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href="#Origin_and_occurrence_in_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Origin and occurrence in nature </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin_and_occurrence_in_nature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Origin and occurrence in nature subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_occurrence_in_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosmogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Cosmogenesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metallic_iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallic_iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Metallic iron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallic_iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mantle_minerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantle_minerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Mantle minerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantle_minerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earth's_crust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth's_crust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Earth's crust </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth's_crust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Oceans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry_and_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry_and_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Chemistry and compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry_and_compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry and compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry_and_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binary_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Binary compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides_and_sulfides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides_and_sulfides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Oxides and sulfides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides_and_sulfides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solution_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solution_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Solution chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solution_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Coordination compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organometallic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organometallic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Organometallic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organometallic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Industrial uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_iron_metallurgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_iron_metallurgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Development of iron metallurgy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_iron_metallurgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meteoritic_iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteoritic_iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Meteoritic iron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteoritic_iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wrought_iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wrought_iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Wrought iron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wrought_iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cast_iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cast_iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Cast iron </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cast_iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Steel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundations_of_modern_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundations_of_modern_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foundations of modern chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundations_of_modern_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Symbolic role </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_of_metallic_iron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_metallic_iron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Production of metallic iron </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_of_metallic_iron-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production of metallic iron subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production_of_metallic_iron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laboratory_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Laboratory routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_industrial_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_industrial_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Main industrial route </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_industrial_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blast_furnace_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blast_furnace_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Blast furnace processing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blast_furnace_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steelmaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steelmaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Steelmaking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steelmaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_iron_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_iron_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Direct iron reduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_iron_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermite_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermite_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Thermite process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermite_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molten_oxide_electrolysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molten_oxide_electrolysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Molten oxide electrolysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molten_oxide_electrolysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_structural_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_structural_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 As structural material </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_structural_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Mechanical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_steels_and_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_steels_and_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Types of steels and alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_steels_and_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalysts_and_reagents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalysts_and_reagents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Catalysts and reagents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalysts_and_reagents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Iron compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_and_pathological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_and_pathological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Biological and pathological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_and_pathological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological and pathological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_and_pathological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Biochemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_recommendations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_recommendations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Dietary recommendations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Deficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Excess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ADHD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ADHD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 ADHD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ADHD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Marine systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iron</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 219 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-219" aria-hidden="true" > 219 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yster" title="Yster – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="ብረት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryevdi" title="Ryevdi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ryevdi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAsen" title="Īsen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Īsen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="حديد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حديد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierro" title="Fierro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fierro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%99%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܦܪܙܠܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܙܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heru" title="Heru – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Heru" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B" title="লো – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierro" title="Fierro – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fierro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8" title="आइरन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आइरन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itakandua" title="Itakandua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itakandua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99mir" title="Dəmir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəmir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="دمیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دمیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesi" title="Wesi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wesi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE" title="লোহা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোহা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasi" title="Wasi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Wasi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thih" title="Thih – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thih" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тимер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тимер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Жалеза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жалеза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Жалеза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жалеза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakal" title="Bakal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bakal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aien" title="Aien – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Aien" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Желязо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Желязо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%95%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྕགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྕགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Željezo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houarn" title="Houarn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Houarn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Түмэр – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түмэр" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="Тимĕр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тимĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yero" title="Yero – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Yero" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezo" title="Železo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Železo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utare" title="Utare – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Utare" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferru" title="Ferru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ferru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haearn" title="Haearn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Haearn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurugu" title="Kurugu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kurugu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jern" title="Jern – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="حديد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حديد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AA" title="ދަގަނޑު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދަގަނޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_(Fe)" title="Béésh (Fe) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh (Fe)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud" title="Raud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σίδηρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σίδηρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кшни – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кшни" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierro" title="Hierro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hierro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierru" title="Hierru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hierru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burdina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86" title="آهن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loha" title="Loha – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Loha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarn" title="Jarn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jarn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izer" title="Izer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Izer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier" title="Fier – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fier" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarann" title="Iarann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiarn" title="Yiarn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yiarn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarann" title="Iarann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iarann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BA" title="Аьшк – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Аьшк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鐵" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="લોખંડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લોખંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3" title="लोखण – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लोखण" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiet" title="Thiet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thiet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%80" title="Төмр – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Төмр" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0" title="철 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Երկաթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Željezo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuwate" title="Wuwate – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Wuwate" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi" title="Besi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferre" title="Ferre – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ferre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%84%D1%81%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Æфсæйнаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æфсæйнаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insimbi" title="Insimbi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Insimbi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1rn" title="Járn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Járn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C" title="ברזל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברזל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesi" title="Wesi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wesi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A3t%CA%8A_%C3%B1%C9%A9%C9%A3%C9%96%C9%9B" title="Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɣtʊ ñɩɣɖɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3" title="ಕಬ್ಬಿಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಬ್ಬಿಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რკინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რკინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A0%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%95%D8%B1" title="شؠشتٕر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شؠشتٕر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Темір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Темір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn" title="Horn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Horn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuma" title="Chuma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82" title="Кӧрт – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кӧрт" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibende" title="Kibende – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kibende" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azil" title="Azil – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Azil" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8_(non)" title="Fè (non) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fè (non)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8" title="Fè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesin" title="Hesin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hesin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Темир – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Темир" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Мах – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мах" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81" title="ທາດເຫຼັກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທາດເຫຼັກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrum" title="Ferrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ferrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzelzs" title="Dzelzs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzelzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Ракь – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ракь" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gele%C5%BEis" title="Geležis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geležis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A6ro" title="Færo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Færo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iezer" title="Iezer – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iezer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebend%C3%A9" title="Ebendé – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ebendé" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudu" title="Raudu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Raudu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tirse" title="tirse – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tirse" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kkalwe_(Iron)" title="Kkalwe (Iron) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kkalwe (Iron)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas" title="Vas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="लोहा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लोहा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Железо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Железо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy" title="Vy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇരുമ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇരുമ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A6adid" title="Ħadid – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ħadid" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rino" title="Rino – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rino" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="लोखंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लोखंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რკინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რკინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="حديد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حديد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besi" title="Besi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯌꯣꯠ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯣꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basi" title="Basi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Basi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A9k" title="Tiék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tiék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Кшни – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кшни" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Төмөр (химийн элемент) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төмөр (химийн элемент)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6_(%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF)" title="သံ (သတ္တု) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံ (သတ္တု)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tliltic_tepoztli" title="Tliltic tepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tliltic tepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aironi" title="Aironi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Aironi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJzer_(element)" title="IJzer (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJzer (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iezer" title="Iezer – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Iezer" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="फलाम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फलाम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%81" title="नँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84" title="鉄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierro" title="Fierro – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fierro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4lj" title="Stälj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stälj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiyen" title="Aiyen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Aiyen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jern" title="Jern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jern" title="Jern – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jern" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9" title="Fé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fèrre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE" title="ଲୁହା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲୁହା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayinanii" title="Ayinanii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ayinanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temir" title="Temir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Temir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲੋਹਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਹਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marad" title="Marad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Marad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7" title="لوہا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوہا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%8F" title="ပသီႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပသီႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heru" title="Heru – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Heru" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%87" title="وسپنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وسپنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayan" title="Ayan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ayan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D1%80%D1%82" title="Кӧрт – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кӧрт" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer" title="Fer – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fer" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesen" title="Iesen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Iesen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBelazo" title="Żelazo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żelazo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temir" title="Temir – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Temir" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisen" title="Eisen – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Eisen" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier" title="Fier – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fier" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khillay" title="Khillay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Khillay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Желїзо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Желїзо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Железо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тимир – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тимир" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="अयः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱬᱦᱮᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferru" title="Ferru – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ferru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airn" title="Airn – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Airn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iersen" title="Iersen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Iersen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekuri" title="Hekuri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hekuri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferru" title="Ferru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ferru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9" title="යකඩ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යකඩ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%BE" title="لوھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لوھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezo" title="Železo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Železo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezo" title="Železo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Železo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%94%D0%BB%D1%A3%EA%99%81%D0%BE" title="Жєлѣꙁо – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Жєлѣꙁо" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xadiid" title="Xadiid – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xadiid" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ئاسن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Гвожђе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гвожђе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Željezo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beusi" title="Beusi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Beusi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauta" title="Rauta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rauta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rn" title="Järn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Järn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakal" title="Bakal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bakal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இரும்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரும்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzzal" title="Uzzal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Uzzal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тимер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тимер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ఇనుము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇనుము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="เหล็ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหล็ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABu" title="Wëu – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Wëu" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оҳан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оҳан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಕರ್ಬೊದ ಅದುರು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕರ್ಬೊದ ಅದುರು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demir" title="Demir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Demir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE" title="Залізо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7" title="لوہا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوہا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%DB%88%D8%B1" title="تۆمۈر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۆمۈر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet" title="Diet – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Diet" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fero" title="Fero – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud" title="Raud – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Raud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFt" title="Sắt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sắt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferin" title="Ferin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ferin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud" title="Raud – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Raud" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier" title="Fier – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fier" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鐵" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yzer_(element)" title="Yzer (element) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Yzer (element)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthaw" title="Puthaw – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Puthaw" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9F" title="אייזן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייזן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5" title="鐵 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鐵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C4%B1n" title="Asın – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Asın" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%C5%BE%C4%97s" title="Gelžės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gelžės" 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Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q677#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Iron" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iron_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iron (disambiguation)">Iron (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 26 (Fe)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Iron, 26Fe</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pure iron chips with a high purity iron cube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3197" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Iron</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈaɪərn/</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">see <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_iron" title="Allotropes of iron">Allotropes of iron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Fe)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>55.845±0.002<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>55.845±0.002 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Iron in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Fe ↓ <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> ← iron → <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">26</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">group 8</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d6 4s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 14, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1811 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1538 °C, 2800 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3134 K (2861 °C, 5182 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">7.874 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.98 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13.81 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">340 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.10 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1728 </td> <td>1890 </td> <td>2091 </td> <td>2346 </td> <td>2679 </td> <td>3132 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +2, +3 −4,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> −2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +4,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +5,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> +6,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +7<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.83 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 762.5 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1561.9 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2957 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#iron" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 126 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Low spin: 132±3 pm High spin: 152±6 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">194 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://periodic.lanl.gov/26.shtml">[1]</a> pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Iron_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Iron_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Iron_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Iron_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Iron_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Iron_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of iron</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α-Fe: <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cI2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for α-Fe: iron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 286.65 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crystal structure</th><td class="infobox-data">γ-Fe (912–1394 °C): <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lattice constant</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure for γ-Fe (912–1394 °C): iron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div>a = 364.68 pm (at 916 °C)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12.07×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80.4 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">96.1 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Curie_temperature" title="Curie temperature">Curie point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1043 K </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">211 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">82 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">170 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">5120 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) (electrolytic)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.29 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">608 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200–1180 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7439-89-6 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data">before <a href="/wiki/5000_BC" class="mw-redirect" title="5000 BC">5000 BC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">"Fe": from Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferrum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ferrum">ferrum</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iron" title="Isotopes of iron">Isotopes of iron</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_iron_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox iron isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_iron_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox iron isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">54Fe </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.85% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Iron-55" title="Iron-55">55Fe</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.73 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese-55" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese-55">55Mn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Iron-56" title="Iron-56">56Fe</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">91.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">57Fe </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.12% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">58Fe </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.28% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">59Fe </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">44.6 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt-59" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt-59">59Co</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">60Fe </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.6×106 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">60Co</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iron" title="Category:Iron">Category: Iron</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_iron" title="Template:Infobox iron">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_iron" title="Template talk:Infobox iron">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_iron" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox iron">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Iron is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Fe (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferrum#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ferrum">ferrum</a> 'iron') and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 26. It is a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> that belongs to the <a href="/wiki/First_transition_series" class="mw-redirect" title="First transition series">first transition series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">group 8</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. It is, by mass, the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements#Earth" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">most common element</a> on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, forming much of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Outer_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer core">outer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner core">inner core</a>. It is the fourth most <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">abundant element</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>, being mainly deposited by <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> in its metallic state. Extracting usable metal from <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ores</a> requires <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace" title="Metallurgical furnace">furnaces</a> capable of reaching 1,500 °C (2,730 °F), about 500 °C (932 °F) higher than that required to <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelt</a> <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. Humans started to master that process in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a> and the use of iron <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> began to displace <a href="/wiki/List_of_copper_alloys" title="List of copper alloys">copper alloys</a> – in some regions, only around 1200 BC. That event is considered the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Modern_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern world">modern world</a>, iron alloys, such as <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alloy_steel" title="Alloy steel">special steels</a>, are by far the most common industrial metals, due to their mechanical properties and low cost. The <a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron and steel industry">iron and steel industry</a> is thus very important economically, and iron is the cheapest metal, with a price of a few dollars per kilogram or pound. Pristine and smooth pure iron surfaces are a mirror-like silvery-gray. Iron reacts readily with oxygen and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> to produce brown-to-black <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrated</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a>, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a>. Unlike the oxides of some other metals that form <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivating</a> layers, rust occupies more volume than the metal and thus flakes off, exposing more fresh surfaces for corrosion. Chemically, the most common oxidation states of iron are <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(II)">iron(II)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(III)">iron(III)</a>. Iron shares many properties of other transition metals, including the other <a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">group 8 elements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>. Iron forms compounds in a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a>, −4 to +7. Iron also forms many <a href="/wiki/Coordination_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination compound">coordination compounds</a>; some of them, such as <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrioxalate" title="Potassium ferrioxalate">ferrioxalate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a> have substantial industrial, medical, or research applications. The body of an adult human contains about 4 grams (0.005% body weight) of iron, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a>. These two <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> play essential roles in <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen transport">oxygen transport</a> by <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and oxygen storage in <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>. To maintain the necessary levels, <a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">human iron metabolism</a> requires a minimum of iron in the diet. Iron is also the metal at the active site of many important <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> dealing with <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_and_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation and reduction">oxidation and reduction</a> in plants and animals.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_iron" title="Allotropes of iron">Allotropes of iron</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron-alpha-pV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Iron-alpha-pV.svg/250px-Iron-alpha-pV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Iron-alpha-pV.svg/375px-Iron-alpha-pV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Iron-alpha-pV.svg/500px-Iron-alpha-pV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Molar volume vs. pressure for α iron at room temperature</figcaption></figure> At least four allotropes of iron (differing atom arrangements in the solid) are known, conventionally denoted <a href="/wiki/%CE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Α">α</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">γ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">δ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epsilon" title="Epsilon">ε</a>. The first three forms are observed at ordinary pressures. As molten iron cools past its freezing point of 1538 °C, it crystallizes into its δ allotrope, which has a <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>. As it cools further to 1394 °C, it changes to its γ-iron allotrope, a <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) crystal structure, or <a href="/wiki/Austenite" title="Austenite">austenite</a>. At 912 °C and below, the crystal structure again becomes the bcc α-iron allotrope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971075–79-11">[11]</a> The physical properties of iron at very high pressures and temperatures have also been studied extensively,<a href="#cite_note-phase-dia-iron-eicore-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-fe-innercore-stability-13">[13]</a> because of their relevance to theories about the cores of the Earth and other planets. Above approximately 10 GPa and temperatures of a few hundred kelvin or less, α-iron changes into another <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close-packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close-packed">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp) structure, which is also known as <a href="/wiki/Hexaferrum" title="Hexaferrum">ε-iron</a>. The higher-temperature γ-phase also changes into ε-iron, but does so at higher pressure. Some controversial experimental evidence exists for a stable <a href="/wiki/Beta" title="Beta">β</a> phase at pressures above 50 GPa and temperatures of at least 1500 K. It is supposed to have an <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">orthorhombic</a> or a double hcp structure.<a href="#cite_note-beta-iron-14">[14]</a> (Confusingly, the term "β-iron" is sometimes also used to refer to α-iron above its Curie point, when it changes from being ferromagnetic to paramagnetic, even though its crystal structure has not changed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971075–79-11">[11]</a>) The <a href="/wiki/Inner_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner core">inner core</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is generally presumed to consist of an iron-<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> with ε (or β) structure.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melting_and_boiling_points">Melting and boiling points</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pure_iron_phase_diagram_(EN).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.svg/250px-Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.svg/375px-Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.svg/500px-Pure_iron_phase_diagram_%28EN%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Low-pressure <a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">phase diagram</a> of pure iron</figcaption></figure> The melting and boiling points of iron, along with its <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_atomization" title="Enthalpy of atomization">enthalpy of atomization</a>, are lower than those of the earlier 3d elements from <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, showing the lessened contribution of the 3d electrons to metallic bonding as they are attracted more and more into the inert core by the nucleus;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971116-16">[16]</a> however, they are higher than the values for the previous element <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> because that element has a half-filled 3d sub-shell and consequently its d-electrons are not easily delocalized. This same trend appears for <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971074–75-17">[17]</a> The melting point of iron is experimentally well defined for pressures less than 50 GPa. For greater pressures, published data (as of 2007) still varies by tens of gigapascals and over a thousand kelvin.<a href="#cite_note-melting-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_properties">Magnetic properties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetization_curves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Magnetization_curves.svg/250px-Magnetization_curves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Magnetization_curves.svg/375px-Magnetization_curves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Magnetization_curves.svg/500px-Magnetization_curves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Magnetization curves of 9 ferromagnetic materials, showing saturation. 1. Sheet steel, 2. Silicon steel, 3. Cast steel, 4. Tungsten steel, 5. Magnet steel, 6. Cast iron, 7. Nickel, 8. Cobalt, 9. Magnetite<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> Below its <a href="/wiki/Curie_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie point">Curie point</a> of 770 °C (1,420 °F; 1,040 K), α-iron changes from <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferromagnetic">ferromagnetic</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spins</a> of the two unpaired electrons in each atom generally align with the spins of its neighbors, creating an overall <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cullity-20">[20]</a> This happens because the orbitals of those two electrons (dz2 and dx2 − y2) do not point toward neighboring atoms in the lattice, and therefore are not involved in metallic bonding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971075–79-11">[11]</a> In the absence of an external source of magnetic field, the atoms get spontaneously partitioned into <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_domain" title="Magnetic domain">magnetic domains</a>, about 10 micrometers across,<a href="#cite_note-Metallo-21">[21]</a> such that the atoms in each domain have parallel spins, but some domains have other orientations. Thus a macroscopic piece of iron will have a nearly zero overall magnetic field. Application of an external magnetic field causes the domains that are magnetized in the same general direction to grow at the expense of adjacent ones that point in other directions, reinforcing the external field. This effect is exploited in devices that need to channel magnetic fields to fulfill design function, such as <a href="/wiki/Electrical_transformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical transformer">electrical transformers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic recording">magnetic recording</a> heads, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a>. Impurities, <a href="/wiki/Lattice_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattice defect">lattice defects</a>, or grain and particle boundaries can "pin" the domains in the new positions, so that the effect persists even after the external field is removed – thus turning the iron object into a (permanent) <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cullity-20">[20]</a> Similar behavior is exhibited by some iron compounds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)" title="Ferrite (magnet)">ferrites</a> including the mineral <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, a crystalline form of the mixed iron(II,III) oxide <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Fe3O4 (although the atomic-scale mechanism, <a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetism" title="Ferrimagnetism">ferrimagnetism</a>, is somewhat different). Pieces of magnetite with natural permanent magnetization (<a href="/wiki/Lodestone" title="Lodestone">lodestones</a>) provided the earliest <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compasses</a> for navigation. Particles of magnetite were extensively used in magnetic recording media such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">core memories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">disks</a>, until they were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>-based materials. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iron" title="Isotopes of iron">Isotopes of iron</a></div> Iron has four stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>: 54Fe (5.845% of natural iron), <a href="/wiki/Iron-56" title="Iron-56">56Fe</a> (91.754%), 57Fe (2.119%) and 58Fe (0.282%). Twenty-four artificial isotopes have also been created. Of these stable isotopes, only 57Fe has a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear spin">nuclear spin</a> (−<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄2). The <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a> 54Fe theoretically can undergo <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double electron capture</a> to 54Cr, but the process has never been observed and only a lower limit on the half-life of 4.4×1020 years has been established.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> 60Fe is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_radionuclide" title="Extinct radionuclide">extinct radionuclide</a> of long <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> (2.6 million years).<a href="#cite_note-RugelFaestermann2009-23">[23]</a> It is not found on Earth, but its ultimate decay product is its granddaughter, the stable nuclide <a href="/wiki/Nickel-60" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-60">60Ni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> Much of the past work on isotopic composition of iron has focused on the <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">nucleosynthesis</a> of 60Fe through studies of <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> and ore formation. In the last decade, advances in <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> have allowed the detection and quantification of minute, naturally occurring variations in the ratios of the <a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable isotopes</a> of iron. Much of this work is driven by the <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a> communities, although applications to biological and industrial systems are emerging.