía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coreografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%AC%B4" title="안무 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안무" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Խորեոգրաֆիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խորեոգրաֆիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="नृत्यरचना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नृत्यरचना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografija" title="Koreografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koreografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografi" title="Koreografi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Koreografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreografia" title="Coreografia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coreografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="כוריאוגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוריאוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქორეოგრაფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქორეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хореография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хореография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хореография – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хореография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreographia" title="Choreographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Choreographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horeogr%C4%81fija" title="Horeogrāfija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Horeogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreographie" title="Choreographie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Choreographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreografija" title="Choreografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Choreografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreografie" title="Choreografie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Choreografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreogr%C3%A1fia" title="Koreográfia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koreográfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кореографија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кореографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="കോറിയോഗ്രഫി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോറിയോഗ്രഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="नृत्यदिग्दर्शक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नृत्यदिग्दर्शक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქორეოგრაფია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქორეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كوريوجرافيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوريوجرافيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografi" title="Koreografi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Koreografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreografie" title="Choreografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Choreografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E4%BB%98%E5%B8%AB" title="振付師 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="振付師" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografi" title="Koreografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koreografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografi" title="Koreografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koreografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoreografiya" title="Xoreografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xoreografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreografia" title="Choreografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choreografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreografia" title="Coreografia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coreografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coregrafie" title="Coregrafie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coregrafie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хореография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хореография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Choreography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreografia_(kompoz%C3%ADcia_pohybu)" title="Choreografia (kompozícia pohybu) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Choreografia (kompozícia pohybu)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="کۆریۆگرافی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆریۆگرافی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кореографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кореографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografija" title="Koreografija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koreografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografia" title="Koreografia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koreografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografi" title="Koreografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koreografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreograpiya" title="Koreograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Koreograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8" title="నృత్యరూపకల్పన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నృత్యరూపకల్పన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B3" title="ศิลปะการร่ายรำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลปะการร่ายรำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreografi" title="Koreografi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Koreografi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хореографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хореографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="کوریوگرافی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوریوگرافی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o_m%C3%BAa" title="Biên đạo múa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biên đạo múa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="כארעאגראפיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כארעאגראפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E4%BD%9C%E6%8C%87%E5%B0%8E" title="動作指導 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="動作指導" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E4%BD%9C%E7%B7%A8%E6%8E%92" title="動作編排 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="動作編排" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xoreografija" title="Xoreografija – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Xoreografija" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180856#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art or practice of designing sequences of movements of physical bodies</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Chorography" title="Chorography">Chorography</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Choreography_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Choreography (disambiguation)">Choreography (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zorn_Cachucha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zorn_Cachucha.jpg/310px-Zorn_Cachucha.