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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Early modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Late modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Location and topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brussels_as_a_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brussels_as_a_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Brussels as a capital </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brussels_as_a_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Municipalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brussels-Capital_Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brussels-Capital_Region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Brussels-Capital Region </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Brussels-Capital_Region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Brussels-Capital Region subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Brussels-Capital_Region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Political status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agglomeration_of_Brussels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agglomeration_of_Brussels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Agglomeration of Brussels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agglomeration_of_Brussels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_Flemish_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_Flemish_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 French and Flemish communities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-French_and_Flemish_communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle French and Flemish communities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-French_and_Flemish_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_Community_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_Community_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Common Community Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_Community_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brussels_and_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brussels_and_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Brussels and the European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brussels_and_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 International institutions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International institutions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 North Atlantic Treaty Organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurocontrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurocontrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Eurocontrol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurocontrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Nationalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_arts_and_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts_and_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Visual arts and museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts_and_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts_venues_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts_venues_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Performing arts venues and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts_venues_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cultural_events_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cultural_events_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Other cultural events and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cultural_events_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Shopping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tertiary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Tertiary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.2 Primary and secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.3 Libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.4 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.5 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.1 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.2 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.3 Train </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.4 Public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metro,_trams_and_buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro,_trams_and_buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.4.1 Metro, trams and buses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro,_trams_and_buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ticketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ticketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.4.2 Ticketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ticketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.4.3 Other public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19.5 Road network </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_emergency_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_emergency_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Security and emergency services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security_and_emergency_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Security and emergency services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Security_and_emergency_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 Police </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.2 Fire department </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_green_spaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_green_spaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Parks and green spaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_green_spaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Brussels</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" > 117 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruss%C3%A8l" title="Brussèl – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Brussèl" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselse_Hoofstedelike_Gewes" title="Brusselse Hoofstedelike Gewes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brusselse Hoofstedelike Gewes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_Br%C3%BCssel-Hauptstadt" title="Region Brüssel-Hauptstadt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Region Brüssel-Hauptstadt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryssel" title="Bryssel – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bryssel" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%84" title="بروكسل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروكسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechi%C3%B3n_de_Bruselas-Capital" title="Rechión de Bruselas-Capital – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rechión de Bruselas-Capital" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A3%DC%A0" title="ܒܪܘܟܣܠ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪܘܟܣܠ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex%C3%B3n_de_Bruxeles-Capital" title="Rexón de Bruxeles-Capital – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rexón de Bruxeles-Capital" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="بروکسل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بروکسل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussel_(kota)" title="Brussel (kota) – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Brussel (kota)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8" title="ব্রাসেল্‌স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রাসেল্‌স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Brussels" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Брюссель баш ҡала регионы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Брюссель баш ҡала регионы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Брусельскі сталічны рэгіён – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брусельскі сталічны рэгіён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Брусэльскі сталічны рэгіён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брусэльскі сталічны рэгіён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ब्रसेल्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्रसेल्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Brussels" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Столичен регион Брюксел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Столичен регион Брюксел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E2%80%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="པུའུ་ལུའུ་སེལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པུའུ་ལུའུ་སེལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regija_glavnog_grada_Bruxellesa" title="Regija glavnog grada Bruxellesa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Regija glavnog grada Bruxellesa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannvro_Brusel-K%C3%AAr-benn" title="Rannvro Brusel-Kêr-benn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rannvro Brusel-Kêr-benn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Брюссель – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Брюссель" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3_de_Brussel%C2%B7les-Capital" title="Regió de Brussel·les-Capital – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regió de Brussel·les-Capital" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxelles-Capitale_(rehiyon)" title="Bruxelles-Capitale (rehiyon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bruxelles-Capitale (rehiyon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruselsk%C3%BD_region" title="Bruselský region – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bruselský region" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhanbarth_Brwsel-Prifddinas" title="Rhanbarth Brwsel-Prifddinas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhanbarth Brwsel-Prifddinas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxelles" title="Bruxelles – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bruxelles" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_Br%C3%BCssel-Hauptstadt" title="Region Brüssel-Hauptstadt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Region Brüssel-Hauptstadt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pealinna_Br%C3%BCsseli_piirkond" title="Pealinna Brüsseli piirkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pealinna Brüsseli piirkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%92%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Περιοχή των Βρυξελλών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περιοχή των Βρυξελλών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3n_de_Bruselas-Capital" title="Región de Bruselas-Capital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Región de Bruselas-Capital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusela_%C4%88efurba_Regiono" title="Brusela Ĉefurba Regiono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brusela Ĉefurba Regiono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusela-Hiriburua_eskualdea" title="Brusela-Hiriburua eskualdea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brusela-Hiriburua eskualdea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="بروکسل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بروکسل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_de_Bruxelles-Capitale" title="Région de Bruxelles-Capitale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Région de Bruxelles-Capitale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselsk_Haadstedsk_Gewest" title="Brusselsk Haadstedsk Gewest – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brusselsk Haadstedsk Gewest" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhruis%C3%A9il" title="An Bhruiséil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhruiséil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vrussyl" title="Yn Vrussyl – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vrussyl" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCksel" title="Brüksel – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Brüksel" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexi%C3%B3n_de_Bruxelas-Capital" title="Rexión de Bruxelas-Capital – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rexión de Bruxelas-Capital" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Брюссельский столичный регион – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Брюссельский столичный регион" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8" title="બ્રસેલ્સ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બ્રસેલ્સ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A4%BC%EC%85%80" title="브뤼셀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브뤼셀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC_(%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Բրյուսել (մայրաքաղաքային տարածաշրջան) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրյուսել (մայրաքաղաքային տարածաշրջան)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ब्रुसेल्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रुसेल्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regija_glavnoga_grada_Bruxellesa" title="Regija glavnoga grada Bruxellesa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Regija glavnoga grada Bruxellesa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruselas" title="Bruselas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bruselas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussel" title="Brussel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brussel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussel-h%C3%B6fu%C3%B0borgarsv%C3%A6%C3%B0i%C3%B0" title="Brussel-höfuðborgarsvæðið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brussel-höfuðborgarsvæðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regione_di_Bruxelles-Capitale" title="Regione di Bruxelles-Capitale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regione di Bruxelles-Capitale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96)" title="בריסל (מחוז) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בריסל (מחוז)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬ್ರಸೆಲ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಸೆಲ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98)" title="ბრიუსელი (რეგიონი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრიუსელი (რეგიონი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruksela" title="Bruksela – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bruksela" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxellae_(regio)" title="Bruxellae (regio) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bruxellae (regio)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briseles_galvaspils%C4%93tas_re%C4%A3ions" title="Briseles galvaspilsētas reģions – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Briseles galvaspilsētas reģions" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaptstadregioun_Br%C3%A9issel" title="Haaptstadregioun Bréissel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Haaptstadregioun Bréissel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briuselio-sostin%C4%97s_regionas" title="Briuselio-sostinės regionas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Briuselio-sostinės regionas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Hoofsjtaejelik_Gewes" title="Brussels Hoofsjtaejelik Gewes – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brussels Hoofsjtaejelik Gewes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxelles" title="Bruxelles – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bruxelles" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/brusel." title="brusel. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="brusel." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Brussels" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCsszel_f%C5%91v%C3%A1rosi_r%C3%A9gi%C3%B3" title="Brüsszel fővárosi régió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brüsszel fővárosi régió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Брисел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брисел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്രസൽസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രസൽസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بروكسيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بروكسيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="بروکسل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بروکسل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Брюссель – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Брюссель" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဘရပ်ဆဲလ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘရပ်ဆဲလ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Hoofdstedelijk_Gewest" title="Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Heufdstedelijk_Gewest" title="Brussels Heufdstedelijk Gewest – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Brussels Heufdstedelijk Gewest" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="ब्रसेल्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्रसेल्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB" title="ブリュッセル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブリュッセル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiuun_Br%C3%BCssel" title="Regiuun Brüssel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Regiuun Brüssel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Brussels" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussel" title="Brussel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brussel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovudstadsregionen_Brussel" title="Hovudstadsregionen Brussel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hovudstadsregionen Brussel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_de_Bruss%C3%A8las-Capitala" title="Region de Brussèlas-Capitala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Region de Brussèlas-Capitala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8" title="ବୃସେଲ୍ସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୃସେଲ୍ସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussel_Poytaxt_Regioni" title="Brussel Poytaxt Regioni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brussel Poytaxt Regioni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬਰੂਸਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰੂਸਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84" title="بروکسل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بروکسل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8gion_Brusselle-Capitale" title="Règion Brusselle-Capitale – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Règion Brusselle-Capitale" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_%C3%ABd_Brussel" title="Region ëd Brussel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Region ëd Brussel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_Sto%C5%82eczny_Brukseli" title="Region Stołeczny Brukseli – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Region Stołeczny Brukseli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxelas" title="Bruxelas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bruxelas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BC%C3%9F%C3%9Fel_(Regijon)" title="Brüßßel (Regijon) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Brüßßel (Regijon)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiunea_Capitalei_Bruxelles" title="Regiunea Capitalei Bruxelles – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regiunea Capitalei Bruxelles" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Брюссельский столичный регион – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брюссельский столичный регион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Brussels" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajoni_i_Kryeqytetit_t%C3%AB_Brukselit" title="Rajoni i Kryeqytetit të Brukselit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rajoni i Kryeqytetit të Brukselit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Brussels-Capital Region – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brussels-Capital Region" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3n_Brusel-hlavn%C3%A9_mesto" title="Región Brusel-hlavné mesto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Región Brusel-hlavné mesto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruselj" title="Bruselj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bruselj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%84" title="بروکسێل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بروکسێل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бриселски регион – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бриселски регион" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regija_glavnog_grada_Bruxellesa" title="Regija glavnog grada Bruxellesa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Regija glavnog grada Bruxellesa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryssel" title="Bryssel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bryssel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryssel_(region)" title="Bryssel (region) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bryssel (region)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பிரசெல்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரசெல்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Брюссель башкала төбәге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Брюссель башкала төбәге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="บรัสเซลส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรัสเซลส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCksel" title="Brüksel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brüksel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Брюссельський столичний регіон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Брюссельський столичний регіон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B2" title="برسلز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برسلز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruxelles" title="Bruxelles – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bruxelles" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zil%C3%A4k_Cifazifa:_Brussel" title="Ziläk Cifazifa: Brussel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ziläk Cifazifa: Brussel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussele_(redjon)" title="Brussele (redjon) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Brussele (redjon)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Oofdstedelik_Gewest" title="Brussels Oofdstedelik Gewest – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Brussels Oofdstedelik Gewest" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruselas" title="Bruselas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bruselas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="布鲁塞尔首都大区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布鲁塞尔首都大区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F" title="בריסל ראיאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בריסל ראיאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Brussels" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%80" title="布魯塞爾首都大區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布魯塞爾首都大區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_O%C3%B4dstedelijk_Hewest" title="Brussels Oôdstedelijk Hewest – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Brussels Oôdstedelijk Hewest" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="布鲁塞尔首都大区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布鲁塞尔首都大区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bres%C3%A8l" title="Bresèl – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bresèl" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brussels&params=50_50_48_N_04_21_09_E_region:BE-BR_type:adm1st">50°50′48″N 04°21′09″E / 50.84667°N 4.35250°E / 50.84667; 4.35250</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels-Capital_Region&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federal region of Belgium, including the City of Brussels</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Brussels-Capital Region. For the municipality within it, which is the de jure national capital, see <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a>. For other places, see <a href="/wiki/Brussels_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brussels (disambiguation)">Brussels (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bruxelles" redirects here. For the Canadian community, see <a href="/wiki/Bruxelles,_Manitoba" title="Bruxelles, Manitoba">Bruxelles, Manitoba</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in Belgium</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Brussels</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Bruxelles (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li><li>Brussel (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Brussels-Capital Region</li><li>Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</li><li>Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:166px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Place_Bruselas_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grand_Place_Bruselas_2.jpg/278px-Grand_Place_Bruselas_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grand_Place_Bruselas_2.jpg/417px-Grand_Place_Bruselas_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Grand_Place_Bruselas_2.jpg/556px-Grand_Place_Bruselas_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3332" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Flower_Carpet_(Brussels)" title="Flower Carpet (Brussels)">Flower Carpet</a> event at the <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">Grand-Place/Grote Markt</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:91px;max-width:91px"><div style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis_cropped.jpg/89px-Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis_cropped.jpg/134px-Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis_cropped.jpg/178px-Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="2742" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Manneken_Pis" title="Manneken Pis">Manneken Pis</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale_des_Saints_Michel_et_Gudule_-_Bruxelles,_Belgium_-_October_31,_2010_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cathedrale_des_Saints_Michel_et_Gudule_-_Bruxelles%2C_Belgium_-_October_31%2C_2010_-_panoramio.jpg/75px-Cathedrale_des_Saints_Michel_et_Gudule_-_Bruxelles%2C_Belgium_-_October_31%2C_2010_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cathedrale_des_Saints_Michel_et_Gudule_-_Bruxelles%2C_Belgium_-_October_31%2C_2010_-_panoramio.jpg/113px-Cathedrale_des_Saints_Michel_et_Gudule_-_Bruxelles%2C_Belgium_-_October_31%2C_2010_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cathedrale_des_Saints_Michel_et_Gudule_-_Bruxelles%2C_Belgium_-_October_31%2C_2010_-_panoramio.jpg/150px-Cathedrale_des_Saints_Michel_et_Gudule_-_Bruxelles%2C_Belgium_-_October_31%2C_2010_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="3550" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula" title="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula">St. Michael and St. Gudula</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_(DSCF1135).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg/106px-The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg/159px-The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg/212px-The_Atomium_during_civil_twilight_%28DSCF1135%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2246" data-file-height="2831" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium">Atomium</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart-2.jpg/135px-Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart-2.jpg/203px-Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart-2.jpg/270px-Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3558" data-file-height="2445" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Koekelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Koekelberg">Basilica of Koekelberg</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_the_Royal_Palace,_Brussels_20180629.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Exterior_of_the_Royal_Palace%2C_Brussels_20180629.jpg/139px-Exterior_of_the_Royal_Palace%2C_Brussels_20180629.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Exterior_of_the_Royal_Palace%2C_Brussels_20180629.jpg/209px-Exterior_of_the_Royal_Palace%2C_Brussels_20180629.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Exterior_of_the_Royal_Palace%2C_Brussels_20180629.jpg/278px-Exterior_of_the_Royal_Palace%2C_Brussels_20180629.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Brussels" title="Royal Palace of Brussels">Royal Palace</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcade_du_Cinquantenaire_(DSCF7405).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Arcade_du_Cinquantenaire_%28DSCF7405%29.jpg/278px-Arcade_du_Cinquantenaire_%28DSCF7405%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Arcade_du_Cinquantenaire_%28DSCF7405%29.jpg/417px-Arcade_du_Cinquantenaire_%28DSCF7405%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Arcade_du_Cinquantenaire_%28DSCF7405%29.jpg/556px-Arcade_du_Cinquantenaire_%28DSCF7405%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4884" data-file-height="1736" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire" title="Cinquantenaire">Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brussels"><img alt="Flag of Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Flag of the Brussels-Capital Region">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Be_Brussels_logo_(full).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Brussels"><img alt="Official logo of Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Be_Brussels_logo_%28full%29.svg/100px-Be_Brussels_logo_%28full%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Be_Brussels_logo_%28full%29.svg/150px-Be_Brussels_logo_%28full%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Be_Brussels_logo_%28full%29.svg/200px-Be_Brussels_logo_%28full%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="230" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Brandmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandmark">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Capital of Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemey2007-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Capital-2">[2]</a> Comic City<a href="#cite_note-Comic-3">[3]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brussels is located in Belgium"><img alt="Brussels is located in Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="988" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.667%;left:45.798%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Brussels</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Belgium</div>Show map of Belgium</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brussels is located in Europe"><img alt="Brussels is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.832%;left:28.208%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Brussels</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brussels&params=50_50_48_N_04_21_09_E_region:BE-BR_type:adm1st">50°50′48″N 04°21′09″E / 50.84667°N 4.35250°E / 50.84667; 4.35250</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Community</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a> <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 580</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Brussels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Brussels (page does not exist)">County of Brussels</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 870</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City Charter of Brussels</th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 1229</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18 June 1989</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region">Municipalities</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Auderghem_/_Oudergem" class="mw-redirect" title="Auderghem / Oudergem">Auderghem / Oudergem</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Berchem-Sainte-Agathe_/_Sint-Agatha-Berchem" class="mw-redirect" title="Berchem-Sainte-Agathe / Sint-Agatha-Berchem">Berchem-Sainte-Agathe / Sint-Agatha-Berchem</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Bruxelles-Ville / Brussel-Stad</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Etterbeek" title="Etterbeek">Etterbeek</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Evere" title="Evere">Evere</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Forest_/_Vorst" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest / Vorst">Forest / Vorst</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ganshoren" title="Ganshoren">Ganshoren</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ixelles_/_Elsene" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixelles / Elsene">Ixelles / Elsene</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jette" title="Jette">Jette</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Koekelberg" title="Koekelberg">Koekelberg</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean_/_Sint-Jans-Molenbeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean / Sint-Jans-Molenbeek">Molenbeek-Saint-Jean / Sint-Jans-Molenbeek</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles_/_Sint-Gillis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Gilles / Sint-Gillis">Saint-Gilles / Sint-Gillis</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode_/_Sint-Joost-ten-Node" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode / Sint-Joost-ten-Node">Saint-Josse-ten-Noode / Sint-Joost-ten-Node</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek_/_Schaarbeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaerbeek / Schaarbeek">Schaerbeek / Schaarbeek</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Uccle_/_Ukkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Uccle / Ukkel">Uccle / Ukkel</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Watermael-Boitsfort_/_Watermaal-Bosvoorde" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermael-Boitsfort / Watermaal-Bosvoorde">Watermael-Boitsfort / Watermaal-Bosvoorde</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Lambert_/_Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert / Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe">Woluwe-Saint-Lambert / Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Pierre_/_Sint-Pieters-Woluwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Woluwe-Saint-Pierre / Sint-Pieters-Woluwe">Woluwe-Saint-Pierre / Sint-Pieters-Woluwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Brussels-Capital Region">Government of the Brussels-Capital Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties (2019–present)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parti_Socialiste_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Socialiste (Belgium)">PS</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9FI" title="DéFI">DéFI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecolo" title="Ecolo">Ecolo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Open_Vld" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Vld">Open Vld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vooruit_(political_party)" title="Vooruit (political party)">Vooruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groen_(political_party)" title="Groen (political party)">Groen</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region">Minister-President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Vervoort" title="Rudi Vervoort">Rudi Vervoort</a> (PS)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region">Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Speaker</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rachid_Madrane" title="Rachid Madrane">Rachid Madrane</a> (PS)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Region/City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">162.42 km2 (62.71 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 m (43 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (1 January 2024)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Region/City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,249,597</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">7,700/km2 (20,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Brusselian</li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">fr</a> Bruxellois(e)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">nl</a> Brusselaar/Brusselse</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data">25.7% <a href="/wiki/Belgian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian people">Belgian</a> 74.3% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium" title="Demographics of Belgium">others</a> • 41.8% non-European<a href="#cite_note-micheletribalat.fr-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Region/City</th><td class="infobox-data">€96.513 billion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">€200.457 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">42 postal codes</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">02</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><code>BE-BRU</code></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GeoTLD" class="mw-redirect" title="GeoTLD">GeoTLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.brussels" title=".brussels">.brussels</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="HDI">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.953<a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-11">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>very high · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Belgian provinces by Human Development Index">1st of 11</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://be.brussels/brussels?set_language=en">be.brussels</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Brussels (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Bruxelles, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bʁysɛl]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/67\/Fr-Bruxelles.ogg\/Fr-Bruxelles.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Bruxelles.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Fr-Bruxelles.ogg/Fr-Bruxelles.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Bruxelles.ogg" title="File:Fr-Bruxelles.ogg">ⓘ</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bʁyksɛl]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8b\/Fr-Bruxelles.oga\/Fr-Bruxelles.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Bruxelles.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Fr-Bruxelles.oga/Fr-Bruxelles.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Bruxelles.oga" title="File:Fr-Bruxelles.oga">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Brussel <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈbrʏsəl]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/Nl-Brussel.ogg\/Nl-Brussel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Brussel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Nl-Brussel.ogg/Nl-Brussel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Brussel.ogg" title="File:Nl-Brussel.ogg">ⓘ</a>), officially the Brussels-Capital Region<a href="#cite_note-Belgian_Constitution-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIRB-creation-13">[13]</a> (French: Région de Bruxelles-Capitale;<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> Dutch: Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest),<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> comprising <a href="#Municipalities">19 municipalities</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a>, which is the capital of Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-article_194-16">[14]</a> The Brussels-Capital Region is located in the central portion of the country and is a part of both the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a><a href="#cite_note-décret-17">[15]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> but is separate from the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> (within which it forms an <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon Region">Walloon Region</a>, located less than 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) to the south.<a href="#cite_note-decreet-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Historically Dutch-speaking, Brussels saw a <a href="/wiki/Francisation_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisation of Brussels">language shift to French</a> from the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> Nowadays, the Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual in French and Dutch,<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> although French is the majority language and <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BruS13EN-24">[22]</a> Brussels is also increasingly becoming multilingual. English is spoken widely and many migrants and <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> speak other languages as well.<a href="#cite_note-BruS13EN-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-25">[23]</a> Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river <a href="/wiki/Senne_(river)" title="Senne (river)">Senne</a> to become an important city-region in Europe. Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, it has been a major centre for <a href="/wiki/International_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="International politics">international politics</a> and home to numerous international organisations, politicians, <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Belgium-26">[24]</a> Brussels is the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> capital of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, as it hosts a number of principal <a href="/wiki/EU_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="EU institutions">EU institutions</a>, including its <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">administrative-legislative</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">executive-political</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">legislative</a> branches (though the judicial branch is located in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>, and the European Parliament meets for a minority of the year in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemey2007-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-12010E/PRO/06-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[c]</a> Because of this, its name is sometimes used <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymically</a> to describe the EU and its institutions.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> The secretariat of the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NATO_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Headquarters">headquarters</a> of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> are also located in Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Brussels is the most densely populated region in Belgium, and although it has the highest <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-33">[30]</a> it has the lowest available income per household.<a href="#cite_note-statbel-34">[31]</a> The Brussels Region covers 162 km2 (63 sq mi) and has a population of over 1.2 million.<a href="#cite_note-:8-35">[32]</a> Its five times larger <a href="/wiki/Brussels_metropolitan_area" title="Brussels metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> comprises over 2.5 million people, which makes it the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_in_Belgium" title="Metropolitan areas in Belgium">largest in Belgium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BelMun2008-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-BelMetr-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-38">[35]</a> It is also part of a large <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> extending towards the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Diamond" title="Flemish Diamond">Flemish Diamond</a>, as well as the province of <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant">Walloon Brabant</a>, in total home to over 5 million people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_MeeterenBoussauwDerudderWitlox2016-39">[36]</a> As Belgium's economic capital and a top financial centre in Western Europe with <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Euronext Brussels">Euronext Brussels</a>, Brussels is classified as an Alpha <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> It is also a national and international hub for rail, road and air traffic,<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> and is sometimes considered, together with Belgium, as Europe's geographic, economic and cultural crossroads.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Brussels Metro</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system in Belgium. In addition, both its <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Belgium" title="List of railway stations in Belgium">railway stations</a> are the largest and busiest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Brussels is known for its cuisine and gastronomic offer (including its local <a href="/wiki/Belgian_waffle" title="Belgian waffle">waffle</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, its <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a> and its numerous types of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beers</a>),<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> as well as its historical and architectural landmarks; some of them are registered as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Principal attractions include its historic <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">Grand-Place/Grote Markt</a> (main square), <a href="/wiki/Manneken_Pis" title="Manneken Pis">Manneken Pis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium">Atomium</a>, and cultural institutions such as <a href="/wiki/La_Monnaie/De_Munt" class="mw-redirect" title="La Monnaie/De Munt">La Monnaie/De Munt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Art_and_History" title="Royal Museums of Art and History">Museums of Art and History</a>. Due to its long tradition of <a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgian comics</a>, Brussels is also hailed as a capital of the <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Comic-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-49">[46]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages_(B)" title="Names of European cities in different languages (B)">Names of European cities in different languages (B)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The most common theory of the origin of the name Brussels is that it derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a> Bruocsella, Broekzele or Broeksel, meaning 'marsh' (bruoc / broek) and 'home, settlement' (sella / zele / sel) or 'settlement in the marsh'.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-vgc-51">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vindicianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vindicianus">Saint Vindicianus</a>, the Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>, made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695,<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> when it was still a <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a>. The names of all the municipalities in the Brussels-Capital Region are also of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> origin, except for <a href="/wiki/Evere" title="Evere">Evere</a>, which is possibly <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frankish">Old Frankish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETribotDefawe20063-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, Bruxelles is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bʁysɛl]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/67\/Fr-Bruxelles.ogg\/Fr-Bruxelles.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Bruxelles.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/67/Fr-Bruxelles.ogg/Fr-Bruxelles.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Bruxelles.ogg" title="File:Fr-Bruxelles.ogg">ⓘ</a> (the x is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/s/</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and the final s is silent) and in Dutch, Brussel is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈbrʏsəl]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/Nl-Brussel.ogg\/Nl-Brussel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Brussel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Nl-Brussel.ogg/Nl-Brussel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Brussel.ogg" title="File:Nl-Brussel.ogg">ⓘ</a>. Inhabitants of Brussels are known in French as Bruxellois (pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bʁysɛlwa]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c1\/Fr-bruxellois.ogg\/Fr-bruxellois.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-bruxellois.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/Fr-bruxellois.ogg/Fr-bruxellois.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-bruxellois.ogg" title="File:Fr-bruxellois.ogg">ⓘ</a>) and in Dutch as Brusselaars (pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈbrʏsəlaːrs]</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian dialect</a> of Brussels (known as <a href="/wiki/Brusselian_dialect" title="Brusselian dialect">Brusselian</a>, and also sometimes referred to as Marols or Marollien),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller199425-54">[51]</a> they are called Brusseleers or Brusseleirs.<a href="#cite_note-evans-55">[52]</a> Originally, the written x noted the group <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ks/</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">Belgian French</a> pronunciation as well as in Dutch, the k eventually disappeared and z became s, as reflected in the current <a href="/wiki/Dutch_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch spelling">Dutch spelling</a>, whereas in the more conservative <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French form</a>, the spelling remained.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> The pronunciation <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ks/</a> in French only dates from the 18th century, but this modification did not affect the traditional Brussels usage. In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the pronunciations <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bʁyksɛl]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8b\/Fr-Bruxelles.oga\/Fr-Bruxelles.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Bruxelles.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8b/Fr-Bruxelles.oga/Fr-Bruxelles.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Bruxelles.oga" title="File:Fr-Bruxelles.oga">ⓘ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bʁyksɛlwa]</a> (for bruxellois) are often heard, but are rather rare in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-Lerond,_1980_pp._477-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brussels" title="Timeline of Brussels">Timeline of Brussels</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_de_France_fondateur_de_Bruxelles_976_MOD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Charles_de_France_fondateur_de_Bruxelles_976_MOD.jpg/170px-Charles_de_France_fondateur_de_Bruxelles_976_MOD.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Charles_de_France_fondateur_de_Bruxelles_976_MOD.jpg/255px-Charles_de_France_fondateur_de_Bruxelles_976_MOD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Charles_de_France_fondateur_de_Bruxelles_976_MOD.jpg/340px-Charles_de_France_fondateur_de_Bruxelles_976_MOD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Charles of Lorraine</a>, traditionally considered the founder of what would become Brussels, c. 979</figcaption></figure> The history of Brussels is closely linked to that of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. Traces of human settlement go back to the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, with vestiges and place-names related to the civilisation of <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standing_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stones">standing stones</a> (Plattesteen near the <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">Grand-Place/Grote Markt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomberg_metro_station" title="Tomberg metro station">Tomberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Lambert" title="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert">Woluwe-Saint-Lambert</a>, for example). During <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, the region was home to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> occupation, as attested by archaeological evidence discovered on the current site of <a href="/wiki/Tour_%26_Taxis" title="Tour & Taxis">Tour & Taxis</a>, north-west of the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_(Brussels)" title="Pentagon (Brussels)">Pentagon</a> (Brussels' city centre).<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> Following the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, it was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>. According to local legend, the origin of the settlement which was to become Brussels lies in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gaugericus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Gaugericus">Saint Gaugericus</a>' construction of a chapel on <a href="/wiki/Saint-G%C3%A9ry_Island" title="Saint-Géry Island">an island</a> in the river <a href="/wiki/Senne_(river)" title="Senne (river)">Senne</a> around 580.