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In phases of the meteorites Semarkona and Chervony Kut, a correlation between the concentration of 60Ni, the <a href="/wiki/Daughter_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter product">granddaughter</a> of 60Fe, and the abundance of the stable iron isotopes provided evidence for the existence of 60Fe at the time of <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">formation of the Solar System</a>. Possibly the energy released by the decay of 60Fe, along with that released by <a href="/wiki/Aluminium-26" title="Aluminium-26">26Al</a>, contributed to the remelting and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> after their formation 4.6 billion years ago. The abundance of 60Ni present in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extraterrestrial" class="extiw" title="wikt:extraterrestrial">extraterrestrial</a> material may bring further insight into the origin and early history of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The most abundant iron isotope 56Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists because it represents the most common endpoint of <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">nucleosynthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Since 56Ni (14 <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>) is easily produced from lighter nuclei in the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">alpha process</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a> in supernovae (see <a href="/wiki/Silicon_burning_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon burning process">silicon burning process</a>), it is the endpoint of fusion chains inside <a href="/wiki/Population_III_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III stars">extremely massive stars</a>. Although adding more alpha particles is possible, but nonetheless the sequence does effectively end at 56Ni because conditions in stellar interiors cause the competition between <a href="/wiki/Photodisintegration" title="Photodisintegration">photodisintegration</a> and the alpha process to favor photodisintegration around 56Ni.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This 56Ni, which has a half-life of about 6 days, is created in quantity in these stars, but soon decays by two successive positron emissions within supernova decay products in the <a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">supernova remnant</a> gas cloud, first to radioactive 56Co, and then to stable 56Fe. As such, iron is the most abundant element in the core of <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giants</a>, and is the most abundant metal in <a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">iron meteorites</a> and in the dense metal <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">cores of planets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw199712-29">[29]</a> It is also very common in the universe, relative to other stable <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metals</a> of approximately the same <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic weight</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw199712-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Iron is the sixth most <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">abundant element</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, and the most common <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> element.<a href="#cite_note-apjl717_2_L92-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ironattenuation.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph of attenuation coefficient vs. energy between 1 meV and 100 keV for several photon scattering mechanisms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ironattenuation.PNG/250px-Ironattenuation.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ironattenuation.PNG/375px-Ironattenuation.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ironattenuation.PNG/500px-Ironattenuation.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_attenuation_coefficient" title="Mass attenuation coefficient">mass attenuation coefficient</a> for iron</figcaption></figure> Although a further tiny energy gain could be extracted by synthesizing <a href="/wiki/Nickel-62" title="Nickel-62">62Ni</a>, which has a marginally higher binding energy than 56Fe, conditions in stars are unsuitable for this process. Element production in supernovas greatly favor iron over nickel, and in any case, 56Fe still has a lower mass per nucleon than 62Ni due to its higher fraction of lighter protons.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Hence, elements heavier than iron require a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> for their formation, involving <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">rapid neutron capture</a> by starting 56Fe nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw199712-29">[29]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future" title="Timeline of the far future">far future</a> of the universe, assuming that <a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">proton decay</a> does not occur, cold <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</a> occurring via <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">quantum tunnelling</a> would cause the light nuclei in ordinary matter to fuse into 56Fe nuclei. Fission and <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha-particle emission</a> would then make heavy nuclei decay into iron, converting all stellar-mass objects to cold spheres of pure iron.<a href="#cite_note-twoe-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_occurrence_in_nature">Origin and occurrence in nature</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmogenesis">Cosmogenesis</h3></div> Iron's abundance in <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">rocky planets</a> like Earth is due to its abundant production during the runaway fusion and explosion of type <a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Ia supernovae</a>, which scatters the iron into space.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallic_iron">Metallic iron</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Widmanstatten_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/220px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/330px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Widmanstatten_hand.jpg/440px-Widmanstatten_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption> A polished and chemically etched piece of an iron meteorite, believed to be similar in composition to the Earth's metallic core, showing individual crystals of the iron-nickel alloy (<a href="/wiki/Widmanstatten_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Widmanstatten pattern">Widmanstatten pattern</a>)</figcaption></figure> Metallic or <a href="/wiki/Native_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Native iron">native iron</a> is rarely found on the surface of the Earth because it tends to oxidize. However, both the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Inner_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner core">inner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outer_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer core">outer core</a>, which together account for 35% of the mass of the whole Earth, are believed to consist largely of an iron alloy, possibly with <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>. Electric currents in the liquid outer core are believed to be the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>. The other <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (planet)">Venus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mars_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (planet)">Mars</a>) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> are believed to have a metallic core consisting mostly of iron. The <a href="/wiki/M-type_asteroid" title="M-type asteroid">M-type asteroids</a> are also believed to be partly or mostly made of metallic iron alloy. The rare <a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">iron meteorites</a> are the main form of natural metallic iron on the Earth's surface. Items made of <a href="/wiki/Cold_forging" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold forging">cold-worked</a> meteoritic iron have been found in various archaeological sites dating from a time when iron smelting had not yet been developed; and the <a href="/wiki/Inuit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuit people">Inuit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> have been reported to use iron from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_meteorite" title="Cape York meteorite">Cape York meteorite</a> for tools and hunting weapons.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> About 1 in 20 <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> consist of the unique iron-nickel minerals <a href="/wiki/Taenite" title="Taenite">taenite</a> (35–80% iron) and <a href="/wiki/Kamacite" title="Kamacite">kamacite</a> (90–95% iron).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Native iron is also rarely found in basalts that have formed from magmas that have come into contact with carbon-rich sedimentary rocks, which have reduced the oxygen <a href="/wiki/Fugacity" title="Fugacity">fugacity</a> sufficiently for iron to crystallize. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Telluric_iron" title="Telluric iron">telluric iron</a> and is described from a few localities, such as <a href="/wiki/Disko_Island" title="Disko Island">Disko Island</a> in West Greenland, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Yakutia</a> in Russia and Bühl in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Pernet-Fisher_etal_2017-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mantle_minerals">Mantle minerals</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Ferropericlase" title="Ferropericlase">Ferropericlase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Mg,Fe)O, a solid solution of <a href="/wiki/Periclase" title="Periclase">periclase</a> (MgO) and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCstite" title="Wüstite">wüstite</a> (FeO), makes up about 20% of the volume of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_mantle" title="Lower mantle">lower mantle</a> of the Earth, which makes it the second most abundant mineral phase in that region after <a href="/wiki/Silicate_perovskite" title="Silicate perovskite">silicate perovskite</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Mg,Fe)SiO3; it also is the major host for iron in the lower mantle.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> At the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)" title="Transition zone (Earth)">transition zone</a> of the mantle, the reaction γ-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Mg,Fe)2[SiO4] ↔ (Mg,Fe)[SiO3] + (Mg,Fe)O transforms <a href="/wiki/Ringwoodite" title="Ringwoodite">γ-olivine</a> into a mixture of silicate perovskite and ferropericlase and vice versa. In the literature, this mineral phase of the lower mantle is also often called magnesiowüstite.<a href="#cite_note-Ferro-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silicate_perovskite" title="Silicate perovskite">Silicate perovskite</a> may form up to 93% of the lower mantle,<a href="#cite_note-Murakami-41">[41]</a> and the magnesium iron form, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(Mg,Fe)SiO3, is considered to be the most abundant <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> in the Earth, making up 38% of its volume.<a href="#cite_note-Sharp-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth's_crust">Earth's crust</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG/220px-Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG/330px-Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG/440px-Roussillon_sentier_des_ocres2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Ochre path in <a href="/wiki/Roussillon,_Vaucluse" title="Roussillon, Vaucluse">Roussillon</a></figcaption></figure> While iron is the most abundant element on Earth, most of this iron is concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core" title="Earth's inner core">inner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">outer</a> cores.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The fraction of iron that is in <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">Earth's crust</a> only amounts to about 5% of the overall mass of the crust and is thus only the fourth most abundant element in that layer (after <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>).<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Most of the iron in the crust is combined with various other elements to form many <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron minerals</a>. An important class is the <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> (Fe2O3), <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> (Fe3O4), and <a href="/wiki/Siderite" title="Siderite">siderite</a> (FeCO3), which are the major <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">ores of iron</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> also contain the sulfide minerals <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhotite" title="Pyrrhotite">pyrrhotite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentlandite" title="Pentlandite">pentlandite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mindat-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klein-47">[47]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>, iron tends to leach from sulfide deposits as the sulfate and from silicate deposits as the bicarbonate. Both of these are oxidized in aqueous solution and precipitate in even mildly elevated pH as <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">iron(III) oxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971071-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outcropping_banded_iron_formation_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Outcropping_banded_iron_formation_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Outcropping_banded_iron_formation_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Outcropping_banded_iron_formation_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Outcropping_banded_iron_formation_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Outcropping_banded_iron_formation_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Outcropping_banded_iron_formation_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Banded iron formation in McKinley Park, Minnesota</figcaption></figure> Large deposits of iron are <a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formations" class="mw-redirect" title="Banded iron formations">banded iron formations</a>, a type of rock consisting of repeated thin layers of iron oxides alternating with bands of iron-poor <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>. The banded iron formations were laid down in the time between <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3,700">3,700</a> million years ago and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1,800">1,800</a> million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Materials containing finely ground iron(III) oxides or oxide-hydroxides, such as <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>, have been used as yellow, red, and brown <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> since pre-historical times. They contribute as well to the color of various rocks and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a>, including entire geological formations like the <a href="/wiki/Painted_Hills" title="Painted Hills">Painted Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buntsandstein" title="Buntsandstein">Buntsandstein</a> ("colored sandstone", British <a href="/wiki/Bunter_(geology)" title="Bunter (geology)">Bunter</a>).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Through Eisensandstein (a <a href="/wiki/Brown_Jurassic" title="Brown Jurassic">jurassic</a> 'iron sandstone', e.g. from <a href="/wiki/Donzdorf" title="Donzdorf">Donzdorf</a> in Germany)<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bath_stone" title="Bath stone">Bath stone</a> in the UK, iron compounds are responsible for the yellowish color of many historical buildings and sculptures.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The proverbial <a href="/wiki/Mars_surface_color" title="Mars surface color">red color of the surface of Mars</a> is derived from an iron oxide-rich <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Significant amounts of iron occur in the iron sulfide mineral <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> (FeS2), but it is difficult to extract iron from it and it is therefore not exploited.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In fact, iron is so common that production generally focuses only on ores with very high quantities of it.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Resource_Panel" title="International Resource Panel">International Resource Panel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Metal_Stocks_in_Society_report" title="Metal Stocks in Society report">Metal Stocks in Society report</a>, the global stock of iron in use in society is 2,200 kg per capita. More-developed countries differ in this respect from less-developed countries (7,000–14,000 vs 2,000 kg per capita).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceans">Oceans</h3></div> Ocean science demonstrated the role of the iron in the ancient seas in both marine biota and climate.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry_and_compounds">Chemistry and compounds</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iron_compounds" title="Iron compounds">Iron compounds</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em; margin-top:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Oxidation state</th> <th>Representative compound </th></tr> <tr> <td>−4 (d10s2)</td> <td>[FeIn6−xSnx]<a href="#cite_note-MetalAnions-59">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2 (d10)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Disodium_tetracarbonylferrate" title="Disodium tetracarbonylferrate">Disodium tetracarbonylferrate</a> (Collman's reagent) </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1 (d9)</td> <td>Fe 2(CO)2− 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 (d8)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron_pentacarbonyl" title="Iron pentacarbonyl">Iron pentacarbonyl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 (d7)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyliron_dicarbonyl_dimer" title="Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer">Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer</a> ("Fp2") </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 (d6)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous sulfate">Ferrous sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">Ferrocene</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 (d5)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferric_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric chloride">Ferric chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrocenium_tetrafluoroborate" title="Ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate">Ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 (d4)</td> <td>Fe(diars) 2Cl2+ 2, FeO(BF4)2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 (d3)</td> <td>FeO3− 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 (d2)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrate" title="Potassium ferrate">Potassium ferrate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 (d1) </td> <td>[FeO4]– (matrix isolation, 4K) </td></tr></tbody></table> Iron shows the characteristic chemical properties of the <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>, namely the ability to form variable oxidation states differing by steps of one and a very large coordination and <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic chemistry</a>: indeed, it was the discovery of an iron compound, <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a>, that revolutionalized the latter field in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997905-60">[60]</a> Iron is sometimes considered as a prototype for the entire block of transition metals, due to its abundance and the immense role it has played in the technological progress of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971070-61">[61]</a> Its 26 electrons are arranged in the <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">configuration</a> [Ar]3d64s2, of which the 3d and 4s electrons are relatively close in energy, and thus a number of electrons can be ionized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971074–75-17">[17]</a> Iron forms compounds mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> +2 (<a href="/wiki/Iron(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(II)">iron(II)</a>, "ferrous") and +3 (<a href="/wiki/Iron(III)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(III)">iron(III)</a>, "ferric"). Iron also occurs in <a href="/wiki/High-valent_iron" title="High-valent iron">higher oxidation states</a>, e.g., the purple <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrate" title="Potassium ferrate">potassium ferrate</a> (K2FeO4), which contains iron in its +6 oxidation state. The anion [FeO4]– with iron in its +7 oxidation state, along with an iron(V)-peroxo isomer, has been detected by infrared spectroscopy at 4 K after cocondensation of laser-ablated Fe atoms with a mixture of O2/Ar.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Iron(IV) is a common intermediate in many biochemical oxidation reactions.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-64">[64]</a> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Organoiron_chemistry" title="Organoiron chemistry">organoiron</a> compounds contain formal oxidation states of +1, 0, −1, or even −2. The oxidation states and other bonding properties are often assessed using the technique of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_spectroscopy" title="Mössbauer spectroscopy">Mössbauer spectroscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/Mixed_valence_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed valence compound">mixed valence compounds</a> contain both iron(II) and iron(III) centers, such as <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe4(Fe[CN]6)3).<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-64">[64]</a> The latter is used as the traditional "blue" in <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Iron is the first of the transition metals that cannot reach its group oxidation state of +8, although its heavier congeners ruthenium and osmium can, with ruthenium having more difficulty than osmium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971075–79-11">[11]</a> Ruthenium exhibits an aqueous cationic chemistry in its low oxidation states similar to that of iron, but osmium does not, favoring high oxidation states in which it forms anionic complexes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971075–79-11">[11]</a> In the second half of the 3d transition series, vertical similarities down the groups compete with the horizontal similarities of iron with its neighbors <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> in the periodic table, which are also ferromagnetic at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a> and share similar chemistry. As such, iron, cobalt, and nickel are sometimes grouped together as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_triad" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron triad">iron triad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971070-61">[61]</a> Unlike many other metals, iron does not form amalgams with <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. As a result, mercury is traded in standardized 76 pound flasks (34 kg) made of iron.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Iron is by far the most reactive element in its group; it is <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoric</a> when finely divided and dissolves easily in dilute acids, giving Fe2+. However, it does not react with concentrated <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and other oxidizing acids due to the formation of an impervious oxide layer, which can nevertheless react with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971075–79-11">[11]</a> High-purity iron, called <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_iron" title="Electrolytic iron">electrolytic iron</a>, is considered to be resistant to rust, due to its oxide layer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_compounds">Binary compounds</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxides_and_sulfides">Oxides and sulfides</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron(II)_oxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iron%28II%29_oxide.jpg/160px-Iron%28II%29_oxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iron%28II%29_oxide.jpg/240px-Iron%28II%29_oxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Iron%28II%29_oxide.jpg/320px-Iron%28II%29_oxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1180" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ferrous or iron(II) oxide, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">FeO</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron(III)-oxide-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iron%28III%29-oxide-sample.jpg/160px-Iron%28III%29-oxide-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iron%28III%29-oxide-sample.jpg/240px-Iron%28III%29-oxide-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Iron%28III%29-oxide-sample.jpg/320px-Iron%28III%29-oxide-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2221" data-file-height="1666" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ferric or iron(III) oxide <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe2O3</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Fe3O4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fe3O4.JPG/160px-Fe3O4.