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zorn_Cachucha.jpg/465px-Zorn_Cachucha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Zorn_Cachucha.jpg/620px-Zorn_Cachucha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Choreography for the Spanish dance <a href="/wiki/Cachucha" title="Cachucha">Cachucha</a>, described using <a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">dance notation</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Choreography</b> is the art or practice of designing <a href="/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence">sequences</a> of movements of physical bodies (or their depictions) in which <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Visual_appearance" title="Visual appearance">form</a> or both are specified. <i>Choreography</i> may also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> itself. A <b>choreographer</b> is one who creates choreographies by practising the art of choreography, a process known as <b>choreographing</b>. It most commonly refers to <b>dance choreography</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-dict_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In dance, <i>choreography.</i> may also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> itself, which is sometimes expressed by means of <a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">dance notation</a>. Dance choreography is sometimes called <i>dance composition</i>. Aspects of dance choreography include the compositional use of <a href="/wiki/Organic_unity" title="Organic unity">organic unity</a>, rhythmic or non-rhythmic articulation, theme and variation, and repetition. The choreographic process may employ <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a> for the purpose of developing innovative movement ideas. In general, choreography is used to design dances that are intended to be performed as <a href="/wiki/Concert_dance" title="Concert dance">concert dance</a>. </p><p>The art of choreography involves the specification of human movement and form in terms of space, shape, time and energy, typically within an <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotional</a> or non-literal context. Movement language is taken from the dance techniques of <a href="/wiki/Classical_ballet" title="Classical ballet">ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_dance" title="Contemporary dance">contemporary dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_dance" title="Jazz dance">jazz dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_dance" title="Hip hop dance">hip hop dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="K pop">K-pop</a>, religious dance, pedestrian movement, or combinations of these. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_history">Etymology and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choreography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choreographic_document_of_dances_in_Catalonia_in_1496_manuscrit_de_Cervera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Choreographic_document_of_dances_in_Catalonia_in_1496_manuscrit_de_Cervera.jpg/220px-Choreographic_document_of_dances_in_Catalonia_in_1496_manuscrit_de_Cervera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Choreographic_document_of_dances_in_Catalonia_in_1496_manuscrit_de_Cervera.jpg/330px-Choreographic_document_of_dances_in_Catalonia_in_1496_manuscrit_de_Cervera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Choreographic_document_of_dances_in_Catalonia_in_1496_manuscrit_de_Cervera.jpg/440px-Choreographic_document_of_dances_in_Catalonia_in_1496_manuscrit_de_Cervera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2569" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>One of the first documents with choreographic signs is the Catalan manuscript of Cervera from 1496</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>choreography</i> literally means "dance-writing"<sup id="cite_ref-eb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the Greek words "χορεία" (circular dance, see <a href="/wiki/Choreia_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreia (dance)">choreia</a>) and "γραφή" (writing). It first appeared in the American English dictionary in the 1950s,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "choreographer" was first used as a credit for <a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a> in the Broadway show <i><a href="/wiki/On_Your_Toes" title="On Your Toes">On Your Toes</a></i> in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-Taper180_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taper180-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this, stage credits and movie credits used phrases such as "ensembles staged by",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "dances staged by",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply "dances by" to denote the choreographer.<sup id="cite_ref-Taper180_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taper180-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Italy">Renaissance Italy</a>, dance masters created movements for social dances which were taught, while staged <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballets</a> were created in a similar way. In 16th century France, French court dances were developed in an artistic pattern. In the 17th and 18th centuries, social dance became more separated from theatrical dance performances. During this time the word <i>choreography</i> was applied to the written record of dances, which later became known as <a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">dance notation</a>, with the meaning of <i>choreography</i> shifting to its current use as the composition of a sequence of movements making up a dance performance.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ballet_master" title="Ballet master">ballet master</a> or choreographer during this time became the "arranger of dance as a theatrical art", with one well-known master being of the late 18th century being <a href="/wiki/Jean-Georges_Noverre" title="Jean-Georges Noverre">Jean-Georges Noverre</a>, with others following and developing techniques for specific types of dance, including <a href="/wiki/Gasparo_Angiolini" title="Gasparo Angiolini">Gasparo Angiolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dauberval" title="Jean Dauberval">Jean Dauberval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Didelot" title="Charles Didelot">Charles Didelot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Vigan%C3%B2" title="Salvatore Viganò">Salvatore Viganò</a>. Ballet eventually developed its own vocabulary in the 19th century, and <a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">romantic ballet</a> choreographers included <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Blasis" title="Carlo Blasis">Carlo Blasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Bournonville" title="August Bournonville">August Bournonville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Perrot" title="Jules Perrot">Jules Perrot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marius_Petipa" title="Marius Petipa">Marius Petipa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Modern dance</a> brought a new, more naturalistic style of choreography, including by Russian choreographer <a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Michel Fokine</a> (1880-1942)<sup id="cite_ref-eb_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a> (1878-1927),<sup id="cite_ref-skill_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since then styles have varied between realistic representation and abstraction. <a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Merce Cunningham</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">George Balanchine</a>, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ashton" title="Frederick Ashton">Frederick Ashton</a> were all influential choreographers of classical or abstract dance, but Balanchine and Ashton, along with <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonide_Massine" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonide Massine">Leonide Massine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> and others also created representational works.