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState2004269-60">[57]</a> The official founding of Brussels is usually said to be around 979, when <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" title="Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Duke Charles of Lower Lorraine</a> transferred the <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gudula" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Gudula">Saint Gudula</a> from <a href="/wiki/Moorsel" title="Moorsel">Moorsel</a> (located in today's province of <a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a>) to Saint Gaugericus' chapel. When <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto II">Otto II</a> appointed the same Charles to become Duke of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lotharingia" title="Lower Lotharingia">Lower Lotharingia</a> in 977,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiché1983276-61">[58]</a> Charles ordered the construction of the city's first permanent fortification, doing so on that same island. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lambert_I_of_Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert I of Leuven">Lambert I of Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Leuven">Count of Leuven</a>, gained the County of Brussels around 1000 by marrying Charles' daughter. Because of its location on the banks of the Senne, on an <a href="/wiki/Brabant_Road" title="Brabant Road">important trade route</a> between the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flemish</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a>, Brussels became a commercial centre specialised in the textile trade. The town grew quite rapidly and extended towards the upper town (Treurenberg, <a href="/wiki/Coudenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Coudenberg">Coudenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sablon_(Brussels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sablon (Brussels)">Sablon/Zavel</a> areas), where there was a reduced risk of floods. As the town grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. In 1183, the Counts of Leuven became <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Brabant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Brabant">Dukes of Brabant</a>. Brabant, unlike the county of Flanders, was not fief of the king of France but was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In the early 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/First_walls_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="First walls of Brussels">first walls of Brussels</a> were built<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> and after this, the city grew significantly. Around this time, work began on what is now the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula" title="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula">Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula</a> (1225), replacing an older <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigode1938185–215-63">[60]</a> To let the city expand, <a href="/wiki/Second_walls_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Second walls of Brussels">a second set of walls</a> was erected between 1356 and 1383. Traces of these walls can still be seen; the <a href="/wiki/Small_Ring,_Brussels" title="Small Ring, Brussels">Small Ring</a>, a series of boulevards bounding the historical city centre, follows their former course. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early modern">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussel.1610.a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brussel.1610.a.jpg/220px-Brussel.1610.a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brussel.1610.a.jpg/330px-Brussel.1610.a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Brussel.1610.a.jpg/440px-Brussel.1610.a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>View of Brussels, c. 1610</figcaption></figure> In the 14th century, the marriage between heiress <a href="/wiki/Margaret_III_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret III of Flanders">Margaret III of Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Bold" title="Philip the Bold">Philip the Bold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>, produced a new Duke of Brabant of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Antoine,_Duke_of_Brabant" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine, Duke of Brabant">Antoine</a>, their son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPrevenier199930–31-64">[61]</a> In 1477, the Burgundian duke <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> perished in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy" title="Battle of Nancy">Battle of Nancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk1868542-65">[62]</a> Through the marriage of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy" title="Mary of Burgundy">Mary of Burgundy</a> (who was born in Brussels) to Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> fell under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1957228-66">[63]</a> Brabant was integrated into this composite state, and Brussels flourished as the Princely Capital of the prosperous <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a>. After the death of Mary in 1482, her son <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Handsome" title="Philip the Handsome">Philip the Handsome</a> succeeded as Duke of Burgundy and Brabant. Philip died in 1506, and he was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> who then also became <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> (crowned in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula" title="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula">Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula</a>) and even Holy Roman Emperor at the death of his grandfather Maximilian I in 1519. Charles was now the ruler of a <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Habsburg Empire</a> "on which the sun never sets" with Brussels serving as one of his main capitals.<a href="#cite_note-Capital-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> It was in the <a href="/wiki/Coudenberg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Coudenberg Palace">Coudenberg Palace</a> that Charles V was declared of age in 1515, and it was there in 1555 that he abdicated all of his possessions and passed the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a> to <a href="/wiki/King_Philip_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King Philip II of Spain">King Philip II of Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasseige19954-68">[65]</a> This palace, famous all over Europe, had greatly expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant, but it was destroyed by fire in 1731.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardaga1994222-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWasseige19956–7-70">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand-_Place_BXL1695_-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Grand-_Place_BXL1695_-01.jpg/220px-Grand-_Place_BXL1695_-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Grand-_Place_BXL1695_-01.jpg/330px-Grand-_Place_BXL1695_-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Grand-_Place_BXL1695_-01.jpg/440px-Grand-_Place_BXL1695_-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">Grand-Place</a> after <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Brussels_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Brussels (1695)">the 1695 bombardment</a> by the French army</figcaption></figure> In the 16th and 17th centuries, Brussels was a centre for the <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a> industry. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Brussels_tapestry" title="Brussels tapestry">Brussels tapestry</a> hung on the walls of castles throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> In 1695, during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis XIV of France">King Louis XIV of France</a> sent troops to <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Brussels_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Brussels (1695)">bombard Brussels with artillery</a>. Together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels. The Grand-Place was destroyed, along with 4,000 buildings—a third of all the buildings in the city. The reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_(Brussels)" title="Pentagon (Brussels)">the city centre</a>, effected during subsequent years, profoundly changed its appearance and left numerous traces still visible today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulotHennautDemanetMierop1992-73">[70]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> in 1708, Brussels again sustained a <a href="/wiki/Assault_on_Brussels_(1708)" title="Assault on Brussels (1708)">French attack</a>, which it repelled. Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> in 1713, Spanish sovereignty over the Southern Netherlands was transferred to the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg. This event started the era of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a>. Brussels <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brussels" title="Siege of Brussels">was captured</a> by France in 1746, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2009753-74">[71]</a> but was handed back to Austria three years later. It remained with Austria until 1795, when the Southern Netherlands were captured and annexed by France, and the city became the <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">chef-lieu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dyle_(department)" title="Dyle (department)">department of the Dyle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOudiette1804XIII-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuvergier1835300-76">[73]</a> The French rule ended in 1815, with the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">battlefield of Waterloo</a>, located south of today's Brussels-Capital Region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalloyHayt200686–90-77">[74]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, the Southern Netherlands joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>, under <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">King William I of Orange</a>. The former Dyle department became the province of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brabant#United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Province of Brabant">South Brabant</a>, with Brussels as its capital. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern">Late modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late modern">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l%E2%80%99H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l%E2%80%99H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG/220px-Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l%E2%80%99H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l%E2%80%99H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG/330px-Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l%E2%80%99H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l%E2%80%99H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG/440px-Wappers_-_Episodes_from_September_Days_1830_on_the_Place_de_l%E2%80%99H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville_in_Brussels.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Episode of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> of 1830, <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Wappers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaf Wappers">Gustaf Wappers</a>, 1834</figcaption></figure> In 1830, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian Revolution</a> began in Brussels, after a performance of <a href="/wiki/Daniel-Francois-Esprit_Auber" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel-Francois-Esprit Auber">Auber's</a> opera <a href="/wiki/La_Muette_de_Portici" class="mw-redirect" title="La Muette de Portici">La Muette de Portici</a> at the <a href="/wiki/La_Monnaie" title="La Monnaie">Royal Theatre of La Monnaie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlatin197953–54-78">[75]</a> The city became the capital and seat of government of the new nation. South Brabant was renamed simply <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brabant" title="Province of Brabant">Brabant</a>, with Brussels as its administrative centre. On 21 July 1831, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a>, ascended the throne,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne194830-79">[76]</a> undertaking the destruction of the city walls and the construction of many buildings. Following independence, Brussels underwent many more changes. It became a financial centre, thanks to the dozens of companies launched by the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_Belgique" title="Société Générale de Belgique">Société Générale de Belgique</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels%E2%80%93Charleroi_Canal" title="Brussels–Charleroi Canal">Brussels–Charleroi Canal</a> in 1832 brought prosperity to the city through commerce and manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharruadas2005-80">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_(1834%E2%80%931969)" title="Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)">Free University of Brussels</a> was established in 1834 and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_University,_Brussels" title="Saint-Louis University, Brussels">Saint-Louis University</a> in 1858. In 1835, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Belgium" title="History of rail transport in Belgium">first passenger railway</a> built outside England linked the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean">Molenbeek-Saint-Jean</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolmar201018–20-81">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruxelles,_Place_Royale,_-Brussels,_Belgium--LCCN2001697909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bruxelles%2C_Place_Royale%2C_-Brussels%2C_Belgium--LCCN2001697909.jpg/220px-Bruxelles%2C_Place_Royale%2C_-Brussels%2C_Belgium--LCCN2001697909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bruxelles%2C_Place_Royale%2C_-Brussels%2C_Belgium--LCCN2001697909.jpg/330px-Bruxelles%2C_Place_Royale%2C_-Brussels%2C_Belgium--LCCN2001697909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bruxelles%2C_Place_Royale%2C_-Brussels%2C_Belgium--LCCN2001697909.jpg/440px-Bruxelles%2C_Place_Royale%2C_-Brussels%2C_Belgium--LCCN2001697909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3481" data-file-height="2577" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Place_Royale,_Brussels" title="Place Royale, Brussels">Place Royale/Koningsplein</a> in the late 19th century</figcaption></figure> During the 19th century, the population of Brussels grew considerably; from about 80,000 to more than 625,000 people for the city and its surroundings. The Senne had become a serious <a href="/wiki/Health_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Health hazard">health hazard</a>, and from 1867 to 1871, under the tenure of the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_City_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of the City of Brussels">city's then-mayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Anspach" title="Jules Anspach">Jules Anspach</a>, its entire course through the urban area was <a href="/wiki/Covering_of_the_Senne" title="Covering of the Senne">completely covered over</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemey199065-82">[79]</a> This allowed <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> and the construction of modern buildings of <a href="/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris" title="Haussmann's renovation of Paris">Haussmann</a>-esque style along grand <a href="/wiki/Central_Boulevards_of_Brussels" title="Central Boulevards of Brussels">central boulevards</a>, characteristic of downtown Brussels today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEggericx19975-83">[80]</a> Buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Stock_Exchange" title="Brussels Stock Exchange">Brussels Stock Exchange</a> (1873), the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Justice,_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais de Justice, Brussels">Palace of Justice</a> (1883) and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_Royal_Church" title="Saint Mary's Royal Church">Saint Mary's Royal Church</a> (1885) date from this period. This development continued throughout the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Leopold_II" class="mw-redirect" title="King Leopold II">King Leopold II</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1897)" title="Brussels International Exposition (1897)">International Exposition of 1897</a> contributed to the promotion of the infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder-GudehusRasmussen1992-84">[81]</a> Among other things, the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Palace" title="Africa Palace">Palace of the Colonies</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa" title="Royal Museum for Central Africa">Royal Museum for Central Africa</a>, in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Tervuren" title="Tervuren">Tervuren</a>, was connected to the capital by the construction of an <a href="/wiki/Avenue_de_Tervueren" title="Avenue de Tervueren">11 km-long (6.8 mi) grand alley</a>. Brussels became one of the major European cities for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Brussels" title="Art Nouveau in Brussels">Art Nouveau</a> style in the 1890s and early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulotPirlot2005-85">[82]</a> The architects <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Victor Horta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hankar" title="Paul Hankar">Paul Hankar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_van_de_Velde" title="Henry van de Velde">Henry van de Velde</a>, among others, were known for their designs, many of which survive today.<a href="#cite_note-:6-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvay_conference_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/220px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/330px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/440px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2171" /></a><figcaption>The 1927 <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conference</a> in Brussels was the fifth world physics conference.</figcaption></figure> During the 20th century, the city hosted various fairs and conferences, including the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conference</a> on Physics and on Chemistry, and three <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">world's fairs</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1910)" title="Brussels International Exposition (1910)">Brussels International Exposition of 1910</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_of_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels International Exposition of 1935">Brussels International Exposition of 1935</a> and the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (<a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">Expo 58</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchroeder-GudehusRasmussen1992-84">[81]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Brussels was an <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">occupied</a> city, but German troops did not cause much damage. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it was again <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">occupied by German forces</a>, and spared major damage, before it was liberated by the British <a href="/wiki/Guards_Armoured_Division" title="Guards Armoured Division">Guards Armoured Division</a> on 3 September 1944. <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a>, in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Zaventem" title="Zaventem">Zaventem</a>, dates from the occupation. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scenes_of_jubilation_as_British_troops_liberate_Brussels,_4_September_1944._BU508.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Scenes_of_jubilation_as_British_troops_liberate_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU508.jpg/220px-Scenes_of_jubilation_as_British_troops_liberate_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU508.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Scenes_of_jubilation_as_British_troops_liberate_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU508.jpg/330px-Scenes_of_jubilation_as_British_troops_liberate_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU508.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Scenes_of_jubilation_as_British_troops_liberate_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU508.jpg/440px-Scenes_of_jubilation_as_British_troops_liberate_Brussels%2C_4_September_1944._BU508.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>British tanks <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">arrive in Brussels</a> on 4 September 1944, ending the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">German occupation</a></figcaption></figure> After World War II, Brussels underwent extensive modernisation. The construction of the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_connection" title="North–South connection">North–South connection</a>, linking the main railway stations in the city, was completed in 1952, while the first <a href="/wiki/Brussels_premetro" title="Brussels premetro">premetro</a> (underground tram) service was launched in 1969,<a href="#cite_note-1960s-87">[84]</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Metro</a> line was opened in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-1970s-88">[85]</a> Starting from the early 1960s, Brussels became the de facto capital of what would become the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), and many modern offices were built. Development was allowed to proceed with little regard to the aesthetics of newer buildings, and numerous architectural landmarks were demolished to make way for newer buildings that often clashed with their surroundings, giving name to the process of <a href="/wiki/Brusselisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brusselisation">Brusselisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState200451–52-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubbsMakaš2011121-90">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary">edit</a>]</div> The Brussels-Capital Region was formed on 18 June 1989, after a constitutional reform in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> It is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Federal_regions_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal regions of Belgium">federal regions of Belgium</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>, and has bilingual status.<a href="#cite_note-Belgian_Constitution-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIRB-creation-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yellow_iris" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow iris">yellow iris</a> is the emblem of the region (referring to the presence of these flowers on the city's original site) and a stylised version is featured on its official flag.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> In recent years, Brussels has become an important venue for international events. In 2000, it was named <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> alongside eight other European cities.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> In 2013, the city was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Agreement_(2013)" title="Brussels Agreement (2013)">Brussels Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> In 2014, it hosted the <a href="/wiki/40th_G7_summit" title="40th G7 summit">40th G7 summit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[92]</a> and in 2017, 2018 and 2021 respectively the <a href="/wiki/2017_Brussels_summit" title="2017 Brussels summit">28th</a>, <a href="/wiki/2018_Brussels_summit" title="2018 Brussels summit">29th</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Brussels_summit" title="2021 Brussels summit">31st NATO Summits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-98">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings" title="2016 Brussels bombings">On 22 March 2016</a>, three coordinated <a href="/wiki/Nail_bomb" title="Nail bomb">nail bombings</a> were detonated by <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> in Brussels—two at <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zaventem" title="Zaventem">Zaventem</a> and one at <a href="/wiki/Maalbeek/Maelbeek_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Maalbeek/Maelbeek metro station">Maalbeek/Maelbeek metro station</a>—resulting in 32 victims and three <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombers">suicide bombers</a> killed, and 330 people were injured. It was the deadliest act of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-independent-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC35869985-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC35880119-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian220317-102">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_topography">Location and topography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Location and topography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Geography of Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-05-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brussels_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-30.jpg/220px-Brussels_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brussels_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-30.jpg/330px-Brussels_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brussels_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-30.jpg/440px-Brussels_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>A 2020 satellite image of the Greater Brussels area</figcaption></figure> Brussels lies in the north-central part of Belgium, about 110 km (68 mi) from the Belgian coast and about 180 km (110 mi) from Belgium's southern tip. It is located in the heartland of the Brabantian Plateau, about 45 km (28 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>), and 50 km (31 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>). Its average <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> is 57 m (187 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, varying from a low point in the valley of the almost completely covered <a href="/wiki/Senne_(river)" title="Senne (river)">Senne</a>, which cuts the Brussels-Capital Region from east to west, up to high points in the <a href="/wiki/Sonian_Forest" title="Sonian Forest">Sonian Forest</a>, on its southeastern side. In addition to the Senne, tributary streams such as the <a href="/wiki/Maalbeek" title="Maalbeek">Maalbeek</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Woluwe" title="Woluwe">Woluwe</a>, to the east of the region, account for significant elevation differences. <a href="/wiki/Central_Boulevards_of_Brussels" title="Central Boulevards of Brussels">Brussels' central boulevards</a> are 15 m (49 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Contrary to popular belief, the highest point (at 127.5 m (418 ft)) is not near the Place de l'Altitude Cent/Hoogte Honderdplein in <a href="/wiki/Forest,_Belgium" title="Forest, Belgium">Forest</a>, but at the Drève des Deux Montages/Tweebergendreef in the Sonian Forest.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Brussels experiences an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb) with warm summers and cool winters.<a href="#cite_note-Brussels,+Brussels+Capital,+Belgium&units=|title=Brussels,_Belgium_Climate_Classification_Köppen_(Weatherbase)-105">[102]</a> Proximity to coastal areas influences the area's climate by sending marine air masses from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. Nearby wetlands also ensure a maritime temperate climate. On average (based on measurements in the period 1981–2010), there are approximately 135 days of rain per year in the Brussels-Capital Region. Snowfall is infrequent, averaging 24 days per year. The city also often experiences violent thunderstorms in summer months. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Uccle (Brussels-Capital Region) 1991–2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8 (101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7 (103.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5 (97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 (94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.7 (103.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.2 (70.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0 (73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.7 (58.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7 (65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 (45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.9 (51.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4 (34.5) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.3 (45.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.1 (−6.0) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.3 (−0.9) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.6 (7.5) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.7 (21.7) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.8 (19.8) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8 (9.0) </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.7 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−21.1 (−6.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.5 (2.97) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1 (2.56) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.3 (2.33) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.7 (1.84) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.7 (2.35) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8 (2.79) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.9 (3.03) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.5 (3.41) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.3 (2.57) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.8 (2.67) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.2 (3.00) </td> <td style="background: #7CFF7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.4 (3.44) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">837.2 (32.96) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.9 </td> <td style="background: #1A1AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.9 </td> <td style="background: #3D3DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.7 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.1 </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.3 </td> <td style="background: #4E4EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.3 </td> <td style="background: #4B4BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.1 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.3 </td> <td style="background: #0F0FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19.4 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">189.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000F1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000C6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000B2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6C6C6C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.1 </td> <td style="background: #929292; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.9 </td> <td style="background: #B8B850; color:#000000;" class="notheme">125.8 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171.3 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.3 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">199.3 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">203.2 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.4 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">154.4 </td> <td style="background: #B2B274; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.6 </td> <td style="background: #7C7C7C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.8 </td> <td style="background: #585858; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.6 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD33; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,603.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Meteorological Institute">Royal Meteorological Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-eather1-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-monthlyrecords-107">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas;<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> 2019 July record high from <a href="/wiki/Vlaamse_Radio-_en_Televisieomroeporganisatie" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie">VRT Nieuws</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brussels_as_a_capital">Brussels as a capital</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Brussels as a capital">edit</a>]</div> Despite its name, the Brussels-Capital Region is not the capital of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. Article 194 of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Constitution">Belgian Constitution</a> establishes that the capital of Belgium is the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a>, the municipality in the region that is the city's core.<a href="#cite_note-article_194-16">[14]</a> The City of Brussels is the location of many national institutions. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Brussels" title="Royal Palace of Brussels">Royal Palace of Brussels</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a> exercises his prerogatives as head of state,<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> is situated alongside <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Park" title="Brussels Park">Brussels Park</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Laeken" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Palace of Laeken">Royal Palace of Laeken</a>, the official home of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgian royal family</a>).<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Palace of the Nation</a> is located on the opposite side of this park, and is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Parliament" title="Belgian Federal Parliament">Belgian Federal Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> The office of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister of Belgium</a>, colloquially called Law Street 16 (French: 16, rue de la Loi, Dutch: Wetstraat 16), is located adjacent to this building. It is also where the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Belgium)" title="Council of Ministers (Belgium)">Council of Ministers</a> holds its meetings. The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Belgium)" title="Court of Cassation (Belgium)">Court of Cassation</a>, Belgium's main court, has its seat in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_(Brussels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Justice (Brussels)">Palace of Justice</a>. Other important institutions in the City of Brussels are the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court of Belgium">Constitutional Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Belgium)" title="Council of State (Belgium)">Council of State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Audit_of_Belgium" title="Court of Audit of Belgium">Court of Audit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Belgian_Mint" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Belgian Mint">Royal Belgian Mint</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a>. The City of Brussels is also the capital of both the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a><a href="#cite_note-décret-17">[15]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-decreet-19">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Parliament" title="Flemish Parliament">Flemish Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Government" title="Flemish Government">Flemish Government</a> have their seats in Brussels,<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> and so do the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_French_Community" title="Parliament of the French Community">Parliament of the French Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_French_Community" title="Government of the French Community">Government of the French Community</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussel_Koninklijk_paleis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brussel_Koninklijk_paleis.jpg/510px-Brussel_Koninklijk_paleis.jpg" decoding="async" width="510" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brussel_Koninklijk_paleis.jpg/765px-Brussel_Koninklijk_paleis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Brussel_Koninklijk_paleis.jpg/1020px-Brussel_Koninklijk_paleis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2629" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Brussels" title="Royal Palace of Brussels">Royal Palace of Brussels</a>, the official palace of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">King and Queen of the Belgians</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipalities">Municipalities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Municipalities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region">List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region</a></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable">Arms </th> <th>French name </th> <th>Dutch name </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht"><img alt="Anderlecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Anderlecht.jpg/15px-Anderlecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Anderlecht.jpg/23px-Anderlecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Anderlecht.jpg/30px-Anderlecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="254" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a> </td> <td>Anderlecht </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Auderghem" title="Auderghem"><img alt="Auderghem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Auderghem.jpg/15px-Auderghem.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Auderghem.jpg/23px-Auderghem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Auderghem.jpg/30px-Auderghem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="252" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auderghem" title="Auderghem">Auderghem</a> </td> <td>Oudergem </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Berchem-Sainte-Agathe" title="Berchem-Sainte-Agathe"><img alt="Berchem-Sainte-Agathe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Blason_Berchem-Sainte-Agathe.svg/15px-Blason_Berchem-Sainte-Agathe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Blason_Berchem-Sainte-Agathe.svg/23px-Blason_Berchem-Sainte-Agathe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Blason_Berchem-Sainte-Agathe.svg/30px-Blason_Berchem-Sainte-Agathe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="283" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berchem-Sainte-Agathe" title="Berchem-Sainte-Agathe">Berchem-Sainte-Agathe</a> </td> <td>Sint-Agatha-Berchem </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels"><img alt="Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/15px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/23px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruxelles-Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruxelles-Ville">Bruxelles-Ville</a> </td> <td>Stad Brussel </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Etterbeek" title="Etterbeek"><img alt="Etterbeek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_Etterbeek.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Etterbeek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_Etterbeek.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Etterbeek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_Etterbeek.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Etterbeek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="496" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Etterbeek" title="Etterbeek">Etterbeek</a> </td> <td>Etterbeek </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Evere" title="Evere"><img alt="Evere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Evere-Blason-1828.png/15px-Evere-Blason-1828.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Evere-Blason-1828.png/23px-Evere-Blason-1828.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Evere-Blason-1828.png/30px-Evere-Blason-1828.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="752" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Evere" title="Evere">Evere</a> </td> <td>Evere </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Forest,_Belgium" title="Forest, Belgium"><img alt="Forest, Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Armoiries_Forest.png/15px-Armoiries_Forest.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Armoiries_Forest.png/23px-Armoiries_Forest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Armoiries_Forest.png/30px-Armoiries_Forest.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Forest,_Belgium" title="Forest, Belgium">Forest</a> </td> <td>Vorst </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ganshoren" title="Ganshoren"><img alt="Ganshoren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ganshorenwapen.gif/15px-Ganshorenwapen.gif" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ganshorenwapen.gif/23px-Ganshorenwapen.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ganshorenwapen.gif/30px-Ganshorenwapen.gif 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ganshoren" title="Ganshoren">Ganshoren</a> </td> <td>Ganshoren </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles"><img alt="Ixelles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Ixelles.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ixelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Ixelles.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ixelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Ixelles.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ixelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="496" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles">Ixelles</a> </td> <td>Elsene </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jette" title="Jette"><img alt="Jette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Armoiries_Jette.png/15px-Armoiries_Jette.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Armoiries_Jette.png/23px-Armoiries_Jette.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Armoiries_Jette.png/30px-Armoiries_Jette.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jette" title="Jette">Jette</a> </td> <td>Jette </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Koekelberg" title="Koekelberg"><img alt="Koekelberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Koekelberg_%28escutcheon%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Koekelberg_%28escutcheon%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Koekelberg_%28escutcheon%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Koekelberg_%28escutcheon%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Koekelberg_%28escutcheon%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Koekelberg_%28escutcheon%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="403" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koekelberg" title="Koekelberg">Koekelberg</a> </td> <td>Koekelberg </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean"><img alt="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Jean-de-Molenbeek.jpg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Jean-de-Molenbeek.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Jean-de-Molenbeek.jpg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Jean-de-Molenbeek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Jean-de-Molenbeek.jpg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Jean-de-Molenbeek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="236" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean">Molenbeek-Saint-Jean</a> </td> <td>Sint-Jans-Molenbeek </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles,_Belgium" title="Saint-Gilles, Belgium"><img alt="Saint-Gilles, Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Gilles.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Gilles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Gilles.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Gilles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Gilles.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saint-Gilles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles,_Belgium" title="Saint-Gilles, Belgium">Saint-Gilles</a> </td> <td>Sint-Gillis </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode"><img alt="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arm_Municipality_be_Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.svg/15px-Coat_of_arm_Municipality_be_Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arm_Municipality_be_Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.svg/23px-Coat_of_arm_Municipality_be_Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Coat_of_arm_Municipality_be_Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.svg/30px-Coat_of_arm_Municipality_be_Saint-Josse-ten-Noode.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode">Saint-Josse-ten-Noode</a> </td> <td>Sint-Joost-ten-Node </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek" title="Schaerbeek"><img alt="Schaerbeek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blason_Schaerbeek.svg/15px-Blason_Schaerbeek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blason_Schaerbeek.svg/23px-Blason_Schaerbeek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Blason_Schaerbeek.svg/30px-Blason_Schaerbeek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek" title="Schaerbeek">Schaerbeek</a> </td> <td>Schaarbeek </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Uccle" title="Uccle"><img alt="Uccle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Uccle_Blason.png/15px-Uccle_Blason.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Uccle_Blason.png/23px-Uccle_Blason.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Uccle_Blason.png/30px-Uccle_Blason.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1148" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uccle" title="Uccle">Uccle</a> </td> <td>Ukkel </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Watermael-Boitsfort" title="Watermael-Boitsfort"><img alt="Watermael-Boitsfort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Watermaalbosvoordewapen.gif/15px-Watermaalbosvoordewapen.gif" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Watermaalbosvoordewapen.gif/23px-Watermaalbosvoordewapen.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Watermaalbosvoordewapen.gif/30px-Watermaalbosvoordewapen.gif 2x" data-file-width="78" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Watermael-Boitsfort" title="Watermael-Boitsfort">Watermael-Boitsfort</a> </td> <td>Watermaal-Bosvoorde </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Lambert" title="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert"><img alt="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="403" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Lambert" title="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert">Woluwe-Saint-Lambert</a> </td> <td>Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Pierre" title="Woluwe-Saint-Pierre"><img alt="Woluwe-Saint-Pierre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Greater_Coat_of_arms_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg/15px-Greater_Coat_of_arms_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Greater_Coat_of_arms_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg/23px-Greater_Coat_of_arms_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Greater_Coat_of_arms_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg/30px-Greater_Coat_of_arms_Woluwe-Saint-Pierre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1096" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Pierre" title="Woluwe-Saint-Pierre">Woluwe-Saint-Pierre</a> </td> <td>Sint-Pieters-Woluwe </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="20"> </td> <td valign="top"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #e4e4e4, #f9f9f9);"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_Municipalities.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Brussels_Municipalities.tif/lossless-page1-484px-Brussels_Municipalities.tif.png" decoding="async" width="484" height="480" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Brussels_Municipalities.tif/lossless-page1-726px-Brussels_Municipalities.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Brussels_Municipalities.tif/lossless-page1-968px-Brussels_Municipalities.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="972" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> The 19 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Municipalities of Belgium">municipalities</a> (French: communes, Dutch: gemeenten) of the Brussels-Capital <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Region</a> are political subdivisions with individual responsibilities for the handling of local level duties, such as law enforcement and the upkeep of schools and roads within its borders.<a href="#cite_note-list-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-OECD-115">[112]</a> Municipal administration is also conducted by a mayor, a council, and an executive.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-115">[112]</a> In 1831, Belgium was divided into 2,739 municipalities, including the 19 currently located in the Brussels-Capital Region.<a href="#cite_note-roots-116">[113]</a> Unlike most of the municipalities in Belgium, the ones now located in the Brussels-Capital Region were not merged with others during mergers occurring in 1964, 1970, and 1975.<a href="#cite_note-roots-116">[113]</a> However, a few neighbouring municipalities have been merged into the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Laeken" title="Laeken">Laeken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Belgium" title="Haren, Belgium">Haren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neder-Over-Heembeek" title="Neder-Over-Heembeek">Neder-Over-Heembeek</a> in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-Brussels-117">[114]</a> These comprise the northern bulge in the municipality. To the south-east is a strip of land along the <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Louise/Louizalaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenue Louise/Louizalaan">Avenue Louise/Louizalaan</a> that, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_la_Cambre/Ter_Kamerenbos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos">Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos</a>, was annexed from <a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles">Ixelles</a> in 1864. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">Université libre de Bruxelles</a> (ULB)'s Solbosch campus is also part of the City of Brussels, partially accounting for the bulge in the south-eastern end. The largest municipality in area and population is the City of Brussels, covering 32.6 km2 (12.6 sq mi) and with 145,917 inhabitants; the least populous is <a href="/wiki/Koekelberg" title="Koekelberg">Koekelberg</a> with 18,541 inhabitants. The smallest in area is <a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode">Saint-Josse-ten-Noode</a>, which is only 1.1 km2 (0.4 sq mi), but still has the highest population density in the region, with 20,822/km2 (53,930/sq mi). <a href="/wiki/Watermael-Boitsfort" title="Watermael-Boitsfort">Watermael-Boitsfort</a> has the lowest population density in the region, with 1,928/km2 (4,990/sq mi). There is much controversy on the division of 19 municipalities for a highly urbanised region, which is considered as (half of) one city by most people. Some politicians mock the "19 baronies" and want to merge the municipalities under one city council and one mayor.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> That would lower the number of politicians needed to govern Brussels, and centralise the power over the city to make decisions easier, thus reduce the overall running costs. The current municipalities could be transformed into districts with limited responsibilities, similar to the current structure of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> or to structures of other capitals like the <a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">boroughs</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Paris" title="Arrondissements of Paris">arrondissements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, to keep politics close enough to the citizen.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> In the 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean">Molenbeek-Saint-Jean</a> gained international attention as the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_ISIL_terror_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels ISIL terror cell">base</a> for <a href="/wiki/Islamist_terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist terrorists">Islamist terrorists</a> who carried out attacks in both <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings" title="2016 Brussels bombings">Brussels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover"> <li class="gallerycaption">Municipalities of Brussels</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_hall_of_Anderlecht_(DSC_2233).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anderlecht"><img alt="Anderlecht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Town_hall_of_Anderlecht_%28DSC_2233%29.jpg/228px-Town_hall_of_Anderlecht_%28DSC_2233%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Town_hall_of_Anderlecht_%28DSC_2233%29.jpg/342px-Town_hall_of_Anderlecht_%28DSC_2233%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Town_hall_of_Anderlecht_%28DSC_2233%29.jpg/456px-Town_hall_of_Anderlecht_%28DSC_2233%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="3918" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 132px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Auderghem_CH2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auderghem (Oudergem)"><img alt="Auderghem (Oudergem)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Auderghem_CH2.jpg/315px-Auderghem_CH2.