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fe3O4.JPG/240px-Fe3O4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fe3O4.JPG/320px-Fe3O4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3667" data-file-height="3221" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ferrosoferric or iron(II,III) oxide <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe3O4</div></div></div></div></div> Iron forms various <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">oxide and hydroxide compounds</a>; the most common are <a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">iron(II,III) oxide</a> (Fe3O4), and <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">iron(III) oxide</a> (Fe2O3). <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a> also exists, though it is unstable at room temperature. Despite their names, they are actually all <a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">non-stoichiometric compounds</a> whose compositions may vary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971079-68">[68]</a> These oxides are the principal ores for the production of iron (see <a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">bloomery</a> and blast furnace). They are also used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)" title="Ferrite (magnet)">ferrites</a>, useful <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">magnetic storage</a> media in computers, and pigments. The best known sulfide is <a href="/wiki/Iron_pyrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron pyrite">iron pyrite</a> (FeS2), also known as fool's gold owing to its golden luster.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-64">[64]</a> It is not an iron(IV) compound, but is actually an iron(II) <a href="/wiki/Polysulfide" title="Polysulfide">polysulfide</a> containing Fe2+ and S2− 2 ions in a distorted <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971079-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pourbaix_Diagram_of_Iron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pourbaix_Diagram_of_Iron.svg/220px-Pourbaix_Diagram_of_Iron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pourbaix_Diagram_of_Iron.svg/330px-Pourbaix_Diagram_of_Iron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pourbaix_Diagram_of_Iron.svg/440px-Pourbaix_Diagram_of_Iron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pourbaix_diagram" title="Pourbaix diagram">Pourbaix diagram</a> of iron</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Halides">Halides</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron(III)_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Some canary-yellow powder sits, mostly in lumps, on a laboratory watch glass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/150px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/225px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/300px-Iron%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Hydrated iron(III) chloride (ferric chloride)</figcaption></figure> The binary ferrous and ferric <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a> are well-known. The ferrous halides typically arise from treating iron metal with the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Hydrohalic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrohalic acid">hydrohalic acid</a> to give the corresponding hydrated salts.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-64">[64]</a> <dl><dd>Fe + 2 HX → FeX2 + H2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I)</dd></dl> Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to give the corresponding ferric halides, <a href="/wiki/Ferric_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric chloride">ferric chloride</a> being the most common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971082–84-69">[69]</a> <dl><dd>2 Fe + 3 X2 → 2 FeX3 (X = F, Cl, Br)</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Ferric_iodide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric iodide">Ferric iodide</a> is an exception, being thermodynamically unstable due to the oxidizing power of Fe3+ and the high reducing power of I−:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971082–84-69">[69]</a> <dl><dd>2 I− + 2 Fe3+ → I2 + 2 Fe2+ (E0 = +0.23 V)</dd></dl> Ferric iodide, a black solid, is not stable in ordinary conditions, but can be prepared through the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Iron_pentacarbonyl" title="Iron pentacarbonyl">iron pentacarbonyl</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">hexane</a> and light at the temperature of −20 °C, with oxygen and water excluded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971082–84-69">[69]</a> Complexes of ferric iodide with some soft bases are known to be stable compounds.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solution_chemistry">Solution chemistry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrate_and_permanganate_solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ferrate_and_permanganate_solution.jpg/150px-Ferrate_and_permanganate_solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ferrate_and_permanganate_solution.jpg/225px-Ferrate_and_permanganate_solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ferrate_and_permanganate_solution.jpg/300px-Ferrate_and_permanganate_solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of colors of solutions of ferrate (left) and <a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">permanganate</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Standard_reduction_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard reduction potential">standard reduction potentials</a> in acidic aqueous solution for some common iron ions are given below:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971075–79-11">[11]</a> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>[Fe(H2O)6]2+ + 2 e−</td> <td>⇌ Fe</td> <td>E0 = −0.447 V </td></tr> <tr> <td>[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + e−</td> <td>⇌ [Fe(H2O)6]2+</td> <td>E0 = +0.77 V </td></tr> <tr> <td>FeO2− 4 + 8 H3O+ + 3 e−</td> <td>⇌ [Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 6 H2O</td> <td>E0 = +2.20 V </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> The red-purple tetrahedral <a href="/wiki/Ferrate" title="Ferrate">ferrate</a>(VI) anion is such a strong oxidizing agent that it oxidizes ammonia to nitrogen (N2) and water to oxygen:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971082–84-69">[69]</a> <dl><dd>4 FeO2− 4 + 34 H 2O → 4 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Fe(H2O)6]3+ + 20 OH− + 3 O2</dd></dl> The pale-violet hex<a href="/wiki/Aquo_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquo complex">aquo complex</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Fe(H2O)6]3+ is an acid such that above pH 0 it is fully hydrolyzed:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971088–91-72">[72]</a> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Fe(H2O)6]3+</td> <td>⇌ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+ + H+</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">K</a> = 10−3.05 mol dm−3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+</td> <td>⇌ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]+ + H+</td> <td>K = 10−3.26 mol dm−3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2[Fe(H2O)6]3+</td> <td>⇌ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Fe(H2O)4(OH)]4+2 + 2H+ + 2H2O</td> <td>K = 10−2.91 mol dm−3 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron(II)-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg/150px-Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg/225px-Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg/300px-Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Blue-green <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">iron(II) sulfate</a> heptahydrate</figcaption></figure> As pH rises above 0 the above yellow hydrolyzed species form and as it rises above 2–3, reddish-brown hydrous <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">iron(III) oxide</a> precipitates out of solution. Although Fe3+ has a d5 configuration, its absorption spectrum is not like that of Mn2+ with its weak, spin-forbidden d–d bands, because Fe3+ has higher positive charge and is more polarizing, lowering the energy of its ligand-to-metal <a href="/wiki/Charge-transfer_complex" title="Charge-transfer complex">charge transfer</a> absorptions. Thus, all the above complexes are rather strongly colored, with the single exception of the hexaquo ion – and even that has a spectrum dominated by charge transfer in the near ultraviolet region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971088–91-72">[72]</a> On the other hand, the pale green iron(II) hexaquo ion <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Fe(H2O)6]2+ does not undergo appreciable hydrolysis. Carbon dioxide is not evolved when <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> anions are added, which instead results in white <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_carbonate" title="Iron(II) carbonate">iron(II) carbonate</a> being precipitated out. In excess carbon dioxide this forms the slightly soluble bicarbonate, which occurs commonly in groundwater, but it oxidises quickly in air to form <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">iron(III) oxide</a> that accounts for the brown deposits present in a sizeable number of streams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971091–97-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordination_compounds">Coordination compounds</h3></div> Due to its electronic structure, iron has a very large coordination and organometallic chemistry. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2-isomers-of-ferrioxalate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/2-isomers-of-ferrioxalate.svg/220px-2-isomers-of-ferrioxalate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/2-isomers-of-ferrioxalate.svg/330px-2-isomers-of-ferrioxalate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/2-isomers-of-ferrioxalate.svg/440px-2-isomers-of-ferrioxalate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>The two <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomorphs</a> of the ferrioxalate ion</figcaption></figure> Many coordination compounds of iron are known. A typical six-coordinate anion is hexachloroferrate(III), [FeCl6]3−, found in the mixed <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(methylammonium)_hexachloroferrate(III)_chloride" title="Tetrakis(methylammonium) hexachloroferrate(III) chloride">tetrakis(methylammonium) hexachloroferrate(III) chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Complexes with multiple bidentate ligands have <a href="/wiki/Geometric_isomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric isomer">geometric isomers</a>. For example, the trans-<a href="/wiki/Chlorohydridobis(bis-1,2-(diphenylphosphino)ethane)iron(II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorohydridobis(bis-1,2-(diphenylphosphino)ethane)iron(II)">chlorohydridobis(bis-1,2-(diphenylphosphino)ethane)iron(II)</a> complex is used as a starting material for compounds with the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe(<a href="/wiki/Dppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Dppe">dppe</a>)2 <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">moiety</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The ferrioxalate ion with three <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a> ligands displays <a href="/wiki/Helical_chirality" class="mw-redirect" title="Helical chirality">helical chirality</a> with its two non-superposable geometries labelled Λ (lambda) for the left-handed screw axis and Δ (delta) for the right-handed screw axis, in line with IUPAC conventions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971088–91-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrioxalate" title="Potassium ferrioxalate">Potassium ferrioxalate</a> is used in chemical <a href="/wiki/Actinometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinometry">actinometry</a> and along with its <a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrioxalate" title="Sodium ferrioxalate">sodium salt</a> undergoes <a href="/wiki/Photoreduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoreduction">photoreduction</a> applied in old-style photographic processes. The <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">dihydrate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxalate" title="Iron(II) oxalate">iron(II) oxalate</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a> structure with co-planar oxalate ions bridging between iron centres with the water of crystallisation located forming the caps of each octahedron, as illustrated below.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fe(C2O4)(H2O)2-chain-from-xtal-2008-CM-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fe%28C2O4%29%28H2O%292-chain-from-xtal-2008-CM-3D-balls.png/590px-Fe%28C2O4%29%28H2O%292-chain-from-xtal-2008-CM-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fe%28C2O4%29%28H2O%292-chain-from-xtal-2008-CM-3D-balls.png/885px-Fe%28C2O4%29%28H2O%292-chain-from-xtal-2008-CM-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fe%28C2O4%29%28H2O%292-chain-from-xtal-2008-CM-3D-balls.png/1180px-Fe%28C2O4%29%28H2O%292-chain-from-xtal-2008-CM-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Crystal structure of iron(II) oxalate dihydrate, showing iron (gray), oxygen (red), carbon (black), and hydrogen (white) atoms.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentaaqua(thiocyanato)iron(III)_chloride.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pentaaqua%28thiocyanato%29iron%28III%29_chloride.jpg/150px-Pentaaqua%28thiocyanato%29iron%28III%29_chloride.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pentaaqua%28thiocyanato%29iron%28III%29_chloride.jpg/225px-Pentaaqua%28thiocyanato%29iron%28III%29_chloride.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pentaaqua%28thiocyanato%29iron%28III%29_chloride.jpg/300px-Pentaaqua%28thiocyanato%29iron%28III%29_chloride.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Blood-red positive thiocyanate test for iron(III)</figcaption></figure> Iron(III) complexes are quite similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>(III) with the exception of iron(III)'s preference for O-donor instead of N-donor ligands. The latter tend to be rather more unstable than iron(II) complexes and often dissociate in water. Many Fe–O complexes show intense colors and are used as tests for <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enol" title="Enol">enols</a>. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Ferric_chloride_test" title="Ferric chloride test">ferric chloride test</a>, used to determine the presence of phenols, <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride" title="Iron(III) chloride">iron(III) chloride</a> reacts with a phenol to form a deep violet complex:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971088–91-72">[72]</a> <dl><dd>3 ArOH + FeCl3 → Fe(OAr)3 + 3 HCl (Ar = <a href="/wiki/Aryl" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryl">aryl</a>)</dd></dl> Among the halide and pseudohalide complexes, fluoro complexes of iron(III) are the most stable, with the colorless [FeF5(H2O)]2− being the most stable in aqueous solution. Chloro complexes are less stable and favor tetrahedral coordination as in [FeCl4]−; [FeBr4]− and [FeI4]− are reduced easily to iron(II). <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">Thiocyanate</a> is a common test for the presence of iron(III) as it forms the blood-red [Fe(SCN)(H2O)5]2+. Like manganese(II), most iron(III) complexes are high-spin, the exceptions being those with ligands that are high in the <a href="/wiki/Spectrochemical_series" title="Spectrochemical series">spectrochemical series</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>. An example of a low-spin iron(III) complex is [Fe(CN)6]3−. Iron shows a great variety of electronic <a href="/wiki/Spin_states_(d_electrons)" title="Spin states (d electrons)">spin states</a>, including every possible spin quantum number value for a d-block element from 0 (diamagnetic) to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">5⁄2 (5 unpaired electrons). This value is always half the number of unpaired electrons. Complexes with zero to two unpaired electrons are considered low-spin and those with four or five are considered high-spin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971079-68">[68]</a> Iron(II) complexes are less stable than iron(III) complexes but the preference for O-donor ligands is less marked, so that for example <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Fe(NH3)6]2+ is known while <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Fe(NH3)6]3+ is not. They have a tendency to be oxidized to iron(III) but this can be moderated by low pH and the specific ligands used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971091–97-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organometallic_compounds">Organometallic compounds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_of_iron_pentacarbonyl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sample_of_iron_pentacarbonyl.jpg/80px-Sample_of_iron_pentacarbonyl.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sample_of_iron_pentacarbonyl.jpg/120px-Sample_of_iron_pentacarbonyl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sample_of_iron_pentacarbonyl.jpg/160px-Sample_of_iron_pentacarbonyl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>Iron penta- carbonyl</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Organoiron_chemistry" title="Organoiron chemistry">Organoiron chemistry</a> is the study of <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organometallic compound">organometallic compounds</a> of iron, where carbon atoms are covalently bound to the metal atom. They are many and varied, including <a href="/wiki/Cyanometallate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanometallate">cyanide complexes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl complex">carbonyl complexes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_compound" title="Sandwich compound">sandwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Half-sandwich_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-sandwich compound">half-sandwich compounds</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prussian_blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Prussian_blue.jpg/220px-Prussian_blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Prussian_blue.jpg/330px-Prussian_blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Prussian_blue.jpg/440px-Prussian_blue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Prussian blue</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a> or "ferric ferrocyanide", Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, is an old and well-known iron-cyanide complex, extensively used as pigment and in several other applications. Its formation can be used as a simple wet chemistry test to distinguish between aqueous solutions of Fe2+ and Fe3+ as they react (respectively) with <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferricyanide" title="Potassium ferricyanide">potassium ferricyanide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrocyanide" title="Potassium ferrocyanide">potassium ferrocyanide</a> to form Prussian blue.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-64">[64]</a> Another old example of an organoiron compound is <a href="/wiki/Iron_pentacarbonyl" title="Iron pentacarbonyl">iron pentacarbonyl</a>, Fe(CO)5, in which a neutral iron atom is bound to the carbon atoms of five <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> molecules. The compound can be used to make <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_iron" title="Carbonyl iron">carbonyl iron</a> powder, a highly reactive form of metallic iron. <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">Thermolysis</a> of iron pentacarbonyl gives <a href="/wiki/Triiron_dodecacarbonyl" title="Triiron dodecacarbonyl">triiron dodecacarbonyl</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe3(CO)12, a complex with a cluster of three iron atoms at its core. Collman's reagent, <a href="/wiki/Disodium_tetracarbonylferrate" title="Disodium tetracarbonylferrate">disodium tetracarbonylferrate</a>, is a useful reagent for organic chemistry; it contains iron in the −2 oxidation state. <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyliron_dicarbonyl_dimer" title="Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer">Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer</a> contains iron in the rare +1 oxidation state.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:66px;max-width:66px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrocene.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ferrocene.svg/64px-Ferrocene.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ferrocene.svg/96px-Ferrocene.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ferrocene.svg/128px-Ferrocene.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="174" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_Ferrocene_(powdered).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Photo_of_Ferrocene_%28powdered%29.JPG/170px-Photo_of_Ferrocene_%28powdered%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Photo_of_Ferrocene_%28powdered%29.JPG/255px-Photo_of_Ferrocene_%28powdered%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Photo_of_Ferrocene_%28powdered%29.JPG/340px-Photo_of_Ferrocene_%28powdered%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="573" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Structural formula of ferrocene and a powdered sample</div></div></div></div> A landmark in this field was the discovery in 1951 of the remarkably stable <a href="/wiki/Sandwich_compound" title="Sandwich compound">sandwich compound</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe(C5H5)2, by Pauson and Kealy<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and independently by Miller and colleagues,<a href="#cite_note-Miller-81">[81]</a> whose surprising molecular structure was determined only a year later by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Woodward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Fischer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Ferrocene is still one of the most important tools and models in this class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971104-84">[84]</a> Iron-centered organometallic species are used as <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%B6lker_complex" title="Knölker complex">Knölker complex</a>, for example, is a <a href="/wiki/Transfer_hydrogenation" title="Transfer hydrogenation">transfer hydrogenation</a> catalyst for <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_uses">Industrial uses</h3></div> The iron compounds produced on the largest scale in industry are <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">iron(II) sulfate</a> (FeSO4·7<a href="/wiki/Water_of_crystallization" title="Water of crystallization">H2O</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride" title="Iron(III) chloride">iron(III) chloride</a> (FeCl3). The former is one of the most readily available sources of iron(II), but is less stable to aerial oxidation than <a href="/wiki/Mohr%27s_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohr's salt">Mohr's salt</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O). Iron(II) compounds tend to be oxidized to iron(III) compounds in the air.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_ferrous_metallurgy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_iron_metallurgy">Development of iron metallurgy</h3></div> Iron is one of the elements undoubtedly known to the ancient world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks19684-86">[86]</a> It has been worked, or <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought</a>, for millennia. However, iron artefacts of great age are much rarer than objects made of gold or silver due to the ease with which iron corrodes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196829-87">[87]</a> The technology developed slowly, and even after the discovery of smelting it took many centuries for iron to replace bronze as the metal of choice for tools and weapons. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meteoritic_iron">Meteoritic iron</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg/220px-Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg/330px-Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg/440px-Meteorite_iron_harpoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="1759" /></a><figcaption>Iron harpoon head from <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. The iron edge covers a <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhal</a> tusk harpoon using meteorite iron from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_meteorite" title="Cape York meteorite">Cape York meteorite</a>, one of the largest iron meteorites known.</figcaption></figure> Beads made from <a href="/wiki/Meteoric_iron" title="Meteoric iron">meteoric iron</a> in 3500 BC or earlier were found in <a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Gerzeh</a>, Egypt by <a href="/wiki/G._A._Wainwright" class="mw-redirect" title="G. A. Wainwright">G. A. Wainwright</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196831-88">[88]</a> The beads contain 7.5% nickel, which is a signature of meteoric origin since iron found in the Earth's crust generally has only minuscule nickel impurities. Meteoric iron was highly regarded due to its origin in the heavens and was often used to forge weapons and tools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196831-88">[88]</a> For example, a <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun%27s_iron_dagger_blade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutankhamun's iron dagger blade">dagger</a> made of meteoric iron was found in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, containing similar proportions of iron, cobalt, and nickel to a meteorite discovered in the area, deposited by an ancient meteor shower.<a href="#cite_note-Bjorkman_1973-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Comelli-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-walshx-91">[91]</a> Items that were likely made of iron by Egyptians date from 3000 to 2500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196829-87">[87]</a> Meteoritic iron is comparably soft and ductile and easily <a href="/wiki/Cold_forging" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold forging">cold forged</a> but may get brittle when heated because of the <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> content.