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a> loved natural movement and <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a>. The work of <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> (1931-1989), an African-American dancer, choreographer, and activist, spanned many styles of dance, including ballet, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_dance" title="Jazz dance">jazz</a>, modern dance, and theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-skill_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dance_choreography_techniques">Dance choreography techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choreography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dance choreography techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dances are designed by applying one or both of these fundamental choreographic methods: </p> <ul><li><b>Improvisation</b>, in which a choreographer provides dancers with a <i>score</i> (i.e., generalized directives) that serves as guidelines for improvised movement and form. For example, a score might direct one dancer to withdraw from another dancer, who in turn is directed to avoid the withdrawal, or it might specify a sequence of movements that are to be executed in an improvised manner over the course of a musical phrase, as in <a href="/wiki/Contra_dance_choreography" title="Contra dance choreography">contra dance choreography</a>. Improvisational scores typically offer wide latitude for personal interpretation by the dancer.</li> <li><b>Planned choreography</b>, in which a choreographer dictates motion and form in detail, leaving little or no opportunity for the dancer to exercise personal interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-EEEglossary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEEglossary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Several underlying techniques are commonly used in choreography for two or more dancers: </p> <ul><li>Mirroring - facing each other and doing the same</li> <li>Retrograde - performing a sequence of moves in reverse order</li> <li>Canon - people performing the same move one after the other</li> <li>Levels - people higher and lower in a dance</li> <li>Shadowing - standing one behind the other and performing the same moves</li> <li>Unison - two or more people doing a range of moves at the same time</li></ul> <p>Movements may be characterized by dynamics, such as fast, slow, hard, soft, long, and short. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choreography_today">Choreography today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choreography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Choreography today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, the main rules for choreography are that it must impose some kind of order on the performance, within the three dimensions of space as well the fourth dimension of time and the capabilities of the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a>, choreography applies to human movement and form. In <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>, choreography is also known as dance choreography or dance composition. Choreography is also used in a variety of other fields, including <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheerleading" title="Cheerleading">cheerleading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">synchronized swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-skill_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skill-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion shows">fashion shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Show_choir" title="Show choir">show choir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardistry" title="Cardistry">cardistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> production, and <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated art</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitions">Competitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choreography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Competitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The International Choreographic Competition Hannover, <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Germany, is the longest-running choreography competition in the world (started <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1982</span>), organised by the Ballett Gesellschaft Hannover e.V.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took place online during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in 2020 and 2021, returning to the stage at the <a href="/wiki/Theater_am_Aegi" title="Theater am Aegi">Theater am Aegi</a> in 2022. Gregor Zöllig, head choreographer of dance at the <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_Braunschweig" title="Staatstheater Braunschweig">Staatstheater Braunschweig</a> was appointed artistic director of the competition in 2020. The main conditions of entry are that entrants must be under 40 years of age, and professionally trained.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The competition has been run in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Tanja_Liedtke_Foundation" title="Tanja Liedtke Foundation">Tanja Liedtke Foundation</a> since her death in 2008, and from 2021 a new production prize has been awarded by the foundation, to complement the five other production awards. The 2021 and 2022 awards were presented by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Goecke" title="Marco Goecke">Marco Goecke</a>, then director of ballet at the <a href="/wiki/Staatstheater_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatstheater Hannover">Staatstheater Hannover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of other international choreography competitions, mostly focused on modern dance. These include:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Beijing International Ballet and Choreography Competition, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</li> <li>Contemporary Dance Platform, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, Greece</li> <li>Copenhagen International Choreography Competition, <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark (CICC), founded in 2008, annual <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Helsinki Ballet Competition, Choreography Award, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</li> <li>International Choreographic Competition, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</li> <li>Moscow Ballet Competition and Contest for Choreographers, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</li> <li>New Adventures Choreographer Award, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, UK</li> <li>Prix de la Danse de Montreal, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Canada</li> <li>Valentina Kozlova International Ballet Competition, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</li> <li>Varna International Ballet Competition, Choreography Award, <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna, Bulgaria</a></li></ul> <p>The International Online Dance Competition (IODC) was introduced in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a Grand Prix worth <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1,000</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_Protection_of_Choreography">Copyright Protection of Choreography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choreography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Copyright Protection of Choreography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 102(a)(4) of the Copyright Act provides protection in “choreographic works” that were created after January 1, 1978, and are fixed in a tangible medium of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under copyright law, choreography is “the composition and arrangement of a related series of dance movements and patterns organized into a coherent whole.”