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Auderghem_CH2.jpg/473px-Auderghem_CH2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Auderghem_CH2.jpg/630px-Auderghem_CH2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1577" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 190px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Auderghem" title="Auderghem">Auderghem</a> (Oudergem)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SintAgathaBerchemMC7229.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Berchem-Sainte-Agathe (Sint-Agatha-Berchem)"><img alt="Berchem-Sainte-Agathe (Sint-Agatha-Berchem)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/SintAgathaBerchemMC7229.jpg/310px-SintAgathaBerchemMC7229.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/SintAgathaBerchemMC7229.jpg/465px-SintAgathaBerchemMC7229.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/SintAgathaBerchemMC7229.jpg/619px-SintAgathaBerchemMC7229.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2084" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 187px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Berchem-Sainte-Agathe" title="Berchem-Sainte-Agathe">Berchem-Sainte-Agathe</a> (Sint-Agatha-Berchem)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels,_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City of Brussels"><img alt="City of Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg/157px-Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg/236px-Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg/315px-Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2921" data-file-height="3899" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 85px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_hall_of_Etterbeek_(DSC_2183).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Etterbeek"><img alt="Etterbeek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Town_hall_of_Etterbeek_%28DSC_2183%29.jpg/298px-Town_hall_of_Etterbeek_%28DSC_2183%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Town_hall_of_Etterbeek_%28DSC_2183%29.jpg/447px-Town_hall_of_Etterbeek_%28DSC_2183%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Town_hall_of_Etterbeek_%28DSC_2183%29.jpg/596px-Town_hall_of_Etterbeek_%28DSC_2183%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5478" data-file-height="3864" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 179px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Etterbeek" title="Etterbeek">Etterbeek</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EvereTownHall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evere"><img alt="Evere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/EvereTownHall.jpg/280px-EvereTownHall.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/EvereTownHall.jpg/420px-EvereTownHall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/EvereTownHall.jpg/560px-EvereTownHall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 167px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Evere" title="Evere">Evere</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MaisonCommunaleForest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Forest (Vorst)"><img alt="Forest (Vorst)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MaisonCommunaleForest.jpg/291px-MaisonCommunaleForest.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MaisonCommunaleForest.jpg/437px-MaisonCommunaleForest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/MaisonCommunaleForest.jpg/583px-MaisonCommunaleForest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="1912" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 174px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Forest,_Belgium" title="Forest, Belgium">Forest</a> (Vorst)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganshoren_town_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ganshoren"><img alt="Ganshoren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ganshoren_town_hall.jpg/157px-Ganshoren_town_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ganshoren_town_hall.jpg/236px-Ganshoren_town_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ganshoren_town_hall.jpg/315px-Ganshoren_town_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 85px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ganshoren" title="Ganshoren">Ganshoren</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_Hall_Ixelles_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ixelles (Elsene)"><img alt="Ixelles (Elsene)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Town_Hall_Ixelles_1.jpg/315px-Town_Hall_Ixelles_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Town_Hall_Ixelles_1.jpg/473px-Town_Hall_Ixelles_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Town_Hall_Ixelles_1.jpg/630px-Town_Hall_Ixelles_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 190px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles">Ixelles</a> (Elsene)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jette_voormalig_gemeentehuis_27-04-2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jette"><img alt="Jette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jette_voormalig_gemeentehuis_27-04-2013.jpg/373px-Jette_voormalig_gemeentehuis_27-04-2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jette_voormalig_gemeentehuis_27-04-2013.jpg/560px-Jette_voormalig_gemeentehuis_27-04-2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Jette_voormalig_gemeentehuis_27-04-2013.jpg/747px-Jette_voormalig_gemeentehuis_27-04-2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1585" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 229px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jette" title="Jette">Jette</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_communale_Koekelberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Koekelberg"><img alt="Koekelberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maison_communale_Koekelberg.jpg/284px-Maison_communale_Koekelberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maison_communale_Koekelberg.jpg/426px-Maison_communale_Koekelberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Maison_communale_Koekelberg.jpg/568px-Maison_communale_Koekelberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4636" data-file-height="3432" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 170px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Koekelberg" title="Koekelberg">Koekelberg</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemeentehuis_St_Jans_Molenbeek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean (Sint-Jans-Molenbeek)"><img alt="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean (Sint-Jans-Molenbeek)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gemeentehuis_St_Jans_Molenbeek.jpg/294px-Gemeentehuis_St_Jans_Molenbeek.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gemeentehuis_St_Jans_Molenbeek.jpg/441px-Gemeentehuis_St_Jans_Molenbeek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Gemeentehuis_St_Jans_Molenbeek.jpg/588px-Gemeentehuis_St_Jans_Molenbeek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5105" data-file-height="3646" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 176px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean">Molenbeek-Saint-Jean</a> (Sint-Jans-Molenbeek)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:StGillesTownHall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint-Gilles (Sint-Gillis)"><img alt="Saint-Gilles (Sint-Gillis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/StGillesTownHall.jpg/280px-StGillesTownHall.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/StGillesTownHall.jpg/420px-StGillesTownHall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/StGillesTownHall.jpg/560px-StGillesTownHall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="660" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 167px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles,_Belgium" title="Saint-Gilles, Belgium">Saint-Gilles</a> (Sint-Gillis)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:3592sintJosseTownHall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode (Sint-Joost-ten-Node)"><img alt="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode (Sint-Joost-ten-Node)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/3592sintJosseTownHall.jpg/179px-3592sintJosseTownHall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/3592sintJosseTownHall.jpg/268px-3592sintJosseTownHall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/3592sintJosseTownHall.jpg/358px-3592sintJosseTownHall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2706" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 100px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode">Saint-Josse-ten-Noode</a> (Sint-Joost-ten-Node)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_communal_de_Schaerbeek_(2)_-_2264-0007-0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schaerbeek (Schaarbeek)"><img alt="Schaerbeek (Schaarbeek)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/H%C3%B4tel_communal_de_Schaerbeek_%282%29_-_2264-0007-0.jpg/207px-H%C3%B4tel_communal_de_Schaerbeek_%282%29_-_2264-0007-0.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/H%C3%B4tel_communal_de_Schaerbeek_%282%29_-_2264-0007-0.jpg/310px-H%C3%B4tel_communal_de_Schaerbeek_%282%29_-_2264-0007-0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/H%C3%B4tel_communal_de_Schaerbeek_%282%29_-_2264-0007-0.jpg/414px-H%C3%B4tel_communal_de_Schaerbeek_%282%29_-_2264-0007-0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2447" data-file-height="2483" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 118px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek" title="Schaerbeek">Schaerbeek</a> (Schaarbeek)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:3557uccleTownHall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uccle (Ukkel)"><img alt="Uccle (Ukkel)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/3557uccleTownHall.jpg/295px-3557uccleTownHall.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/3557uccleTownHall.jpg/442px-3557uccleTownHall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/3557uccleTownHall.jpg/589px-3557uccleTownHall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="2028" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 177px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Uccle" title="Uccle">Uccle</a> (Ukkel)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WatermaelBoitsfortTownHall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Watermael-Boitsfort (Watermaal-Bosvoorde)"><img alt="Watermael-Boitsfort (Watermaal-Bosvoorde)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/WatermaelBoitsfortTownHall.jpg/280px-WatermaelBoitsfortTownHall.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/WatermaelBoitsfortTownHall.jpg/420px-WatermaelBoitsfortTownHall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/WatermaelBoitsfortTownHall.jpg/560px-WatermaelBoitsfortTownHall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="660" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 167px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Watermael-Boitsfort" title="Watermael-Boitsfort">Watermael-Boitsfort</a> (Watermaal-Bosvoorde)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 243.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_hall_of_Woluwe-Saint-Lambert_during_golden_hour_(DSC_2171).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe)"><img alt="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Town_hall_of_Woluwe-Saint-Lambert_during_golden_hour_%28DSC_2171%29.jpg/365px-Town_hall_of_Woluwe-Saint-Lambert_during_golden_hour_%28DSC_2171%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Town_hall_of_Woluwe-Saint-Lambert_during_golden_hour_%28DSC_2171%29.jpg/547px-Town_hall_of_Woluwe-Saint-Lambert_during_golden_hour_%28DSC_2171%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Town_hall_of_Woluwe-Saint-Lambert_during_golden_hour_%28DSC_2171%29.jpg/729px-Town_hall_of_Woluwe-Saint-Lambert_during_golden_hour_%28DSC_2171%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5716" data-file-height="3295" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 224px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Lambert" title="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert">Woluwe-Saint-Lambert</a> (Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe)</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mais.Comm.W-S-P.01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Woluwe-Saint-Pierre (Sint-Pieters-Woluwe)"><img alt="Woluwe-Saint-Pierre (Sint-Pieters-Woluwe)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mais.Comm.W-S-P.01.JPG/312px-Mais.Comm.W-S-P.01.JPG" decoding="async" width="208" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mais.Comm.W-S-P.01.JPG/469px-Mais.Comm.W-S-P.01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mais.Comm.W-S-P.01.JPG/625px-Mais.Comm.W-S-P.01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="1691" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 188px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Pierre" title="Woluwe-Saint-Pierre">Woluwe-Saint-Pierre</a> (Sint-Pieters-Woluwe)</div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brussels-Capital_Region">Brussels-Capital Region</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brussels-Capital Region">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Regions_of_Belgium.svg/220px-Regions_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Regions_of_Belgium.svg/330px-Regions_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Regions_of_Belgium.svg/440px-Regions_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Regions of Belgium:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">   <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Brussels-Capital Region</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon Region">Walloon Region</a></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_status">Political status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Political status">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Belgium#Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Belgium">Partition of Belgium § Brussels</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium § Brussels</a></div> The Brussels-Capital Region is one of the three federated regions of Belgium, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Walloon Region">Walloon Region</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a>. Geographically and linguistically, it is a bilingual <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> in the monolingual Flemish Region. Regions are one component of Belgium's institutions; the three communities being the other component. Brussels' inhabitants deal with either the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a> for matters such as culture and education, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Common_Community_Commission" title="Common Community Commission">Common Community</a> for competencies which do not belong exclusively to either Community, such as healthcare and social <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a>. Since the split of <a href="/wiki/Brabant_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabant (province)">Brabant</a> in 1995, the Brussels Region does not belong to any of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">provinces of Belgium</a>, nor is it subdivided into provinces itself. Within the Region, 99% of the areas of provincial jurisdiction are assumed by the Brussels regional institutions and community commissions. Remaining is only the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Brussels-Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Brussels-Capital">governor of Brussels-Capital</a> and some aides, analogously to provinces. Its status is roughly akin to that of a <a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">federal district</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutions">Institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Institutions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Brussels-Capital Region">Government of the Brussels-Capital Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region">Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_Parliament_building_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Brussels_Parliament_building_%282%29.jpg/220px-Brussels_Parliament_building_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Brussels_Parliament_building_%282%29.jpg/330px-Brussels_Parliament_building_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Brussels_Parliament_building_%282%29.jpg/440px-Brussels_Parliament_building_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Parliament_building" title="Brussels Parliament building">Brussels Parliament building</a>, housing the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Regional_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Regional Parliament">Brussels Regional Parliament</a></figcaption></figure> The Brussels-Capital Region is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region">parliament</a> of 89 members (72 French-speaking, 17 Dutch-speaking—parties are organised on a linguistic basis) and an eight-member regional cabinet consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region">minister-president</a>, four ministers and three <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">state secretaries</a>. By law, the cabinet must comprise two French-speaking and two Dutch-speaking ministers, one Dutch-speaking secretary of state and two French-speaking secretaries of state. The minister-president does not count against the language quota, but in practice every minister-president has been a bilingual francophone. The regional parliament can enact <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Belgium)" title="Ordinance (Belgium)">ordinances</a> (French: ordonnances, Dutch: ordonnanties), which have equal status as a national legislative act. Nineteen of the 72 French-speaking members of the Brussels Parliament are also members of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_French_Community_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the French Community of Belgium">Parliament of the French Community of Belgium</a>, and, until 2004, this was also the case for six Dutch-speaking members, who were at the same time members of the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Parliament" title="Flemish Parliament">Flemish Parliament</a>. Now, people voting for a Flemish party have to vote separately for 6 directly elected members of the Flemish Parliament. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agglomeration_of_Brussels">Agglomeration of Brussels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agglomeration of Brussels">edit</a>]</div> Before the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, regional competences in the 19 municipalities were performed by the Brussels Agglomeration. The Brussels Agglomeration was an administrative division established in 1971. This decentralised administrative public body also assumed jurisdiction over areas which, elsewhere in Belgium, were exercised by municipalities or provinces.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> The Brussels Agglomeration had a separate legislative council, but the by-laws enacted by it did not have the status of a legislative act. The only election of the council took place on 21 November 1971. The working of the council was subject to many difficulties caused by the linguistic and socio-economic tensions between the two communities. After the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region, the Brussels Agglomeration was never formally abolished, although it no longer has a purpose. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_and_Flemish_communities">French and Flemish communities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: French and Flemish communities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_Community_Commission" title="French Community Commission">French Community Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community_Commission" title="Flemish Community Commission">Flemish Community Commission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communities_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Communities_of_Belgium.svg/220px-Communities_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Communities_of_Belgium.svg/330px-Communities_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Communities_of_Belgium.svg/440px-Communities_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Communities of Belgium:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a> / Dutch language area</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Flemish & French Community / bilingual language area</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a> / French language area</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">   <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="German-speaking Community">German-speaking Community</a> / German language area</div></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a> exercise their powers in Brussels through two community-specific public authorities: the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_Commission" title="French Community Commission">French Community Commission</a> (French: Commission communautaire française or COCOF) and the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community_Commission" title="Flemish Community Commission">Flemish Community Commission</a> (Dutch: Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie or VGC). These two bodies each have an assembly composed of the members of each linguistic group of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region">Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region</a>. They also have a board composed of the ministers and secretaries of state of each linguistic group in the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region. The French Community Commission also has another capacity: some legislative powers of the French Community have been devolved to the Walloon Region (for the French language area of Belgium) and to the French Community Commission (for the bilingual language area).<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> The Flemish Community, however, did the opposite; it merged the Flemish Region into the Flemish Community.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> This is related to different conceptions in the two communities, one focusing more on the Communities and the other more on the Regions, causing an asymmetrical <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>. Because of this devolution, the French Community Commission can enact <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decrees</a>, which are legislative acts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_Community_Commission">Common Community Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Common Community Commission">edit</a>]</div> A bi-communitarian public authority, the <a href="/wiki/Common_Community_Commission" title="Common Community Commission">Common Community Commission</a> (French: Commission communautaire commune, COCOM, Dutch: Gemeenschappelijke Gemeenschapscommissie, GGC) also exists. Its assembly is composed of the members of the regional parliament, and its board are the ministers—not the secretaries of state—of the region, with the minister-president not having the right to vote. This commission has two capacities: it is a decentralised administrative public body, responsible for implementing cultural policies of common interest. It can give subsidies and enact <a href="/wiki/By-law" title="By-law">by-laws</a>. In another capacity, it can also enact ordinances, which have equal status as a national legislative act, in the field of the welfare powers of the communities: in the Brussels-Capital Region, both the French Community and the Flemish Community can exercise powers in the field of welfare, but only in regard to institutions that are unilingual (for example, a private French-speaking retirement home or the Dutch-speaking hospital of the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a>). The Common Community Commission is responsible for policies aiming directly at private persons or at bilingual institutions (for example, the centres for social welfare of the 19 municipalities). Its ordinances have to be enacted with a majority in both linguistic groups. Failing such a majority, a new vote can be held, where a majority of at least one third in each linguistic group is sufficient. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brussels_and_the_European_Union">Brussels and the European Union</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Brussels and the European Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg/220px-Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg/330px-Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg/440px-Quartier_europ%C3%A9en_Bruxelles_2011-06_CROP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Brussels' <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union#European_Quarter" title="Brussels and the European Union">European Quarter</a>, hosting most of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU)'s institutions</figcaption></figure> Brussels serves as <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> capital of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), hosting the major political <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">institutions of the Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemey2007-1">[1]</a> The EU has not declared a capital formally, though the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a> formally gives Brussels the seat of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (the executive branch of government) and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> (a legislative institution made up from executives of member states).<a href="#cite_note-ENA_COMM_SEAT-129">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-EC_EiB-130">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] It locates the formal seat of <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, where votes take place, with the council, on the proposals made by the commission. However, meetings of political groups and committee groups are formally given to Brussels, along with a set number of plenary sessions. Three quarters of Parliament sessions now take place at its <a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold" title="Espace Léopold">Brussels hemicycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Between 2002 and 2004, the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> also fixed its seat in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Dragoman-132">[129]</a> In 2014, the Union hosted a <a href="/wiki/40th_G7_summit" title="40th G7 summit">G7 summit</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg/260px-Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg/390px-Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg/520px-Place_du_Luxembourg_889_Wide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Luxembourg" title="Place du Luxembourg">Place du Luxembourg/Luxemburgplein</a> with the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> Brussels, along with <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg (city)">Luxembourg</a> and Strasbourg, began to host European institutions in 1957, soon becoming the centre of activities, as the Commission and Council based their activities in what has become the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union#European_Quarter" title="Brussels and the European Union">European Quarter</a>, in the east of the city.<a href="#cite_note-ENA_COMM_SEAT-129">[126]</a> Early building in Brussels was sporadic and uncontrolled, with little planning. The current major buildings are the <a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont building</a> of the commission, symbolic of the quarter as a whole, the <a href="/wiki/Europa_building" title="Europa building">Europa building</a> of the Council and the <a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold" title="Espace Léopold">Espace Léopold</a> of the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-EC_EiB-130">[127]</a> Nowadays, the presence has increased considerably, with the Commission alone occupying 865,000 m2 (9,310,000 sq ft) within the European Quarter (a quarter of the total office space in Brussels).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemey2007-1">[1]</a> The concentration and density has caused concern that the presence of the institutions has created a <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a> effect in that part of the city.<a href="#cite_note-EUO_buildings-133">[130]</a> However, the European presence has contributed significantly to the importance of Brussels as an international centre.<a href="#cite_note-E!Sarp-134">[131]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:753px;max-width:753px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:#CCCCFF"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:279px;max-width:279px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/277px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="277" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/416px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg/554px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Schuman_-_Berlaymont_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5180" data-file-height="2894" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Berlaymont_building" title="Berlaymont building">Berlaymont building</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_building_February_2016_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europa_building_February_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/214px-Europa_building_February_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europa_building_February_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/321px-Europa_building_February_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europa_building_February_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/428px-Europa_building_February_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="510" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Europa_building" title="Europa building">Europa building</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg/250px-Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg/375px-Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg/500px-Building_of_the_European_Parliament_in_Brussels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1150" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold" title="Espace Léopold">Espace Léopold</a> buildings (<a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_institutions">International institutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: International institutions">edit</a>]</div> Brussels has, since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, become the administrative centre of many international organisations. The city is the political and administrative centre of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO). <a href="/wiki/NATO_headquarters" title="NATO headquarters">NATO's Brussels headquarters</a> houses <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomatic missions to NATO">29 embassies</a> and brings together over 4,500 staff from allied nations, their militaries, and civil service personnel. Many other international organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a>, as well as international corporations, have their main institutions in the city. In addition, the main international <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> confederations have their headquarters there: the <a href="/wiki/European_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="European Trade Union Confederation">European Trade Union Confederation</a> (ETUC), the <a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions" title="International Confederation of Free Trade Unions">International Confederation of Free Trade Unions</a> (ICFTU) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Confederation_of_Labour" title="World Confederation of Labour">World Confederation of Labour</a> (WCL). Brussels is third in the number of international conferences it hosts,<a href="#cite_note-ULB_Int-135">[132]</a> also becoming one of the largest convention centres in the world.<a href="#cite_note-diplomatie-136">[133]</a> The presence of the EU and the other international bodies has, for example, led to there being more ambassadors and journalists in Brussels than in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-E!Sarp-134">[131]</a> The city hosts 120 international institutions, 181 <a href="/wiki/Embassies" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassies">embassies</a> (intra muros) and more than 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomats</a>, making it the second centre of diplomatic relations in the world (after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>). <a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International schools</a> have also been established to serve this presence.<a href="#cite_note-diplomatie-136">[133]</a> The "international community" in Brussels numbers at least 70,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> In 2009, there were an estimated 286 <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> consultancies known to work in Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Finally, Brussels has more than 1,400 <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: North Atlantic Treaty Organization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NATO_headquarters" title="NATO headquarters">NATO headquarters</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_NATO_Summit_in_Brussels_(29510554308).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2018_NATO_Summit_in_Brussels_%2829510554308%29.jpg/220px-2018_NATO_Summit_in_Brussels_%2829510554308%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2018_NATO_Summit_in_Brussels_%2829510554308%29.jpg/330px-2018_NATO_Summit_in_Brussels_%2829510554308%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2018_NATO_Summit_in_Brussels_%2829510554308%29.jpg/440px-2018_NATO_Summit_in_Brussels_%2829510554308%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6979" data-file-height="4653" /></a><figcaption>Flags of <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO" title="Member states of NATO">NATO member states</a> wave at the entrance of <a href="/wiki/NATO_headquarters" title="NATO headquarters">NATO's headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Belgium" title="Haren, Belgium">Haren</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Treaty of Brussels</a>, which was signed on 17 March 1948 between Belgium, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, was a prelude to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">military alliance</a> which later became the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> Nowadays, the alliance consists of 32 independent member countries across <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and Europe. Several countries also have diplomatic missions to NATO <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_to_NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diplomatic missions to NATO">through embassies in Belgium</a>. Since 1949, a number of <a href="/wiki/NATO_summit" title="NATO summit">NATO Summits</a> have been held in Brussels,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> the most recent taking place in June 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:9-98">[95]</a> The organisation's political and administrative <a href="/wiki/NATO_headquarters" title="NATO headquarters">headquarters</a> are located on the Boulevard Léopold III/Leopold III-laan in <a href="/wiki/Haren,_Belgium" title="Haren, Belgium">Haren</a>, on the north-eastern perimeter of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> A new €750 million headquarters building begun in 2010 and was completed in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Eurocontrol">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></div> The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as Eurocontrol, is an <a href="/wiki/International_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisation">international organisation</a> which coordinates and plans <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> across European <a href="/wiki/Airspace" title="Airspace">airspace</a>. The corporation was founded in 1960 and has 41 member states.<a href="#cite_note-History_Book-145">[142]</a> Its headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brussels" title="Demographics of Brussels">Demographics of Brussels</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg/220px-EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg/330px-EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg/440px-EU_NUTS_2_population_density_2007.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> of Europe. Brussels is located between the largest urban centres.</figcaption></figure> Brussels is located in one of the most <a href="/wiki/Blue_Banana" title="Blue Banana">urbanised regions of Europe</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a> (Germany), and the <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a> (Netherlands). The Brussels-Capital Region has a population of around 1.2 million and has witnessed, in recent years, a remarkable increase in its population. In general, the population of Brussels is younger than the national average, and the gap between rich and poor is wider.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> Brussels is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond the region's limits. Sometimes referred to as the urban area of Brussels (French: aire urbaine de Bruxelles, Dutch: stedelijk gebied van Brussel) or Greater Brussels (French: Grand-Bruxelles, Dutch: Groot-Brussel), this area extends over a large part of the two Brabant provinces, including much of the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Halle-Vilvoorde" title="Arrondissement of Halle-Vilvoorde">arrondissement of Halle-Vilvoorde</a> and some small parts of the <a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Leuven" title="Arrondissement of Leuven">arrondissement of Leuven</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant">Flemish Brabant</a>, as well as the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant">Walloon Brabant</a>. The metropolitan area of Brussels is divided into three levels. Firstly, the central agglomeration (within the regional borders), with a population of 1,218,255 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-:8-35">[32]</a> Adding the closest suburbs (French: banlieues, Dutch: buitenwijken) gives a total population of 1,831,496. Including the outer <a href="/wiki/Commuter" class="mw-redirect" title="Commuter">commuter</a> zone (<a href="/wiki/Brussels_Regional_Express_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Regional Express Network">Brussels Regional Express Network</a> (RER/GEN) area), the population is 2,676,701.<a href="#cite_note-BelMetr-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-38">[35]</a> Brussels is also part of a wider <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Diamond" title="Flemish Diamond">diamond-shaped</a> <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, which has about 4.4 million inhabitants (a little more than 40% of the Belgium's total population).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_MeeterenBoussauwDerudderWitlox2016-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meijers-2007-147">[144]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </th> <th>01-07-2004<a href="#cite_note-statbe12-148">[145]</a> </th> <th>01-07-2005<a href="#cite_note-statbe12-148">[145]</a> </th> <th>01-07-2006<a href="#cite_note-statbe12-148">[145]</a> </th> <th>01-01-2008<a href="#cite_note-statbe12-148">[145]</a> </th> <th>01-01-2015<a href="#cite_note-statbe12-148">[145]</a> </th> <th>01-01-2019<a href="#cite_note-statbe12-148">[145]</a> </th> <th>01-01-2020<a href="#cite_note-statbe12-148">[145]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Brussels-Capital Region<a href="#cite_note-statbe12-148">[145]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.004.239 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.012.258 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.024.492 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.048.491 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.181.272 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.208.542 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.218.255 </td></tr> <tr> <td>-- of which legal immigrants<a href="#cite_note-statbe12-148">[145]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </td> <td style="text-align:right;">262.943 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">268.009 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">277.682 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">295.043 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">385.381 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">450.000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalities">Nationalities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Nationalities">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Largest groups of foreign residents (2022)<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> France</td> <td>68,418 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Romania</td> <td>45,243 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italy</td> <td>35,154 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Morocco</td> <td>33,955 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> Spain</td> <td>30,609 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> Poland</td> <td>20,060 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Portugal</td> <td>18,968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Bulgaria</td> <td>13,104 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Germany</td> <td>10,927 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Greece</td> <td>9,675 </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Other countries/territories</div></th> </tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Syria</td> <td>9,555 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Turkey</td> <td>8,494 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Netherlands</td> <td>8,287 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> Democratic Republic of the Congo</td> <td>7,836 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> India</td> <td>7,273 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom</td> <td>5,322 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Guinea</td> <td>5,231 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> Brazil</td> <td>4,834 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Cameroon</td> <td>4,473 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Algeria</td> <td>2,996 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> There have been numerous migrations towards Brussels since the end of the 18th century, when the city acted as a common destination for <a href="/wiki/Political_refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Political refugees">political refugees</a> from neighbouring or more distant countries, particularly France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumont1996307–8,_312,_319-150">[147]</a> From 1871, many of the <a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">Paris Communards</a> fled to Brussels, where they received political asylum. Other notable international exiles living in Brussels at the time included <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Boulanger">Georges Boulanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Léon Daudet</a>, to name a few.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumont1996307–8,_312,_319-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> Attracted by the industrial opportunities, many workers moved in, first from the other <a href="/wiki/Belgian_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian provinces">Belgian provinces</a> (mainly rural residents from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuron201680–82-152">[149]</a> and France, then from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern European</a>, and more recently from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> countries. Nowadays, Brussels is home to a large number of immigrants and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigré</a> communities, as well as labour migrants, former foreign students or <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a>, and many Belgian families in Brussels can claim at least one foreign grandparent. At the last Belgian census in 1991, 63.7% of inhabitants in Brussels-Capital Region answered that they were Belgian citizens, born as such in Belgium, indicating that more than a third of residents had not been born in the country.<a href="#cite_note-philippevanparijs-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-ibsa-154">[151]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Statbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Statbel">Statbel</a> (the Belgian Statistical Office), in 2020, taking into account the nationality of birth of the parents, 74.3% of the population of the Brussels-Capital Region was of foreign origin and 41.8% was of non-European origin (including 28.7% of African origin). Among those aged under 18, 88% were of foreign origin and 57% of non-European origin (including 42.4% of African origin).<a href="#cite_note-micheletribalat.fr-7">[7]</a> This large concentration of immigrants and their descendants includes many of <a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Belgium" title="Moroccans in Belgium">Moroccan</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Riffian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Riffian people">Riffian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> ancestry, together with French-speaking black Africans from former <a href="/wiki/Belgian_overseas_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian overseas colonies">Belgian colonies</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>. Many immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Naturalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalised">naturalised</a> following the great 1991 reform of the naturalisation process. In 2012, about 32% of city residents were of non-Belgian <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> origin (mainly expatriates from France, Romania, Italy, Spain, Poland, and Portugal) and 36% were of another background, mostly from Morocco, Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. Among all major migrant groups from outside the EU, a majority of the permanent residents have acquired Belgian nationality.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Francization of Brussels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Languages_spoken_at_home_in_the_Brussels_Capital_Region_(2013).PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Languages_spoken_at_home_in_the_Brussels_Capital_Region_%282013%29.PNG/220px-Languages_spoken_at_home_in_the_Brussels_Capital_Region_%282013%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Languages_spoken_at_home_in_the_Brussels_Capital_Region_%282013%29.PNG/330px-Languages_spoken_at_home_in_the_Brussels_Capital_Region_%282013%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Languages_spoken_at_home_in_the_Brussels_Capital_Region_%282013%29.PNG/440px-Languages_spoken_at_home_in_the_Brussels_Capital_Region_%282013%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Languages spoken at home in the Brussels-Capital Region (2013)<a href="#cite_note-brio2013-156">[153]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  French</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  French and Dutch</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Dutch</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  French and other language</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Neither French nor Dutch</div></figcaption></figure> Brussels was historically <a href="/wiki/Dutch-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-speaking">Dutch-speaking</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian dialect</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tokyo-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-jaumain-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-roegiest-159">[156]</a> but since the 19th century<a href="#cite_note-tokyo-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-marynissen-160">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_French" title="Belgian French">French</a> has become the predominant language of the city.<a href="#cite_note-rudi3-161">[158]</a> The main cause of this transition was the rapid <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of the local <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish population</a>,<a href="#cite_note-kramer-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-tokyo-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-baetens-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-ernst-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-roegiest-159">[156]</a> amplified by immigration from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tokyo-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-vermeersch-165">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">rise of French</a> in public life gradually began by the end of the 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-poirier-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-rousseaux-167">[164]</a> quickly accelerating after <a href="/wiki/Belgian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian independence">Belgian independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-degroof-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-gubin-169">[166]</a> Dutch — of which <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardisation</a> in Belgium was still very weak<a href="#cite_note-balans-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-busekist-171">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-gubin-169">[166]</a> — could not compete with French, which was the exclusive language of the judiciary, the administration, the army, education, cultural life and the media, and thus necessary for <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bitsch-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-tétart-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-jaumain-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-kok-174">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-marynissen-160">[157]</a> The value and prestige of the French language was universally acknowledged<a href="#cite_note-jaumain-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-bogaert-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-kramer-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-gubin-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-hasquin2-176">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-vrints-177">[174]</a> to such an extent that after 1880,<a href="#cite_note-veron-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-velthoven-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-balans-170">[167]</a> and more particularly after the turn of the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-gubin-169">[166]</a> proficiency in French among Dutch-speakers in Brussels increased spectacularly.<a href="#cite_note-blampain-180">[177]</a> Although a majority of the population remained bilingual until the second half of the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-blampain-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-kramer-162">[159]</a> family transmission of the historic Brabantian dialect<a href="#cite_note-witte-181">[178]</a> declined,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller1994-182">[179]</a> leading to an increase of monolingual French-speakers from 1910 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-bogaert-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-metsenaere-thuis-183">[180]</a> From the mid-20th century, the number of monolingual French-speakers surpassed the number of mostly bilingual Flemish inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-brio4-184">[181]</a> This process of assimilation weakened after the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-blampain-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-mares-185">[182]</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Language_border" title="Language border">language border</a> was fixed, the status of Dutch as an official language of Belgium was reinforced,<a href="#cite_note-depré-186">[183]</a> and the economic centre of gravity shifted northward to <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-balans-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-veron-178">[175]</a> However, with the continuing arrival of immigrants and the post-war emergence of Brussels as a <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">centre of international politics</a>, the relative position of Dutch continued to decline.<a href="#cite_note-brusselsstudies-187">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-marynissen-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-janssens-188">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-detant-189">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-blampain-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller1994-182">[179]</a> Furthermore, as Brussels' urban area expanded,<a href="#cite_note-meynen-190">[187]</a> a further number of Dutch-speaking municipalities in the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Periphery" title="Brussels Periphery">Brussels periphery</a> also became predominantly French-speaking.