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wrought_iron">Wrought iron</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_iron_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient iron production">Ancient iron production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A circle, with a short, simple arrow shape extending diagonally upwards and rightwards from its edge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/110px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/165px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/220px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>The symbol for <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> has been used since antiquity to represent iron.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QtubIronPillar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pillar, slightly fluted, with some ornamentation at its top. It is black, slightly weathered to a dark brown near the base. It is around 7 meters (23 feet) tall. It stands upon a raised circular base of stone, and is surrounded by a short, square fence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/220px-QtubIronPillar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/330px-QtubIronPillar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/QtubIronPillar.JPG/440px-QtubIronPillar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_pillar_of_Delhi" title="Iron pillar of Delhi">iron pillar of Delhi</a> is an example of the iron extraction and processing methodologies of early India.</figcaption></figure> The first iron production started in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>, but it took several centuries before iron displaced bronze. Samples of <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelted</a> iron from <a href="/wiki/Asmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmar">Asmar</a>, Mesopotamia and Tall Chagar Bazaar in northern Syria were made sometime between 3000 and 2700 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196832-93">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> established an empire in north-central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> around 1600 BC. They appear to be the first to understand the production of iron from its ores and regard it highly in their society.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> began to smelt iron between 1500 and 1200 BC and the practice spread to the rest of the Near East after their empire fell in 1180 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196832-93">[93]</a> The subsequent period is called the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. Artifacts of smelted iron are found in <a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">India</a> dating from 1800 to 1200 BC,<a href="#cite_note-Tewari-95">[95]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> from about 1500 BC (suggesting smelting in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Alleged references (compare <a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of metallurgy in South Asia">history of metallurgy in South Asia</a>) to iron in the Indian <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> have been used for claims of a very early usage of iron in India respectively to date the texts as such. The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">rigveda</a> term ayas (metal) refers to copper, while iron which is called as śyāma ayas, literally "black copper", first is mentioned in the post-rigvedic <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Some archaeological evidence suggests iron was smelted in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and southeast Africa as early as the eighth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Iron working was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a> in the late 11th century BC, from which it spread quickly throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1255_-_Keramikos_Museum,_Athens_-_Iron_tool_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_12_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1255_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Iron_tool_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg/220px-1255_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Iron_tool_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1255_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Iron_tool_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg/330px-1255_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Iron_tool_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1255_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Iron_tool_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg/440px-1255_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Iron_tool_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Iron sickle from Ancient Greece</figcaption></figure> The spread of ironworking in Central and Western Europe is associated with <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> expansion. According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, iron use was common in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196831-88">[88]</a> In the lands of what is now considered China, iron appears approximately 700–500 BC.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Iron smelting may have been introduced into China through Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-pigott2-102">[102]</a> The earliest evidence of the use of a <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> in China dates to the 1st century AD,<a href="#cite_note-Golas1999-103">[103]</a> and cupola furnaces were used as early as the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (403–221 BC).<a href="#cite_note-pigott-104">[104]</a> Usage of the blast and cupola furnace remained widespread during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-The_Coming_of_the_Ages_of_Steel-105">[105]</a> During the Industrial Revolution in Britain, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cort" title="Henry Cort">Henry Cort</a> began refining iron from <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> (or bar iron) using innovative production systems. In 1783 he patented the <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">puddling process</a> for refining iron ore. It was later improved by others, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hall_(metallurgist)" title="Joseph Hall (metallurgist)">Joseph Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cast_iron">Cast iron</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> was first produced in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> during 5th century BC,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> but was hardly in Europe until the medieval period.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biddle-109">[109]</a> The earliest cast iron artifacts were discovered by archaeologists in what is now modern <a href="/wiki/Luhe_County" title="Luhe County">Luhe County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> in China. Cast iron was used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a> for warfare, agriculture, and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-Wagner-110">[110]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> period, means were found in Europe of producing wrought iron from cast iron (in this context known as <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>) using <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">finery forges</a>. For all these processes, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> was required as fuel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971072-111">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philipp_Jakob_Loutherbourg_d._J._002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Philipp_Jakob_Loutherbourg_d._J._002.jpg/220px-Philipp_Jakob_Loutherbourg_d._J._002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Philipp_Jakob_Loutherbourg_d._J._002.jpg/330px-Philipp_Jakob_Loutherbourg_d._J._002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Philipp_Jakob_Loutherbourg_d._J._002.jpg/440px-Philipp_Jakob_Loutherbourg_d._J._002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coalbrookdale_by_Night" title="Coalbrookdale by Night">Coalbrookdale by Night</a>, 1801. Blast furnaces light the iron making town of <a href="/wiki/Coalbrookdale" title="Coalbrookdale">Coalbrookdale</a>.</figcaption></figure> Medieval <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Blast furnaces">blast furnaces</a> were about 10 feet (3.0 m) tall and made of fireproof brick; forced air was usually provided by hand-operated bellows.<a href="#cite_note-Biddle-109">[109]</a> Modern blast furnaces have grown much bigger, with hearths fourteen meters in diameter that allow them to produce thousands of tons of iron each day, but essentially operate in much the same way as they did during medieval times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971072-111">[111]</a> In 1709, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_I" title="Abraham Darby I">Abraham Darby I</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>-fired blast furnace to produce cast iron, replacing charcoal, although continuing to use blast furnaces. The ensuing availability of inexpensive iron was one of the factors leading to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Toward the end of the 18th century, cast iron began to replace wrought iron for certain purposes, because it was cheaper. Carbon content in iron was not implicated as the reason for the differences in properties of wrought iron, cast iron, and steel until the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196832-93">[93]</a> Since iron was becoming cheaper and more plentiful, it also became a major structural material following the building of the innovative <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge" title="The Iron Bridge">first iron bridge</a> in 1778. This bridge still stands today as a monument to the role iron played in the Industrial Revolution. Following this, iron was used in rails, boats, ships, aqueducts, and buildings, as well as in iron cylinders in <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971072-111">[111]</a> Railways have been central to the formation of modernity and ideas of progress<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and various languages refer to railways as iron road (e.g. French chemin de fer, German Eisenbahn, Turkish demiryolu, Russian железная дорога, <a href="/wiki/CJK" class="mw-redirect" title="CJK">Chinese, Japanese, and Korean</a> 鐵道, Vietnamese đường sắt). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steel">Steel</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a></div> Steel (with smaller carbon content than pig iron but more than wrought iron) was first produced in antiquity by using a <a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">bloomery</a>. Blacksmiths in <a href="/wiki/Luristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Luristan">Luristan</a> in western Persia were making good steel by 1000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeks196832-93">[93]</a> Then improved versions, <a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a> by India and <a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a> were developed around 300 BC and AD 500 respectively. These methods were specialized, and so steel did not become a major commodity until the 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> New methods of producing it by <a href="/wiki/Carburizing" title="Carburizing">carburizing</a> bars of iron in the <a href="/wiki/Cementation_process" title="Cementation process">cementation process</a> were devised in the 17th century. In the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, new methods of producing bar iron without charcoal were devised and these were later applied to produce steel. In the late 1850s, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer">Henry Bessemer</a> invented a new steelmaking process, involving blowing air through molten pig iron, to produce mild steel. This made steel much more economical, thereby leading to wrought iron no longer being produced in large quantities.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundations_of_modern_chemistry">Foundations of modern chemistry</h3></div> In 1774, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> used the reaction of water steam with metallic iron inside an incandescent iron tube to produce <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> in his experiments leading to the demonstration of the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_mass" title="Conservation of mass">conservation of mass</a>, which was instrumental in changing chemistry from a qualitative science to a quantitative one.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolic_role">Symbolic role</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eisernes_Kreuz_(1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eisernes_Kreuz_%281914%29.jpg/170px-Eisernes_Kreuz_%281914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eisernes_Kreuz_%281914%29.jpg/255px-Eisernes_Kreuz_%281914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eisernes_Kreuz_%281914%29.jpg/340px-Eisernes_Kreuz_%281914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>"Ich gab Gold für Eisen" – "I gave gold for iron". <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German-American</a> brooch from WWI. </figcaption></figure> Iron plays a certain role in mythology and has found various usage <a href="/wiki/Iron_(metaphor)" title="Iron (metaphor)">as a metaphor</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Iron_in_folklore" title="Iron in folklore">folklore</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a> (lines 109–201) lists different <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of man">ages of man</a> named after metals like gold, silver, bronze and iron to account for successive ages of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The Iron Age was closely related with Rome, and in Ovid's Metamorphoses <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Virtues, in despair, quit the earth; and the depravity of man becomes universal and complete. Hard steel succeeded then.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ovid, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a>, Book I, Iron age, line 160 ff</cite></div></blockquote> An example of the importance of iron's symbolic role may be found in the <a href="/wiki/German_Campaign_of_1813" class="mw-redirect" title="German Campaign of 1813">German Campaign of 1813</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William III">Frederick William III</a> commissioned then the first <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> as military decoration. <a href="/wiki/Berlin_iron_jewellery" title="Berlin iron jewellery">Berlin iron jewellery</a> reached its peak production between 1813 and 1815, when the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal family</a> urged citizens to donate gold and silver jewellery for military funding. The inscription Ich gab Gold für Eisen (I gave gold for iron) was used as well in later war efforts.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_of_metallic_iron"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Production of metallic iron</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_powder.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Iron_powder.JPG/220px-Iron_powder.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Iron_powder.JPG/330px-Iron_powder.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Iron_powder.JPG/440px-Iron_powder.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iron_powder" title="Iron powder">Iron powder</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_routes">Laboratory routes</h3></div> For a few limited purposes when it is needed, pure iron is produced in the laboratory in small quantities by reducing the pure oxide or hydroxide with hydrogen, or forming iron pentacarbonyl and heating it to 250 °C so that it decomposes to form pure iron powder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971071-48">[48]</a> Another method is electrolysis of ferrous chloride onto an iron cathode.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_industrial_route">Main industrial route</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">Iron ore</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Iron production 2009 (million <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a>)<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">World on iron ore??? (January 2023)">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Iron#Dubious" title="Talk:Iron">discuss</a>] </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">Iron ore</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">Pig iron</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">Direct iron</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td>1,114.9</td> <td>549.4</td> <td></td> <td>573.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>393.9</td> <td>4.4</td> <td></td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>305.0</td> <td>25.1</td> <td>0.011</td> <td>26.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td></td> <td>66.9</td> <td></td> <td>87.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>257.4</td> <td>38.2</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>63.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>92.1</td> <td>43.9</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>60.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>65.8</td> <td>25.7</td> <td></td> <td>29.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td>0.1</td> <td>27.3</td> <td></td> <td>48.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>0.4</td> <td>20.1</td> <td>0.38</td> <td>32.7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>World</th> <th>1,594.9</th> <th>914.0</th> <th>64.5</th> <th>1,232.4 </th></tr></tbody></table> Nowadays, the industrial production of iron or steel consists of two main stages. In the first stage, iron ore is <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduced</a> with <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a>, and the molten metal is separated from gross impurities such as <a href="/wiki/Silicate_mineral" title="Silicate mineral">silicate minerals</a>. This stage yields an alloy – <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> – that contains relatively large amounts of carbon. In the second stage, the amount of carbon in the pig iron is lowered by oxidation to yield wrought iron, steel, or cast iron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971073-120">[120]</a> Other metals can be added at this stage to form <a href="/wiki/Alloy_steel" title="Alloy steel">alloy steels</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blast_furnace_processing">Blast furnace processing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">Blast furnace</a></div> The blast furnace is loaded with iron ores, usually <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe2O3 or <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe3O4, along with coke (<a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> that has been separately baked to remove volatile components) and <a href="/wiki/Flux_(metallurgy)" title="Flux (metallurgy)">flux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">dolomite</a>). "Blasts" of air pre-heated to 900 °C (sometimes with oxygen enrichment) is blown through the mixture, in sufficient amount to turn the carbon into <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971073-120">[120]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 C + O2 → 2 CO</dd></dl> This reaction raises the temperature to about 2000 °C. The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore to metallic iron:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971073-120">[120]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2</dd></dl> Some iron in the high-temperature lower region of the furnace reacts directly with the coke:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971073-120">[120]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 Fe2O3 + 3 C → 4 Fe + 3 CO2</dd></dl> The flux removes silicaceous minerals in the ore, which would otherwise clog the furnace: The heat of the furnace decomposes the carbonates to <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a>, which reacts with any excess <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate" title="Calcium silicate">calcium silicate</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CaSiO3 or other products. At the furnace's temperature, the metal and the slag are both molten. They collect at the bottom as two immiscible liquid layers (with the slag on top), that are then easily separated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971073-120">[120]</a> The slag can be used as a material in <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a> construction or to improve mineral-poor soils for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biddle-109">[109]</a> Steelmaking thus remains one of the largest industrial contributors of CO2 emissions in the world.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="17th century Chinese illustration of workers at a blast furnace, making wrought iron from pig iron[122]"><img alt="17th century Chinese illustration of workers at a blast furnace, making wrought iron from pig iron[122]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/191px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/286px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/381px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="625" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">17th century Chinese illustration of workers at a blast furnace, making wrought iron from pig iron<a href="#cite_note-song-122">[122]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron-Making.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="How iron was extracted in the 19th century"><img alt="How iron was extracted in the 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Iron-Making.jpg/198px-Iron-Making.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Iron-Making.jpg/297px-Iron-Making.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Iron-Making.jpg/396px-Iron-Making.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2524" data-file-height="1914" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">How iron was extracted in the 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_(page_111)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iron furnace in Columbus, Ohio, 1922"><img alt="Iron furnace in Columbus, Ohio, 1922" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/198px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/297px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/396px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_111%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="1410" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iron furnace in Columbus, Ohio, 1922</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Ironworks</a></div> The pig iron produced by the blast furnace process contains up to 4–5% carbon (by mass), with small amounts of other impurities like sulfur, magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese. This high level of carbon makes it relatively weak and brittle. Reducing the amount of carbon to 0.002–2.1% produces <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, which may be up to 1000 times harder than pure iron. A great variety of steel articles can then be made by <a href="/wiki/Cold_working" title="Cold working">cold working</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_rolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot rolling">hot rolling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machining</a>, etc. Removing the impurities from pig iron, but leaving 2–4% carbon, results in <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>, which is cast by <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundries</a> into articles such as stoves, pipes, radiators, lamp-posts, and rails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971073-120">[120]</a> Steel products often undergo various <a href="/wiki/Heat_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat treatment">heat treatments</a> after they are forged to shape. <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">Annealing</a> consists of heating them to 700–800 °C for several hours and then gradual cooling. It makes the steel softer and more workable.<a href="#cite_note-Verhoeven-123">[123]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production."><img alt="This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg/200px-LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg/300px-LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg/400px-LightningVolt_Iron_Ore_Pellets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="354" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">This heap of iron ore pellets will be used in steel production.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Melted_raw-iron.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pot of molten iron being used to make steel"><img alt="A pot of molten iron being used to make steel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Melted_raw-iron.jpg/200px-Melted_raw-iron.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Melted_raw-iron.jpg/300px-Melted_raw-iron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Melted_raw-iron.jpg/400px-Melted_raw-iron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pot of molten iron being used to make steel</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_iron_reduction">Direct iron reduction</h3></div> Owing to environmental concerns, alternative methods of processing iron have been developed. "<a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">Direct iron reduction</a>" <a href="/wiki/Sponge_iron_reaction" title="Sponge iron reaction">reduces iron ore</a> to a ferrous lump called <a href="/wiki/Sponge_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponge iron">"sponge" iron</a> or "direct" iron that is suitable for steelmaking.<a href="#cite_note-Biddle-109">[109]</a> Two main reactions comprise the direct reduction process: Natural gas is partially oxidized (with heat and a catalyst):<a href="#cite_note-Biddle-109">[109]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 CH4 + O2 → 2 CO + 4 H2</dd></dl> Iron ore is then treated with these gases in a furnace, producing solid sponge iron:<a href="#cite_note-Biddle-109">[109]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe2O3 + CO + 2 H2 → 2 Fe + CO2 + 2 H2O</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">Silica</a> is removed by adding a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> flux as described above.