<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choreography consisting of ordinary motor activities, social dances, commonplace movements or gestures, or athletic movements may lack a sufficient amount of authorship to qualify for copyright protection.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent lawsuit was brought by professional dancer and choreographer Kyle Hanagami, who sued Epic Games, alleging that the video game developer copied a portion of Hanagami’s copyrighted dance moves in the popular game Fortnite.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanagami published a YouTube video in 2017 featuring a dance he choreographed to the song "How Long" by Charlie Puth, and Hanagami claimed that Fortnight's "It's Complicated" "emote" copied a portion of his "How High" choreography.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanagami's asserted claims for direct and contributory copyright infringement and unfair competition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortnite-maker Epic Games ultimately won dismissal of the copyright claims after the district court concluded that his two-second, four-beat sequence of dance steps was not protectable under copyright law.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choreography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_master" title="Ballet master">Ballet master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_improvisation" title="Contact improvisation">Contact improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_improvisation" title="Dance improvisation">Dance improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_editing" title="Film editing">Film editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_choreographers" title="List of choreographers">List of choreographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_awards#Choreography" title="List of dance awards">List of dance awards#Choreography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauchamp%E2%80%93Feuillet_notation" title="Beauchamp–Feuillet notation">Beauchamp–Feuillet notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_director" title="Movement director">Movement director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_Directors_and_Choreographers_Society" title="Stage Directors and Choreographers Society">Stage Directors and Choreographers Society</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lists and categories</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ballet_choreographers" title="Category:Ballet choreographers">Category:Ballet choreographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_choreographers" title="List of choreographers">List of choreographers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choreography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dict-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dict_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/choreography">"Definition of choreography"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Choreographers%27+Organization+and+Networking+Services&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+International+Choreography+Competitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danceicons.org%2Fresources%2F%3Fp%3D160202095146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoreography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cph-icc.dk/">"Home page"</a>. <i>Copenhagen International Choreography Competition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Copenhagen+International+Choreography+Competition&rft.atitle=Home+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cph-icc.dk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoreography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.danceinforma.com/2020/05/08/choreography-onlines-new-competition-for-the-virtual-era/">"Choreography Online's new competition for the virtual era"</a>. <i>Dance Informa Magazine</i>. 8 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dance+Informa+Magazine&rft.atitle=Choreography+Online%27s+new+competition+for+the+virtual+era&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.danceinforma.com%2F2020%2F05%2F08%2Fchoreography-onlines-new-competition-for-the-virtual-era%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoreography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/102">"17 U.S. Code § 102 - Subject matter of copyright: In general"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=17+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+102+-+Subject+matter+of+copyright%3A+In+general&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F17%2F102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoreography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The U.S. Copyright Office, <i>Copyright Registration of Choreography and Pantomime</i>, Copyright Office’s Circular 52 (Oct. 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ52.pdf">https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ52.pdf</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The U.S. Copyright Office, <i>Copyright Registration of Choreography and Pantomime</i>, Copyright Office’s Circular 52 (Oct. 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ52.pdf">https://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ52.pdf</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loeb.com/en/insights/publications/2022/09/hanagami-v-epic-games-inc">"Hanagami v. Epic Games Inc. | Loeb & Loeb LLP"</a>. <i>www.loeb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loeb.com&rft.atitle=Hanagami+v.+Epic+Games+Inc.+%7C+Loeb+%26+Loeb+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loeb.com%2Fen%2Finsights%2Fpublications%2F2022%2F09%2Fhanagami-v-epic-games-inc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoreography" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loeb.com/en/insights/publications/2022/09/hanagami-v-epic-games-inc">"Hanagami v. Epic Games Inc. | Loeb & Loeb LLP"</a>. <i>www.loeb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loeb.com&rft.atitle=Hanagami+v.+Epic+Games+Inc.+%7C+Loeb+%26+Loeb+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loeb.com%2Fen%2Finsights%2Fpublications%2F2022%2F09%2Fhanagami-v-epic-games-inc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChoreography" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choreography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blom, L, A. and Tarin Chaplin, L. (1989) <i>The Intimate Act of Choreography</i>. Dance Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-5342-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-5342-0">0-8229-5342-0</a>.</li> <li>Ellfeldt, L. (1998) <i>A Primer for Choreographers</i> . Waveland Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88133-350-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88133-350-6">0-88133-350-6</a>.</li> <li>Minton, S, C. (1997) <i>Choreography: A Basic Approach Using Improvisation</i>. Human Kinetics . <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88011-529-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88011-529-7">0-88011-529-7</a>.</li> <li>Tufnell, M. and Vaughan, D. (1999) <i>Body Space Image : Notes Toward Improvisation and Performance</i>. Princeton Book Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85273-041-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85273-041-2">1-85273-041-2</a>.</li> <li>Smith-Autard, J, M. (2000) <i>Dance Composition</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87830-118-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87830-118-6">0-87830-118-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choreography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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