<a href="#cite_note-depré-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-klinkenberg-191">[188]</a> This phenomenon of expanding Francisation — dubbed "oil slick" by its opponents<a href="#cite_note-kramer-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-kesteloot-192">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-blampain-180">[177]</a> — is, together with the future of Brussels,<a href="#cite_note-frognier-193">[190]</a> one of the most controversial topics in <a href="/wiki/Belgian_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian politics">Belgian politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-veron-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-tétart-173">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_signs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brussels_signs.jpg/220px-Brussels_signs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brussels_signs.jpg/330px-Brussels_signs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Brussels_signs.jpg/440px-Brussels_signs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">Bilingual</a> French and Dutch street signs in Brussels</figcaption></figure> Nowadays, the Brussels-Capital Region is legally bilingual, with both French and Dutch having official status,<a href="#cite_note-constitution-194">[191]</a> as is the administration of the 19 municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-brusselsstudies-187">[184]</a> The creation of this bilingual, full-fledged region, with its own competencies and jurisdiction, had long been hampered by different visions of Belgian federalism. Nevertheless, some communitarian issues remain.<a href="#cite_note-jacobs-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-debruycker-196">[193]</a> Flemish political parties demanded, for decades, that the Flemish part of <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde" title="Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde">Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde</a> (BHV) arrondissement be separated from the Brussels Region (which made Halle-Vilvoorde a monolingual Flemish electoral and judicial district). BHV was divided mid-2012. The French-speaking population regards the language border as artificial<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> and demands the extension of the bilingual region to at least all six <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_with_language_facilities" title="Municipalities with language facilities">municipalities with language facilities</a> in the surroundings of Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-198">[d]</a> Flemish politicians have strongly rejected these proposals.<a href="#cite_note-question-199">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrondissement_Brussels-Periphery_Belgium_Map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Arrondissement_Brussels-Periphery_Belgium_Map.PNG/220px-Arrondissement_Brussels-Periphery_Belgium_Map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Arrondissement_Brussels-Periphery_Belgium_Map.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_with_language_facilities" title="Municipalities with language facilities">municipalities with language facilities</a> (in red) near Brussels</figcaption></figure> Owing to migration and to its international role, Brussels is home to a large number of native speakers of languages other than French or Dutch. Currently, about half of the population speaks a home language other than these two.<a href="#cite_note-standaard-202">[198]</a> In 2013, academic research showed that approximately 17% of families spoke none of the official languages in the home, while in a further 23% a foreign language was used alongside French. The share of unilingual French-speaking families had fallen to 38% and that of Dutch-speaking families to 5%, while the percentage of bilingual Dutch-French families reached 17%. At the same time, French remains widely spoken: in 2013, French was spoken "well to perfectly" by 88% of the population, while for Dutch this percentage was only 23% (down from 33% in 2000);<a href="#cite_note-brusselsstudies-187">[184]</a> the other most commonly known languages were English (30%), Arabic (18%), Spanish (9%), German (7%) and Italian and Turkish (5% each).<a href="#cite_note-brio2013-156">[153]</a> Despite the rise of English as a second language in Brussels, including as an unofficial compromise language between French and Dutch, as well as the working language for some of its international businesses and institutions, French remains the lingua franca and all public services are conducted exclusively in French or Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-brusselsstudies-187">[184]</a> The original dialect of Brussels (known as <a href="/wiki/Brusselian_dialect" title="Brusselian dialect">Brusselian</a>, and also sometimes referred to as Marols or Marollien),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller199425-54">[51]</a> a form of <a href="/wiki/Brabantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantic">Brabantic</a> (the variant of Dutch spoken in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a>) with a significant number of loanwords from French, still survives among a small minority of inhabitants called Brusseleers<a href="#cite_note-evans-55">[52]</a> (or Brusseleirs), many of them quite bi- and multilingual, or educated in French and not writing in Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-winkler-203">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller199425-54">[51]</a> The ethnic and national self-identification of Brussels' inhabitants is nonetheless sometimes quite distinct from the French and Dutch-speaking communities. For the French-speakers, it can vary from Francophone Belgian, Bruxellois<a href="#cite_note-Lerond,_1980_pp._477-57">[54]</a> (French <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for an inhabitant of Brussels), <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloon</a> (for people who migrated from the Walloon Region at an adult age); for Flemings living in Brussels, it is mainly either Dutch-speaking Belgian, Flemish or Brusselaar (Dutch demonym for an inhabitant), and often both. For the Brusseleers, many simply consider themselves as belonging to Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller199425-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Religion in Belgium</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Gray; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:95.105651629515px 30.901699437495px 0 0; border-top-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:84.432792550202px 53.5826794979px 0 0; border-top-color:dodgerblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:dodgerblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:72.896862742141px 68.454710592869px 0 0; border-top-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 137.63819204712px 100px 0; border-right-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religions in the Brussels-Capital Region (2016)<a href="#cite_note-2016religion-204">[200]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> (40%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (23%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religions (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Non-religious (30%)</div> </div> </div></div> Historically, Brussels has been predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, especially since the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> in the 16th century. This is clear from the large number of historical churches in the region, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a>. The pre-eminent Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> in Brussels is the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula" title="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula">Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula</a>, serving as the <a href="/wiki/Co-cathedral" title="Co-cathedral">co-cathedral</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Mechelen%E2%80%93Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Mechelen–Brussels">Archdiocese of Mechelen–Brussels</a>. On the north-western side of the region, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart,_Brussels" title="Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels">National Basilica of the Sacred Heart</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Minor_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Basilica">Minor Basilica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a>, as well as one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_church_buildings" title="List of largest church buildings">largest churches by area in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStéphany200663-205">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Laeken" title="Church of Our Lady of Laeken">Church of Our Lady of Laeken</a> holds the tombs of many members of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgian royal family</a>, including all the former <a href="/wiki/Belgian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian monarchs">Belgian monarchs</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Crypt_(Belgium)" title="Royal Crypt (Belgium)">Royal Crypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState2004218-206">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruxelles-Koekelberg,_kathedraal_foto4_2011-09-23_17.15.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bruxelles-Koekelberg%2C_kathedraal_foto4_2011-09-23_17.15.JPG/220px-Bruxelles-Koekelberg%2C_kathedraal_foto4_2011-09-23_17.15.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bruxelles-Koekelberg%2C_kathedraal_foto4_2011-09-23_17.15.JPG/330px-Bruxelles-Koekelberg%2C_kathedraal_foto4_2011-09-23_17.15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bruxelles-Koekelberg%2C_kathedraal_foto4_2011-09-23_17.15.JPG/440px-Bruxelles-Koekelberg%2C_kathedraal_foto4_2011-09-23_17.15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart,_Brussels" title="Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels">National Basilica of the Sacred Heart</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koekelberg" title="Koekelberg">Koekelberg</a></figcaption></figure> In reflection of its multicultural makeup, Brussels hosts a variety of religious communities, as well as large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">atheists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostics">agnostics</a>. Minority faiths include Islam, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and Buddhism. According to a 2016 survey, approximately 40% of residents of Brussels declared themselves Catholics (12% were practising Catholics and 28% were non-practising Catholics), 30% were <a href="/wiki/Non-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-religious">non-religious</a>, 23% were <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> (19% practising, 4% non-practising), 3% were Protestants and 4% were of another religion.<a href="#cite_note-2016religion-204">[200]</a> As guaranteed by Belgian law, recognised religions and non-religious philosophical organisations (French: organisations laïques, Dutch: vrijzinnige levensbeschouwelijke organisaties)<a href="#cite_note-berkley-208">[204]</a> enjoy public funding and school courses. It was once the case that every pupil in an official school from 6 to 18 years old had to choose two hours per week of compulsory religious—or non-religious-inspired morals—courses. However, in 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Constitutional Court">Belgian Constitutional Court</a> ruled religious studies could no longer be required in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary</a> educational systems.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg/220px-Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg/330px-Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg/440px-Great_Mosque_of_Brussels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3061" data-file-height="1725" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels" title="Great Mosque of Brussels">Great Mosque of Brussels</a>, former seat of the Islamic and Cultural Centre of Belgium</figcaption></figure> Brussels has a large concentration of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Muslims</a>, mostly of Moroccan, Turkish, Syrian and Guinean ancestry. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Brussels" title="Great Mosque of Brussels">Great Mosque of Brussels</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire" title="Cinquantenaire">Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark</a>, is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in Brussels and the former seat of the Islamic and Cultural Centre of Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Belgium does not collect statistics by ethnic background or religious beliefs, so exact figures are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrekens2007-211">[207]</a> It was estimated that, in 2005, people of Muslim background living in the Brussels Region numbered 256,220 and accounted for 25.5% of the city's population, a much higher concentration than those of the other regions of Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-BuG_100-212">[208]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Regions of Belgium<a href="#cite_note-BuG_100-212">[208]</a> (1 January 2016)</th> <th>Total population</th> <th>People of Muslim origin</th> <th>% of Muslims </th></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium</td> <td>11,371,928</td> <td>603,642</td> <td>5.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brussels-Capital Region</td> <td>1,180,531</td> <td>212,495</td> <td>18% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wallonia</td> <td>3,395,942</td> <td>149,421</td> <td>4.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flanders</td> <td>6,043,161</td> <td>241,726</td> <td>4.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> The architecture in Brussels is diverse, and spans from the clashing combination of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV</a> styles on the <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">Grand-Place</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">postmodern</a> buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">EU institutions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis.jpg/170px-Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis.jpg/255px-Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis.jpg/340px-Bruxelles_Manneken_Pis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2791" data-file-height="4216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manneken_Pis" title="Manneken Pis">Manneken Pis</a>, a well-known public sculpture</figcaption></figure> Very little <a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">medieval architecture</a> is preserved in Brussels. Buildings from that period are mostly found in the historical centre (called Îlot Sacré), <a href="/wiki/Saint-G%C3%A9ry_Island" title="Saint-Géry Island">Saint Géry/Sint-Goriks</a> and Sainte-Catherine/Sint Katelijne neighbourhoods. The <a href="/wiki/Brabantine_Gothic" title="Brabantine Gothic">Brabantine Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula" title="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula">Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula</a> remains a prominent feature in the skyline of downtown Brussels. Isolated portions of the <a href="/wiki/First_walls_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="First walls of Brussels">first city walls</a> were saved from destruction and can be seen to this day. One of the only remains of the <a href="/wiki/Second_walls_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Second walls of Brussels">second walls</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Halle_Gate" title="Halle Gate">Halle Gate</a>. The Grand-Place is the main attraction in the city centre and has been a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> since 1998.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> The square is dominated by the 15th century <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a> <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall" title="Brussels Town Hall">Town Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Gothic">neo-Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_City_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the City of Brussels">Breadhouse</a> and the Baroque <a href="/wiki/Guildhall" title="Guildhall">guildhalls</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Guilds_of_Brussels" title="Guilds of Brussels">Guilds of Brussels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manneken_Pis" title="Manneken Pis">Manneken Pis</a>, a fountain containing a small <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> sculpture of a urinating youth, is a tourist attraction and <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> of the city.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parterre_de_fleurs_Grand-place_de_Bruxelles_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Parterre_de_fleurs_Grand-place_de_Bruxelles_2016.jpg/610px-Parterre_de_fleurs_Grand-place_de_Bruxelles_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="610" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Parterre_de_fleurs_Grand-place_de_Bruxelles_2016.jpg/915px-Parterre_de_fleurs_Grand-place_de_Bruxelles_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Parterre_de_fleurs_Grand-place_de_Bruxelles_2016.jpg/1220px-Parterre_de_fleurs_Grand-place_de_Bruxelles_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="22325" data-file-height="6643" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">Grand-Place of Brussels</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> style of the 18th and 19th centuries is represented in the Royal Quarter/Coudenberg area, around <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Park" title="Brussels Park">Brussels Park</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Place_Royale,_Brussels" title="Place Royale, Brussels">Place Royale/Koningsplein</a>. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Brussels" title="Royal Palace of Brussels">Royal Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._James_on_Coudenberg" title="Church of St. James on Coudenberg">Church of St. James on Coudenberg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Nation" title="Palace of the Nation">Palace of the Nation</a> (Parliament building), the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Palace" title="Academy Palace">Academy Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Charles_of_Lorraine" title="Palace of Charles of Lorraine">Palace of Charles of Lorraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Count_of_Flanders" title="Palace of the Count of Flanders">Palace of the Count of Flanders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Egmont_Palace" title="Egmont Palace">Egmont Palace</a>. Other uniform neoclassical ensembles can be found around the <a href="/wiki/Place_des_Martyrs,_Brussels" title="Place des Martyrs, Brussels">Place des Martyrs/Martelaarsplein</a> and the Place de Barricades/Barricadenplein. Some additional landmarks in the centre are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saint-Hubert_Galleries" title="Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries">Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries</a> (1847), one of the oldest covered shopping arcades in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Column" title="Congress Column">Congress Column</a> (1859), the former <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Stock_Exchange" title="Brussels Stock Exchange">Brussels Stock Exchange</a> building (1873) and the <a href="/wiki/Law_Courts_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Courts of Brussels">Palace of Justice</a> (1883). The latter, designed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Poelaert" title="Joseph Poelaert">Joseph Poelaert</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture" title="Eclecticism in architecture">eclectic</a> style, is reputed to be the largest building constructed in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> Located outside the historical centre, in a greener environment bordering the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union#European_Quarter" title="Brussels and the European Union">European Quarter</a>, are the <a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire" title="Cinquantenaire">Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Arcade_du_Cinquantenaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade du Cinquantenaire">memorial arcade</a> and nearby museums, and in <a href="/wiki/Laeken" title="Laeken">Laeken</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Laeken" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Palace of Laeken">Royal Palace of Laeken</a> and the Royal Domain with its large <a href="/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laeken" title="Royal Greenhouses of Laeken">greenhouses</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Museums_of_the_Far_East" title="Museums of the Far East">Museums of the Far East</a>. Also particularly striking are the buildings in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Brussels" title="Art Nouveau in Brussels">Art Nouveau</a> style, most famously by the Belgian architects <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Victor Horta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hankar" title="Paul Hankar">Paul Hankar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Van_de_Velde" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Van de Velde">Henry Van de Velde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> Some of Brussels' municipalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek" title="Schaerbeek">Schaerbeek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etterbeek" title="Etterbeek">Etterbeek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles">Ixelles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles,_Belgium" title="Saint-Gilles, Belgium">Saint-Gilles</a>, were developed during the heyday of Art Nouveau and have many buildings in that style. The <a href="/wiki/Major_Town_Houses_of_the_Architect_Victor_Horta" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta">Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta</a>—<a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Tassel" title="Hôtel Tassel">Hôtel Tassel</a> (1893), <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_van_Eetvelde" title="Hôtel van Eetvelde">Hôtel van Eetvelde</a> (1898), <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Solvay" title="Hôtel Solvay">Hôtel Solvay</a> (1900) and the <a href="/wiki/Horta_Museum" title="Horta Museum">Horta Museum</a> (1901)—have been listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-:6-86">[83]</a> Another example of Brussels' Art Nouveau is the <a href="/wiki/Stoclet_Palace" title="Stoclet Palace">Stoclet Palace</a> (1911), by the Viennese architect <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hoffmann" title="Josef Hoffmann">Josef Hoffmann</a>, designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in June 2009.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Brussels" title="Art Nouveau in Brussels">Art Nouveau in Brussels</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Horta_Hotel_Tassel.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hôtel Tassel by Victor Horta (1893)"><img alt="Hôtel Tassel by Victor Horta (1893)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Victor_Horta_Hotel_Tassel.JPG/152px-Victor_Horta_Hotel_Tassel.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Victor_Horta_Hotel_Tassel.JPG/228px-Victor_Horta_Hotel_Tassel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Victor_Horta_Hotel_Tassel.JPG/304px-Victor_Horta_Hotel_Tassel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="2682" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Tassel" title="Hôtel Tassel">Hôtel Tassel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Victor Horta</a> (1893)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tassel_House_stairway-00.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stairway in the Hôtel Tassel"><img alt="Stairway in the Hôtel Tassel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tassel_House_stairway-00.JPG/240px-Tassel_House_stairway-00.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tassel_House_stairway-00.JPG/360px-Tassel_House_stairway-00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tassel_House_stairway-00.JPG/480px-Tassel_House_stairway-00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1440" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stairway in the Hôtel Tassel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Ciamberlani_(DSCF7523).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hôtel Albert Ciamberlani by Paul Hankar (1897)"><img alt="Hôtel Albert Ciamberlani by Paul Hankar (1897)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/H%C3%B4tel_Ciamberlani_%28DSCF7523%29.jpg/165px-H%C3%B4tel_Ciamberlani_%28DSCF7523%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/H%C3%B4tel_Ciamberlani_%28DSCF7523%29.jpg/248px-H%C3%B4tel_Ciamberlani_%28DSCF7523%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/H%C3%B4tel_Ciamberlani_%28DSCF7523%29.jpg/331px-H%C3%B4tel_Ciamberlani_%28DSCF7523%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="3836" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Albert_Ciamberlani" title="Hôtel Albert Ciamberlani">Hôtel Albert Ciamberlani</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hankar" title="Paul Hankar">Paul Hankar</a> (1897)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 89.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 87.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_England_facade,_Brussels_(DSCF7544).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Old England department store by Paul Saintenoy (1899)"><img alt="Former Old England department store by Paul Saintenoy (1899)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Old_England_facade%2C_Brussels_%28DSCF7544%29.jpg/131px-Old_England_facade%2C_Brussels_%28DSCF7544%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Old_England_facade%2C_Brussels_%28DSCF7544%29.jpg/197px-Old_England_facade%2C_Brussels_%28DSCF7544%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Old_England_facade%2C_Brussels_%28DSCF7544%29.jpg/262px-Old_England_facade%2C_Brussels_%28DSCF7544%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2449" data-file-height="4480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former <a href="/wiki/Old_England_(department_store)" title="Old England (department store)">Old England</a> department store by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Saintenoy" title="Paul Saintenoy">Paul Saintenoy</a> (1899)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_Saint-Cyr_(DSCF7558).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint-Cyr House by Gustave Strauven (1903)"><img alt="Saint-Cyr House by Gustave Strauven (1903)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Maison_Saint-Cyr_%28DSCF7558%29.jpg/149px-Maison_Saint-Cyr_%28DSCF7558%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Maison_Saint-Cyr_%28DSCF7558%29.jpg/223px-Maison_Saint-Cyr_%28DSCF7558%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Maison_Saint-Cyr_%28DSCF7558%29.jpg/298px-Maison_Saint-Cyr_%28DSCF7558%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2818" data-file-height="4542" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saint-Cyr_House" title="Saint-Cyr House">Saint-Cyr House</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Strauven" title="Gustave Strauven">Gustave Strauven</a> (1903)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 73.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 71.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_Cauchie-445.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cauchie House by Paul Cauchie (1905)"><img alt="Cauchie House by Paul Cauchie (1905)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Maison_Cauchie-445.jpg/107px-Maison_Cauchie-445.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Maison_Cauchie-445.jpg/160px-Maison_Cauchie-445.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Maison_Cauchie-445.jpg/213px-Maison_Cauchie-445.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cauchie_House" title="Cauchie House">Cauchie House</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Cauchie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Cauchie (page does not exist)">Paul Cauchie</a> (1905)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_Cauchie_sgraffitopaneel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sgraffito panel in the Cauchie House"><img alt="Sgraffito panel in the Cauchie House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maison_Cauchie_sgraffitopaneel.jpg/240px-Maison_Cauchie_sgraffitopaneel.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maison_Cauchie_sgraffitopaneel.jpg/360px-Maison_Cauchie_sgraffitopaneel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Maison_Cauchie_sgraffitopaneel.jpg/480px-Maison_Cauchie_sgraffitopaneel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2798" data-file-height="2798" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sgraffito" title="Sgraffito">Sgraffito</a> panel in the Cauchie House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:20120923_Brussels_PalaisStoclet_Hoffmann_DSC06725_PtrQs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stoclet Palace by Josef Hoffmann (1911)"><img alt="Stoclet Palace by Josef Hoffmann (1911)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/20120923_Brussels_PalaisStoclet_Hoffmann_DSC06725_PtrQs.jpg/427px-20120923_Brussels_PalaisStoclet_Hoffmann_DSC06725_PtrQs.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/20120923_Brussels_PalaisStoclet_Hoffmann_DSC06725_PtrQs.jpg/640px-20120923_Brussels_PalaisStoclet_Hoffmann_DSC06725_PtrQs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/20120923_Brussels_PalaisStoclet_Hoffmann_DSC06725_PtrQs.jpg/854px-20120923_Brussels_PalaisStoclet_Hoffmann_DSC06725_PtrQs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5276" data-file-height="2968" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stoclet_Palace" title="Stoclet Palace">Stoclet Palace</a> by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hoffmann" title="Josef Hoffmann">Josef Hoffmann</a> (1911)</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancien_Institut_national_de_Radiodiffusion_-_vue_d%27ensemble.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ancien_Institut_national_de_Radiodiffusion_-_vue_d%27ensemble.JPG/220px-Ancien_Institut_national_de_Radiodiffusion_-_vue_d%27ensemble.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ancien_Institut_national_de_Radiodiffusion_-_vue_d%27ensemble.JPG/330px-Ancien_Institut_national_de_Radiodiffusion_-_vue_d%27ensemble.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ancien_Institut_national_de_Radiodiffusion_-_vue_d%27ensemble.JPG/440px-Ancien_Institut_national_de_Radiodiffusion_-_vue_d%27ensemble.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flagey_Building" title="Flagey Building">Flagey Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles">Ixelles</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco_in_Brussels" title="Art Deco in Brussels">Art Deco</a> structures in Brussels include the Résidence Palace (1927) (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Europa_building" title="Europa building">Europa building</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Fine Arts">Centre for Fine Arts</a> (1928), the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Empain" title="Villa Empain">Villa Empain</a> (1934), the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Town_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Town Hall">Town Hall of Forest</a> (1938), and the <a href="/wiki/Flagey_Building" title="Flagey Building">Flagey Building</a> (formerly known as the Maison de la Radio) on the <a href="/wiki/Place_Eug%C3%A8ne_Flagey" title="Place Eugène Flagey">Place Eugène Flagey/Eugène Flageyplein</a> (1938) in Ixelles. Some religious buildings from the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Interwar era">interwar era</a> were also constructed in that style, such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._John_the_Baptist,_Molenbeek" title="Church of St. John the Baptist, Molenbeek">Church of St. John the Baptist</a> (1932) in Molenbeek and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Augustine,_Forest" title="Church of St. Augustine, Forest">Church of St. Augustine</a> (1935) in Forest. Completed only in 1969, and combining Art Deco with <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Byzantine">neo-Byzantine</a> elements, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart,_Brussels" title="Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels">Basilica of the Sacred Heart</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koekelberg" title="Koekelberg">Koekelberg</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_church_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest church buildings in the world">largest churches by area in the world</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Cupola" title="Cupola">cupola</a> provides a panoramic view of Brussels and its outskirts. Another example are the exhibition halls of the Centenary Palace, built for the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_International_Exposition_(1935)" title="Brussels International Exposition (1935)">1935 World's Fair</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Heysel_Plateau" title="Heysel Plateau">Heysel/Heizel Plateau</a> in northern Brussels, home to the Brussels Exhibition Centre (<a href="/wiki/Brussels_Expo" title="Brussels Expo">Brussels Expo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laeken_Atomium_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Laeken_Atomium_06.jpg/220px-Laeken_Atomium_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Laeken_Atomium_06.jpg/330px-Laeken_Atomium_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Laeken_Atomium_06.jpg/440px-Laeken_Atomium_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3350" data-file-height="3235" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium">Atomium</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Atomium" title="Atomium">Atomium</a> is a symbolic 103 m-tall (338 ft) <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist</a> structure, located on the Heysel Plateau, which was originally built for the 1958 World's Fair (<a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">Expo 58</a>). It consists of nine steel spheres connected by tubes, and forms a model of an <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> (specifically, a <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cell</a>), magnified 165 billion times. The architect <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Waterkeyn" title="André Waterkeyn">André Waterkeyn</a> devoted the building to science. It is now considered a <a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">landmark</a> of Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> Next to the Atomium, is <a href="/wiki/Mini-Europe" title="Mini-Europe">Mini-Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Miniature_park" title="Miniature park">miniature park</a>, with 1:25 scale <a href="/wiki/Maquette" title="Maquette">maquettes</a> of famous buildings from across Europe. Since the second half of the 20th century, modern office towers have been built in Brussels (<a href="/wiki/Madou_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Madou Tower">Madou Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogier_Tower" title="Rogier Tower">Rogier Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proximus_Towers" title="Proximus Towers">Proximus Towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finance_Tower" title="Finance Tower">Finance Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(Brussels)" title="World Trade Center (Brussels)">World Trade Center</a>, among others). There are some thirty towers, mostly concentrated in the city's <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">main business district</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Quarter_(Brussels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Quarter (Brussels)">Northern Quarter</a> (also called Little Manhattan), near <a href="/wiki/Brussels-North_railway_station" title="Brussels-North railway station">Brussels-North railway station</a>. The <a href="/wiki/South_Tower_(Brussels)" title="South Tower (Brussels)">South Tower</a>, standing adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Brussels-South_railway_station" title="Brussels-South railway station">Brussels-South railway station</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Belgium" title="List of tallest structures in Belgium">tallest building in Belgium</a>, at 148 m (486 ft). Along the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_connection" title="North–South connection">North–South connection</a>, is the State Administrative City, an administrative complex in the <a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a>. The postmodern buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Espace_L%C3%A9opold" title="Espace Léopold">Espace Léopold</a> complete the picture. The city's embrace of modern architecture translated into an ambivalent approach towards historic preservation, leading to the destruction of notable architectural landmarks, most famously the <a href="/wiki/Maison_du_Peuple,_Brussels" title="Maison du Peuple, Brussels">Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis</a> by Victor Horta, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Brusselisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brusselisation">Brusselisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState200451–52-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubbsMakaš2011121-90">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Culture of Belgium</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts_and_museums">Visual arts and museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Visual arts and museums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R03.jpg/220px-Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R03.jpg/330px-Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R03.jpg/440px-Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire" title="Cinquantenaire">Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire_Arcade" title="Cinquantenaire Arcade">memorial arcade</a> and museums</figcaption></figure> Brussels <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Brussels" title="List of museums in Brussels">contains over 80 museums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium">Royal Museums of Fine Arts</a> has an extensive collection of various painters, such as <a href="/wiki/Flemish_painting" title="Flemish painting">Flemish old masters</a> like <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Bruegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campin" title="Robert Campin">Robert Campin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Jordaens" title="Jacob Jordaens">Jacob Jordaens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Magritte_Museum" title="Magritte Museum">Magritte Museum</a> houses the world's largest collection of the works of the <a href="/wiki/Surrealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist">surrealist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a>. Museums dedicated to the national history of Belgium include the <a href="/wiki/BELvue_Museum" title="BELvue Museum">BELvue Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Art_and_History" title="Royal Museums of Art and History">Royal Museums of Art and History</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_the_Armed_Forces_and_Military_History" title="Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History">Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Museum,_Brussels" title="Musical Instrument Museum, Brussels">Musical Instruments Museum</a> (MIM), housed in the <a href="/wiki/Old_England_(department_store)" title="Old England (department store)">Old England</a> building, is part of the Royal Museums of Art and History, and is internationally renowned for its collection of over 8,000 instruments. The Brussels Museums Council is an independent body for all the museums in the Brussels-Capital Region, covering around 100 federal, private, municipal, and community museums.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> It promotes member museums through the Brussels Card (giving access to public transport and 30 of the 100 museums), the Brussels Museums Nocturnes (every Thursday from 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. from mid-September to mid-December) and the Museum Night Fever (an event for and by young people on a Saturday night in late February or early March).<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> Brussels has had a distinguished artist scene for many years. The famous Belgian surrealists <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">René Magritte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Delvaux" title="Paul Delvaux">Paul Delvaux</a>, for instance, studied and lived there, as did the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> dramatist <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Ghelderode" title="Michel de Ghelderode">Michel de Ghelderode</a>. The city was also home of the <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">impressionist</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Anna_Boch" title="Anna Boch">Anna Boch</a> from the artists' group <a href="/wiki/Les_XX" title="Les XX">Les XX</a>, and includes other famous Belgian painters such as <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Spilliaert" title="Léon Spilliaert">Léon Spilliaert</a>. Brussels is also a capital of the <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strip</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Comic-3">[3]</a> some treasured Belgian characters are <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">Tintin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luke" title="Lucky Luke">Lucky Luke</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Smurfs" title="The Smurfs">The Smurfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirou_et_Fantasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirou et Fantasio">Spirou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaston_(comics)" title="Gaston (comics)">Gaston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsupilami" title="Marsupilami">Marsupilami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blake_and_Mortimer" title="Blake and Mortimer">Blake and Mortimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boule_et_Bill" title="Boule et Bill">Boule et Bill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubitus" title="Cubitus">Cubitus</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgian comics</a>). Throughout the city, walls are painted with large motifs of comic book characters; these <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> taken together are known as <a href="/wiki/Brussels%27_Comic_Book_Route" title="Brussels' Comic Book Route">Brussels' Comic Book Route</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-49">[46]</a> Also, the interiors of some <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Metro stations</a> are designed by artists. The <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Comic_Strip_Center" title="Belgian Comic Strip Center">Belgian Comic Strip Center</a> combines two artistic leitmotifs of Brussels, being a museum devoted to Belgian comic strips, housed in the former Magasins Waucquez textile department store, designed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Victor Horta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Brussels" title="Art Nouveau in Brussels">Art Nouveau</a> style. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a> is changing the landscape of this multicultural city.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts_venues_and_festivals">Performing arts venues and festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Performing arts venues and festivals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Monnaie_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Monnaie_1.JPG/220px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Monnaie_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Monnaie_1.JPG/330px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Monnaie_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Monnaie_1.JPG/440px-Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Monnaie_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Monnaie" title="La Monnaie">Royal Theatre of La Monnaie</a></figcaption></figure> Brussels is well known for its <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> scene, with the <a href="/wiki/La_Monnaie" title="La Monnaie">Royal Theatre of La Monnaie</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Park_Theatre" title="Royal Park Theatre">Royal Park Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Royal_des_Galeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Théâtre Royal des Galeries">Théâtre Royal des Galeries</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaaitheater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaaitheater (page does not exist)">Kaaitheater</a> among the most notable institutions. The <a href="/wiki/Kunstenfestivaldesarts" title="Kunstenfestivaldesarts">Kunstenfestivaldesarts</a>, an international performing arts festival, is organised every year in May. Its main hub is the Kaaitheater, but performances and artworks are also hosted in around 30 venues throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/King_Baudouin_Stadium" title="King Baudouin Stadium">King Baudouin Stadium</a> is a concert and competition facility with a 50,000 seat capacity, the largest in Belgium. The site was formerly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Heysel_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Heysel Stadium">Heysel Stadium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Fine Arts">Centre for Fine Arts</a> (often referred to as BOZAR in French or PSK in Dutch), a multi-purpose centre for theatre, cinema, music, literature, and art exhibitions, is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Orchestra_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="National Orchestra of Belgium">National Orchestra of Belgium</a> and to the annual <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elisabeth_Competition" title="Queen Elisabeth Competition">Queen Elisabeth Competition</a> for <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> singers and instrumentalists, one of the most challenging and prestigious competitions of the kind. Studio 4 in <a href="/wiki/Le_Flagey" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Flagey">Le Flagey</a> cultural centre hosts the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Philharmonic" title="Brussels Philharmonic">Brussels Philharmonic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> Other concert venues include <a href="/wiki/Forest_National" title="Forest National">Forest National/Vorst Nationaal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancienne_Belgique" title="Ancienne Belgique">Ancienne Belgique</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cirque_Royal" title="Cirque Royal">Cirque Royal/Koninklijk Circus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Le_Botanique" title="Le Botanique">Botanique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palais_12" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais 12">Palais 12/Paleis 12</a>. Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Station" title="Jazz Station">Jazz Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode">Saint-Josse-ten-Noode</a> is a museum and archive on <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and a venue for jazz concerts.<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_cultural_events_and_festivals">Other cultural events and festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Other cultural events and festivals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_Summer_Festival_(4890801736).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brussels_Summer_Festival_%284890801736%29.jpg/220px-Brussels_Summer_Festival_%284890801736%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brussels_Summer_Festival_%284890801736%29.jpg/330px-Brussels_Summer_Festival_%284890801736%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Brussels_Summer_Festival_%284890801736%29.jpg/440px-Brussels_Summer_Festival_%284890801736%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Summer_Festival" class="extiw" title="fr:Brussels Summer Festival">Brussels Summer Festival</a> (BSF)</figcaption></figure> Many events are organised or hosted in Brussels throughout the year. In addition, many festivals animate the Brussels scene. The <a href="/wiki/Iris_Festival" title="Iris Festival">Iris Festival</a> is the official festival of the Brussels-Capital Region and is held annually in spring.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> The International Fantastic Film Festival of Brussels (BIFFF) is organised during the Easter holidays<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Magritte_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Magritte Award">Magritte Awards</a> in February. The <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival of Europe">Festival of Europe</a>, an open day and activities in and around the institutions of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, is held on 9 May. On <a href="/wiki/Belgian_National_Day" title="Belgian National Day">Belgian National Day</a>, on 21 July, a military parade and celebrations take place on the Place des Palais/Paleizenplein and in <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Park" title="Brussels Park">Brussels Park</a>, ending with a fireworks display in the evening. Some summer festivities include <a href="/wiki/Couleur_Caf%C3%A9_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Couleur Café Festival">Couleur Café Festival</a>, a festival of <a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban music">urban music</a>, around the end of June or early July, the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Summer_Festival" class="extiw" title="fr:Brussels Summer Festival">Brussels Summer Festival</a> (BSF), a music festival in August,<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Midi_Fair" title="Midi Fair">Midi Fair</a>, the most important yearly fair in Brussels, lasting more than a month, in July and August,<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> and Brussels Beach, when the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels%E2%80%93Charleroi_Canal" title="Brussels–Charleroi Canal">canal</a> are turned into a temporary urban beach.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> Other biennial events are the <a href="/wiki/Zinneke_Parade" title="Zinneke Parade">Zinneke Parade</a>, a colourful, multicultural parade through the city, which has been held since 2000 in May, as well as the popular <a href="/wiki/Flower_Carpet_(Brussels)" title="Flower Carpet (Brussels)">Flower Carpet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">Grand-Place</a> in August. <a href="/wiki/European_Heritage_Days" title="European Heritage Days">Heritage Days</a> are organised on the third weekend of September (sometimes coinciding with the car-free day) and are a good opportunity to discover the wealth of buildings, institutions and real estate in Brussels. The "Winter Wonders" animate the heart of Brussels in December; these winter activities were launched in Brussels in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEState2004108-237">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Folklore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Belgium" title="Folklore of Belgium">Folklore of Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeantsMeyboom2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/GeantsMeyboom2.jpg/170px-GeantsMeyboom2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/GeantsMeyboom2.jpg/255px-GeantsMeyboom2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/GeantsMeyboom2.jpg/340px-GeantsMeyboom2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meyboom" title="Meyboom">Meyboom</a> giants in Brussels, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Intangible_Cultural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible Cultural Heritage">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></figcaption></figure> Brussels' identity owes much to its rich folklore and traditions, among the liveliest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ommegang_of_Brussels" title="Ommegang of Brussels">Ommegang</a>, a folkloric costumed procession, commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Joyous_Entry" title="Joyous Entry">Joyous Entry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Emperor Charles V</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> in the city in 1549, takes place every year in July. The colourful parade includes floats, traditional processional giants, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael">Saint Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gudula" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Gudula">Saint Gudula</a>, and scores of folkloric groups, either on foot or on horseback, dressed in medieval garb. The parade ends in a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_pageant" title="Medieval pageant">pageant</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">Grand-Place</a>. Since 2019, it has been recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Meyboom" title="Meyboom">Meyboom</a>, an even-older folk tradition of Brussels (1308), celebrating the "<a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">May tree</a>"—in fact, a corruption of the Dutch tree of joy—takes place paradoxically on 9 August. After parading a young <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> in the city, it is planted in a joyful spirit with lots of music, Brusseleir songs, and processional giants. It has also been recognised as an expression of <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">intangible cultural heritage</a> by UNESCO, as part of the bi-national inscription "<a href="/wiki/Processional_giants_and_dragons_in_Belgium_and_France" title="Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France">Processional giants and dragons in Belgium and France</a>".