<a href="#cite_note-Biddle-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermite_process">Thermite process</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermite" title="Thermite">Thermite</a></div> Ignition of a mixture of aluminium powder and iron oxide yields metallic iron via the <a href="/wiki/Thermite_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermite reaction">thermite reaction</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe2O3 + 2 Al → 2 Fe + Al2O3</dd></dl> Alternatively pig iron may be made into steel (with up to about 2% carbon) or wrought iron (commercially pure iron). Various processes have been used for this, including <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">finery forges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">puddling</a> furnaces, <a href="/wiki/Bessemer_converter" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessemer converter">Bessemer converters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hearth furnace">open hearth furnaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic oxygen furnace">basic oxygen furnaces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnaces</a>. In all cases, the objective is to oxidize some or all of the carbon, together with other impurities. On the other hand, other metals may be added to make alloy steels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971072-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molten_oxide_electrolysis">Molten oxide electrolysis</h3></div> Molten oxide electrolysis (MOE) uses <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of molten iron oxide to yield metallic iron. It is studied in laboratory-scale experiments and is proposed as a method for industrial iron production that has no direct emissions of carbon dioxide. It uses a liquid iron cathode, an anode formed from an alloy of chromium, aluminium and iron,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and the electrolyte is a mixture of molten metal oxides into which iron ore is dissolved. The current keeps the electrolyte molten and reduces the iron oxide. Oxygen gas is produced in addition to liquid iron. The only carbon dioxide emissions come from any <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>-generated electricity used to heat and reduce the metal.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Characteristic values of <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> (TS) and <a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness">Brinell hardness</a> (BH) of various forms of iron.<a href="#cite_note-pure-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-corr-129">[129]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Material </th> <th>TS (MPa) </th> <th>BH (<a href="/wiki/Brinell_scale" title="Brinell scale">Brinell</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocrystalline_whisker" title="Monocrystalline whisker">Iron whiskers</a> </td> <td>11000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ausformed (hardened) steel </td> <td>2930 </td> <td>850–1200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martensite" title="Martensite">Martensitic steel</a> </td> <td>2070 </td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bainite" title="Bainite">Bainitic steel</a> </td> <td>1380 </td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pearlite" title="Pearlite">Pearlitic steel</a> </td> <td>1200 </td> <td>350 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cold_forming" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold forming">Cold-worked</a> iron </td> <td>690 </td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Small-grain iron </td> <td>340 </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carbon-containing iron </td> <td>140 </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pure, single-crystal iron </td> <td>10 </td> <td>3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_structural_material">As structural material</h3></div> Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for over 90% of worldwide metal production. Its low cost and high strength often make it the material of choice to withstand stress or transmit forces, such as the construction of machinery and <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">rails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hull_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull (ship)">ship hulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">concrete reinforcing bars</a>, and the load-carrying framework of buildings. Since pure iron is quite soft, it is most commonly combined with alloying elements to make steel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971070–71-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanical_properties">Mechanical properties</h4></div> The mechanical properties of iron and its alloys are extremely relevant to their structural applications. Those properties can be evaluated in various ways, including the <a href="/wiki/Brinell_scale" title="Brinell scale">Brinell test</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_scale" title="Rockwell scale">Rockwell test</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness test</a>. The properties of pure iron are often used to calibrate measurements or to compare tests.<a href="#cite_note-corr-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> However, the mechanical properties of iron are significantly affected by the sample's purity: pure, single crystals of iron are actually softer than aluminium,<a href="#cite_note-pure-128">[128]</a> and the purest industrially produced iron (99.99%) has a hardness of 20–30 Brinell.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The pure iron (99.9%～99.999%), especially called <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_iron" title="Electrolytic iron">electrolytic iron</a>, is industrially produced by <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_process" title="Electrolytic process">electrolytic refining</a>. An increase in the carbon content will cause a significant increase in the hardness and tensile strength of iron. Maximum hardness of <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_scale" title="Rockwell scale">65 Rc</a> is achieved with a 0.6% carbon content, although the alloy has low tensile strength.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Because of the softness of iron, it is much easier to work with than its heavier <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congeners</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971074–75-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_steels_and_alloys">Types of steels and alloys</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_carbon_phase_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iron_carbon_phase_diagram.svg/400px-Iron_carbon_phase_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iron_carbon_phase_diagram.svg/600px-Iron_carbon_phase_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Iron_carbon_phase_diagram.svg/800px-Iron_carbon_phase_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Iron-carbon phase diagram</figcaption></figure> α-Iron is a fairly soft metal that can dissolve only a small concentration of carbon (no more than 0.021% by mass at 910 °C).<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austenite" title="Austenite">Austenite</a> (γ-iron) is similarly soft and metallic but can dissolve considerably more carbon (as much as 2.04% by mass at 1146 °C). This form of iron is used in the type of <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> used for making cutlery, and hospital and food-service equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Metallo-21">[21]</a> Commercially available iron is classified based on purity and the abundance of additives. <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">Pig iron</a> has 3.5–4.5% carbon<a href="#cite_note-msts-135">[135]</a> and contains varying amounts of contaminants such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, silicon and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. Pig iron is not a saleable product, but rather an intermediate step in the production of cast iron and steel. The reduction of contaminants in pig iron that negatively affect material properties, such as sulfur and phosphorus, yields cast iron containing 2–4% carbon, 1–6% silicon, and small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971073-120">[120]</a> Pig iron has a <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> in the range of 1420–1470 K, which is lower than either of its two main components, and makes it the first product to be melted when carbon and iron are heated together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971075–79-11">[11]</a> Its mechanical properties vary greatly and depend on the form the carbon takes in the alloy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971074–75-17">[17]</a> "White" cast irons contain their carbon in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cementite" title="Cementite">cementite</a>, or iron carbide (Fe3C).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971074–75-17">[17]</a> This hard, brittle compound dominates the mechanical properties of white cast irons, rendering them hard, but unresistant to shock. The broken surface of a white cast iron is full of fine facets of the broken iron carbide, a very pale, silvery, shiny material, hence the appellation. Cooling a mixture of iron with 0.8% carbon slowly below 723 °C to room temperature results in separate, alternating layers of cementite and α-iron, which is soft and malleable and is called <a href="/wiki/Pearlite" title="Pearlite">pearlite</a> for its appearance. Rapid cooling, on the other hand, does not allow time for this separation and creates hard and brittle <a href="/wiki/Martensite" title="Martensite">martensite</a>. The steel can then be tempered by reheating to a temperature in between, changing the proportions of pearlite and martensite. The end product below 0.8% carbon content is a pearlite-αFe mixture, and that above 0.8% carbon content is a pearlite-cementite mixture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971074–75-17">[17]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gray_iron" title="Gray iron">gray iron</a> the carbon exists as separate, fine flakes of <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>, and also renders the material brittle due to the sharp edged flakes of graphite that produce <a href="/wiki/Stress_concentration" title="Stress concentration">stress concentration</a> sites within the material.<a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-136">[136]</a> A newer variant of gray iron, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron" title="Ductile iron">ductile iron</a>, is specially treated with trace amounts of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> to alter the shape of graphite to spheroids, or nodules, reducing the stress concentrations and vastly increasing the toughness and strength of the material.<a href="#cite_note-Hashemi-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a> contains less than 0.25% carbon but large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> that give it a fibrous characteristic.<a href="#cite_note-msts-135">[135]</a> Wrought iron is more corrosion resistant than steel. It has been almost completely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Mild_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mild steel">mild steel</a>, which corrodes more readily than wrought iron, but is cheaper and more widely available. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">Carbon steel</a> contains 2.0% carbon or less,<a href="#cite_note-kts-137">[137]</a> with small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, and silicon. <a href="/wiki/Alloy_steel" title="Alloy steel">Alloy steels</a> contain varying amounts of carbon as well as other metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, nickel, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, etc. Their alloy content raises their cost, and so they are usually only employed for specialist uses. One common alloy steel, though, is <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>. Recent developments in ferrous metallurgy have produced a growing range of microalloyed steels, also termed '<a href="/wiki/HSLA_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="HSLA steel">HSLA</a>' or high-strength, low alloy steels, containing tiny additions to produce high strengths and often spectacular toughness at minimal cost.<a href="#cite_note-kts-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Alloys with high purity elemental makeups (such as alloys of <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_iron" title="Electrolytic iron">electrolytic iron</a>) have specifically enhanced properties such as <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_limit" title="Fatigue limit">fatigue strength</a>, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance. Apart from traditional applications, iron is also used for protection from ionizing radiation. Although it is lighter than another traditional protection material, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, it is much stronger mechanically.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The main disadvantage of iron and steel is that pure iron, and most of its alloys, suffer badly from <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a> if not protected in some way, a cost amounting to over 1% of the world's economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971076-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation</a>, plastic coating and <a href="/wiki/Bluing_(steel)" title="Bluing (steel)">bluing</a> are all used to protect iron from rust by excluding <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and oxygen or by <a href="/wiki/Cathodic_protection" title="Cathodic protection">cathodic protection</a>. The mechanism of the rusting of iron is as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971076-141">[141]</a> <dl><dd>Cathode: 3 O2 + 6 H2O + 12 e− → 12 OH−</dd> <dd>Anode: 4 Fe → 4 Fe2+ + 8 e−; 4 Fe2+ → 4 Fe3+ + 4 e−</dd> <dd>Overall: 4 Fe + 3 O2 + 6 H2O → 4 Fe3+ + 12 OH− → 4 Fe(OH)3 or 4 FeO(OH) + 4 H2O</dd></dl> The electrolyte is usually <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">iron(II) sulfate</a> in urban areas (formed when atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> attacks iron), and salt particles in the atmosphere in seaside areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971076-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalysts_and_reagents">Catalysts and reagents</h3></div> Because Fe is inexpensive and nontoxic, much effort has been devoted to the development of Fe-based catalysts and <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a>. Iron is however less common as a catalyst in commercial processes than more expensive metals.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In biology, Fe-containing enzymes are pervasive.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Iron catalysts are traditionally used in the <a href="/wiki/Haber%E2%80%93Bosch_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Haber–Bosch process">Haber–Bosch process</a> for the production of ammonia and the <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a> for conversion of carbon monoxide to <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> for fuels and lubricants.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Powdered iron in an acidic medium is used in the <a href="/wiki/Bechamp_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechamp reduction">Bechamp reduction</a>, the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Nitrobenzene" title="Nitrobenzene">nitrobenzene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_compounds">Iron compounds</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Iron(III) oxide</a> mixed with <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> powder can be ignited to create a <a href="/wiki/Thermite" title="Thermite">thermite reaction</a>, used in welding large iron parts (like <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">rails</a>) and purifying ores. Iron(III) oxide and <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxyhydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(III) oxyhydroxide">oxyhydroxide</a> are used as reddish and ocher <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride" title="Iron(III) chloride">Iron(III) chloride</a> finds use in water purification and <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>, in the dyeing of cloth, as a coloring agent in paints, as an additive in animal feed, and as an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_etching" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial etching">etchant</a> for <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-146">[146]</a> It can also be dissolved in alcohol to form tincture of iron, which is used as a medicine to stop bleeding in <a href="/wiki/Domestic_canary" title="Domestic canary">canaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">Iron(II) sulfate</a> is used as a precursor to other iron compounds. It is also used to <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduce</a> chromate in cement. It is used to fortify foods and treat <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron deficiency anemia">iron deficiency anemia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_sulfate" title="Iron(III) sulfate">Iron(III) sulfate</a> is used in settling minute sewage particles in tank water. <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_chloride" title="Iron(II) chloride">Iron(II) chloride</a> is used as a reducing flocculating agent, in the formation of iron complexes and magnetic iron oxides, and as a reducing agent in organic synthesis.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitroprusside" title="Sodium nitroprusside">Sodium nitroprusside</a> is a drug used as a <a href="/wiki/Vasodilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasodilator">vasodilator</a>. It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO22nd-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_and_pathological_role">Biological and pathological role</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iron_in_biology" title="Iron in biology">Iron in biology</a></div> Iron is required for life.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_cluster" title="Iron–sulfur cluster">iron–sulfur clusters</a> are pervasive and include <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenase</a>, the enzymes responsible for biological <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>. Iron-containing proteins participate in transport, storage and use of oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a> Iron proteins are involved in <a href="/wiki/Electron_transfer" title="Electron transfer">electron transfer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heme_B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Heme_B.svg/220px-Heme_B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Heme_B.svg/330px-Heme_B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Heme_B.svg/440px-Heme_B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Simplified structure of <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Heme B</a>; in the protein additional <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a>(s) are attached to Fe.</figcaption></figure> Examples of iron-containing proteins in higher organisms include hemoglobin, <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">cytochrome</a> (see <a href="/wiki/High-valent_iron" title="High-valent iron">high-valent iron</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The average adult human contains about 0.005% body weight of iron, or about four grams, of which three quarters is in hemoglobin—a level that remains constant despite only about one milligram of iron being absorbed each day,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> because the human body recycles its hemoglobin for the iron content.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Microbial growth may be assisted by oxidation of iron(II) or by reduction of iron(III).<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h3></div> Iron acquisition poses a problem for aerobic organisms because ferric iron is poorly soluble near neutral pH. Thus, these organisms have developed means to absorb iron as complexes, sometimes taking up ferrous iron before oxidising it back to ferric iron.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a> In particular, bacteria have evolved very high-affinity <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sequester" class="extiw" title="wikt:sequester">sequestering</a> agents called <a href="/wiki/Siderophore" title="Siderophore">siderophores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> After uptake in human <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>, iron storage is precisely regulated.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> A major component of this regulation is the protein <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a>, which binds iron ions absorbed from the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> and carries it in the <a href="/wiki/Bloodstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodstream">blood</a> to cells.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Transferrin contains Fe3+ in the middle of a distorted octahedron, bonded to one nitrogen, three oxygens and a chelating <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> anion that traps the Fe3+ ion: it has such a high <a href="/wiki/Stability_constants_of_complexes" title="Stability constants of complexes">stability constant</a> that it is very effective at taking up Fe3+ ions even from the most stable complexes. At the bone marrow, transferrin is reduced from Fe3+ to Fe2+ and stored as <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a> to be incorporated into hemoglobin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> The most commonly known and studied <a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">bioinorganic</a> iron compounds (biological iron molecules) are the <a href="/wiki/Heme_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Heme proteins">heme proteins</a>: examples are <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a> These compounds participate in transporting gases, building <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a>, and transferring <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Metalloproteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloproteins">Metalloproteins</a> are a group of proteins with metal ion <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a>. Some examples of iron metalloproteins are <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubredoxin" title="Rubredoxin">rubredoxin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> Many enzymes vital to life contain iron, such as <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Boon_b-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipoxygenases" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipoxygenases">lipoxygenases</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and <a href="/wiki/IRE-BP" class="mw-redirect" title="IRE-BP">IRE-BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrier that occurs in <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> and contributes their color, transporting oxygen in the arteries from the lungs to the muscles where it is transferred to <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a>, which stores it until it is needed for the metabolic oxidation of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, generating energy.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a> Here the hemoglobin binds to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, produced when glucose is oxidized, which is transported through the veins by hemoglobin (predominantly as <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> anions) back to the lungs where it is exhaled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> In hemoglobin, the iron is in one of four <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> groups and has six possible coordination sites; four are occupied by nitrogen atoms in a <a href="/wiki/Porphyrin" title="Porphyrin">porphyrin</a> ring, the fifth by an <a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">imidazole</a> nitrogen in a <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> residue of one of the protein chains attached to the heme group, and the sixth is reserved for the oxygen molecule it can reversibly bind to.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> When hemoglobin is not attached to oxygen (and is then called deoxyhemoglobin), the Fe2+ ion at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> group (in the hydrophobic protein interior) is in a <a href="/wiki/Spin_states_(d_electrons)#High-spin_and_low-spin_systems" title="Spin states (d electrons)">high-spin configuration</a>. It is thus too large to fit inside the porphyrin ring, which bends instead into a dome with the Fe2+ ion about 55 picometers above it. In this configuration, the sixth coordination site reserved for the oxygen is blocked by another histidine residue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> When deoxyhemoglobin picks up an oxygen molecule, this histidine residue moves away and returns once the oxygen is securely attached to form a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bond</a> with it. This results in the Fe2+ ion switching to a low-spin configuration, resulting in a 20% decrease in ionic radius so that now it can fit into the porphyrin ring, which becomes planar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> Additionally, this hydrogen bonding results in the tilting of the oxygen molecule, resulting in a Fe–O–O bond angle of around 120° that avoids the formation of Fe–O–Fe or Fe–O2–Fe bridges that would lead to electron transfer, the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+, and the destruction of hemoglobin. This results in a movement of all the protein chains that leads to the other subunits of hemoglobin changing shape to a form with larger oxygen affinity. Thus, when deoxyhemoglobin takes up oxygen, its affinity for more oxygen increases, and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> Myoglobin, on the other hand, contains only one heme group and hence this cooperative effect cannot occur. Thus, while hemoglobin is almost saturated with oxygen in the high partial pressures of oxygen found in the lungs, its affinity for oxygen is much lower than that of myoglobin, which oxygenates even at low partial pressures of oxygen found in muscle tissue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> As described by the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_effect" title="Bohr effect">Bohr effect</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bohr" title="Christian Bohr">Christian Bohr</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>), the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin diminishes in the presence of carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboxyhemoglobin_from_1AJ9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Carboxyhemoglobin_from_1AJ9.png/220px-Carboxyhemoglobin_from_1AJ9.