<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> The celebration is reminiscent of the town's long-standing (folkloric) feud with <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, which dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/St_V" class="mw-redirect" title="St V">Saint-Verhaegen/Sint-Verhaegen</a> (often shortened to St V), a folkloric student procession, celebrating the anniversary of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">Université libre de Bruxelles</a> (ULB) and the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a> (VUB), is held on 20 November. Since 2019, it has also been listed as intangible cultural heritage of the Brussels-Capital Region.<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> Another good introduction to the Brusseleir <a href="/wiki/Brusselian_dialect" title="Brusselian dialect">local dialect</a> and way of life can be obtained at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Theatre_Toone" title="Royal Theatre Toone">Royal Theatre Toone</a>, a folkloric theatre of <a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">marionettes</a>, located a stone's throw away from the Grand-Place.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> Finally, two famous folkloric plays, <a href="/wiki/Le_Mariage_de_Mademoiselle_Beulemans" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Mariage de Mademoiselle Beulemans">Le Mariage de Mademoiselle Beulemans</a> by Frantz Fonson and Fernand Wicheler, and <a href="/wiki/Bossemans_et_Coppenolle" title="Bossemans et Coppenolle">Bossemans et Coppenolle</a> by Joris d'Hanswyck and Paul Van Stalle, are still the subject of regular revivals.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_waffle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brussels_waffle.jpg/170px-Brussels_waffle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brussels_waffle.jpg/255px-Brussels_waffle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Brussels_waffle.jpg/340px-Brussels_waffle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Brussels is known for its <a href="/wiki/Waffle#Brussels" title="Waffle">local waffles</a>.</figcaption></figure> Brussels is well known for its local <a href="/wiki/Belgian_waffle" title="Belgian waffle">waffle</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, its <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a> and its numerous types of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brussels_sprout" title="Brussels sprout">Brussels sprout</a>, which has long been popular in Brussels, and may have originated there, is also named after the city.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> Owing to Brussels' cosmopolitan population, almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there. The gastronomic offer includes approximately 1,800 <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a> (including three 2-starred and ten 1-starred <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin</a> restaurants),<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> and a number of bars. In addition to the traditional restaurants, there are many <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafés">cafés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bistro" title="Bistro">bistros</a> and the usual range of international <a href="/wiki/Fast_food_restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast food restaurant">fast food</a> chains. The cafés are similar to bars, and offer beer and light dishes; <a href="/wiki/Coffee_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee houses">coffee houses</a> are called salons de thé (literally "tea salons"). Also widespread are <a href="/wiki/Brasserie" title="Brasserie">brasseries</a>, which usually offer a variety of beers and typical national dishes. <a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian cuisine</a> is known among connoisseurs as one of the best in Europe. It is characterised by the combination of <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a> with the more hearty Flemish fare. Notable specialities include <a href="/wiki/Brussels_waffle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels waffle">Brussels waffles</a> (gaufres) and <a href="/wiki/Mussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussels">mussels</a> (usually as <a href="/wiki/Moules_frites" class="mw-redirect" title="Moules frites">moules-frites</a>, served with fries). The city is a stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praline_(Belgian_chocolate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Praline (Belgian chocolate)">praline</a> manufacturers with renowned companies like <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Or_(chocolate)" title="Côte d'Or (chocolate)">Côte d'Or</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolatier_Neuhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolatier Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_(chocolate_maker)" title="Leonidas (chocolate maker)">Leonidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godiva_Chocolatier" title="Godiva Chocolatier">Godiva</a>. Pralines were first introduced in 1912 by Jean Neuhaus II, a Belgian <a href="/wiki/Chocolatier" title="Chocolatier">chocolatier</a> of Swiss origin, in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saint-Hubert_Galleries" title="Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries">Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Friteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Friteries">friteries</a> are spread throughout the city, and in tourist areas, fresh hot waffles are also sold on the street. As well as other <a href="/wiki/Belgian_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian beer">Belgian beers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spontaneously_fermented" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneously fermented">spontaneously fermented</a> <a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">lambic</a> style, brewed in and around Brussels, is widely available there and in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Senne_(river)" title="Senne (river)">Senne</a> valley where the wild <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeasts</a> that ferment it have their origin.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson1988-252">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kriek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kriek">Kriek</a>, a cherry lambic, is available in almost every bar or restaurant in Brussels. Brussels is known as the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">Belgian endive</a>. The technique for growing <a href="/wiki/Blanching_(horticulture)" title="Blanching (horticulture)">blanched</a> endives was accidentally discovered in the 1850s at the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Garden_of_Brussels" title="Botanical Garden of Brussels">Botanical Garden of Brussels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode">Saint-Josse-ten-Noode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shopping">Shopping</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Shopping">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:107_-_March%C3%A9_aux_puces_place_du_Jeu_de_Balle_-_Bruxelles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/107_-_March%C3%A9_aux_puces_place_du_Jeu_de_Balle_-_Bruxelles.jpg/220px-107_-_March%C3%A9_aux_puces_place_du_Jeu_de_Balle_-_Bruxelles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/107_-_March%C3%A9_aux_puces_place_du_Jeu_de_Balle_-_Bruxelles.jpg/330px-107_-_March%C3%A9_aux_puces_place_du_Jeu_de_Balle_-_Bruxelles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/107_-_March%C3%A9_aux_puces_place_du_Jeu_de_Balle_-_Bruxelles.jpg/440px-107_-_March%C3%A9_aux_puces_place_du_Jeu_de_Balle_-_Bruxelles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flea_market" title="Flea market">Flea market</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Jeu_de_Balle" title="Place du Jeu de Balle">Place du Jeu de Balle/Vossenplein</a></figcaption></figure> Famous <a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">shopping</a> areas in Brussels include the pedestrian-only <a href="/wiki/Rue_Neuve_(Brussels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue Neuve (Brussels)">Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat</a>, the second busiest shopping street in Belgium (after the <a href="/wiki/Meir,_Antwerp" title="Meir, Antwerp">Meir</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>) with a weekly average of 230,000 visitors,<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> home to popular international chains (<a href="/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">H&M</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%26A" title="C&A">C&A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zara_(retailer)" title="Zara (retailer)">Zara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primark" title="Primark">Primark</a>), as well as the City 2 and Anspach galleries.<a href="#cite_note-:3-256">[252]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saint-Hubert_Galleries" title="Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries">Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries</a> hold a variety of luxury shops and some six million people stroll through them each year.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> The neighbourhood around the Rue Antoine Dansaert/Antoine Dansaertstraat has become, in recent years, a focal point for fashion and design;<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> this main street and its side streets also feature Belgium's young and most happening artistic talent.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> In Ixelles, the Avenue de la Toison d'Or/Gulden-Vlieslaan and the <a href="/wiki/Namur_Gate" title="Namur Gate">Namur Gate</a> area offer a blend of luxury shops, fast food restaurants and entertainment venues, and the Chaussée d'Ixelles/Elsenesteenweg, in the mainly-Congolese <a href="/wiki/Ixelles#Matongé" title="Ixelles">Matongé</a> district, offers a taste of <a href="/wiki/African_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="African fashion">African fashion</a> and lifestyle. The nearby <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Louise/Louizalaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenue Louise/Louizalaan">Avenue Louise/Louizalaan</a> is lined with high-end fashion stores and boutiques, making it one of the most expensive streets in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> There are shopping centres outside the inner ring: Basilix, Woluwe Shopping Center, Westland Shopping Center, and Docks Bruxsel, which opened in October 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:3-256">[252]</a> In addition, Brussels ranks as one of Europe's best capital cities for <a href="/wiki/Flea_market" title="Flea market">flea market</a> shopping. The Old Market, on the <a href="/wiki/Place_du_Jeu_de_Balle" title="Place du Jeu de Balle">Place du Jeu de Balle/Vossenplein</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Marollen" title="Marollen">Marolles/Marollen</a> neighbourhood, is particularly renowned.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> The nearby <a href="/wiki/Sablon_(Brussels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sablon (Brussels)">Sablon/Zavel</a> area is home to many of Brussels' <a href="/wiki/Antique" title="Antique">antique</a> dealers.<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> The Midi Market around <a href="/wiki/Brussels-South_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-South station">Brussels-South station</a> and the Boulevard du Midi/Zuidlaan is reputed to be one of the largest markets in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Belgium" title="Sport in Belgium">Sport in Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20_km_de_Bruxelles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/20_km_de_Bruxelles.jpg/220px-20_km_de_Bruxelles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/20_km_de_Bruxelles.jpg/330px-20_km_de_Bruxelles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/20_km_de_Bruxelles.jpg/440px-20_km_de_Bruxelles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/20_km_of_Brussels" title="20 km of Brussels">20 km of Brussels</a></figcaption></figure> Sport in Brussels is under the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a>. The Administration de l'Éducation Physique et du Sport (<a href="/wiki/ADEPS" title="ADEPS">ADEPS</a>) is responsible for recognising the various French-speaking sports federations and also runs three sports centres in the Brussels-Capital Region.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> Its Dutch-speaking counterpart is Sport Vlaanderen (formerly called <a href="/wiki/Bloso" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloso">BLOSO</a>).<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a> The <a href="/wiki/King_Baudouin_Stadium" title="King Baudouin Stadium">King Baudouin Stadium</a> (formerly the Heysel Stadium) is the largest in the country and home to the national teams in <a href="/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team" title="Belgium national football team">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium_national_rugby_union_team" title="Belgium national rugby union team">rugby union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a> It hosted the final of the <a href="/wiki/1972_UEFA_European_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 UEFA European Football Championship">1972 UEFA European Football Championship</a>, and the opening game of <a href="/wiki/Euro_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 2000">the 2000 edition</a>. Several European club finals have been held at the ground, including the <a href="/wiki/1985_European_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1985 European Cup Final">1985 European Cup Final</a> which saw 39 deaths due to hooliganism and structural collapse.<a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> The King Baudouin Stadium is also home of the annual <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Van_Damme" title="Memorial Van Damme">Memorial Van Damme</a> athletics event, Belgium's foremost <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a> competition, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_League" title="Diamond League">Diamond League</a>. Other important athletics events are the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Marathon" title="Brussels Marathon">Brussels Marathon</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/20_km_of_Brussels" title="20 km of Brussels">20 km of Brussels</a>, an annual run with 30,000 participants.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotto_park_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lotto_park_2022.jpg/220px-Lotto_park_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lotto_park_2022.jpg/330px-Lotto_park_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lotto_park_2022.jpg/440px-Lotto_park_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht" title="R.S.C. Anderlecht">R.S.C. Anderlecht</a> fans at the <a href="/wiki/Constant_Vanden_Stock_Stadium" title="Constant Vanden Stock Stadium">Constant Vanden Stock Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht" title="R.S.C. Anderlecht">R.S.C. Anderlecht</a>, based in the <a href="/wiki/Constant_Vanden_Stock_Stadium" title="Constant Vanden Stock Stadium">Constant Vanden Stock Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a>, is the most successful Belgian football club in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League" title="Belgian Pro League">Belgian Pro League</a>, with 34 titles.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> It has also won the most major European tournaments for a Belgian side, with 6 European titles. Brussels is also home to <a href="/wiki/Union_Saint-Gilloise" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Saint-Gilloise">Union Saint-Gilloise</a>, the most successful Belgian club before World War II, with 11 titles.<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> The club was founded in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles,_Belgium" title="Saint-Gilles, Belgium">Saint-Gilles</a> but is based in nearby <a href="/wiki/Forest,_Belgium" title="Forest, Belgium">Forest</a>, and plays in the Belgian Pro League. <a href="/wiki/RWDM47" class="mw-redirect" title="RWDM47">Racing White Daring Molenbeek</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean">Molenbeek-Saint-Jean</a>, and often referred to as RWDM, is a very popular football club that, since 2023, is back playing in the Belgian Pro League.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> Other Brussels clubs that played in the national series over the years were <a href="/wiki/Royal_White_Star_Bruxelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal White Star Bruxelles">Royal White Star Bruxelles</a>, Ixelles SC, <a href="/wiki/Crossing_Club_de_Schaerbeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossing Club de Schaerbeek">Crossing Club de Schaerbeek</a> (born from a merger between RCS de Schaerbeek and Crossing Club Molenbeek), Scup Jette, RUS de Laeken, Racing Jet de Bruxelles, AS Auderghem, KV Wosjot Woluwe and FC Ganshoren. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</div> Brussels is home to notable <a href="/wiki/Cycling_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling race">cycling races</a>. The city is the arrival location of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Cycling_Classic" title="Brussels Cycling Classic">Brussels Cycling Classic</a>, formerly known as Paris–Brussels, which is one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Classic_cycle_races" title="Classic cycle races">semi classic</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">bicycle races</a> on the international calendar.<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> From World War I until the early 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Six_Days_of_Brussels" title="Six Days of Brussels">Six Days of Brussels</a> was organised regularly. In the last decades of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_Eddy_Merckx" title="Grand Prix Eddy Merckx">Grand Prix Eddy Merckx</a> was also held in Brussels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Economy of Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_of_Brussels_Stock_Exchange_2023_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Front_of_Brussels_Stock_Exchange_2023_cropped.jpg/220px-Front_of_Brussels_Stock_Exchange_2023_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Front_of_Brussels_Stock_Exchange_2023_cropped.jpg/330px-Front_of_Brussels_Stock_Exchange_2023_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Front_of_Brussels_Stock_Exchange_2023_cropped.jpg/440px-Front_of_Brussels_Stock_Exchange_2023_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Stock_Exchange" title="Brussels Stock Exchange">Brussels Stock Exchange</a> building</figcaption></figure> Serving as the centre of administration for Belgium and Europe, Brussels' economy is largely <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service</a>-oriented. It is dominated by regional and world headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinationals</a>, by European institutions, by various local and federal administrations, and by related services companies, though it does have a number of notable <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> industries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cantillon_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantillon Brewery">Cantillon Brewery</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">lambic</a> brewery founded in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Galaxy_Towers-Schaerbeek-001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/North_Galaxy_Towers-Schaerbeek-001.JPG/220px-North_Galaxy_Towers-Schaerbeek-001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/North_Galaxy_Towers-Schaerbeek-001.JPG/330px-North_Galaxy_Towers-Schaerbeek-001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/North_Galaxy_Towers-Schaerbeek-001.JPG/440px-North_Galaxy_Towers-Schaerbeek-001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Brussels' <a href="/wiki/Northern_Quarter_(Brussels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Quarter (Brussels)">Northern Quarter</a> business district</figcaption></figure> Brussels has a robust economy. The region contributes to one fifth of Belgium's <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>, and its 550,000 jobs account for 17.7% of Belgium's employment.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> is nearly double that of Belgium as a whole,<a href="#cite_note-:4-33">[30]</a> and it has the highest GDP per capita of any <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">NUTS 1</a> region in the EU, at ~$80,000 in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> That being said, the GDP is boosted by a massive inflow of <a href="/wiki/Commuters" class="mw-redirect" title="Commuters">commuters</a> from neighbouring regions; over half of those who work in Brussels live in Flanders or Wallonia, with 230,000 and 130,000 commuters per day respectively. Conversely, only 16.0% of people from Brussels work outside Brussels (68,827 (68.5%) of them in Flanders and 21,035 (31.5%) in Wallonia).<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> Not all of the wealth generated in Brussels remains in Brussels itself, and as of December 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit">[update]</a>, the unemployment among residents of Brussels is 20.4%.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> There are approximately 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a> in Brussels, of which around 2,200 are foreign. This number is constantly increasing and can well explain the role of Brussels in Europe. The city's <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> is very favourable in terms of starting up a new business. House prices have also increased in recent years, especially with the increase of young <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professionals</a> settling down in Brussels, making it the most expensive city to live in Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> In addition, Brussels holds more than 1,000 business conferences annually, making it the ninth most popular conference city in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> Brussels is rated as the 34th most important financial centre in the world as of 2020, according to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Financial_Centres_Index" title="Global Financial Centres Index">Global Financial Centres Index</a>. The Brussels Stock Exchange, abbreviated to BSE, now called <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Euronext Brussels">Euronext Brussels</a>, is part of the European <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> <a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Paris_Bourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Bourse">Paris Bourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Stock Exchange">Lisbon Stock Exchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Stock Exchange">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a>. Its benchmark <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_index" title="Stock market index">stock market index</a> is the <a href="/wiki/BEL20" class="mw-redirect" title="BEL20">BEL20</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian media">Belgian media</a></div> Brussels is a centre of both media and communications in Belgium, with many Belgian television stations, radio stations, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> and telephone companies having their headquarters in the region. The French-language <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Public broadcaster">public broadcaster</a> <a href="/wiki/RTBF" title="RTBF">RTBF</a>, the Dutch-language public broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Vlaamse_Radio-_en_Televisieomroeporganisatie" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie">VRT</a>, the two regional channels BX1 (formerly Télé Bruxelles)<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruzz" title="Bruzz">Bruzz</a> (formerly TV Brussel),<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> the encrypted <a href="/wiki/BeTV_(Belgium)" title="BeTV (Belgium)">BeTV</a> channel and private channels <a href="/wiki/RTL-TVI" title="RTL-TVI">RTL-TVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/VTM_(TV_channel)" title="VTM (TV channel)">VTM</a> are headquartered in Brussels. Some national newspapers such as <a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Libre" class="mw-redirect" title="La Libre">La Libre</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Morgen" title="De Morgen">De Morgen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">news agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Belga_(news_agency)" title="Belga (news agency)">Belga</a> are based in or around Brussels. The Belgian <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">postal</a> company <a href="/wiki/Bpost" title="Bpost">bpost</a>, as well as the telecommunication companies and mobile operators <a href="/wiki/Proximus" title="Proximus">Proximus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_Belgium" title="Orange Belgium">Orange Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telenet_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telenet (Belgium)">Telenet</a> are all located there. As English is spoken widely,<a href="#cite_note-BruS13EN-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-25">[23]</a> several English media organisations operate in Brussels. The most popular of these are the English-language daily news media platform and bi-monthly magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Brussels_Times" title="The Brussels Times">The Brussels Times</a> and the website <a href="/wiki/The_Bulletin_(Brussels_weekly)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bulletin (Brussels weekly)">The Bulletin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">pan-European</a> news channel <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a> also maintains an office in Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium" title="Education in Belgium">Education in Belgium</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Tertiary education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ULB_20050712.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ULB_20050712.jpg/170px-ULB_20050712.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ULB_20050712.jpg/255px-ULB_20050712.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/ULB_20050712.jpg/340px-ULB_20050712.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Main building on the Solbosch campus of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">Université libre de Bruxelles</a> (ULB)</figcaption></figure> There are several <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> in Brussels. Except for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_(Belgium)" title="Royal Military Academy (Belgium)">Royal Military Academy</a>, a federal military college established in 1834,<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> all universities in Brussels are private and autonomous. The Royal Military Academy also the only Belgian university organised on the <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">Université libre de Bruxelles</a> (ULB), a French-speaking university, with about 20,000 students, has three campuses in the city,<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a> (VUB), its <a href="/wiki/Dutch-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-speaking">Dutch-speaking</a> sister university, has about 10,000 students.<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> Both universities originate from a single ancestor university, founded in 1834, namely the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_(1834%E2%80%931969)" title="Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)">Free University of Brussels</a>, which was split in 1970, at about the same time the Flemish and French Communities gained legislative power over the organisation of higher education.<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_University,_Brussels" title="Saint-Louis University, Brussels">Saint-Louis University, Brussels</a> (also known as UCLouvain Saint-Louis – Bruxelles) was founded in 1858 and is specialised in social and <a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">human sciences</a>, with 4,000 students, and located on two campuses in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles">Ixelles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> From September 2018 on, the university uses the name UCLouvain, together with the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Catholic University of Louvain</a>, in the context of a merger between both universities.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> Still other universities have campuses in Brussels, such as the French-speaking Catholic University of Louvain (UCLouvain), which has 10,000 students in the city with its medical faculties at <a href="/wiki/UCLouvain_Bruxelles_Woluwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLouvain Bruxelles Woluwe">UCLouvain Bruxelles Woluwe</a> since 1973,<a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> in addition to its <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Architecture,_Architectural_Engineering_and_Urban_Planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning">Faculty of Architecture, Architectural Engineering and Urban Planning</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> and UCLouvain's Dutch-speaking sister <a href="/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven</a> (KU Leuven)<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> (offering bachelor's and master's degrees in economics & business, law, arts, and architecture; 4,400 students). In addition, the University of Kent's <a href="/wiki/Brussels_School_of_International_Studies" title="Brussels School of International Studies">Brussels School of International Studies</a> is a specialised postgraduate school offering advanced international studies. Also a dozen of university colleges are located in Brussels, including two drama schools, founded in 1832: the French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_royal_de_Bruxelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatoire royal de Bruxelles">Conservatoire Royal</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Dutch-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-speaking">Dutch-speaking</a> equivalent, the <a href="/wiki/Koninklijk_Conservatorium_(Brussel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijk Conservatorium (Brussel)">Koninklijk Conservatorium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</div> Most of Brussels pupils between the ages of 3 and 18 go to schools organised by the <a href="/wiki/French-speaking_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking Community">French-speaking Community</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a>, with close to 80% going to French-speaking schools, and roughly 20% to Dutch-speaking schools. Due to the post-war international presence in the city, there are also a number of international schools, including the <a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Brussels" title="International School of Brussels">International School of Brussels</a>, with 1,450 pupils, between the ages of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 and 18,<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> the <a href="/wiki/British_School_of_Brussels" title="British School of Brussels">British School of Brussels</a>, and the four <a href="/wiki/European_School" title="European School">European Schools</a>, which provide free education for the children of those working in the <a href="/wiki/EU_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="EU institutions">EU institutions</a>. The combined student population of the four <a href="/wiki/European_School" title="European School">European Schools</a> in Brussels is around 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Libraries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Belgium" title="List of libraries in Belgium">List of libraries in Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albertine_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Albertine_-_01.jpg/220px-Albertine_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Albertine_-_01.jpg/330px-Albertine_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Albertine_-_01.jpg/440px-Albertine_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3671" data-file-height="2447" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Belgium" title="Royal Library of Belgium">Royal Library of Belgium</a> (KBR)</figcaption></figure> Brussels has a number of public or private-owned <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">libraries</a> on its territory.<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> Most public libraries in Brussels fall under the competence of the Communities and are usually separated between French-speaking and Dutch-speaking institutions, although some are mixed.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Belgium" title="Royal Library of Belgium">Royal Library of Belgium</a> (KBR) is the <a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">national library</a> of Belgium and one of the most prestigious libraries in the world. It owns several collections of historical importance, like the famous <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9tis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fétis">Fétis</a> archives, and is the depository for all books ever published in Belgium or abroad by Belgian authors. It is located on the <a href="/wiki/Mont_des_Arts" title="Mont des Arts">Mont des Arts/Kunstberg</a> in central Brussels, near the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Central_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Central Station">Central Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> There are several academic libraries and archives in Brussels. The libraries of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">Université libre de Bruxelles</a> (ULB) and the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a> (VUB) constitute the largest ensemble of university libraries in the city. In addition to the Solbosch location, there are branches in La Plaine and Erasme/Erasmus.<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> Other academic libraries include those of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Louis_University,_Brussels" title="Saint-Louis University, Brussels">Saint-Louis University, Brussels</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Catholic University of Louvain</a> (UCLouvain).<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brussels" title="Science and technology in Brussels">Science and technology in Brussels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planetarium_Royal_Observatory_Belgium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Planetarium_Royal_Observatory_Belgium.jpg/220px-Planetarium_Royal_Observatory_Belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Planetarium_Royal_Observatory_Belgium.jpg/330px-Planetarium_Royal_Observatory_Belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Planetarium_Royal_Observatory_Belgium.jpg/440px-Planetarium_Royal_Observatory_Belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Planetarium_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetarium (Belgium)">Planetarium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory_of_Belgium" title="Royal Observatory of Belgium">Royal Observatory of Belgium</a></figcaption></figure> Science and technology in Brussels is well developed with the presence of several <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Belgium" title="List of universities in Belgium">universities</a> and research institutes. The Brussels-Capital Region is home to several national science and technology institutes including the <a href="/wiki/National_Fund_for_Scientific_Research" title="National Fund for Scientific Research">National Fund for Scientific Research</a> (NFSR), the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Encouragement_of_Scientific_Research_and_Innovation_of_Brussels" title="Institute for the Encouragement of Scientific Research and Innovation of Brussels">Institute for the Encouragement of Scientific Research and Innovation of Brussels</a> (ISRIB), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academies_for_Science_and_the_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium">Royal Academies for Science and the Arts of Belgium</a> (RASAB) and the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Academy_Council_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Belgian Academy Council of Applied Sciences">Belgian Academy Council of Applied Sciences</a> (BACAS). Several science parks associated with the universities are also spread over the region. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Belgian_Institute_of_Natural_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences">Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Park" title="Leopold Park">Leopold Park</a>, houses the world's largest hall completely dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, with its collection of 30 <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossilised</a> <a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a> skeletons.<a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Planetarium_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetarium (Belgium)">Planetarium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory_of_Belgium" title="Royal Observatory of Belgium">Royal Observatory of Belgium</a> (part of the institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Federal_Science_Policy_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Federal Science Policy Office">Belgian Federal Science Policy Office</a>), on the <a href="/wiki/Heysel_Plateau" title="Heysel Plateau">Heysel Plateau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laeken" title="Laeken">Laeken</a>, is one of the largest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Belgium#Brussels-Capital_Region" title="List of hospitals in Belgium">List of hospitals in Belgium § Brussels-Capital Region</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4pital_Erasme_Haupteingang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/H%C3%B4pital_Erasme_Haupteingang.jpg/220px-H%C3%B4pital_Erasme_Haupteingang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/H%C3%B4pital_Erasme_Haupteingang.jpg/330px-H%C3%B4pital_Erasme_Haupteingang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/H%C3%B4pital_Erasme_Haupteingang.jpg/440px-H%C3%B4pital_Erasme_Haupteingang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Hospital" title="Erasmus Hospital">Erasmus Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a></figcaption></figure> Brussels is home to a thriving <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> industry which includes pioneering <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> research. The health sector employs 70,000 employees in 30,000 companies. There are 3,000 life sciences researchers in the city and two large <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">science parks</a>: Da Vinci Research Park and Erasmus Research Park. There are five <a href="/wiki/University_hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="University hospitals">university hospitals</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Military_hospital" title="Military hospital">military hospital</a> and more than 40 general hospitals and specialist clinics.<a href="#cite_note-307">[303]</a> Due to <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">its bilingual nature</a>, hospitals in the Brussels-Capital Region can be either monolingual French, monolingual Dutch, or bilingual, depending on their nature. University hospitals belong to one of the two <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">linguistic communities</a> and are thus monolingual French or Dutch by law. Other hospitals managed by a public authority must be legally bilingual. Private hospitals are legally not bound to either language, but most cater to both. However, all hospital emergency services in the Capital Region (whether part of a public or private hospital) are required to be bilingual, since patients transported by emergency <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a> cannot choose the hospital they will be brought to.<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brussels" title="Transport in Brussels">Transport in Brussels</a></div> Brussels has an extensive network of both private or public transportation means. Public transportation includes <a href="/wiki/Brussels_buses" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels buses">Brussels buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels_trams" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels trams">trams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">metro</a> (all three operated by the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Intercommunal_Transport_Company" title="Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company">Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company</a> (STIB/MIVB)), as well as a set of railway lines (operated by <a href="/wiki/Infrabel" title="Infrabel">Infrabel</a>) and railway stations served by public trains (operated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Company_of_Belgium" title="National Railway Company of Belgium">National Railway Company of Belgium</a> (NMBS/SNCB)). Air transport is available via one of the city's two airports (<a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_South_Charleroi_Airport" title="Brussels South Charleroi Airport">Brussels South Charleroi Airport</a>), and boat transport is available via the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Brussels" title="Port of Brussels">Port of Brussels</a>. Bicycle-sharing and car-sharing public systems are also available. The complexity of the Belgian political landscape makes some transportation issues difficult to solve. The Brussels-Capital Region is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon</a> regions, which means that the airports, as well as many roads serving Brussels (most notably the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Ring" title="Brussels Ring">Brussels Ring</a>) are located in the other two Belgian regions. The city is relatively car-dependent by northern European standards and is considered to be the most congested city in the world according to the <a href="/wiki/INRIX" title="INRIX">INRIX</a> traffic survey.<a href="#cite_note-auto-309">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_Airlines_A319-112_(OO-SSG)_landing_at_Brussels_Airport_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Brussels_Airlines_A319-112_%28OO-SSG%29_landing_at_Brussels_Airport_%281%29.jpg/220px-Brussels_Airlines_A319-112_%28OO-SSG%29_landing_at_Brussels_Airport_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Brussels_Airlines_A319-112_%28OO-SSG%29_landing_at_Brussels_Airport_%281%29.jpg/330px-Brussels_Airlines_A319-112_%28OO-SSG%29_landing_at_Brussels_Airport_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Brussels_Airlines_A319-112_%28OO-SSG%29_landing_at_Brussels_Airport_%281%29.jpg/440px-Brussels_Airlines_A319-112_%28OO-SSG%29_landing_at_Brussels_Airport_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3601" data-file-height="2399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airlines" title="Brussels Airlines">Brussels Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> A319 landing at <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zaventem" title="Zaventem">Zaventem</a></figcaption></figure> The Brussels-Capital Region is served by two airports, both located outside of the administrative territory of the region. The most notable is <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a>, located in the nearby Flemish municipality of <a href="/wiki/Zaventem" title="Zaventem">Zaventem</a>, 12 km (10 mi) east of the capital, which can be accessed by highway (A201), train, taxi and bus. Brussels National Airport has its own railway station. This station is located in the underground (level -1) of the airport terminal building itself. The secondary airport is <a href="/wiki/Brussels_South_Charleroi_Airport" title="Brussels South Charleroi Airport">Brussels South Charleroi Airport</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Gosselies" title="Gosselies">Gosselies</a>, a part of the city of <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>), some 50 km (30 mi) south-west of Brussels, which can be accessed by highway (E19 then E420) or a private bus. There is also <a href="/wiki/Melsbroek_Air_Base" title="Melsbroek Air Base">Melsbroek Air Base</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Steenokkerzeel" title="Steenokkerzeel">Steenokkerzeel</a>, a military airport which shares its infrastructure with Brussels Airport. The aforementioned airports are also the main airports of Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bassin_de_Biestebroeck_(DSC_4024).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bassin_de_Biestebroeck_%28DSC_4024%29.jpg/220px-Bassin_de_Biestebroeck_%28DSC_4024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bassin_de_Biestebroeck_%28DSC_4024%29.jpg/330px-Bassin_de_Biestebroeck_%28DSC_4024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bassin_de_Biestebroeck_%28DSC_4024%29.jpg/440px-Bassin_de_Biestebroeck_%28DSC_4024%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5736" data-file-height="3770" /></a><figcaption>View along the <a href="/wiki/Brussels%E2%80%93Charleroi_Canal" title="Brussels–Charleroi Canal">Brussels–Charleroi Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a></figcaption></figure> Since the 16th century, Brussels has had its own harbour, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Brussels" title="Port of Brussels">Port of Brussels</a>. It has been enlarged throughout the centuries to become the second Belgian inland port. Historically situated near the Place Sainte-Catherine/Sint-Katelijneplein, it lies today to the north-west of the region, on the <a href="/wiki/Brussels%E2%80%93Scheldt_Maritime_Canal" title="Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal">Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal</a> (commonly called Willebroek Canal), which connects Brussels to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>. Ships and large barges up to 4,500 t (9,900,000 lb) can penetrate deep into the country, avoiding break-ups and load transfers between Antwerp and the centre of Brussels, hence reducing the cost for companies using the canal, and thus offering a competitive advantage. Moreover, the connection of the Willebroek Canal with the <a href="/wiki/Brussels%E2%80%93Charleroi_Canal" title="Brussels–Charleroi Canal">Brussels–Charleroi Canal</a>, in the very heart of the capital, creates a north–south link, by means of waterways, between the Netherlands, Flanders and the industrial zone of <a href="/wiki/Hainaut_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainaut (province)">Hainaut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>). There, navigation can access the network of French canals, thanks to the important <a href="/wiki/Canal_inclined_plane" title="Canal inclined plane">inclined plane</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ronqui%C3%A8res_inclined_plane" title="Ronquières inclined plane">Ronquières</a> and the lifts of <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A9py-Bracquegnies" title="Strépy-Bracquegnies">Strépy-Bracquegnies</a>. The importance of river traffic in Brussels makes it possible to avoid the road equivalent of 740,000 trucks per year—almost 2,000 per day—which, in addition to easing traffic problems, represents an estimated carbon dioxide saving of 51,545 t (113,637,000 lb) per year.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Train">Train</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Train">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Belgium" title="List of railway stations in Belgium">List of railway stations in Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Station_Brussel-Zuid_Hoofdgang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Station_Brussel-Zuid_Hoofdgang.jpg/220px-Station_Brussel-Zuid_Hoofdgang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Station_Brussel-Zuid_Hoofdgang.jpg/330px-Station_Brussel-Zuid_Hoofdgang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Station_Brussel-Zuid_Hoofdgang.jpg/440px-Station_Brussel-Zuid_Hoofdgang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Main hall of <a href="/wiki/Brussels-South_railway_station" title="Brussels-South railway station">Brussels-South railway station</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> train service to London</figcaption></figure> The Brussels-Capital Region has three main train stations: <a href="/wiki/Brussels-South_railway_station" title="Brussels-South railway station">Brussels-South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Central">Brussels-Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels-North_railway_station" title="Brussels-North railway station">Brussels-North</a>, which are also the busiest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[42]</a> Brussels-South is also served by direct high-speed rail links: to London by <a href="/wiki/Eurostar" title="Eurostar">Eurostar</a> trains via the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>; to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thalys" title="Thalys">Thalys</a> and InterCity connections; to Amsterdam, Paris, and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thalys" title="Thalys">Thalys</a>; and to Cologne and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> by the German <a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">ICE</a>. The train rails in Brussels go underground, near the centre, through the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_connection" title="North–South connection">North–South connection</a>, with Brussels Central Station also being largely underground. The tunnel itself is only six tracks wide at its narrowest point, which often causes congestion and delays due to heavy use of the route. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a> has minor railway stations at <a href="/wiki/Bockstael_railway_station" title="Bockstael railway station">Bockstael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Chapel_railway_station" title="Brussels-Chapel railway station">Brussels-Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Congress_railway_station" title="Brussels-Congress railway station">Brussels-Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Luxembourg_railway_station" title="Brussels-Luxembourg railway station">Brussels-Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schuman_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuman station">Brussels-Schuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels-West_station" title="Brussels-West station">Brussels-West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haren_railway_station_(Brussels)" title="Haren railway station (Brussels)">Haren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haren-South_railway_station" title="Haren-South railway station">Haren-South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simonis_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonis metro station">Simonis</a>. In the Brussels Region, there are also railways stations at <a href="/wiki/Berchem-Sainte-Agathe_railway_station" title="Berchem-Sainte-Agathe railway station">Berchem-Sainte-Agathe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boitsfort_railway_station" title="Boitsfort railway station">Boitsfort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boondael_railway_station" title="Boondael railway station">Boondael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bordet_railway_station" title="Bordet railway station">Bordet (Evere)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etterbeek_railway_station" title="Etterbeek railway station">Etterbeek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evere_railway_station" title="Evere railway station">Evere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest-East_railway_station" title="Forest-East railway station">Forest-East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest-South_railway_station" title="Forest-South railway station">Forest-South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jette_railway_station" title="Jette railway station">Jette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meiser_railway_station" title="Meiser railway station">Meiser (Schaerbeek)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moensberg_railway_station" title="Moensberg railway station">Moensberg (Uccle)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Job_railway_station" title="Saint-Job railway station">Saint-Job (Uccle)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaerbeek railway station">Schaarbeek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uccle-Calevoet_railway_station" title="Uccle-Calevoet railway station">Uccle-Calevoet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uccle-Stalle_railway_station" title="Uccle-Stalle railway station">Uccle-Stalle</a>, Vivier d'Oie-Diesdelle (Uccle), <a href="/wiki/Merode_station" title="Merode station">Merode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watermael_railway_station" title="Watermael railway station">Watermael</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Public transport">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Intercommunal_Transport_Company" title="Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company">Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company</a> (STIB/MIVB) is the local <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> operator in Brussels. It covers the 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region and some surface routes extend to the near suburbs in the other two regions, linking with the <a href="/wiki/De_Lijn" title="De Lijn">De Lijn</a> network in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/TEC_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="TEC (transport)">TEC</a> network in <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metro,_trams_and_buses">Metro, trams and buses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Metro, trams and buses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rame_%22Boa%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rame_%22Boa%22.jpg/220px-Rame_%22Boa%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rame_%22Boa%22.jpg/330px-Rame_%22Boa%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Rame_%22Boa%22.jpg/440px-Rame_%22Boa%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Brussels Metro</a> carriage at <a href="/wiki/Erasme/Erasmus_metro_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasme/Erasmus metro station">Erasme/Erasmus metro station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_Brussels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Metro_Brussels.svg/220px-Metro_Brussels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Metro_Brussels.svg/330px-Metro_Brussels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Metro_Brussels.svg/440px-Metro_Brussels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>Network map of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Brussels Metro</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Brussels Metro</a> dates back to 1976,<a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a> but underground lines known as the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_premetro" title="Brussels premetro">premetro</a> have been serviced by tramways since 1968. It is the only <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system in Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Pre-metro" title="Antwerp Pre-metro">Antwerp</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tro_L%C3%A9ger_de_Charleroi" title="Métro Léger de Charleroi">Charleroi</a> both having <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> systems). The network consists of four conventional metro lines and three premetro lines. The metro-grade lines are <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro_line_1" title="Brussels Metro line 1">M1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro_line_2" title="Brussels Metro line 2">M2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro_line_5" title="Brussels Metro line 5">M5</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro_line_6" title="Brussels Metro line 6">M6</a>, with some shared sections, covering a total of 40 km (25 mi).<a href="#cite_note-The_network_and_vehicles-314">[310]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Metro network within the region has a total of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brussels_Metro_stations" title="List of Brussels Metro stations">69 metro and premetro stations</a>. The Metro is an important <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brussels" title="Transport in Brussels">means of transport</a>, connecting with six <a href="/wiki/Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">railway stations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Company_of_Belgium" title="National Railway Company of Belgium">National Railway Company of Belgium</a> (NMBS/SNCB), and many tram and bus stops operated by STIB/MIVB, as well as with <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> <a href="/wiki/De_Lijn" title="De Lijn">De Lijn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Walloon</a> <a href="/wiki/TEC_(transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="TEC (transport)">TEC</a> bus stops. A comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Brussels_buses" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels buses">bus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_trams" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels trams">tram network</a> covers the region. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Brussels tram system consists of 17 tram lines (three of which – lines <a href="/wiki/Brussels_tram_route_4" title="Brussels tram route 4">T4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels_tram_route_7" title="Brussels tram route 7">T7</a> and T10 – qualify as premetro lines that partly travel over underground sections that were intended to be eventually converted into metro lines).<a href="#cite_note-newscientist-315">[311]</a> The total route length is 139 km (86 mi),<a href="#cite_note-The_network_and_vehicles-314">[310]</a> making it one of the largest tram networks in Europe. The Brussels bus network is complementary to the rail network. It consists of 50 bus routes and 11 night routes, spanning 445 km (277 mi).<a href="#cite_note-The_network_and_vehicles-314">[310]</a> Since April 2007, STIB/MIVB has also been operating a night bus network called Noctis on Friday and Saturday nights from midnight until 3 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-noctisbrus-316">[312]</a> The service consists of 11 routes (N04, N05, N06, N08, N09, N10, N11, N12, N13, N16 and N18).<a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a> The fare on these night buses is the same as during the day. All the lines leave from the <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_Bourse,_Brussels" title="Place de la Bourse, Brussels">Place de la Bourse/Beursplein</a> in the city centre at 30 minutes intervals and cover all the main streets in the capital, as they radiate outwards to the suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a> Noctis services returned from 2 July 2021 after over a year of disruption due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium">COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-noctisbrus-316">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ticketing">Ticketing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Ticketing">edit</a>]</div> MoBIB is the STIB/MIVB electronic smart card, introduced in 2007, replacing the discontinued paper tickets. The hourly travel fare includes all means of transport (metro, tram and bus) operated by STIB/MIVB. Each trip has a different cost depending on the type of support purchased. Passengers can purchase monthly passes, yearly passes, 1 and 10-trip tickets and daily and 3-day passes. These can be bought over the Internet, but require customers to have a smart card reader. GO vending machines accept coins, local and international chip and PIN credit and debit cards. Moreover, a complimentary interticketing system means that a combined STIB/MIVB ticket holder can, depending on the option, also use the train network operated by NMBS/SNCB and/or long-distance buses and commuter services operated by De Lijn or TEC. With this ticket, a single journey can include multiple stages across the different modes of transport and networks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_public_transport">Other public transport</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Other public transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VilloStationAlmostFull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/VilloStationAlmostFull.jpg/220px-VilloStationAlmostFull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/VilloStationAlmostFull.jpg/330px-VilloStationAlmostFull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/VilloStationAlmostFull.jpg/440px-VilloStationAlmostFull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2868" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villo!" title="Villo!">Villo!</a> <a href="/wiki/Shared_bicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared bicycle">shared bicycles</a> in Brussels</figcaption></figure> Since 2003, Brussels has had a car-sharing service operated by the <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> company Cambio, in partnership with STIB/MIVB and the local ridesharing company Taxi Stop.<a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a> In 2006, a <a href="/wiki/Community_bicycle_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Community bicycle program">public bicycle-sharing programme</a> was introduced. The scheme was subsequently taken over by <a href="/wiki/Villo!" title="Villo!">Villo!</a>. Since 2008, this night-time public transport service has been supplemented by Collecto, a shared taxi system, which operates on weekdays between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m.<a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a> In 2012, the Zen Car electric car-sharing scheme was launched in the university and European areas, though it ceased operating in the city in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-321">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_network">Road network</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Road network">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wetstraat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wetstraat.jpg/170px-Wetstraat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wetstraat.jpg/255px-Wetstraat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wetstraat.jpg/340px-Wetstraat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Loi" title="Rue de la Loi">Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat</a> is one of the city's main streets.</figcaption></figure> In medieval times, Brussels stood at the intersection of routes running north–south (the modern Rue Haute/Hoogstraat) and east–west (Chaussée de Gand/Gentsesteenweg–Rue du Marché aux Herbes/Grasmarkt–Rue de Namur/Naamsestraat). The ancient pattern of streets, radiating from the <a href="/wiki/Grand-Place" title="Grand-Place">Grand-Place</a>, in large part remains, but has been overlaid by boulevards built <a href="/wiki/Covering_of_the_Senne" title="Covering of the Senne">over the river Senne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Brussels#Construction_of_the_Small_Ring" title="Fortifications of Brussels">over the city walls</a> and over the railway connection between the North and South Stations. Nowadays, Brussels has the most congested traffic in North America and Europe, according to US traffic information platform <a href="/wiki/INRIX" title="INRIX">INRIX</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[318]</a> Brussels is the hub of a range of national roads, the main ones being clockwise: the <a href="/wiki/N1_road_(Belgium)" title="N1 road (Belgium)">N1</a> (N to <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>), <a href="/wiki/N2_road_(Belgium)" title="N2 road (Belgium)">N2</a> (E to <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>), <a href="/wiki/N3_road_(Belgium)" title="N3 road (Belgium)">N3</a> (E to <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>), <a href="/wiki/N4_road_(Belgium)" title="N4 road (Belgium)">N4</a> (SE to <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>), <a href="/wiki/N5_road_(Belgium)" title="N5 road (Belgium)">N5</a> (S to <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>), N6 (S to <a href="/wiki/Maubeuge" title="Maubeuge">Maubeuge</a>), N7 (SW to <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>), <a href="/wiki/N8_road_(Belgium)" title="N8 road (Belgium)">N8</a> (W to <a href="/wiki/Koksijde" title="Koksijde">Koksijde</a>) and N9 (NW to <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>).<a href="#cite_note-323">[319]</a> Usually named chaussées/steenwegen, these highways normally run in a straight line, but sometimes lose themselves in a maze of narrow shopping streets. The region is skirted by the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E19" title="European route E19">European route E19</a> (N-S) and the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E40" title="European route E40">E40</a> (E-W), while the <a href="/wiki/E411" class="mw-redirect" title="E411">E411</a> leads away to the SE. Brussels has an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital motorway">orbital motorway</a>, numbered R0 (R-zero) and commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Ring" title="Brussels Ring">Ring</a>. It is pear-shaped, as the southern side was never built as originally conceived, owing to residents' objections. The city centre, sometimes known as the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_(Brussels)" title="Pentagon (Brussels)">Pentagon</a>, is surrounded by an inner ring road, the <a href="/wiki/Small_Ring,_Brussels" title="Small Ring, Brussels">Small Ring</a> (French: Petite Ceinture, Dutch: Kleine Ring), a sequence of boulevards formally numbered R20 or N0. These were built upon the site of the <a href="/wiki/Second_walls_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Second walls of Brussels">second set of city walls</a> following their demolition. The <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro_line_2" title="Brussels Metro line 2">Metro line 2</a> runs under much of these. Since June 2015, a number of <a href="/wiki/Central_Boulevards_of_Brussels" title="Central Boulevards of Brussels">central boulevards</a> inside the Pentagon have become car-free, limiting transit traffic through the old city.<a href="#cite_note-324">[320]</a> On the eastern side of the region, the R21 or <a href="/wiki/Greater_ring_(Brussels)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater ring (Brussels)">Greater Ring</a> (French: Grande Ceinture, Dutch: Grote Ring) is formed by a string of boulevards that curves round from <a href="/wiki/Laeken" title="Laeken">Laeken</a> to <a href="/wiki/Uccle" title="Uccle">Uccle</a>. Some premetro stations (see <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Brussels Metro</a>) were built on that route. A little further out, a stretch numbered R22 leads from Zaventem to <a href="/wiki/Uccle" title="Uccle">Saint-Job</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_and_emergency_services">Security and emergency services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Security and emergency services">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police">Police</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Police">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belgium" title="Law enforcement in Belgium">Law enforcement in Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EPP_Summit_March_2012_(48).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/EPP_Summit_March_2012_%2848%29.jpg/220px-EPP_Summit_March_2012_%2848%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/EPP_Summit_March_2012_%2848%29.jpg/330px-EPP_Summit_March_2012_%2848%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/EPP_Summit_March_2012_%2848%29.jpg/440px-EPP_Summit_March_2012_%2848%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>Policeman in Brussels</figcaption></figure> The Brussels local police, supported by the federal police, is responsible for law enforcement in Brussels. The 19 municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region are divided into six police zones,<a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a> all bilingual (French and Dutch): <ul><li>5339 Brussels Capital Ixelles: the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles">Ixelles</a></li> <li>5340 Brussels West: <a href="/wiki/Berchem-Sainte-Agathe" title="Berchem-Sainte-Agathe">Berchem-Sainte-Agathe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganshoren" title="Ganshoren">Ganshoren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jette" title="Jette">Jette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koekelberg" title="Koekelberg">Koekelberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean">Molenbeek-Saint-Jean</a></li> <li>5341 South: <a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest,_Belgium" title="Forest, Belgium">Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles,_Belgium" title="Saint-Gilles, Belgium">Saint-Gilles</a></li> <li>5342 Uccle/Watermael-Boitsfort/Auderghem: <a href="/wiki/Auderghem" title="Auderghem">Auderghem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uccle" title="Uccle">Uccle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watermael-Boitsfort" title="Watermael-Boitsfort">Watermael-Boitsfort</a></li> <li>5343 Montgomery: <a href="/wiki/Etterbeek" title="Etterbeek">Etterbeek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Lambert" title="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert">Woluwe-Saint-Lambert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Pierre" title="Woluwe-Saint-Pierre">Woluwe-Saint-Pierre</a></li> <li>5344 Polbruno: <a href="/wiki/Evere" title="Evere">Evere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode">Saint-Josse-ten-Noode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek" title="Schaerbeek">Schaerbeek</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_department">Fire department</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Fire department">edit</a>]</div> The Brussels Fire and Emergency Medical Care Service, commonly known by its acronym SIAMU (DBDMH), operates in the 19 municipalities of Brussels.<a href="#cite_note-326">[322]</a> It is a class X fire department and the largest <a href="/wiki/Fire_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire service">fire service</a> in Belgium in terms of annual operations, equipment, and personnel. It has 9 <a href="/wiki/Fire_station" title="Fire station">fire stations</a>, spread over the entire Brussels-Capital Region, and employs about 1,000 professional <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a>. As well as preventing and fighting fires, SIAMU also provides emergency medical care services in Brussels via its centralised 100 number (and the single 112 emergency number for the 27 countries of the European Union). It is bilingual (French–Dutch). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_green_spaces">Parks and green spaces</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Parks and green spaces">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Brussels" title="List of parks and gardens in Brussels">List of parks and gardens in Brussels</a></div> Brussels is one of the greenest capitals in Europe, with over 8,000 hectares of green spaces.<a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a> Vegetation cover and natural areas are higher in the outskirts, where they have limited the <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">peri-urbanisation</a> of the capital, but they decrease sharply towards the centre of Brussels; 10% in the central <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_(Brussels)" title="Pentagon (Brussels)">Pentagon</a>, 30% of the municipalities in the first ring, and 71% of the municipalities in the second ring are occupied by green spaces. Many parks and gardens, both public and privately owned, are scattered throughout the city. In addition to this, the <a href="/wiki/Sonian_Forest" title="Sonian Forest">Sonian Forest</a> is located in its southern part and stretches out over the three <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Belgian regions</a>. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit">[update]</a>, it has been inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, the only Belgian component to the multinational inscription '<a href="/wiki/Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_Park_in_summer_2007_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brussels Park"><img alt="Brussels Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Brussels_Park_in_summer_2007_1.JPG/320px-Brussels_Park_in_summer_2007_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Brussels_Park_in_summer_2007_1.JPG/480px-Brussels_Park_in_summer_2007_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Brussels_Park_in_summer_2007_1.JPG/640px-Brussels_Park_in_summer_2007_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Park" title="Brussels Park">Brussels Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels,_Jardin_du_Mont_des_Arts_foto5_2015-06-07_14.01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mont des Arts/Kunstberg"><img alt="Mont des Arts/Kunstberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brussels%2C_Jardin_du_Mont_des_Arts_foto5_2015-06-07_14.01.jpg/320px-Brussels%2C_Jardin_du_Mont_des_Arts_foto5_2015-06-07_14.01.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brussels%2C_Jardin_du_Mont_des_Arts_foto5_2015-06-07_14.01.jpg/480px-Brussels%2C_Jardin_du_Mont_des_Arts_foto5_2015-06-07_14.01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brussels%2C_Jardin_du_Mont_des_Arts_foto5_2015-06-07_14.01.jpg/640px-Brussels%2C_Jardin_du_Mont_des_Arts_foto5_2015-06-07_14.01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mont_des_Arts" title="Mont des Arts">Mont des Arts/Kunstberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark"><img alt="Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R04.jpg/362px-Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R04.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R04.jpg/542px-Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R04.jpg/723px-Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="2649" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire" title="Cinquantenaire">Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brusel,_Bois_de_la_Cambre,_jezero.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos"><img alt="Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Brusel%2C_Bois_de_la_Cambre%2C_jezero.jpg/360px-Brusel%2C_Bois_de_la_Cambre%2C_jezero.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Brusel%2C_Bois_de_la_Cambre%2C_jezero.jpg/541px-Brusel%2C_Bois_de_la_Cambre%2C_jezero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Brusel%2C_Bois_de_la_Cambre%2C_jezero.jpg/721px-Brusel%2C_Bois_de_la_Cambre%2C_jezero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="3178" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bois_de_la_Cambre/Ter_Kamerenbos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos">Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ixelles_Ponds.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ixelles Ponds"><img alt="Ixelles Ponds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ixelles_Ponds.JPG/359px-Ixelles_Ponds.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ixelles_Ponds.JPG/538px-Ixelles_Ponds.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ixelles_Ponds.JPG/717px-Ixelles_Ponds.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ixelles_Ponds" title="Ixelles Ponds">Ixelles Ponds</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Parc_de_Forest_-_20080325.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Forest Park"><img alt="Forest Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Parc_de_Forest_-_20080325.JPG/320px-Parc_de_Forest_-_20080325.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Parc_de_Forest_-_20080325.JPG/480px-Parc_de_Forest_-_20080325.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Parc_de_Forest_-_20080325.JPG/640px-Parc_de_Forest_-_20080325.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Forest_park,_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest park, Brussels">Forest Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Autumn_light_in_the_Sonian_Forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sonian Forest"><img alt="Sonian Forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Autumn_light_in_the_Sonian_Forest.jpg/180px-Autumn_light_in_the_Sonian_Forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Autumn_light_in_the_Sonian_Forest.jpg/270px-Autumn_light_in_the_Sonian_Forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Autumn_light_in_the_Sonian_Forest.jpg/360px-Autumn_light_in_the_Sonian_Forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sonian_Forest" title="Sonian Forest">Sonian Forest</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Brussels" title="List of people from Brussels">List of people from Brussels</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Belgium" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Belgium">List of twin towns and sister cities in Belgium</a></div> Brussels is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with the following cities:<a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>, Netherlands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, Morocco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo"><img alt="Democratic Republic of the Congo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a>, Congo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau"><img alt="Macau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Macao">Macao</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, United States</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_of_Brussels" title="Bourgeois of Brussels">Bourgeois of Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghost_train" title="Nazi ghost train">Nazi ghost train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Noble_Houses_of_Brussels" title="Seven Noble Houses of Brussels">Seven Noble Houses of Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_Brussels" title="Sculpture in Brussels">Sculpture in Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Regional_Investment_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Regional Investment Company">Brussels Regional Investment Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Information_Centres_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="European Network of Information Centres for the Performing Arts">European Network of Information Centres for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">List of urban areas in the European Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">French pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁeʒjɔ̃ də bʁy(k)sɛl kapital]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d4\/Fr-R%C3%A9gion_de_Bruxelles-Capitale.ogg\/Fr-R%C3%A9gion_de_Bruxelles-Capitale.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-R\u00e9gion de Bruxelles-Capitale.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Fr-R%C3%A9gion_de_Bruxelles-Capitale.ogg/Fr-R%C3%A9gion_de_Bruxelles-Capitale.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-R%C3%A9gion_de_Bruxelles-Capitale.ogg" title="File:Fr-Région de Bruxelles-Capitale.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Dutch pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈbrʏsəls ˌɦoːftˈsteːdələk xəˈʋɛst]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/dd\/Nl-Brussels_Hoofdstedelijk_Gewest.ogg\/Nl-Brussels_Hoofdstedelijk_Gewest.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/Nl-Brussels_Hoofdstedelijk_Gewest.ogg/Nl-Brussels_Hoofdstedelijk_Gewest.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Brussels_Hoofdstedelijk_Gewest.ogg" title="File:Nl-Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest.ogg">ⓘ</a>. Gewest in isolation is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ɣəˈʋɛst]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0a\/Nl-gewest.ogg\/Nl-gewest.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-gewest.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Nl-gewest.ogg/Nl-gewest.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-gewest.ogg" title="File:Nl-gewest.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Brussels is not <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">formally declared</a> capital of the EU, though its position is spelled out in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a>. See <a href="#Brussels_and_the_European_Union">the section dedicated to this issue</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> The six municipalities with language facilities around Brussels are <a href="/wiki/Wemmel" title="Wemmel">Wemmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kraainem" title="Kraainem">Kraainem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wezembeek-Oppem" title="Wezembeek-Oppem">Wezembeek-Oppem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint-Genesius-Rode" title="Sint-Genesius-Rode">Sint-Genesius-Rode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linkebeek" title="Linkebeek">Linkebeek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drogenbos" title="Drogenbos">Drogenbos</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemey2007-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemey2007_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemey2007_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemey2007_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemey2007_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemey2007">Demey 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Capital-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capital_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capital_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brusselstimes.com/brussels/42112/how-brussels-became-the-capital-of-europe-500-years-ago/">"How Brussels became the capital of Europe 500 years ago"</a>. The Brussels Times. 21 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714132914/https://www.brusselstimes.com/brussels/42112/how-brussels-became-the-capital-of-europe-500-years-ago/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2019. 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Retrieved 5 June 2009. <q>Since 18 June 1989, the date of the first regional elections, the Brussels-Capital Region has been an autonomous region comparable to the Flemish and Walloon Regions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brussels-Capital+Region+%2F+Creation&rft.pub=Centre+d%27Informatique+pour+la+R%C3%A9gion+Bruxelloise+%5BBrussels+Regional+Informatics+Center%5D&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bruxelles.irisnet.be%2Fen%2Fregion%2Fregion_de_bruxelles-capitale%2Fcreation.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) </li> <li id="cite_note-article_194-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-article_194_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-article_194_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810142522/http://www.const-court.be/en/basic_text/belgian_constitution.pdf">The Belgian Constitution</a> (PDF). 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The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231052637/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jun/13/brussels-euro-uk-brexit-eu-business">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2021. 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A propos du Benelux (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214094751/https://www.benelux.int/fr/benelux-unie/introduction">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+propos+du+Benelux&rft.atitle=Secr%C3%A9tariat+general&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benelux.int%2Ffr%2Fbenelux-unie%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49284.htm">"NATO Headquarters"</a>. NATO. 16 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218014349/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49284.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NATO&rft.atitle=NATO+Headquarters&rft.date=2018-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Ftopics_49284.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808195454/http://www.nbb.be/belgostat/PublicatieSelectieLinker?LinkID=68000011%7C910000082&Lang=E">"Gross domestic product per resident, at current prices – Ratio in relation to the total of the Kingdom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbb.be/belgostat/PublicatieSelectieLinker?LinkID=68000011%7c910000082&Lang=E">the original</a> on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+domestic+product+per+resident%2C+at+current+prices+%E2%80%93+Ratio+in+relation+to+the+total+of+the+Kingdom&rft.pub=National+Bank+of+Belgium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbb.be%2Fbelgostat%2FPublicatieSelectieLinker%3FLinkID%3D68000011%257c910000082%26Lang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statbel-34"><a href="#cite_ref-statbel_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/households/taxable-income#news">Average income in Belgium reached 19,105 euros in 2019</a>. Belgian Federal Government. 26 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003102258/https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/households/taxable-income#news">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Average+income+in+Belgium+reached+19%2C105+euros+in+2019&rft.pub=Belgian+Federal+Government&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Fen%2Fthemes%2Fhouseholds%2Ftaxable-income%23news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/themas/bevolking/structuur-van-de-bevolking">"Structuur van de bevolking | Statbel"</a>. statbel.fgov.be. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214080009/https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/themas/bevolking/structuur-van-de-bevolking">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statbel.fgov.be&rft.atitle=Structuur+van+de+bevolking+%26%23124%3B+Statbel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Fnl%2Fthemas%2Fbevolking%2Fstructuur-van-de-bevolking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BelMun2008-36"><a href="#cite_ref-BelMun2008_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917020854/http://www.statbel.fgov.be/downloads/pop200801com.xls">"Statistics Belgium; Population de droit par commune au 1 janvier 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statbel.fgov.be/downloads/pop200801com.xls">the original</a> (excel-file) on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Belgium%3B+Population+de+droit+par+commune+au+1+janvier+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statbel.fgov.be%2Fdownloads%2Fpop200801com.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> Population of all municipalities in Belgium on 1 January 2008. Retrieved on 18 October 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-BelMetr-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BelMetr_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BelMetr_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029020131/http://www.statbel.fgov.be/pub/d0/p009n014_nl.pdf">"Statistics Belgium; De Belgische Stadsgewesten 2001"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statbel.fgov.be/pub/d0/p009n014_nl.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+Belgium%3B+De+Belgische+Stadsgewesten+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statbel.fgov.be%2Fpub%2Fd0%2Fp009n014_nl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> Definitions of metropolitan areas in Belgium. The metropolitan area of Brussels is divided into three levels. First, the central agglomeration (geoperationaliseerde agglomeratie) with 1,451,047 inhabitants (2008-01-01, adjusted to municipal borders). Adding the closest surroundings (suburbs, banlieue or buitenwijken) gives a total of 1,831,496. And, including the outer commuter zone (forensenwoonzone) the population is 2,676,701. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">"Demographia World Urban Areas"</a> (PDF). April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517065701/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographia+World+Urban+Areas&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demographia.com%2Fdb-worldua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_MeeterenBoussauwDerudderWitlox2016-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_MeeterenBoussauwDerudderWitlox2016_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_MeeterenBoussauwDerudderWitlox2016_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_MeeterenBoussauwDerudderWitlox2016">Van Meeteren et al. 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html">"The World According to GaWC 2016"</a>. GaWC. 24 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GaWC&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+GaWC+2016&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2016t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internations.org/brussels-expats/guide/living-in-brussels-15366/transportation-in-brussels-2">"Transportation in Brussels"</a>. internations.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804013925/https://www.internations.org/brussels-expats/guide/living-in-brussels-15366/transportation-in-brussels-2">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=internations.org&rft.atitle=Transportation+in+Brussels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internations.org%2Fbrussels-expats%2Fguide%2Fliving-in-brussels-15366%2Ftransportation-in-brussels-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/belgianchairmanship-brussels">"Brussels Capital Region"</a>. coe.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135106/https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/belgianchairmanship-brussels">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coe.int&rft.atitle=Brussels+Capital+Region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fportal%2Fbelgianchairmanship-brussels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNATO" class="citation web cs1">NATO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_162358.htm">"Belgium and NATO – 1949"</a>. NATO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135106/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_162358.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NATO&rft.atitle=Belgium+and+NATO+%E2%80%93+1949&rft.au=NATO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Fdeclassified_162358.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.brussels/en/sites/brusselscard/place/Musee-Fin-de-Siecle-Museum">"Musée Fin-de-Siècle Museum – brusselscard"</a>. visit.brussels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219135106/https://visit.brussels/en/sites/brusselscard/place/Musee-Fin-de-Siecle-Museum">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visit.brussels&rft.atitle=Mus%C3%A9e+Fin-de-Si%C3%A8cle+Museum+%E2%80%93+brusselscard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.brussels%2Fen%2Fsites%2Fbrusselscard%2Fplace%2FMusee-Fin-de-Siecle-Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001656/http://www.brusselstimes.com/brussels/11717/brussels-north-is-belgium-s-busiest-train-station">"The Brussels Times – Brussels North is Belgium's busiest train station"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brusselstimes.com/brussels/11717/brussels-north-is-belgium-s-busiest-train-station">the original</a> on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Brussels+Times+%E2%80%93+Brussels+North+is+Belgium%27s+busiest+train+station&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselstimes.com%2Fbrussels%2F11717%2Fbrussels-north-is-belgium-s-busiest-train-station&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110318052438/http://www.brusselsairport.be/en/corporate/statistics/">"Statistics"</a>. Brussels Airport Website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brusselsairport.be/en/corporate/statistics">the original</a> on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brussels+Airport+Website&rft.atitle=Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselsairport.be%2Fen%2Fcorporate%2Fstatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://be.brussels/culture-tourism-leisure/brussels-folklore/gastronomy">"Gastronomy — Région bruxelloise – Brussels Gewest"</a>. be.brussels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194503/http://be.brussels/culture-tourism-leisure/brussels-folklore/gastronomy">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=be.brussels&rft.atitle=Gastronomy+%E2%80%94+R%C3%A9gion+bruxelloise+%E2%80%93+Brussels+Gewest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbe.brussels%2Fculture-tourism-leisure%2Fbrussels-folklore%2Fgastronomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.brussels/en/article/brussels-unesco-sites">"UNESCO heritage in Brussels"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194511/https://visit.brussels/en/article/brussels-unesco-sites">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UNESCO+heritage+in+Brussels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.brussels%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbrussels-unesco-sites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.brussels/en/article/the-walls-of-the-comic-strip-walk-in-detail">"The walls of the comic strip walk in detail"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194443/https://visit.brussels/en/article/the-walls-of-the-comic-strip-walk-in-detail">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+walls+of+the+comic+strip+walk+in+detail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.brussels%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-walls-of-the-comic-strip-walk-in-detail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Geert_van_Istendael" title="Geert van Istendael">Geert van Istendael</a> Arm Brussel, uitgeverij Atlas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-450-0853-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-450-0853-X">90-450-0853-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-vgc-51"><a href="#cite_ref-vgc_51-0">^</a> (in Dutch) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bop.vgc.be/didmat/ogenblikken/achtergrond/ontstaan.html">Zo ontstond Brussel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706142428/http://www.bop.vgc.be/didmat/ogenblikken/achtergrond/ontstaan.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie – Commission of the Flemish Community in Brussels </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Baptiste_D'HaneFrançois_HuetP.A._LenzH.G._Moke1837" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean Baptiste D'Hane; François Huet; P.A. Lenz; H.G. Moke (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0c4aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405">Nouvelles archives historiques, philosophiques, et littéraires</a> (in French). Vol. 1. Gent: C. Annoot- Braeckman. p. 405. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819155707/https://books.google.com/books?id=0c4aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA405">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouvelles+archives+historiques%2C+philosophiques%2C+et+litt%C3%A9raires&rft.place=Gent&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=C.+Annoot-+Braeckman&rft.date=1837&rft.au=Jean+Baptiste+D%27Hane&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Huet&rft.au=P.A.+Lenz&rft.au=H.G.+Moke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0c4aAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETribotDefawe20063-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETribotDefawe20063_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTribotDefawe2006">Tribot & Defawe 2006</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller199425-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller199425_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller199425_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller199425_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller199425_54-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreffers-Daller1994">Treffers-Daller 1994</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-evans-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evans_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evans_55-1">b</a> Mary Anne Evans, Frommer's Brussels and Bruges Day by Day. First Edition (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2008), 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_d%27Osta" title="Jean d'Osta">Jean d'Osta</a>, Dictionnaire historique des faubourgs de Bruxelles, édition Le Livre <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-930135-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-930135-10-6">978-2-930135-10-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerond,_1980_pp._477-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerond,_1980_pp._477_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerond,_1980_pp._477_57-1">b</a> Alain Lerond, Dictionnaire de la prononciation (1980), Larousse, pp. 477. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/bruxelles/detail_decouverte-majeure-a-bruxelles-des-vestiges-romains-retrouves-sur-le-site-de-tour-et-taxis?id=9048235">"Bruxelles: des vestiges romains retrouvés sur le site de Tour et Taxis"</a>. RTBF Info (in French). 6 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823022836/https://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/bruxelles/detail_decouverte-majeure-a-bruxelles-des-vestiges-romains-retrouves-sur-le-site-de-tour-et-taxis?id=9048235">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RTBF+Info&rft.atitle=Bruxelles%3A+des+vestiges+romains+retrouv%C3%A9s+sur+le+site+de+Tour+et+Taxis&rft.date=2015-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtbf.be%2Finfo%2Fregions%2Fbruxelles%2Fdetail_decouverte-majeure-a-bruxelles-des-vestiges-romains-retrouves-sur-le-site-de-tour-et-taxis%3Fid%3D9048235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrimoine.brussels/news/les-romains-de-tour-et-taxis">"Les Romains de Tour & Taxis — Patrimoine – Erfgoed"</a>. patrimoine.brussels (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410140806/http://patrimoine.brussels/news/les-romains-de-tour-et-taxis">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=patrimoine.brussels&rft.atitle=Les+Romains+de+Tour+%26+Taxis+%E2%80%94+Patrimoine+%E2%80%93+Erfgoed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatrimoine.brussels%2Fnews%2Fles-romains-de-tour-et-taxis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEState2004269-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEState2004269_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFState2004">State 2004</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiché1983276-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiché1983276_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiché1983">Riché 1983</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120140134/http://www.bop.vgc.be/didmat/ogenblikken/achtergrond/ontstaan.html">"Zo ontstond Brussel"</a> [This is how Brussels originated] (in Dutch). Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie [Commission of the Flemish Community in Brussels]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bop.vgc.be/didmat/ogenblikken/achtergrond/ontstaan.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zo+ontstond+Brussel&rft.pub=Vlaamse+Gemeenschapscommissie+%5BCommission+of+the+Flemish+Community+in+Brussels%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bop.vgc.be%2Fdidmat%2Fogenblikken%2Fachtergrond%2Fontstaan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigode1938185–215-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrigode1938185–215_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrigode1938">Brigode 1938</a>, p. 185–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPrevenier199930–31-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlockmansPrevenier199930–31_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlockmansPrevenier1999">Blockmans & Prevenier 1999</a>, p. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk1868542-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk1868542_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirk1868">Kirk 1868</a>, p. 542. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1957228-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1957228_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1957">Armstrong 1957</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2015" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Everett Jr. (7 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&q=Charles+V+28+years+in+the+netherlands&pg=PA36">The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500–1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas</a>. 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Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NATO&rft.atitle=New+NATO+Headquarters&rft.au=NATO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatohq%2Ftopics_49287.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_Book-145"><a href="#cite_ref-History_Book_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInally2010" class="citation web cs1">McInally, John (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312055754/https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/publication/files/2011-history-book.pdf">"Eurocontrol History Book"</a> (PDF). Eurocontrol. 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Retrieved 29 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statbel.fgov.be&rft.atitle=Language+selection+%E2%80%93+Statbel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statbel.fgov.be%2Ffigures%2Fdownload_fr.asp%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017125020/https://ibsa.brussels/sites/default/files/documents/1.3_population_Nationalit%C3%A9s_20220926_0.xlsx">Population – Nationalités</a> (Report) (in French). Brussels Institute for Statistics and Analysis. Tabel 1.3.1.4 – Principales nationalités actuelles : 2022 (au 1er janvier). 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Retrieved 5 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KVS+Express+%28Supplement+to+Newspaper+de+Morgen%29+March%E2%80%93April+2007&rft.atitle=Belgium%27s+new+linguistic+challenges&rft.pages=Article+from+original+source+%28pdf+4.9+MB%29+pages+34-36+republished+by+the+Belgian+Federal+Government+Service+%28ministry%29+of+Economy+-+Directorate-general+Statistics+Belgium&rft.au=Van+Parijs%2C+Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statbel.fgov.be%2Fstudies%2Fac699_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> – The linguistic situation in Belgium (and in particular various estimations of the population speaking French and Dutch in Brussels) is discussed in detail.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325104118/http://www.kvs.be/kvs_express/KVS_EXPRESS_13_WEB.pdf">"Hier ging iets mis | KVS"</a> (PDF). 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Région Bruxelles-Capitale (Statistical cell – Ministry of the Brussels-Capital Region). Retrieved 5 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+et+m%C3%A9nages&rft.pub=IBSA+Cellule+statistique+%E2%80%93+Min.+R%C3%A9gion+Bruxelles-Capitale+%28Statistical+cell+%E2%80%93+Ministry+of+the+Brussels-Capital+Region%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bruxelles.irisnet.be%2Fcmsmedia%2Ffr%2Fis_2006_population_menages.pdf%3Furi%3D43742a9611346ccd0111374fb94f0351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npdata.be/BuG/155-Vreemde-afkomst/Vreemde-afkomst.htm">"2.738.486 inwoners van vreemde afkomst in België op 01/01/2012"</a> [2,738,486 inhabitants of foreign origin in Belgium on 01/01/2012]. Npdata.be (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022180710/http://www.npdata.be/BuG/155-Vreemde-afkomst/Vreemde-afkomst.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Npdata.be&rft.atitle=2.738.486+inwoners+van+vreemde+afkomst+in+Belgi%C3%AB+op+01%2F01%2F2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npdata.be%2FBuG%2F155-Vreemde-afkomst%2FVreemde-afkomst.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brio2013-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brio2013_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brio2013_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssens2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janssens, Rudi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015061651/http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/onderzoeksprojecten/brio_taalbarometer_3_brussel_2013.pdf">BRIO-taalbarometer 3: diversiteit als norm</a> [BRIO language barometer 3: diversity as standard] (PDF) (in Dutch). Brussels Informatie-, Documentatie- en Onderzoekscentrum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/onderzoeksprojecten/brio_taalbarometer_3_brussel_2013.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BRIO-taalbarometer+3%3A+diversiteit+als+norm&rft.pub=Brussels+Informatie-%2C+Documentatie-+en+Onderzoekscentrum&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.briobrussel.be%2Fassets%2Fonderzoeksprojecten%2Fbrio_taalbarometer_3_brussel_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tokyo-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tokyo_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tokyo_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tokyo_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tokyo_157-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackhaus2007" class="citation book cs1">Backhaus, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl0mPajCyxsC">Linguistic Landscapes: A Comparative Study of Urban Multilingualism in Tokyo</a>. Multilingual Matters Ltd. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853599460" title="Special:BookSources/9781853599460"><bdi>9781853599460</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415012552/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl0mPajCyxsC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Landscapes%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Urban+Multilingualism+in+Tokyo&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781853599460&rft.aulast=Backhaus&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNl0mPajCyxsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jaumain-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jaumain_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaumain_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jaumain_158-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaumain2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jaumain, Serge (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KHsk_ht_UqEC">Vivre en Ville: Bruxelles et Montréal aux XIXe et XXe siècles</a> (in French) (Études Canadiennes Series nº9 ed.). Peter Lang. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789052013343" title="Special:BookSources/9789052013343"><bdi>9789052013343</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128005647/https://books.google.com/books?id=KHsk_ht_UqEC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vivre+en+Ville%3A+Bruxelles+et+Montr%C3%A9al+aux+XIXe+et+XXe+si%C3%A8cles&rft.pages=375&rft.edition=%C3%89tudes+Canadiennes+Series+n%C2%BA9&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789052013343&rft.aulast=Jaumain&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKHsk_ht_UqEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roegiest-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roegiest_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roegiest_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoegiest2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roegiest, Eugeen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7FeNc7B3EYC">Vers les sources des langues romanes. Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania</a> (in French). ACCO. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789033473807" title="Special:BookSources/9789033473807"><bdi>9789033473807</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128005705/https://books.google.com/books?id=K7FeNc7B3EYC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vers+les+sources+des+langues+romanes.+Un+itin%C3%A9raire+linguistique+%C3%A0+travers+la+Romania&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=ACCO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789033473807&rft.aulast=Roegiest&rft.aufirst=Eugeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7FeNc7B3EYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marynissen-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marynissen_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynissen_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marynissen_160-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssens2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janssens, Guy (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOo9oNIUcFUC">Het Nederlands vroeger en nu</a> (in Dutch). ACCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9033457822" title="Special:BookSources/9033457822"><bdi>9033457822</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414232050/https://books.google.com/books?id=JOo9oNIUcFUC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+Nederlands+vroeger+en+nu&rft.pub=ACCO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9033457822&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOo9oNIUcFUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rudi3-161"><a href="#cite_ref-rudi3_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssens2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janssens, Rudi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brusselsstudies.be/medias/publications/NL_51_BruS13NL.pdf">Taalgebruik in Brussel en de plaats van het Nederlands — Enkele recente bevindingen</a> (PDF) (in Dutch) (Brussels Studies, nº13 ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315062310/http://brusselsstudies.be/medias/publications/NL_51_BruS13NL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taalgebruik+in+Brussel+en+de+plaats+van+het+Nederlands+%E2%80%94+Enkele+recente+bevindingen&rft.edition=Brussels+Studies%2C+n%C2%BA13&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselsstudies.be%2Fmedias%2Fpublications%2FNL_51_BruS13NL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kramer-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kramer_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kramer_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kramer_162-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kramer_162-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1984" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Johannes (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHZtibOQnnQC">Zweisprachigkeit in den Benelux-ländern</a>. Buske Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3871185973" title="Special:BookSources/3871185973"><bdi>3871185973</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zweisprachigkeit+in+den+Benelux-l%C3%A4ndern&rft.pub=Buske+Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3871185973&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrHZtibOQnnQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-baetens-163"><a href="#cite_ref-baetens_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaetens_Beardsmore1986" class="citation book cs1">Baetens Beardsmore, Hugo (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DX1JcMNgz7AC">Bilingualism: Basic Principles (2nd Ed.)</a> (Multiligual Matters Series ed.). Multilingual Matters Ltd. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780905028637" title="Special:BookSources/9780905028637"><bdi>9780905028637</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128043131/https://books.google.com/books?id=DX1JcMNgz7AC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism%3A+Basic+Principles+%282nd+Ed.%29&rft.pages=205&rft.edition=Multiligual+Matters+Series&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters+Ltd&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780905028637&rft.aulast=Baetens+Beardsmore&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDX1JcMNgz7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ernst-164"><a href="#cite_ref-ernst_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ernst, Gerhard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07wyfaQQ_akC">Histoire des langues romanes</a> (in French) (Manuel international sur l'histoire et l'étude linguistique des langues romanes ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110171501" title="Special:BookSources/9783110171501"><bdi>9783110171501</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128005638/https://books.google.com/books?id=07wyfaQQ_akC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+langues+romanes&rft.pages=1166&rft.edition=Manuel+international+sur+l%27histoire+et+l%27%C3%A9tude+linguistique+des+langues+romanes&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783110171501&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07wyfaQQ_akC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vermeersch-165"><a href="#cite_ref-vermeersch_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeersch1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vermeersch, Arthur J. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411072853/http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/Taal_sociale_integr_4.pdf">De taalsituatie tijdens het Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (1814–1830)</a> (PDF) (in Dutch) (Taal en Sociale Integratie, IV ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a> (VUB). pp. 389–404. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/Taal_sociale_integr_4.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+taalsituatie+tijdens+het+Verenigd+Koninkrijk+der+Nederlanden+%281814%E2%80%931830%29&rft.pages=389-404&rft.edition=Taal+en+Sociale+Integratie%2C+IV&rft.pub=Vrije+Universiteit+Brussel+%28VUB%29&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Vermeersch&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.briobrussel.be%2Fassets%2FTaal_sociale_integr_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-poirier-166"><a href="#cite_ref-poirier_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoirier1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poirier, Johanne (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8skGPQAACAAJ">Choix, statut et mission d'une capitale fédérale: Bruxelles au regard du droit comparé</a> (in French) (Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut [61-97] ed.). Brussel: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 817. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7"><bdi>2-8044-0525-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225513/https://books.google.com/books?id=8skGPQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choix%2C+statut+et+mission+d%27une+capitale+f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale%3A+Bruxelles+au+regard+du+droit+compar%C3%A9&rft.place=Brussel&rft.pages=817&rft.edition=Het+statuut+van+Brussel+%2F+Bruxelles+et+son+statut+%5B61-97%5D&rft.pub=De+Boeck+%26+Larcier&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-8044-0525-7&rft.aulast=Poirier&rft.aufirst=Johanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8skGPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rousseaux-167"><a href="#cite_ref-rousseaux_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousseaux1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rousseaux, Xavier (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WW_8JY3TTg0C">Le pénal dans tous ses états: justice, États et sociétés en Europe</a> (in French) (Volume 74 ed.). Publications des Fac. St Louis. p. 462. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782802801153" title="Special:BookSources/9782802801153"><bdi>9782802801153</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128024057/https://books.google.com/books?id=WW_8JY3TTg0C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+p%C3%A9nal+dans+tous+ses+%C3%A9tats%3A+justice%2C+%C3%89tats+et+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+en+Europe&rft.pages=462&rft.edition=Volume+74&rft.pub=Publications+des+Fac.+St+Louis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9782802801153&rft.aulast=Rousseaux&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWW_8JY3TTg0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-degroof-168"><a href="#cite_ref-degroof_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Groof2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Groof, Roel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ReVcRnqeon0C">De kwestie Groot-Brussel en de politieke metropolisering van de hoofdstad (1830–1940). Een analyse van de besluitvorming en de politiek-institutionele aspecten van de voorstellen tot hereniging, annexatie, fusie, federatie en districtvorming van Brussel en zijn voorsteden</a> (in Dutch) (De Brusselse negentien gemeenten en het Brussels model / Les dix-neuf communes bruxelloises et le modèle bruxellois [3-56] ed.). Brussel, Gent: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 754. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8044-1216-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-8044-1216-4"><bdi>2-8044-1216-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615032353/https://books.google.com/books?id=ReVcRnqeon0C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+kwestie+Groot-Brussel+en+de+politieke+metropolisering+van+de+hoofdstad+%281830%E2%80%931940%29.+Een+analyse+van+de+besluitvorming+en+de+politiek-institutionele+aspecten+van+de+voorstellen+tot+hereniging%2C+annexatie%2C+fusie%2C+federatie+en+districtvorming+van+Brussel+en+zijn+voorsteden.&rft.place=Brussel%2C+Gent&rft.pages=754&rft.edition=De+Brusselse+negentien+gemeenten+en+het+Brussels+model+%2F+Les+dix-neuf+communes+bruxelloises+et+le+mod%C3%A8le+bruxellois+%5B3-56%5D&rft.pub=De+Boeck+%26+Larcier&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=2-8044-1216-4&rft.aulast=De+Groof&rft.aufirst=Roel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DReVcRnqeon0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gubin-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gubin_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gubin_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gubin_169-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gubin_169-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGubin1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liane_Gubin" title="Éliane Gubin">Gubin, Eliane</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411072846/http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/Taal_sociale_integr_1.pdf">La situation des langues à Bruxelles au 19ième siècle à la lumière d'un examen critique des statistiques</a> (PDF) (in French) (Taal en Sociale Integratie, I ed.). <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Libre_de_Bruxelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Libre de Bruxelles">Université Libre de Bruxelles</a>. pp. 33–80. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/Taal_sociale_integr_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+situation+des+langues+%C3%A0+Bruxelles+au+19i%C3%A8me+si%C3%A8cle+%C3%A0+la+lumi%C3%A8re+d%27un+examen+critique+des+statistiques&rft.pages=33-80&rft.edition=Taal+en+Sociale+Integratie%2C+I&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+Libre+de+Bruxelles&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Gubin&rft.aufirst=Eliane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.briobrussel.be%2Fassets%2FTaal_sociale_integr_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-balans-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-balans_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-balans_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-balans_170-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Witte, Els (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/taal%20&%20politiek_nl.pdf">Taal en politiek: De Belgische casus in een historisch perspectief</a> (PDF) (in Dutch) (Balansreeks ed.). Brussel: VUBPress (<a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a>). p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789054871774" title="Special:BookSources/9789054871774"><bdi>9789054871774</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200526142926/https://www.briobrussel.be/assets/taal%20%26%20politiek_nl.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taal+en+politiek%3A+De+Belgische+casus+in+een+historisch+perspectief&rft.place=Brussel&rft.pages=180&rft.edition=Balansreeks&rft.pub=VUBPress+%28Vrije+Universiteit+Brussel%29&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789054871774&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Els&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.briobrussel.be%2Fassets%2Ftaal%2520%26%2520politiek_nl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-busekist-171"><a href="#cite_ref-busekist_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Busekist2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Von Busekist, Astrid (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUSlh1z8okQC">Nationalisme contre bilinguisme: le cas belge</a> (in French) (La Politique de Babel: du monolinguisme d'État au plurilinguisme des peuples [191-226] ed.). Éditions KARTHALA. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782845862401" title="Special:BookSources/9782845862401"><bdi>9782845862401</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128005632/https://books.google.com/books?id=kUSlh1z8okQC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalisme+contre+bilinguisme%3A+le+cas+belge&rft.pages=348&rft.edition=La+Politique+de+Babel%3A+du+monolinguisme+d%27%C3%89tat+au+plurilinguisme+des+peuples+%5B191-226%5D&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+KARTHALA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9782845862401&rft.aulast=Von+Busekist&rft.aufirst=Astrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUSlh1z8okQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bitsch-172"><a href="#cite_ref-bitsch_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitsch2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bitsch, Marie-Thérèse (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=keh_JJginLwC">Histoire de la Belgique: De l'Antiquité à nos jours</a> (in French). Éditions Complexe. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782804800239" title="Special:BookSources/9782804800239"><bdi>9782804800239</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128005624/https://books.google.com/books?id=keh_JJginLwC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Belgique%3A+De+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Complexe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782804800239&rft.aulast=Bitsch&rft.aufirst=Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkeh_JJginLwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tétart-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tétart_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tétart_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTétart2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tétart, Frank (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WpbjQSwEhGgC">Nationalismes régionaux: Un défi pour l'Europe</a> (in French). De Boeck Supérieur. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782804117818" title="Special:BookSources/9782804117818"><bdi>9782804117818</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128024103/https://books.google.com/books?id=WpbjQSwEhGgC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalismes+r%C3%A9gionaux%3A+Un+d%C3%A9fi+pour+l%27Europe&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Sup%C3%A9rieur&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9782804117818&rft.aulast=T%C3%A9tart&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWpbjQSwEhGgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kok-174"><a href="#cite_ref-kok_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKok_Escalle2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kok Escalle, Marie-Christine (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjhQ-LTpD_0C">Changements politiques et statut des langues: histoire et épistémologie 1780-1945</a> (in French) (Faux Titre (volume 206) ed.). Rodopi. p. 374. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042013759" title="Special:BookSources/9789042013759"><bdi>9789042013759</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128005657/https://books.google.com/books?id=HjhQ-LTpD_0C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changements+politiques+et+statut+des+langues%3A+histoire+et+%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mologie+1780-1945&rft.pages=374&rft.edition=Faux+Titre+%28volume+206%29&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789042013759&rft.aulast=Kok+Escalle&rft.aufirst=Marie-Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjhQ-LTpD_0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bogaert-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bogaert_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bogaert_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogaert-Damin1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bogaert-Damin, Anne Marie (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lfcGiuMtz7UC">Bruxelles: développement de l'ensemble urbain 1846–1961</a> (in French). Presses universitaires de Namur. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782870370896" title="Special:BookSources/9782870370896"><bdi>9782870370896</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414232945/https://books.google.com/books?id=lfcGiuMtz7UC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruxelles%3A+d%C3%A9veloppement+de+l%27ensemble+urbain+1846%E2%80%931961&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Namur&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9782870370896&rft.aulast=Bogaert-Damin&rft.aufirst=Anne+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlfcGiuMtz7UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hasquin2-176"><a href="#cite_ref-hasquin2_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasquin1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hasquin, Hervé (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9VBMP2Qi9kgC">Bruxelles, ville frontière. Le point de vue d'un historien francophone</a> (in French) (Europe et ses ville-frontières [205-230] ed.). Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782870276631" title="Special:BookSources/9782870276631"><bdi>9782870276631</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128043142/https://books.google.com/books?id=9VBMP2Qi9kgC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruxelles%2C+ville+fronti%C3%A8re.+Le+point+de+vue+d%27un+historien+francophone&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pages=329&rft.edition=Europe+et+ses+ville-fronti%C3%A8res+%5B205-230%5D&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Complexe&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9782870276631&rft.aulast=Hasquin&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9VBMP2Qi9kgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vrints-177"><a href="#cite_ref-vrints_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVrints2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vrints, Antoon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWohT1yErb0C">Het theater van de Straat: Publiek geweld in Antwerpen tijdens de eerste helft van de twintigste Eeuw</a> (in Dutch) (Studies Stadsgeschiedenis Series ed.). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9089643407" title="Special:BookSources/978-9089643407"><bdi>978-9089643407</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225514/https://books.google.com/books?id=AWohT1yErb0C">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+theater+van+de+Straat%3A+Publiek+geweld+in+Antwerpen+tijdens+de+eerste+helft+van+de+twintigste+Eeuw&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=223&rft.edition=Studies+Stadsgeschiedenis+Series&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9089643407&rft.aulast=Vrints&rft.aufirst=Antoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAWohT1yErb0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-veron-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-veron_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-veron_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-veron_178-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapron2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Capron, Catherine (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nIKV9oOdpgIC">La dualité démographique de la Belgique : mythe ou réalité?</a> (in French) (Régimes démographiques et territoires: les frontières en question [255–278] ed.). INED. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2950935680" title="Special:BookSources/2950935680"><bdi>2950935680</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225008/https://books.google.com/books?id=nIKV9oOdpgIC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+dualit%C3%A9+d%C3%A9mographique+de+la+Belgique+%3A+mythe+ou+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9%3F&rft.edition=R%C3%A9gimes+d%C3%A9mographiques+et+territoires%3A+les+fronti%C3%A8res+en+question+%5B255%E2%80%93278%5D&rft.pub=INED&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2950935680&rft.aulast=Capron&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnIKV9oOdpgIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-velthoven-179"><a href="#cite_ref-velthoven_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Velthoven1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">van Velthoven, Harry (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411072853/http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/Taal_sociale_integr_4.pdf">Taal- en onderwijspolitiek te Brussel (1878-1914)</a> (PDF) (in Dutch) (Taal en Sociale Integratie, IV ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a> (VUB). pp. 261–387. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/Taal_sociale_integr_4.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taal-+en+onderwijspolitiek+te+Brussel+%281878-1914%29&rft.pages=261-387&rft.edition=Taal+en+Sociale+Integratie%2C+IV&rft.pub=Vrije+Universiteit+Brussel+%28VUB%29&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=van+Velthoven&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.briobrussel.be%2Fassets%2FTaal_sociale_integr_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blampain-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blampain_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blampain_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blampain_180-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blampain_180-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blampain_180-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlampain1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blampain, Daniel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fl1trFhoYFwC">Le français en Belgique: Une communauté, une langue</a> (in French). De Boeck Université. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2801111260" title="Special:BookSources/2801111260"><bdi>2801111260</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511212204/http://books.google.fr/books?id=fl1trFhoYFwC&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+fran%C3%A7ais+en+Belgique%3A+Une+communaut%C3%A9%2C+une+langue&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Universit%C3%A9&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=2801111260&rft.aulast=Blampain&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfl1trFhoYFwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-witte-181"><a href="#cite_ref-witte_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Witte, Els (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8skGPQAACAAJ">Analyse du statut de Bruxelles (1989-1999)</a> (in French) (Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut [19-33] ed.). Brussel: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 817. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7"><bdi>2-8044-0525-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225513/https://books.google.com/books?id=8skGPQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyse+du+statut+de+Bruxelles+%281989-1999%29&rft.place=Brussel&rft.pages=817&rft.edition=Het+statuut+van+Brussel+%2F+Bruxelles+et+son+statut+%5B19-33%5D&rft.pub=De+Boeck+%26+Larcier&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-8044-0525-7&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Els&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8skGPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller1994-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller1994_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreffers-Daller1994_182-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreffers-Daller1994">Treffers-Daller 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-metsenaere-thuis-183"><a href="#cite_ref-metsenaere-thuis_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Metsenaere1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Metsenaere, Machteld (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015023229/http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/andere%20publicaties/btng-rbhc,%2021,%201990,%203-4,%20pp%20383-412.pdf">Thuis in gescheiden werelden — De migratoire en sociale aspecten van verfransing te Brussel in het midden van de 19e eeuw</a> (PDF) (in Dutch) (BTNG-RBHC, XXI, 1990, nº 3–4 [383–412] ed.). <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a> (VUB). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/andere%20publicaties/btng-rbhc,%2021,%201990,%203-4,%20pp%20383-412.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thuis+in+gescheiden+werelden+%E2%80%94+De+migratoire+en+sociale+aspecten+van+verfransing+te+Brussel+in+het+midden+van+de+19e+eeuw&rft.edition=BTNG-RBHC%2C+XXI%2C+1990%2C+n%C2%BA+3%E2%80%934+%5B383%E2%80%93412%5D&rft.pub=Vrije+Universiteit+Brussel+%28VUB%29&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=de+Metsenaere&rft.aufirst=Machteld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.briobrussel.be%2Fassets%2Fandere%2520publicaties%2Fbtng-rbhc%2C%252021%2C%25201990%2C%25203-4%2C%2520pp%2520383-412.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brio4-184"><a href="#cite_ref-brio4_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachteld_de_Metsenaere1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Machteld de Metsenaere (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015023229/http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/andere%20publicaties/btng-rbhc,%2021,%201990,%203-4,%20pp%20383-412.pdf">"Thuis in gescheiden werelden – De migratoire en sociale aspecten van verfransing te Brussel in het midden van de 19e eeuw"</a> [Home in separate worlds – The migratory and social aspects of Francization in Brussels in the middle of the 19th century] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/BTNG-RBHC" class="mw-redirect" title="BTNG-RBHC">BTNG-RBHC</a> (in Dutch). XXI (3–4): 383–412. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/andere%20publicaties/btng-rbhc,%2021,%201990,%203-4,%20pp%20383-412.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BTNG-RBHC&rft.atitle=Thuis+in+gescheiden+werelden+%E2%80%93+De+migratoire+en+sociale+aspecten+van+verfransing+te+Brussel+in+het+midden+van+de+19e+eeuw&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=383-412&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Machteld+de+Metsenaere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.briobrussel.be%2Fassets%2Fandere%2520publicaties%2Fbtng-rbhc%2C%252021%2C%25201990%2C%25203-4%2C%2520pp%2520383-412.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mares-185"><a href="#cite_ref-mares_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMares2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mares, Ann (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015023227/http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/andere%20publicaties/brusselse_thema%27s_7.pdf">Begin van het einde van de nationale partijen. Onderzoek naar de Vlaamse Beweging(en) en de Vlaamse politieke partijen in Brussel: de Rode Leeuwen</a> (PDF) (in Dutch) (19 keer Brussel; Brusselse Thema's (7) [157-185] ed.). VUBPress (<a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9054872926" title="Special:BookSources/9054872926"><bdi>9054872926</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/andere%20publicaties/brusselse_thema%27s_7.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Begin+van+het+einde+van+de+nationale+partijen.+Onderzoek+naar+de+Vlaamse+Beweging%28en%29+en+de+Vlaamse+politieke+partijen+in+Brussel%3A+de+Rode+Leeuwen&rft.edition=19+keer+Brussel%3B+Brusselse+Thema%27s+%287%29+%5B157-185%5D&rft.pub=VUBPress+%28Vrije+Universiteit+Brussel%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9054872926&rft.aulast=Mares&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.briobrussel.be%2Fassets%2Fandere%2520publicaties%2Fbrusselse_thema%2527s_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-depré-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-depré_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-depré_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepré2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Depré, Leen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015023227/http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/andere%20publicaties/brusselse_thema%27s_7.pdf">Tien jaar persberichtgeving over de faciliteitenproblematiek in de Brusselse Rand. Een inhoudsanalystisch onderzoek</a> (PDF) (in Dutch) (19 keer Brussel; Brusselse Thema's (7) [281-336] ed.). VUBPress (<a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a>). p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9054872926" title="Special:BookSources/9054872926"><bdi>9054872926</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/andere%20publicaties/brusselse_thema%27s_7.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tien+jaar+persberichtgeving+over+de+faciliteitenproblematiek+in+de+Brusselse+Rand.+Een+inhoudsanalystisch+onderzoek&rft.pages=281&rft.edition=19+keer+Brussel%3B+Brusselse+Thema%27s+%287%29+%5B281-336%5D&rft.pub=VUBPress+%28Vrije+Universiteit+Brussel%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9054872926&rft.aulast=Depr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Leen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.briobrussel.be%2Fassets%2Fandere%2520publicaties%2Fbrusselse_thema%2527s_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brusselsstudies-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brusselsstudies_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brusselsstudies_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brusselsstudies_187-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brusselsstudies_187-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssens2008" class="citation journal cs1">Janssens, Rudi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/brussels/520">"Language use in Brussels and the position of Dutch"</a>. Brussels Studies. Brussels Studies [Online]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbrussels.520">10.4000/brussels.520</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717184225/https://journals.openedition.org/brussels/520">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brussels+Studies&rft.atitle=Language+use+in+Brussels+and+the+position+of+Dutch&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbrussels.520&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fbrussels%2F520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-janssens-188"><a href="#cite_ref-janssens_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssens2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janssens, Rudi (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015023227/http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/andere%20publicaties/brusselse_thema%27s_7.pdf">Over Brusselse Vlamingen en het Nederlands in Brussel</a> (PDF) (in Dutch) (19 keer Brussel; Brusselse Thema's (7) [41-84] ed.). VUBPress (<a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel" title="Vrije Universiteit Brussel">Vrije Universiteit Brussel</a>). p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9054872926" title="Special:BookSources/9054872926"><bdi>9054872926</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briobrussel.be/assets/andere%20publicaties/brusselse_thema%27s_7.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+Brusselse+Vlamingen+en+het+Nederlands+in+Brussel&rft.pages=60&rft.edition=19+keer+Brussel%3B+Brusselse+Thema%27s+%287%29+%5B41-84%5D&rft.pub=VUBPress+%28Vrije+Universiteit+Brussel%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9054872926&rft.aulast=Janssens&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.briobrussel.be%2Fassets%2Fandere%2520publicaties%2Fbrusselse_thema%2527s_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-detant-189"><a href="#cite_ref-detant_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetant1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Detant, Anja (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8skGPQAACAAJ">Kunnen taalvrijheid en officiële tweetaligheid verzoend worden? De toepassing van de taalwetgeving in het Brussels Hoofdstedelijke Gewest en de 19 gemeenten</a> (in Dutch) (Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut [411–438] ed.). Brussel: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 817. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7"><bdi>2-8044-0525-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225513/https://books.google.com/books?id=8skGPQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kunnen+taalvrijheid+en+offici%C3%ABle+tweetaligheid+verzoend+worden%3F+De+toepassing+van+de+taalwetgeving+in+het+Brussels+Hoofdstedelijke+Gewest+en+de+19+gemeenten&rft.place=Brussel&rft.pages=817&rft.edition=Het+statuut+van+Brussel+%2F+Bruxelles+et+son+statut+%5B411%E2%80%93438%5D&rft.pub=De+Boeck+%26+Larcier&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-8044-0525-7&rft.aulast=Detant&rft.aufirst=Anja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8skGPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meynen-190"><a href="#cite_ref-meynen_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitte2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Witte, Els (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adTkPQAACAAJ">De Geschiedenis van België na 1945</a> (in Dutch). Antwerpen: Standaard Uitgeverij. p. 576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789002219634" title="Special:BookSources/9789002219634"><bdi>9789002219634</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225010/https://books.google.com/books?id=adTkPQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Geschiedenis+van+Belgi%C3%AB+na+1945&rft.place=Antwerpen&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Standaard+Uitgeverij&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789002219634&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=Els&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadTkPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-klinkenberg-191"><a href="#cite_ref-klinkenberg_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinkenberg1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klinkenberg, Jean-Marie (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpJqZxm672sC">Des langues romanes: Introduction aux études de linguistique romane</a> (in French) (Champs linguistiques ed.). De Boeck Supérieur. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782801112274" title="Special:BookSources/9782801112274"><bdi>9782801112274</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128024046/https://books.google.com/books?id=NpJqZxm672sC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Des+langues+romanes%3A+Introduction+aux+%C3%A9tudes+de+linguistique+romane&rft.pages=316&rft.edition=Champs+linguistiques&rft.pub=De+Boeck+Sup%C3%A9rieur&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9782801112274&rft.aulast=Klinkenberg&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpJqZxm672sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kesteloot-192"><a href="#cite_ref-kesteloot_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesteloot2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kesteloot, Chantal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DGOfCPvoyWcC">Au nom de la Wallonie et de Bruxelles français: Les origines du FDF</a> (in French) (Histoires contemporaines ed.). Éditions Complexe. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782870279878" title="Special:BookSources/9782870279878"><bdi>9782870279878</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128005651/https://books.google.com/books?id=DGOfCPvoyWcC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Au+nom+de+la+Wallonie+et+de+Bruxelles+fran%C3%A7ais%3A+Les+origines+du+FDF&rft.pages=375&rft.edition=Histoires+contemporaines&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Complexe&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9782870279878&rft.aulast=Kesteloot&rft.aufirst=Chantal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDGOfCPvoyWcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-frognier-193"><a href="#cite_ref-frognier_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrognier1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frognier, André-Paul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8skGPQAACAAJ">Les interactions stratégiques dans la problématique communautaire et la question bruxelloise</a> (in French) (Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut [705-720] ed.). Brussel: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 817. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7"><bdi>2-8044-0525-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225513/https://books.google.com/books?id=8skGPQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+interactions+strat%C3%A9giques+dans+la+probl%C3%A9matique+communautaire+et+la+question+bruxelloise&rft.place=Brussel&rft.pages=817&rft.edition=Het+statuut+van+Brussel+%2F+Bruxelles+et+son+statut+%5B705-720%5D&rft.pub=De+Boeck+%26+Larcier&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-8044-0525-7&rft.aulast=Frognier&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8skGPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-194"><a href="#cite_ref-constitution_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senate.be/doc/const_fr.html">"La Constitution belge (Art. 4)"</a> (in French). the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Senate">Belgian Senate</a>. May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014848/http://www.senate.be/doc/const_fr.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2009. <q>La Belgique comprend quatre régions linguistiques : la région de langue française, la région de langue néerlandaise, la région bilingue de Bruxelles-Capitale et la région de langue allemande.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Constitution+belge+%28Art.+4%29&rft.pub=the+Belgian+Senate&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.be%2Fdoc%2Fconst_fr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacobs-195"><a href="#cite_ref-jacobs_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirk_Jacobs1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dirk Jacobs (1999). De toekomst van Brussel als meertalige en multiculturele stad. Hebt u al een partijstandpunt? in Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut (in Dutch). Brussels: De Boeck & Larcier. pp. 661–703. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7"><bdi>2-8044-0525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+toekomst+van+Brussel+als+meertalige+en+multiculturele+stad.+Hebt+u+al+een+partijstandpunt%3F+in+Het+statuut+van+Brussel+%2F+Bruxelles+et+son+statut&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=661-703&rft.pub=De+Boeck+%26+Larcier&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-8044-0525-7&rft.au=Dirk+Jacobs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-debruycker-196"><a href="#cite_ref-debruycker_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_De_Bruycker1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Philippe De Bruycker (1999). Le défi de l'unité bruxelloise in Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut (in French). Brussels: De Boeck & Larcier. pp. 465–472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-8044-0525-7"><bdi>2-8044-0525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+d%C3%A9fi+de+l%27unit%C3%A9+bruxelloise+in+Het+statuut+van+Brussel+%2F+Bruxelles+et+son+statut&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=465-472&rft.pub=De+Boeck+%26+Larcier&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-8044-0525-7&rft.au=Philippe+De+Bruycker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lalibre.be/article.phtml?id=10&subid=90&art_id=283113">"La Flandre ne prendra pas Bruxelles..."</a> La Libre Belgique (in French). 28 May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210215002609/https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/la-flandre-ne-prendra-pas-bruxelles-51b88e6ae4b0de6db9adde77">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Libre+Belgique&rft.atitle=La+Flandre+ne+prendra+pas+Bruxelles...&rft.date=2006-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalibre.be%2Farticle.phtml%3Fid%3D10%26subid%3D90%26art_id%3D283113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-question-199"><a href="#cite_ref-question_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lalibre.be/article.phtml?id=10&subid=90&art_id=202792">"Une question: partir ou rester?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Belgique" title="La Libre Belgique">La Libre Belgique</a> (in French). 24 January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051128225333/http://www.lalibre.be/article.phtml?id=10&subid=90&art_id=202792">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2005. Retrieved 3 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Libre+Belgique&rft.atitle=Une+question%3A+partir+ou+rester%3F&rft.date=2005-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalibre.be%2Farticle.phtml%3Fid%3D10%26subid%3D90%26art_id%3D202792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniondesfrancophones.be/">"Position commune des partis démocratiques francophones"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Union_des_Francophones" title="Union des Francophones">Union des Francophones</a> (UF), Province of <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant">Flemish Brabant</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723223959/http://www.uniondesfrancophones.be/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Position+commune+des+partis+d%C3%A9mocratiques+francophones&rft.pub=Union+des+Francophones+%28UF%29%2C+Province+of+Flemish+Brabant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniondesfrancophones.be%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.france2.fr/dossiers/europe/34025346-fr.php?page=7">"Bruxelles-capitale: une forte identité"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/France_2" title="France 2">France 2</a>. 14 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011111301/http://info.france2.fr/dossiers/europe/34025346-fr.php?page=7">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruxelles-capitale%3A+une+forte+identit%C3%A9&rft.pub=France+2&rft.date=2007-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.france2.fr%2Fdossiers%2Feurope%2F34025346-fr.php%3Fpage%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-standaard-202"><a href="#cite_ref-standaard_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standaard.be/Artikel/Detail.aspx?artikelId=641B1LAQ&word=brussel+bevolking">"Van autochtoon naar allochtoon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Standaard" title="De Standaard">De Standaard</a> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802031545/https://www.standaard.be/cnt/641b1laq?word=brussel%20bevolking">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2007. <q>Meer dan de helft van de Brusselse bevolking is van vreemde afkomst. In 1961 was dat slechts 7 procent. [More than half of the Brussels' population is of foreign origin. In 1961 this was only 7 percent.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Standaard&rft.atitle=Van+autochtoon+naar+allochtoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standaard.be%2FArtikel%2FDetail.aspx%3FartikelId%3D641B1LAQ%26word%3Dbrussel%2Bbevolking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-winkler-203"><a href="#cite_ref-winkler_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohan_Winkler1874" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Johan Winkler (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/wink007alge02_01/wink007alge02_01_0067.php">"De stad Brussel"</a>. Algemeen Nederduitsch en Friesch Dialecticon (in Dutch). Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren. pp. 264–272. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301161800/https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/wink007alge02_01/wink007alge02_01_0067.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algemeen+Nederduitsch+en+Friesch+Dialecticon&rft.atitle=De+stad+Brussel&rft.pages=264-272&rft.date=1874&rft.au=Johan+Winkler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbnl.org%2Ftekst%2Fwink007alge02_01%2Fwink007alge02_01_0067.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016religion-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016religion_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016religion_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElodie_Blogie2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elodie Blogie (28 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesoir.be/1106186/article/actualite/belgique/2016-01-28/75-des-francophones-revendiquent-une-identite-religieuse">"75% des francophones revendiquent une identité religieuse"</a>. Le Soir.be (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131090919/http://www.lesoir.be/1106186/article/actualite/belgique/2016-01-28/75-des-francophones-revendiquent-une-identite-religieuse">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Soir.be&rft.atitle=75%25+des+francophones+revendiquent+une+identit%C3%A9+religieuse&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.au=Elodie+Blogie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesoir.be%2F1106186%2Farticle%2Factualite%2Fbelgique%2F2016-01-28%2F75-des-francophones-revendiquent-une-identite-religieuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStéphany200663-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStéphany200663_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStéphany2006">Stéphany 2006</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEState2004218-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEState2004218_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFState2004">State 2004</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monarchie.be/">"Royal Crypt in Laeken"</a>. The Belgian Monarchy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010417090603/https://www.monarchie.be/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2001. Retrieved 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Belgian+Monarchy&rft.atitle=Royal+Crypt+in+Laeken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monarchie.be%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berkley-208"><a href="#cite_ref-berkley_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621064255/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/religious-freedom-in-belgium">"Religious Freedom in Belgium"</a>. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Georgetown University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/religious-freedom-in-belgium">the original</a> on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Religious+Freedom+in+Belgium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fessays%2Freligious-freedom-in-belgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Furniere2015" class="citation web cs1">Andy Furniere (13 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flanderstoday.eu/education/lessons-religion-no-longer-obligatory-belgium">"Lessons in religion no longer obligatory in Belgium"</a>. Flanders Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602044315/http://www.flanderstoday.eu/education/lessons-religion-no-longer-obligatory-belgium">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flanders+Today&rft.atitle=Lessons+in+religion+no+longer+obligatory+in+Belgium&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.au=Andy+Furniere&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flanderstoday.eu%2Feducation%2Flessons-religion-no-longer-obligatory-belgium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauwin2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bauwin, Adeline (1 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bx1.be/communes/bruxelles-ville/lexercice-culte-a-grande-mosquee-de-bruxelles-sera-assure-apres-depart-cicb/">"L'exercice du culte à la Grande Mosquée de Bruxelles sera assuré après le départ du CICB"</a>. BX1 (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109003622/https://bx1.be/communes/bruxelles-ville/lexercice-culte-a-grande-mosquee-de-bruxelles-sera-assure-apres-depart-cicb/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BX1&rft.atitle=L%27exercice+du+culte+%C3%A0+la+Grande+Mosqu%C3%A9e+de+Bruxelles+sera+assur%C3%A9+apr%C3%A8s+le+d%C3%A9part+du+CICB&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft.aulast=Bauwin&rft.aufirst=Adeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbx1.be%2Fcommunes%2Fbruxelles-ville%2Flexercice-culte-a-grande-mosquee-de-bruxelles-sera-assure-apres-depart-cicb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrekens2007-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorrekens2007_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTorrekens2007">Torrekens 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-BuG_100-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BuG_100_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BuG_100_212-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121030009/http://www.npdata.be/BuG/100/">"Bericht uit het Gewisse"</a> [Message from the Gewisse]. npdata.be (in Dutch). 11 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npdata.be/BuG/100/">the original</a> on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010. <q>In België wonen 628.751 moslims(Berekend aantal), 6,0% van de bevolking. In Brussel is dit 25,5%, in Wallonië 4,0%, in Vlaanderen 3,9% [In Belgium there are 628,751 Muslims (Calculated number), 6.0% of the population. In Brussels this is 25.5%, in Wallonia 4.0%, in Flanders 3.9%.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npdata.be&rft.atitle=Bericht+uit+het+Gewisse&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npdata.be%2FBuG%2F100%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brussels.info/architecture/">"Brussels Architecture Sights"</a>. brussels.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019060341/https://www.brussels.info/architecture/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. 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Retrieved 6 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=La+Grand-Place%2C+Brussels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://be.brussels/culture-tourism-leisure/brussels-folklore/mannekenpis">"Manneken Pis"</a>. be.brussels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513052516/http://be.brussels/culture-tourism-leisure/brussels-folklore/mannekenpis">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2017. 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Retrieved 18 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visit.brussels&rft.atitle=10+must-visit+world-class+Art+Nouveau+buildings+in+Brussels%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.brussels%2Fen%2Farticle%2F10-must-visit-world-class-art-nouveau-buildings-in-brussels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStambolic" class="citation news cs1">Stambolic, Ana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/the-most-remarkable-art-nouveau-houses-in-brussels/">"The Most Remarkable Art Nouveau Houses In Brussels"</a>. Culture Trip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019061209/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/belgium/articles/the-most-remarkable-art-nouveau-houses-in-brussels/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=The+Most+Remarkable+Art+Nouveau+Houses+In+Brussels&rft.aulast=Stambolic&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Feurope%2Fbelgium%2Farticles%2Fthe-most-remarkable-art-nouveau-houses-in-brussels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1298">"Stoclet House"</a>. whc.unesco.org. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160721005708/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1298">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Stoclet+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brusselslife.be/en/article/top-10-of-art-deco-buildings-in-brussels">"Top 10 of Art Deco buildings in Brussels"</a>. Brussleslife. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019061616/https://www.brusselslife.be/en/article/top-10-of-art-deco-buildings-in-brussels">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brussleslife&rft.atitle=Top+10+of+Art+Deco+buildings+in+Brussels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselslife.be%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ftop-10-of-art-deco-buildings-in-brussels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beneluxguide.com/belgium/atomium-the-iron-landmark-of-brussels/">"Atomium – the iron landmark of Brussels"</a>. beneluxguide.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204165901/http://www.beneluxguide.com/belgium/atomium-the-iron-landmark-of-brussels/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2017. 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Spiegel Online. 8 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204090001/http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/the-atomium-molecular-brussels-landmark-gets-a-polish-a-860096.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=The+Atomium%3A+How+Do+You+Clean+a+Massive+Molecule%3F&rft.date=2012-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fzeitgeist%2Fthe-atomium-molecular-brussels-landmark-gets-a-polish-a-860096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100606080405/http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/en/tourismeloisirs/tourisme_et_loisirs/les_musees_de_bruxelles.shtml">"Museums in Brussels"</a>. Bruxelles.irisnet.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruxelles.irisnet.be/en/tourismeloisirs/tourisme_et_loisirs/les_musees_de_bruxelles.shtml">the original</a> on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museums+in+Brussels&rft.pub=Bruxelles.irisnet.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bruxelles.irisnet.be%2Fen%2Ftourismeloisirs%2Ftourisme_et_loisirs%2Fles_musees_de_bruxelles.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFun2019" class="citation web cs1">Fun, Everything is (4 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brusselsmuseums.be/en">"Brussels Museums"</a>. Brussels Museums. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727162635/https://www.brusselsmuseums.be/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brussels+Museums&rft.atitle=Brussels+Museums&rft.date=2019-08-04&rft.aulast=Fun&rft.aufirst=Everything+is&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselsmuseums.be%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brusselstimes.com/brussels/53974/record-number-of-17-000-visitors-attend-brussels-museum-night-fever-event/">"Record number of 17,000 visitors attend Brussels' "Museum Night Fever" event"</a>. The Brussels Times. 24 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809195625/https://www.brusselstimes.com/brussels/53974/record-number-of-17-000-visitors-attend-brussels-museum-night-fever-event/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2019. 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Retrieved 11 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visit.brussels&rft.atitle=Street+Art+in+Brussels%3A+trail+and+artists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.brussels%2Fen%2Farticle%2FStreet-Art-in-Brussels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brusselstimes.com/222803/kunstenfestivaldesarts-festival-returns-to-brussels">"Kunstenfestivaldesarts festival returns to Brussels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Brussels_Times" title="The Brussels Times">The Brussels Times</a>. 7 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316100955/https://www.brusselstimes.com/222803/kunstenfestivaldesarts-festival-returns-to-brussels">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brussels+Times&rft.atitle=Kunstenfestivaldesarts+festival+returns+to+Brussels&rft.date=2022-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselstimes.com%2F222803%2Fkunstenfestivaldesarts-festival-returns-to-brussels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kfda.be/en/home/">"Home"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kunstenfestivaldesarts" title="Kunstenfestivaldesarts">Kunstenfestivaldesarts</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316140459/https://kfda.be/en/home/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024. 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RTBF (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306163327/https://www.rtbf.be/article/la-st-v-fait-son-entree-au-patrimoine-culturel-immateriel-de-la-region-de-bruxelles-10336897">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023. 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Retrieved 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=policelocale.be&rft.atitle=Zones+de+police&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policelocale.be%2Fportal%2Ffr%2Fzones-de-police-liste%2Fbrussel-hoofdstad-bruxelles-capitale.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://be.brussels/about-the-region/regional-bodies/fire-brigade">"SIAMU"</a>. be.brussels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325112950/http://be.brussels/about-the-region/regional-bodies/fire-brigade">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=be.brussels&rft.atitle=SIAMU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbe.brussels%2Fabout-the-region%2Fregional-bodies%2Ffire-brigade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203043950/http://be.brussels/culture-tourism-leisure/parks-and-green-space">"Parks and green spaces"</a>. be.brussels. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://be.brussels/culture-tourism-leisure/parks-and-green-space">the original</a> on 3 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=be.brussels&rft.atitle=Parks+and+green+spaces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbe.brussels%2Fculture-tourism-leisure%2Fparks-and-green-space&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133">"Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302171434/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Ancient+and+Primeval+Beech+Forests+of+the+Carpathians+and+Other+Regions+of+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://efus.eu/about-us/brussels/">"Brussels"</a>. efus.eu. European Forum for Urban Security. 21 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210808183020/https://efus.eu/about-us/brussels/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=efus.eu&rft.atitle=Brussels&rft.date=2012-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fefus.eu%2Fabout-us%2Fbrussels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brussels&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brussels#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Brussels">Timeline of Brussels § Bibliography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1957" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Charles Arthur John (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxU9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA228">"The Burgundian Netherlands, 1477–1521"</a>. In Potter, George Richard (ed.). The New Cambridge Modern History. Vol. I. Cambridge at the University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04541-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04541-4"><bdi>978-0-521-04541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Burgundian+Netherlands%2C+1477%E2%80%931521&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+at+the+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04541-4&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles+Arthur+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxU9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockmansPrevenier1999" class="citation book cs1">Blockmans, Willem Pieter; Prevenier, Walter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uj9nGDCiW64C">The Promised Lands: The Low Countries under Burgundian rule, 1369–1530</a>. Philadelphia: University Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1382-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-1382-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331160521/https://books.google.com/books?id=uj9nGDCiW64C">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promised+Lands%3A+The+Low+Countries+under+Burgundian+rule%2C+1369%E2%80%931530&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1382-9&rft.aulast=Blockmans&rft.aufirst=Willem+Pieter&rft.au=Prevenier%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duj9nGDCiW64C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrigode1938" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brigode, Simon (1938). "Les fouilles de la collégiale Sainte-Gudule à Bruxelles : découverte de l'avant-corps occidental de l'époque romane". Annales de la Société royale belge d'archéologie de Bruxelles (in French). 27. Brussels.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+royale+belge+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+de+Bruxelles&rft.atitle=Les+fouilles+de+la+coll%C3%A9giale+Sainte-Gudule+%C3%A0+Bruxelles+%3A+d%C3%A9couverte+de+l%27avant-corps+occidental+de+l%27%C3%A9poque+romane&rft.volume=27&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Brigode&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuron2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buron, Thierry (2016). "Molenbeek, de sainte Gertrude au djihadisme". Conflits (in French). 9. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conflits&rft.atitle=Molenbeek%2C+de+sainte+Gertrude+au+djihadisme&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Buron&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulotHennautDemanetMierop1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Culot, Maurice; Hennaut, Eric; Demanet, Marie; Mierop, Caroline (1992). Le bombardement de Bruxelles par Louis XIV et la reconstruction qui s'ensuivit, 1695–1700 (in French). Brussels: AAM éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87143-079-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87143-079-7"><bdi>978-2-87143-079-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+bombardement+de+Bruxelles+par+Louis+XIV+et+la+reconstruction+qui+s%27ensuivit%2C+1695%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=AAM+%C3%A9ditions&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-2-87143-079-7&rft.aulast=Culot&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Hennaut%2C+Eric&rft.au=Demanet%2C+Marie&rft.au=Mierop%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulotPirlot2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Culot, Maurice; Pirlot, Anne-Marie (2005). Bruxelles Art Nouveau (in French). Brussels: Archives d'Architecture Moderne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87143-126-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87143-126-8"><bdi>978-2-87143-126-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruxelles+Art+Nouveau&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Archives+d%27Architecture+Moderne&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-87143-126-8&rft.aulast=Culot&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Pirlot%2C+Anne-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharruadas2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Charruadas, Paulo (2005). "La formation de Molenbeek : industrialisation et urbanisation". Les Cahiers de la fonderie (in French). 33. Brussels.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Cahiers+de+la+fonderie&rft.atitle=La+formation+de+Molenbeek+%3A+industrialisation+et+urbanisation&rft.volume=33&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Charruadas&rft.aufirst=Paulo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemey1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Demey, Thierry (1990). Bruxelles, chronique d'une capitale en chantier (in French). Vol. I: Du voûtement de la Senne à la jonction Nord-Midi. 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Le Cri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87106-173-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-87106-173-4"><bdi>2-87106-173-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Vie+Quotidienne+en+Belgique+sous+la+R%C3%A8gne+de+L%C3%A9opold+II+%281856%E2%80%931909%29&rft.place=Brussels&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=%C3%89d.+Le+Cri&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=2-87106-173-4&rft.aulast=Dumont&rft.aufirst=Georges-Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuvergier1835" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duvergier, Jean-Baptiste (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEcUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA300">Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, t. 8</a> (in French). Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331160521/https://books.google.com/books?id=uEcUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA300#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collection+compl%C3%A8te+des+lois%2C+d%C3%A9crets%2C+ordonnances%2C+r%C3%A9glemens+et+avis+du+Conseil+d%27%C3%A9tat%2C+t.+8&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Guyot+et+Scribe&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Duvergier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEcUAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEggericx1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eggericx, Laure (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/les-boulevards-du-centre">Les Boulevards du Centre</a>. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 20. Brussels: Centre d'information, de Documentation et d'Etude du Patrimoine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918021944/http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/les-boulevards-du-centre">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Boulevards+du+Centre&rft.place=Brussels&rft.series=Bruxelles%2C+ville+d%27Art+et+d%27Histoire&rft.pub=Centre+d%27information%2C+de+Documentation+et+d%27Etude+du+Patrimoine&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Eggericx&rft.aufirst=Laure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatrimoine.brussels%2Fliens%2Fpublications-numeriques%2Fversions-pdf%2Fbvah%2Fles-boulevards-du-centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloyHayt2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Galloy, Denise; Hayt, Franz (2006). La Belgique: des Tribus Gauloises à l'Etat Fédéral (in French) (5th ed.). Brussels: De Boeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8041-5098-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-8041-5098-4"><bdi>2-8041-5098-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Belgique%3A+des+Tribus+Gauloises+%C3%A0+l%27Etat+F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral&rft.place=Brussels&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=De+Boeck&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2-8041-5098-4&rft.aulast=Galloy&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Hayt%2C+Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk1868" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, John Foster (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycharlesb03kirkgoog/page/n554">"The Last Battle"</a>. History of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-33426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-33426-9"><bdi>978-0-665-33426-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Last+Battle&rft.btitle=History+of+Charles+the+Bold%2C+Duke+of+Burgundy&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1868&rft.isbn=978-0-665-33426-9&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=John+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorycharlesb03kirkgoog%2Fpage%2Fn554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOudiette1804" class="citation book cs1">Oudiette, Charles (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPw-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PR13">Dictionnaire géographique et topographique des treize départements de la Belgique et de la rive gauche du Rhin</a>. Imprimerie de Cramer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331160448/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPw-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PR13#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+g%C3%A9ographique+et+topographique+des+treize+d%C3%A9partements+de+la+Belgique+et+de+la+rive+gauche+du+Rhin&rft.pub=Imprimerie+de+Cramer&rft.date=1804&rft.aulast=Oudiette&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPw-AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirenne1948" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Pirenne, Henri</a> (1948). Histoire de Belgique (in French). Vol. VII: De la Révolution de 1830 à la Guerre de 1914 (2nd ed.). Brussels: Maurice Lamertin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Belgique&rft.place=Brussels&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Maurice+Lamertin&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Pirenne&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiché1983" class="citation book cs1">Riché, Pierre (1983). The Carolingians; A Family Who Forged Europe. Michael Idomir Allen (trans.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carolingians%3B+A+Family+Who+Forged+Europe&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Rich%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder-GudehusRasmussen1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schroeder-Gudehus, Brigitte; Rasmussen, Anne (1992). Les fastes du progrès : le guide des expositions universelles 1851–1992 (in French). Paris: Flammarion.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+fastes+du+progr%C3%A8s+%3A+le+guide+des+expositions+universelles+1851%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Schroeder-Gudehus&rft.aufirst=Brigitte&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlatin1979" class="citation journal cs1">Slatin, Sonia (1979). "Opera and Revolution: La Muette de Portici and the Belgian Revolution of 1830 Revisited". Journal of Musicological Research. 3 (3): 45–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01411897908574506">10.1080/01411897908574506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Musicological+Research&rft.atitle=Opera+and+Revolution%3A+La+Muette+de+Portici+and+the+Belgian+Revolution+of+1830+Revisited&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=45-62&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01411897908574506&rft.aulast=Slatin&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">State, Paul F. (2004). "Brusselization". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LErne3-05qoC">Historical dictionary of Brussels</a>. Historical dictionaries of cities of the world. Vol. 14. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5075-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-5075-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brusselization&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Brussels&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.series=Historical+dictionaries+of+cities+of+the+world&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5075-0&rft.aulast=State&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLErne3-05qoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStéphany2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stéphany, Pierre (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-FlzjlvYI4C&pg=PA62">"Bruxelles. La basilique de Koekelberg"</a>. La Belgique en cent coups d'oeil (in French). Tielt: Lanno Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87386-445-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-87386-445-1"><bdi>2-87386-445-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240331160449/https://books.google.com/books?id=w-FlzjlvYI4C&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bruxelles.+La+basilique+de+Koekelberg&rft.btitle=La+Belgique+en+cent+coups+d%27oeil&rft.place=Tielt&rft.pub=Lanno+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2-87386-445-1&rft.aulast=St%C3%A9phany&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-FlzjlvYI4C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbsMakaš2011" class="citation book cs1">Stubbs, John H.; Makaš, Emily G. (2011). "Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands". Architectural Conservation in Europe and the Americas. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-90099-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-90099-4"><bdi>978-0-470-90099-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belgium%2C+Luxembourg%2C+and+the+Netherlands&rft.btitle=Architectural+Conservation+in+Europe+and+the+Americas&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-470-90099-4&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Maka%C5%A1%2C+Emily+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrekens2007" class="citation journal cs1">Torrekens, Corinne (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/brussels/382">"Concentration of Muslim populations and structure of Muslim associations in Brussels"</a>. Brussels Studies. 4. Brussels. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926114549/https://journals.openedition.org/brussels/382">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brussels+Studies&rft.atitle=Concentration+of+Muslim+populations+and+structure+of+Muslim+associations+in+Brussels&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Torrekens&rft.aufirst=Corinne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fbrussels%2F382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreffers-Daller1994" class="citation book cs1">Treffers-Daller, Jeanine (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o6ikOOwhKR4C">Mixing Two Languages: French-Dutch Contact in a Comparative Perspective</a>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013837-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-013837-5"><bdi>978-3-11-013837-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202003050/https://books.google.com/books?id=o6ikOOwhKR4C">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mixing+Two+Languages%3A+French-Dutch+Contact+in+a+Comparative+Perspective&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-11-013837-5&rft.aulast=Treffers-Daller&rft.aufirst=Jeanine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do6ikOOwhKR4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribotDefawe2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tribot, Pierre-Jean; Defawe, Paul (2006). Evere (in French). Brussels: CFC Éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-930018-62-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-930018-62-1"><bdi>978-2-930018-62-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/800180427">800180427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evere&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=CFC+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F800180427&rft.isbn=978-2-930018-62-1&rft.aulast=Tribot&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Jean&rft.au=Defawe%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Santa Barbara (CA): ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09667-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-851-09667-1"><bdi>978-1-851-09667-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Santa+Barbara+%28CA%29&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-851-09667-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_MeeterenBoussauwDerudderWitlox2016" class="citation journal cs1">Van Meeteren, Michiel; Boussauw, Kobe; Derudder, Ben; Witlox, Frank (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/les-boulevards-du-centre">"Flemish Diamond or ABC-Axis? The spatial structure of the Belgian metropolitan area"</a>. European Planning Studies. 24 (5). Brussels: Taylor & Francis (Routledge): 974–995. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09654313.2016.1139058">10.1080/09654313.2016.1139058</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155688762">155688762</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918021944/http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/les-boulevards-du-centre">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Planning+Studies&rft.atitle=Flemish+Diamond+or+ABC-Axis%3F+The+spatial+structure+of+the+Belgian+metropolitan+area&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=974-995&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09654313.2016.1139058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155688762%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Van+Meeteren&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rft.au=Boussauw%2C+Kobe&rft.au=Derudder%2C+Ben&rft.au=Witlox%2C+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatrimoine.brussels%2Fliens%2Fpublications-numeriques%2Fversions-pdf%2Fbvah%2Fles-boulevards-du-centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasseige1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wasseige, Manoëlle (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/le-quartier-royal">Le Quartier Royal</a>. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 15. Brussels: Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220625082454/http://patrimoine.brussels/liens/publications-numeriques/versions-pdf/bvah/le-quartier-royal">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Quartier+Royal&rft.place=Brussels&rft.series=Bruxelles%2C+ville+d%27Art+et+d%27Histoire&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+la+R%C3%A9gion+de+Bruxelles-Capitale&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Wasseige&rft.aufirst=Mano%C3%ABlle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatrimoine.brussels%2Fliens%2Fpublications-numeriques%2Fversions-pdf%2Fbvah%2Fle-quartier-royal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolmar2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolmar" title="Christian Wolmar">Wolmar, Christian</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodirongoldhow0000wolm_n5b3">Blood, Iron & Gold: How the Railways transformed the World</a>. London: Grove Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84887-171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84887-171-7"><bdi>978-1-84887-171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood%2C+Iron+%26+Gold%3A+How+the+Railways+transformed+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grove+Atlantic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84887-171-7&rft.aulast=Wolmar&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodirongoldhow0000wolm_n5b3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrussels" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMardaga1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monument.heritage.brussels/files/cities/1000/documents/03-vol-c-fr-def_k.pdf">Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Bruxelles</a> (PDF) (in French). Vol. 1C: Pentagone N–Z. Liège: Pierre Mardaga. 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013095753/https://monument.heritage.brussels/files/cities/1000/documents/03-vol-c-fr-def_k.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2022. 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(1935)">Expo 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_58" title="Expo 58">Expo 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Innovation_department_store_fire" title="L'Innovation department store fire">L'Innovation department store fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heysel_Stadium_disaster" title="Heysel Stadium disaster">Heysel Stadium disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings" title="2016 Brussels bombings">2016 bombings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_2016_Brussels_bombings" title="Reactions to the 2016 Brussels bombings">reactions</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Belgium_brussels_iris.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Belgium_brussels_iris.svg/105px-Belgium_brussels_iris.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Belgium_brussels_iris.svg/158px-Belgium_brussels_iris.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Belgium_brussels_iris.svg/210px-Belgium_brussels_iris.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="381" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_government_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister-President_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region">Minister-President</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Administrative_Arrondissement_Brussels-Capital" title="Governor of the Administrative Arrondissement Brussels-Capital">Governor</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Historical" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drapery_Court_of_Brussels" title="Drapery Court of Brussels">Drapery Court of Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilds_of_Brussels" title="Guilds of Brussels">Guilds of Brussels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Brussels" title="Category:Transport in Brussels">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Metro" title="Brussels Metro">Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_S_Train" title="Brussels S Train">S Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_South_Charleroi_Airport" title="Brussels South Charleroi Airport">Charleroi Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_connection" title="North–South connection">North–South connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Brussels" title="Trams in Brussels">Trams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Ring" title="Brussels Ring">Brussels Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Ring,_Brussels" title="Small Ring, Brussels">Small Ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Brussels" title="Symbols of Brussels">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Brussels" title="List of flags of Brussels">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Festival" title="Iris Festival">Iris Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brussels" title="Science and technology in Brussels">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Brussels" title="List of people from Brussels">Notable persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Brussels" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Brussels">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Brussels" title="List of museums in Brussels">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Brussels" title="List of railway stations in Brussels">Railway stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brussels_Metro_stations" title="List of Brussels Metro stations">Metro stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools_in_Brussels" title="Template:Schools in Brussels">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Brussels" title="List of parks and gardens in Brussels">Parks and gardens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region,_Belgium" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" title="List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region">Municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region</a>, Belgium</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anderlecht" title="Anderlecht">Anderlecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auderghem" title="Auderghem">Auderghem / Oudergem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berchem-Sainte-Agathe" title="Berchem-Sainte-Agathe">Berchem-Sainte-Agathe / Sint-Agatha-Berchem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Bruxelles-Ville / Stad Brussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etterbeek" title="Etterbeek">Etterbeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evere" title="Evere">Evere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest,_Belgium" title="Forest, Belgium">Forest / Vorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganshoren" title="Ganshoren">Ganshoren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixelles" title="Ixelles">Ixelles / Elsene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jette" title="Jette">Jette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekelberg" title="Koekelberg">Koekelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molenbeek-Saint-Jean" title="Molenbeek-Saint-Jean">Molenbeek-Saint-Jean / Sint-Jans-Molenbeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Gilles,_Belgium" title="Saint-Gilles, Belgium">Saint-Gilles / Sint-Gillis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Josse-ten-Noode" title="Saint-Josse-ten-Noode">Saint-Josse-ten-Noode / Sint-Joost-ten-Node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaerbeek" title="Schaerbeek">Schaerbeek / Schaarbeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uccle" title="Uccle">Uccle / Ukkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermael-Boitsfort" title="Watermael-Boitsfort">Watermael-Boitsfort / Watermaal-Bosvoorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Lambert" title="Woluwe-Saint-Lambert">Woluwe-Saint-Lambert / Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woluwe-Saint-Pierre" title="Woluwe-Saint-Pierre">Woluwe-Saint-Pierre / Sint-Pieters-Woluwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Brussels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Brussels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Brussels</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a>, Andorra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brussels</a>, Belgium3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, Moldova</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>, Luxembourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, Cyprus2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, Montenegro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a>, San Marino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, Malta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, Northern Cyprus2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, Kosovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, Abkhazia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, Transnistria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, South Ossetia3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a>, Isle of Man</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a>, Jersey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>, Svalbard (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a>, Burgenland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, Styria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Tyrol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>, Carinthia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, Upper Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Salzburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a>, Lower Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a>, Brčko District</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Berlin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Bremen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Thuringia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Hamburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Brandenburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, Saarland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a>, Chuvashia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a>, Kalmykia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, Chechnya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a>, Udmurtia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, Tatarstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a>, Ingushetia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, Dagestan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a>, Adygea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a>, Karelia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a>, Mordovia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a>, Komi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, Perm Krai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a>, Aargau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a>, Uri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, Ticino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>, Grisons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a>, Jura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a>, Thurgau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Vaud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a>, Obwalden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a>, Valais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a>, Nidwalden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, Sardinia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Sicily</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a>, Azores</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Catalonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, Canary Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a>, La Rioja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>, Extremadura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a>, Asturias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, Navarre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a>, Cantabria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, Galicia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Andalusia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Valencian Community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li>2 Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li>3 Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li>4 A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union_Capital_cities_of_the_member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capital_cities_of_European_Union_member_states" title="Template:Capital cities of European Union member states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capital_cities_of_European_Union_member_states" title="Template talk:Capital cities of European Union member states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capital_cities_of_European_Union_member_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capital cities of European Union member states"><abbr title="Edit this 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Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam"><img alt="Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/45px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/68px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg/90px-Insigne_Amstelodamensis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>: <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens"><img alt="Athens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/45px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/68px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Insigne_Athenarum.svg/90px-Insigne_Athenarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/45px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/68px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/90px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava"><img alt="Bratislava" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Bratislava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brussels</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels"><img alt="Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/68px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brussels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest"><img alt="Bucharest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/45px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/68px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg/90px-ROU_Bucharest_CoA1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="332" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest"><img alt="Budapest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/45px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/68px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Insigne_Budapestini.svg/90px-Insigne_Budapestini.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen"><img alt="Copenhagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Copenhagen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="264" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin"><img alt="Dublin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/45px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/68px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Insigne_Eblanae.svg/90px-Insigne_Eblanae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki"><img alt="Helsinki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/45px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/68px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Helsinki.vaakuna.svg/90px-Helsinki.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="578" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon"><img alt="Lisbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/45px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/68px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Insigne_Olipsionis.svg/90px-Insigne_Olipsionis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana"><img alt="Ljubljana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/45px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/68px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Insigne_Aemonae.svg/90px-Insigne_Aemonae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City"><img alt="Luxembourg City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/45px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/68px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/90px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="360" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid"><img alt="Madrid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/45px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/68px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg/90px-Arms_of_Madrid_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="926" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris"><img alt="Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Insigne_Lutetiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Lutetiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague"><img alt="Prague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/45px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/68px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Insigne_Pragae.svg/90px-Insigne_Pragae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga"><img alt="Riga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/45px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/68px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Insigne_Rigae.svg/90px-Insigne_Rigae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome"><img alt="Rome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/45px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/68px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Insigne_Romanum.svg/90px-Insigne_Romanum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia"><img alt="Sofia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/45px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/68px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Insigne_Serdicae.svg/90px-Insigne_Serdicae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm"><img alt="Stockholm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Insigne_Holmiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Holmiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn"><img alt="Tallinn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="357" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>: <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta"><img alt="Valletta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/45px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/68px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Insigne_Valettae.svg/90px-Insigne_Valettae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna"><img alt="Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/45px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/68px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Insigne_Vindobonae.svg/90px-Insigne_Vindobonae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius"><img alt="Vilnius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vilnius_Gold.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="561" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw"><img alt="Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/45px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/68px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Insigne_Varsoviae.svg/90px-Insigne_Varsoviae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:center; float:left; line-height:90%; width:95px;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; height:80px;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb"><img alt="Zagreb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/45px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/68px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg/90px-Insigne_Zagrabiae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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of Belgium">Regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brussels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flanders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Province" title="Antwerp Province">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">East Flanders</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1985</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt>2016</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt>2017</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt>2018</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt>2019</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt>2020-April 2021</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt>2022</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt>2024</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></dd> <dt>2026</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt>2027</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106663698">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/332144929079854441105">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1270523/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrV4fyjCV9cpxP3XM773">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4080552-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94104302">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155190212">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12474316r">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155190212">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12474316r">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533382605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/7bda5d46-4809-41dc-a0b8-e889ff818f2e">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033936501">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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[\"CITEREFDemey1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepré2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDetant1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirk_Jacobs1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumont1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuvergier1835\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEggericx1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElodie_Blogie2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrognier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFun2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalloyHayt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGubin1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasquin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbez2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsbyKamps1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanssens2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanssens2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanssens2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFJanssens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaumain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean_Baptiste_D\u0026#039;HaneFrançois_HuetP.A._LenzH.G._Moke1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohan_Winkler1874\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKesteloot2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlinkenberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKok_Escalle2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristien_BonneureJohan_DroessaertGianni_PaelinckDenny_Baert2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeigh_Phillips2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachteld_de_Metsenaere1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMardaga1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMares2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcInally2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNally2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeijers2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNATO\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFOliver2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOudiette1804\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilippe_De_Bruycker1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilippe_Van_Parijs2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicavet2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirenne1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoirier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFROBERT\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiché1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoegiest2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRousseaux1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaepdrijver1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchroeder-GudehusRasmussen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlatin1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoftware\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStambolic\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStark2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFState2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubbsMakaš2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStéphany2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorrekens2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreffers-Daller1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTribotDefawe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTétart2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_MeeterenBoussauwDerudderWitlox2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Parijs,_Philippe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermeersch1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Busekist2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVrints2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVucheva2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasseige1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitte1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitte1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitte2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolmar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Metsenaere1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFsrbija.gov.rs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_MorckhovenAndré1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Velthoven1981\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"*\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Brussels topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Capital cities of the European Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 74,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 184,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Coat of arms\"] = 19,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 1,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 22,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"European Capital of Culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 12,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 20,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 10,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 12,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 61,\n [\"Langx\"] = 26,\n [\"Legend\"] = 11,\n [\"Legend striped\"] = 1,\n [\"List of European capitals by region\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Native name\"] = 4,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 47,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Subdivisions of Belgium\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 3,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 4,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","16.5"],["?","320","12.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","200","7.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","180","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","6.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","5.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.4"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","60","2.4"],["[others]","740","29.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-5649595d6f-vth9q","timestamp":"20241126154752","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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