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Carboxyhemoglobin_from_1AJ9.png/330px-Carboxyhemoglobin_from_1AJ9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Carboxyhemoglobin_from_1AJ9.png/440px-Carboxyhemoglobin_from_1AJ9.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>A heme unit of human <a href="/wiki/Carboxyhemoglobin" title="Carboxyhemoglobin">carboxyhemoglobin</a>, showing the <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl ligand">carbonyl ligand</a> at the apical position, trans to the histidine residue<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trifluoride" title="Phosphorus trifluoride">phosphorus trifluoride</a> are poisonous to humans because they bind to hemoglobin similarly to oxygen, but with much more strength, so that oxygen can no longer be transported throughout the body. Hemoglobin bound to carbon monoxide is known as <a href="/wiki/Carboxyhemoglobin" title="Carboxyhemoglobin">carboxyhemoglobin</a>. This effect also plays a minor role in the toxicity of <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>, but there the major effect is by far its interference with the proper functioning of the electron transport protein <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_a" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytochrome a">cytochrome a</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> The cytochrome proteins also involve heme groups and are involved in the metabolic oxidation of glucose by oxygen. The sixth coordination site is then occupied by either another imidazole nitrogen or a <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a> sulfur, so that these proteins are largely inert to oxygen—with the exception of cytochrome a, which bonds directly to oxygen and thus is very easily poisoned by cyanide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> Here, the electron transfer takes place as the iron remains in low spin but changes between the +2 and +3 oxidation states. Since the reduction potential of each step is slightly greater than the previous one, the energy is released step-by-step and can thus be stored in <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a>. Cytochrome a is slightly distinct, as it occurs at the mitochondrial membrane, binds directly to oxygen, and transports protons as well as electrons, as follows:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> <dl><dd>4 Cytc2+ + O2 + 8H+ inside → 4 Cytc3+ + 2 H2O + 4H+ outside</dd></dl> Although the heme proteins are the most important class of iron-containing proteins, the <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein" title="Iron–sulfur protein">iron–sulfur proteins</a> are also very important, being involved in electron transfer, which is possible since iron can exist stably in either the +2 or +3 oxidation states. These have one, two, four, or eight iron atoms that are each approximately tetrahedrally coordinated to four sulfur atoms; because of this tetrahedral coordination, they always have high-spin iron. The simplest of such compounds is <a href="/wiki/Rubredoxin" title="Rubredoxin">rubredoxin</a>, which has only one iron atom coordinated to four sulfur atoms from <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> residues in the surrounding peptide chains. Another important class of iron–sulfur proteins is the <a href="/wiki/Ferredoxin" title="Ferredoxin">ferredoxins</a>, which have multiple iron atoms. Transferrin does not belong to either of these classes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971098–104-151">[151]</a> The ability of sea <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> to maintain their grip on rocks in the ocean is facilitated by their use of <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">organometallic</a> iron-based bonds in their protein-rich <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticles</a>. Based on synthetic replicas, the presence of iron in these structures increased <a href="/wiki/Elastic_modulus" title="Elastic modulus">elastic modulus</a> 770 times, <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> 58 times, and <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a> 92 times. The amount of stress required to permanently damage them increased 76 times.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diet">Diet</h4></div> Iron is pervasive, but particularly rich sources of dietary iron include <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watercress" title="Watercress">watercress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blackstrap_molasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackstrap molasses">blackstrap molasses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a> are sometimes specifically fortified with iron.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Iron provided by <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a> is often found as <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_fumarate" title="Iron(II) fumarate">iron(II) fumarate</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">iron(II) sulfate</a> is cheaper and is absorbed equally well.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-146">[146]</a> Elemental iron, or reduced iron, despite being absorbed at only one-third to two-thirds the efficiency (relative to iron sulfate),<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> is often added to foods such as breakfast cereals or enriched wheat flour. Iron is most available to the body when <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelated</a> to amino acids<a href="#cite_note-pmid11377130-167">[167]</a> and is also available for use as a common <a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">iron supplement</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a>, the least expensive amino acid, is most often used to produce iron glycinate supplements.<a href="#cite_note-Ashmead-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dietary_recommendations">Dietary recommendations</h4></div> The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for iron in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a> The current EAR for iron for women ages 14‍–‍18 is 7.9 mg/day, 8.1 mg/day for ages 19‍–‍50 and 5.0 mg/day thereafter (postmenopause). For men, the EAR is 6.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. The RDA is 15.0 mg/day for women ages 15‍–‍18, 18.0 mg/day for ages 19‍–‍50 and 8.0 mg/day thereafter. For men, 8.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher-than-average requirements. RDA for pregnancy is 27 mg/day and, for lactation, 9 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a> For children ages 1‍–‍3 years 7 mg/day, 10 mg/day for ages 4–8 and 8 mg/day for ages 9‍–‍13. As for safety, the IOM also sets <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">Tolerable upper intake levels</a> (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of iron, the UL is set at 45 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs and ULs are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For women the PRI is 13 mg/day ages 15‍–‍17 years, 16 mg/day for women ages 18 and up who are premenopausal and 11 mg/day postmenopausal. For pregnancy and lactation, 16 mg/day. For men the PRI is 11 mg/day ages 15 and older. For children ages 1 to 14, the PRI increases from 7 to 11 mg/day. The PRIs are higher than the U.S. RDAs, with the exception of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The EFSA reviewed the same safety question did not establish a UL.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Infants may require iron supplements if they are bottle-fed cow's milk.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Frequent <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">blood donors</a> are at risk of low iron levels and are often advised to supplement their iron intake.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For iron labeling purposes, 100% of the Daily Value was 18 mg, and as of May 27, 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron&action=edit">[update]</a> remained unchanged at 18 mg.<a href="#cite_note-FedReg-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake" title="Reference Daily Intake">Reference Daily Intake</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficiency">Deficiency</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">Iron deficiency</a></div> Iron deficiency is the most common <a href="/wiki/Nutritional_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutritional deficiency">nutritional deficiency</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> When loss of iron is not adequately compensated by adequate dietary iron intake, a state of <a href="/wiki/Latent_iron_deficiency" title="Latent iron deficiency">latent iron deficiency</a> occurs, which over time leads to <a href="/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia" title="Iron-deficiency anemia">iron-deficiency anemia</a> if left untreated, which is characterised by an insufficient number of red blood cells and an insufficient amount of hemoglobin.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Children, <a href="/wiki/Pre-menopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-menopausal">pre-menopausal</a> women (women of child-bearing age), and people with poor diet are most susceptible to the disease. Most cases of iron-deficiency anemia are mild, but if not treated can cause problems like fast or irregular heartbeat, complications during pregnancy, and delayed growth in infants and children.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The brain is resistant to acute iron deficiency due to the slow transport of iron through the blood brain barrier.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Acute fluctuations in iron status (marked by serum ferritin levels) do not reflect brain iron status, but prolonged nutritional iron deficiency is suspected to reduce brain iron concentrations over time.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> In the brain, iron plays a role in oxygen transport, myelin synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, and as a cofactor for neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Animal models of nutritional iron deficiency report biomolecular changes resembling those seen in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> However, age-related accumulation of iron in the brain has also been linked to the development of Parkinson's.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excess">Excess</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">Iron overload</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron uptake</a> is tightly regulated by the human body, which has no regulated physiological means of excreting iron. Only small amounts of iron are lost daily due to mucosal and skin epithelial cell sloughing, so control of iron levels is primarily accomplished by regulating uptake.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Regulation of iron uptake is impaired in some people as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic defect</a> that maps to the HLA-H gene region on <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_6" title="Chromosome 6">chromosome 6</a> and leads to abnormally low levels of <a href="/wiki/Hepcidin" title="Hepcidin">hepcidin</a>, a key regulator of the entry of iron into the circulatory system in mammals.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12663437-189">[189]</a> In these people, excessive iron intake can result in <a href="/wiki/Iron_overload_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron overload disorder">iron overload disorders</a>, known medically as <a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">hemochromatosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a> Many people have an undiagnosed genetic susceptibility to iron overload, and are not aware of a family history of the problem. For this reason, people should not take iron supplements unless they suffer from <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron deficiency (medicine)">iron deficiency</a> and have consulted a doctor. Hemochromatosis is estimated to be the cause of 0.3–0.8% of all metabolic diseases of Caucasians.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Overdoses of ingested iron can cause excessive levels of free iron in the blood. High blood levels of free ferrous iron react with <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxides</a> to produce highly reactive <a href="/wiki/Free_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical">free radicals</a> that can damage <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a>, and other cellular components. Iron toxicity occurs when the cell contains free iron, which generally occurs when iron levels exceed the availability of <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a> to bind the iron. Damage to the cells of the <a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> can also prevent them from regulating iron absorption, leading to further increases in blood levels. Iron typically damages cells in the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> and elsewhere, causing adverse effects that include <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">metabolic acidosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">liver failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coagulopathy" title="Coagulopathy">coagulopathy</a>, long-term organ damage, and even death.<a href="#cite_note-Cheney-191">[191]</a> Humans experience iron toxicity when the iron exceeds 20 milligrams for every kilogram of body mass; 60 milligrams per kilogram is considered a <a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose" title="Lethal dose">lethal dose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emed-topic285-192">[192]</a> Overconsumption of iron, often the result of children eating large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous sulfate">ferrous sulfate</a> tablets intended for adult consumption, is one of the most common toxicological causes of death in children under six.<a href="#cite_note-emed-topic285-192">[192]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intake</a> (DRI) sets the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults at 45 mg/day. For children under fourteen years old the UL is 40 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-IOM-193">[193]</a> The medical management of iron toxicity is complicated, and can include use of a specific <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelating</a> agent called <a href="/wiki/Deferoxamine" title="Deferoxamine">deferoxamine</a> to bind and expel excess iron from the body.<a href="#cite_note-Cheney-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid21102602-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ADHD">ADHD</h3></div> Some research has suggested that low <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamic</a> iron levels may play a role in the pathophysiology of <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Some researchers have found that iron supplementation can be effective especially in the <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder_predominantly_inattentive" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive">inattentive subtype</a> of the disorder.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Some researchers in the 2000s suggested a link between low levels of iron in the blood and ADHD. A 2012 study found no such correlation.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3></div> The role of iron in cancer defense can be described as a "double-edged sword" because of its pervasive presence in non-pathological processes.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> People having <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> may develop iron deficiency and <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, for which <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_iron_infusion" title="Intravenous iron infusion">intravenous iron therapy</a> is used to restore iron levels.<a href="#cite_note-beguin-200">[200]</a> Iron overload, which may occur from high consumption of red meat,<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a> may initiate <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumor</a> growth and increase susceptibility to cancer onset,<a href="#cite_note-beguin-200">[200]</a> particularly for <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_systems">Marine systems</h3></div> Iron plays an essential role in marine systems and can act as a limiting nutrient for planktonic activity.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Because of this, too much of a decrease in iron may lead to a decrease in growth rates in phytoplanktonic organisms such as diatoms.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Iron can also be oxidized by marine microbes under conditions that are high in iron and low in oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Iron can enter marine systems through adjoining rivers and directly from the atmosphere. Once iron enters the ocean, it can be distributed throughout the water column through ocean mixing and through recycling on the cellular level.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In the arctic, sea ice plays a major role in the store and distribution of iron in the ocean, depleting oceanic iron as it freezes in the winter and releasing it back into the water when thawing occurs in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The iron cycle can fluctuate the forms of iron from aqueous to particle forms altering the availability of iron to primary producers.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Increased light and warmth increases the amount of iron that is in forms that are usable by primary producers.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Economically important iron deposits include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caraj%C3%A1s_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Carajás Mine">Carajás Mine</a> in the state of Pará, Brazil, is thought to be the largest iron deposit in the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mut%C3%BAn" title="El Mutún">El Mutún</a> in Bolivia, where 10% of the world's accessible iron ore is located.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamersley_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamersley Basin">Hamersley Basin</a> is the largest iron ore deposit in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiirunavaara" title="Kiirunavaara">Kiirunavaara</a> in Sweden, where one of the world's largest deposits of iron ore is located</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mesabi_Range" title="Mesabi Range">Mesabi Iron Range</a> is the chief iron ore mining district in the United States.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron and steel industry">Iron and steel industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cycle" title="Iron cycle">Iron cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_nanoparticle" title="Iron nanoparticle">Iron nanoparticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93platinum_nanoparticle" title="Iron–platinum nanoparticle">Iron–platinum nanoparticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a> – proposed fertilization of oceans to stimulate <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> growth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-oxidizing_bacteria" title="Iron-oxidizing bacteria">Iron-oxidizing bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_iron_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by iron production">List of countries by iron production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelletizing" title="Pelletizing">Pelletising</a> – process of creation of iron ore pellets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustproof_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustproof iron">Rustproof iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 696. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-64956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-64956-3"><bdi>978-3-527-64956-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855858511">855858511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrielle+Anorganische+Chemie&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=696&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855858511&rft.isbn=978-3-527-64956-3&rft.aulast=Bertau&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914112201/https://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Publications/MetalStocks/tabid/56054/Default.aspx">Metal Stocks in Society: Scientific synthesis</a>, 2010, <a href="/wiki/International_Resource_Panel" title="International Resource Panel">International Resource Panel</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoll2020" class="citation journal cs1">Stoll, Heather (17 February 2020). "30 years of the iron hypothesis of ice ages". Nature. 578 (7795). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 370–371. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.578..370S">2020Natur.578..370S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-00393-x">10.1038/d41586-020-00393-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32066927">32066927</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211139074">211139074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=30+years+of+the+iron+hypothesis+of+ice+ages&rft.volume=578&rft.issue=7795&rft.pages=370-371&rft.date=2020-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211139074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.578..370S&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-020-00393-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32066927&rft.aulast=Stoll&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetalAnions-59"><a href="#cite_ref-MetalAnions_59-0">^</a> Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−xSnx]; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_Whangbo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo (2008). "Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements". Solid State Sciences. 10 (4): 444–449. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SSSci..10..444K">2008SSSci..10..444K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001">10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solid+State+Sciences&rft.atitle=Late+transition+metal+anions+acting+as+p-metal+elements&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=444-449&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SSSci..10..444K&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Changhoon Lee; Myung-Hwan Whangbo; Jürgen Köhler (2010). "Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)". Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 636 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421">10.1002/zaac.200900421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Electronic+Structures+and+Chemical+Bonding+of+Metal-rich+Compounds.+2.+Presence+of+Dimer+%28T%E2%80%93T%29%3Csup%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+and+Isolated+T%3Csup%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Anions+in+the+Polar+Intermetallic+Cr%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EB%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E-Type+Compounds+AE%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3ET%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+%28AE+%3D+Ca%2C+Sr%3B+T+%3D+Au%2C+Ag%2C+Hg%2C+Cd%2C+Zn%29&rft.volume=636&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.200900421&rft.au=Changhoon+Lee&rft.au=Myung-Hwan+Whangbo&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+K%C3%B6hler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997905-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997905_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, p. 905. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971070-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971070_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971070_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, p. 1070. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuJianHuangLin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lu, Jun-Bo; Jian, Jiwen; Huang, Wei; Lin, Hailu; Li, Jun; Zhou, Mingfei (16 November 2016). "Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18 (45): 31125–31131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PCCP...1831125L">2016PCCP...1831125L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc6cp06753k">10.1039/c6cp06753k</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27812577">27812577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Chem.+Chem.+Phys.&rft.atitle=Experimental+and+theoretical+identification+of+the+Fe%28VII%29+oxidation+state+in+FeO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=31125-31131&rft.date=2016-11-16&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27812577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc6cp06753k&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PCCP...1831125L&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Jun-Bo&rft.au=Jian%2C+Jiwen&rft.au=Huang%2C+Wei&rft.au=Lin%2C+Hailu&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Mingfei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNam2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nam, Wonwoo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615123946/http://cbs.ewha.ac.kr/pub/data/2007_07.pdf">"High-Valent Iron(IV)–Oxo Complexes of Heme and Non-Heme Ligands in Oxygenation Reactions"</a> (PDF). Accounts of Chemical Research. 40 (7): 522–531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far700027f">10.1021/ar700027f</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17469792">17469792</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cbs.ewha.ac.kr/pub/data/2007_07.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&rft.atitle=High-Valent+Iron%28IV%29%E2%80%93Oxo+Complexes+of+Heme+and+Non-Heme+Ligands+in+Oxygenation+Reactions&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=522-531&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far700027f&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17469792&rft.aulast=Nam&rft.aufirst=Wonwoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcbs.ewha.ac.kr%2Fpub%2Fdata%2F2007_07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollemanAF-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_64-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWibergWiberg1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Iron". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1125–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-007511-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-007511-3"><bdi>3-11-007511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iron&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.pages=1125-46&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-11-007511-3&rft.aulast=Holleman&rft.aufirst=Arnold+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiffLong1984" class="citation book cs1">Reiff, William Michael; Long, Gary J. (1984). "Mössbauer Spectroscopy and the Coordination Chemistry of Iron". Mössbauer spectroscopy applied to inorganic chemistry. Springer. pp. 245–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-41647-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-41647-7"><bdi>978-0-306-41647-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C3%B6ssbauer+Spectroscopy+and+the+Coordination+Chemistry+of+Iron&rft.btitle=M%C3%B6ssbauer+spectroscopy+applied+to+inorganic+chemistry&rft.pages=245-83&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-306-41647-7&rft.aulast=Reiff&rft.aufirst=William+Michael&rft.au=Long%2C+Gary+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWare1999" class="citation book cs1">Ware, Mike (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-7I69gFIbMC&pg=PAPA11">"An introduction in monochrome"</a>. Cyanotype: the history, science and art of photographic printing in Prussian blue. NMSI Trading Ltd. pp. 11–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900747-07-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900747-07-3"><bdi>978-1-900747-07-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+introduction+in+monochrome&rft.btitle=Cyanotype%3A+the+history%2C+science+and+art+of+photographic+printing+in+Prussian+blue&rft.pages=11-19&rft.pub=NMSI+Trading+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-900747-07-3&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-7I69gFIbMC%26pg%3DPAPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmelin1852" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Gmelin" title="Leopold Gmelin">Gmelin, Leopold</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nosMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PAPA128">"Mercury and Iron"</a>. Hand-book of chemistry. Vol. 6. Cavendish Society. pp. 128–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mercury+and+Iron&rft.btitle=Hand-book+of+chemistry&rft.pages=128-29&rft.pub=Cavendish+Society&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Gmelin&rft.aufirst=Leopold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnosMAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPAPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971079-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971079_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971079_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971079_68-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, p. 1079. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971082–84-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971082–84_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971082–84_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971082–84_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw19971082–84_69-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997">Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997</a>, pp. 1082–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Siegfried Pohl, Ulrich Bierbach, Wolfgang Saak; "FeI3SC(NMe2)2, a Neutral Thiourea Complex of Iron(III) Iodide", Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English (1989) 28 (6), 776-777. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.198907761">https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.198907761</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Nicholas A. 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Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 51 (7): 1301–09. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016M&PS...51.1301C">2016M&PS...51.1301C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmaps.12664">10.1111/maps.12664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Meteoritics+%26+Planetary+Science&rft.atitle=The+meteoritic+origin+of+Tutankhamun%27s+iron+dagger+blade&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1301-09&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fmaps.12664&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016M%26PS...51.1301C&rft.aulast=Comelli&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft.au=d%27Orazio%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Folco%2C+Luigi&rft.au=El-Halwagy%2C+Mahmud&rft.au=Frizzi%2C+Tommaso&rft.au=Alberti%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Capogrosso%2C+Valentina&rft.au=Elnaggar%2C+Abdelrazek&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Hala&rft.au=Nevin%2C+Austin&rft.au=Porcelli%2C+Franco&rft.au=Rashed%2C+Mohamed+G&rft.au=Valentini%2C+Gianluca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fmaps.12664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-walshx-91"><a href="#cite_ref-walshx_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2016" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Declan (2 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/world/middleeast/king-tuts-dagger-made-of-iron-from-the-sky-researchers-say.html">"King Tut's Dagger Made of 'Iron From the Sky,' Researchers Say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/world/middleeast/king-tuts-dagger-made-of-iron-from-the-sky-researchers-say.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2016. <q>the blade's composition of iron, nickel and cobalt was an approximate match for a meteorite that landed in northern Egypt. The result "strongly suggests an extraterrestrial origin"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=King+Tut%27s+Dagger+Made+of+%27Iron+From+the+Sky%2C%27+Researchers+Say&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F03%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fking-tuts-dagger-made-of-iron-from-the-sky-researchers-say.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUre1843" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ure, Andrew (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-CQ4AQAAIAAJ&pg=PAPA492">Technisches wörterbuch oder Handbuch der Gewerbskunde ... : Bearb. nach Dr. Andrew Ure's Dictionary of arts, manufactures and mines</a> (in German). 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"Elements known to the ancients". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse">Discovery of the elements</a>. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse/page/29">29</a>–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-3872-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-3872-0"><bdi>0-7661-3872-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68-15217">68-15217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elements+known+to+the+ancients&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+elements&rft.place=Easton%2C+PA&rft.pages=29-40&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-15217&rft.isbn=0-7661-3872-0&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rft.au=Leichester%2C+Henry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofeleme07edunse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>H.R. Schubert, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry ... to 1775 AD (Routledge, London, 1957)</li> <li>R.F. Tylecote, History of Metallurgy (Institute of Materials, London 1992).</li> <li>R.F. Tylecote, "Iron in the Industrial Revolution" in J. Day and R.F. Tylecote, The Industrial Revolution in Metals (Institute of Materials 1991), 200–60.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Iron" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Iron">Iron</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.html">It's Elemental – Iron</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/026.htm">Iron</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=brpx-LtdCLYC&pg=frontcover">Metallurgy for the non-Metallurgist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/iron.htm">Iron</a> by J. B. 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title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iron_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iron_compounds" title="Template:Iron compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iron_compounds" title="Template talk:Iron compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iron_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iron compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iron_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iron_compounds" title="Iron compounds">Iron compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fe(−II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_tetracarbonyl_dihydride" title="Iron tetracarbonyl dihydride">H2Fe(CO)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_tetracarbonylferrate" title="Disodium tetracarbonylferrate">Na2Fe(CO)4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fe(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_pentacarbonyl" title="Iron pentacarbonyl">Fe(CO)5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diiron_nonacarbonyl" title="Diiron nonacarbonyl">Fe2(CO)9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triiron_dodecacarbonyl" title="Triiron dodecacarbonyl">Fe3(CO)12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Benzylideneacetone)iron_tricarbonyl" title="(Benzylideneacetone)iron tricarbonyl">Fe(CO)3CH3COC2H2C6H6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fe(I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron(I)_hydride" title="Iron(I) hydride">FeH</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organoiron(I)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organoiron_chemistry" title="Organoiron chemistry">Organoiron</a>(I) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyliron_dicarbonyl_dimer" title="Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer">(C5H5FeCO)2(CO)2</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fe(0,II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_carbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron carbide">Fe3C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fe(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_hydride" title="Iron(II) hydride">FeH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_iron_hexahydride" title="Magnesium iron hexahydride">Mg2FeH6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_fluoride" title="Iron(II) fluoride">FeF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_chloride" title="Iron(II) chloride">FeCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_perchlorate" title="Iron(II) perchlorate">Fe(ClO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_bromide" title="Iron(II) bromide">FeBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_iodide" title="Iron(II) iodide">FeI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">FeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_hydroxide" title="Iron(II) hydroxide">Fe(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide" title="Iron(II) sulfide">FeS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">FeSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_iron(II)_sulfate" title="Ammonium iron(II) sulfate">(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_selenide" title="Iron(II) selenide">FeSe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_selenate" title="Iron(II) selenate">FeSeO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_nitrate" title="Iron(II) nitrate">Fe(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_phosphate" title="Iron(II) phosphate">Fe3(PO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_disilicide" title="Iron disilicide">FeSi2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_tetrafluoroborate" title="Iron(II) tetrafluoroborate">Fe(BF4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_chromite" title="Iron(II) chromite">FeCr2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_molybdate" title="Iron(II) molybdate">FeMoO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_titanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(II) titanate">FeTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_carbonate" title="Iron(II) carbonate">FeCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxalate" title="Iron(II) oxalate">FeC2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_acetate" title="Iron(II) acetate">Fe(C2H3O2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_lactate" title="Iron(II) lactate">Fe(C3H5O3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_citrate" title="Iron(II) citrate">FeC6H6O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_gluconate" title="Iron(II) gluconate">FeC12H22O14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_tetracarbonyl_diiodide" title="Iron tetracarbonyl diiodide">FeI2(CO)4</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organoiron(II)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organoiron(II) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">Fe(C5H5)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyliron_dicarbonyl_iodide" title="Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl iodide">Fe(C5H5)(CO)2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,1%27-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene" title="1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene">Fe(C5H4P(C6H5)2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobutadieneiron_tricarbonyl" title="Cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl">C4H4Fe(CO)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Butadiene)iron_tricarbonyl" title="(Butadiene)iron tricarbonyl">C4H6Fe(CO)3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fe(0,III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_monosilicide" title="Iron monosilicide">FeSi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_germanide" title="Iron germanide">FeGe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fe(II,III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Fe3O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_sulfide" title="Iron(II,III) sulfide">Fe3S4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fe(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_iodide" title="Iron(III) iodide">FeI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_bromide" title="Iron(III) bromide">FeBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chloride" title="Iron(III) chloride">FeCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_fluoride" title="Iron(III) fluoride">FeF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_phosphide" title="Iron phosphide">FeP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_nitrate" title="Iron(III) nitrate">Fe(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III)" title="Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III)">Fe(acac)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_oxychloride" title="Iron oxychloride">FeOCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethylammonium_diiron_oxyhexachloride" title="Tetraethylammonium diiron oxyhexachloride">[(C2H5)4N][O(FeCl3)2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide-hydroxide" title="Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide">FeO(OH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_phosphate" title="Iron(III) phosphate">FePO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_pyrophosphate" title="Iron(III) pyrophosphate">Fe4(P2O7)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_chromate" title="Iron(III) chromate">Fe2(CrO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferric_oxalate" title="Ferric oxalate">Fe2(C2O4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Fe2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_selenite" title="Iron(III) selenite">Fe2(SeO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_sulfide" title="Iron(III) sulfide">Fe2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_sulfate" title="Iron(III) sulfate">Fe2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_azide" title="Iron(III) azide">Fe(N3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_iron(III)_sulfate" title="Ammonium iron(III) sulfate">NH4Fe(SO4)2·12H2O</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organoiron(III)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organoiron(III) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrocenium_tetrafluoroborate" title="Ferrocenium tetrafluoroborate">Fe(C5H5)2BF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_ferric_citrate" title="Ammonium ferric citrate">C6H8O7·xFe3+·yNH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferric_stearate" title="Ferric stearate">C 54H 105FeO 6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fe(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_tetrafluoride" title="Iron tetrafluoride">FeF4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fe(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrate" title="Potassium ferrate">K2FeO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_ferrate" title="Barium ferrate">BaFeO4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Purported</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin (protein)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">sort</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferricyanide" title="Potassium ferricyanide">K3Fe(CN)6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrocyanide" title="Potassium ferrocyanide">K4Fe(CN)6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrioxalate" title="Potassium ferrioxalate">K3Fe(C2O4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrooxalate" title="Potassium ferrooxalate">K2Fe(C2O4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrioxalate" title="Sodium ferrioxalate">Na3Fe(C2O4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_blue" title="Prussian blue">Prussian blue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014002-7">Germany</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFBuchwald1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullock2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullock2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurbidgeBurbidgeFowlerHoyle1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCDC_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampFrancis1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamati2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_Whangbo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanghoon_LeeMyung-Hwan_WhangboJürgen_Köhler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheneyGumbinerBensonTenenbein1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClausenGood1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCloud1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComellid\u0026#039;OrazioFolcoEl-Halwagy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroswell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullityC._D._Graham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDauphasRouxel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDlouhyOutten2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDominic_J._HareKay_L._Double2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonfrancescoParisiVanacoreMartines2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuruptDurieuNové-JosserandBencharif2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEchigoKimata2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmiliani1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnghag2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEriksonPineroConnorBeard1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanFriedmann2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFewell1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFontenrose1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFürstner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallucci2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaminchevChamati2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanz_T2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiannoccaroSacco1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGmelin1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolas1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayHentze1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_B._VásquezXinhua_JiClara_FronticelliGary_L._Gilliland1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiderKong2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollemanWibergWiberg1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppeHulthénHallberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitute_of_Medicine_(US)_Panel_on_Micronutrients2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamesBakalovaLiesegangaReiff1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKealyPauson1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKikuchiYoshidaNoguchi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlingelhöferMorrisSouzaRodionov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohl1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolasinski2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKongLiShiHuang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhn,_HowardMedlin,_Dana2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeJungLee1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippardBerg1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuJianHuangLin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyonsReinhard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonaldSloanZijlstraMatsunaga2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKetta1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerTebbothTremaine1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorganAnders1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMostefaouiLugmairHoppeEl_Goresy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMott2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhly2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurakamiOhishi_Y.Hirao_N.Hirose_K.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNam2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNanamiOokawaraOtakiIto2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeilands1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeilands1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberg1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkuda2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPernet-FisherDayHowarthRyabov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhotos1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinedaAshmead2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinoda_LuzAntunesGiampá2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamzi_S._CotranVinay_KumarTucker_CollinsStanley_Leonard_Robbins1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiffLong1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobberecht2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRokniCossairtLiu2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouault2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRugelFaestermannKnieKorschinek2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithHashemi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoto-Insuga2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinmetz1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStixrudeWassermanCohen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoll2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroud1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakajiToshikatsu1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatenoHirose2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTenenbein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTewari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThévenod2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUngerBiancoJonesAllen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUre1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangRybergYangFeng2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardZuccaDuynCrichton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeeks1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitaker1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWienckeLavelainePanteixPetitjean2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildermuthStarkFriedrichEbenhöch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinsonRosenblumWhitingWoodward1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinderlichPeter1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoosleyJanka2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuWuXuWang2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeeTolman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoudimBen-ShacharYehuda1989\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 8,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 33,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 85,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Doi\"] = 7,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Eqm\"] = 6,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 9,\n [\"Frac\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 15,\n [\"Greenwood\u0026Earnshaw1st\"] = 1,\n [\"Greenwood\u0026Earnshaw2nd\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"Infobox iron\"] = 1,\n [\"Iron compounds\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Ma\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"NIE Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"NUBASE2020\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbnd\"] = 7,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 9,\n [\"Periodic table (navbox)\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 78,\n [\"Su\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","1160","35.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","11.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","4.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","4.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","3.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","3.7"],["(for generator)","100","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","2.5"],["[others]","660","20.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-6hhqz","timestamp":"20241125142753","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Iron","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iron","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q677","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q677","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-07T18:58:50Z","dateModified":"2024-08-24T12:22:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ad\/Iron_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","headline":"chemical element with symbol Fe and atomic number 26"}</script> </body> </html>