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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mexico" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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id="toc-Indigenous_civilizations_before_European_contact_(pre-1519)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_civilizations_before_European_contact_(pre-1519)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Indigenous civilizations before European contact (pre-1519) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_civilizations_before_European_contact_(pre-1519)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_conquest_and_colonial_era_(1519–1821)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_conquest_and_colonial_era_(1519–1821)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Spanish conquest and colonial era (1519–1821) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_conquest_and_colonial_era_(1519–1821)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_era_(1808–1855)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_era_(1808–1855)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Independence era (1808–1855) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_era_(1808–1855)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_era_(1855–1911)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_era_(1855–1911)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Liberal era (1855–1911) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_era_(1855–1911)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican_Revolution_(1910–1920)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican_Revolution_(1910–1920)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican_Revolution_(1910–1920)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_consolidation_and_one-party_rule_(1920–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_consolidation_and_one-party_rule_(1920–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Political consolidation and one-party rule (1920–2000) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_consolidation_and_one-party_rule_(1920–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Contemporary Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Law enforcement and human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnicity and race </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Emigration and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Urban areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mexico</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 316 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-316" aria-hidden="true" > 316 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8ksiko" title="Mèksiko – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Mèksiko" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Мексикэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Мексикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Мексикэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Мексикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%AE" title="ሜክሲኮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሜክሲኮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मेक्सिको – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मेक्सिको" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83" title="المكسيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المكسيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%9F%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%98" title="ܡܟܣܝܩܘ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܟܣܝܩܘ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1" title="Մեքսիքա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մեքսիքա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8xico" title="Mèxico – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mèxico" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="মেক্সিকো – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেক্সিকো" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xicu" title="Méxicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Méxicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मैक्सिको – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मैक्सिको" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9hiko" title="Méhiko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Méhiko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AFxiku" title="Mïxiku – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Mïxiku" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مکزیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مکزیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ksiko" title="Méksiko – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Méksiko" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%9Bkisiki" title="Mɛkisiki – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Mɛkisiki" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="মেক্সিকো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেক্সিকো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%CC%8Dk-se-ko" title="Be̍k-se-ko – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Be̍k-se-ko" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексіка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мексіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мэксыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэксыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मैक्सिको – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैक्सिको" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehiko" title="Mehiko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mehiko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мексико – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мексико" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="མེག་སི་ཀོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མེག་སི་ཀོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mec%27hiko" title="Mec'hiko – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mec'hiko" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Мексикэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мексикэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8xic" title="Mèxic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mèxic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehiko" title="Mehiko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mehiko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiku" title="Meksiku – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Meksiku" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" title="México – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="México" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehiko" title="Mehiko – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mehiko" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messicu" title="Messicu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Messicu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecsico" title="Mecsico – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mecsico" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83" title="لمكسيك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لمكسيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%AF" title="މެކްސިކޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މެކްސިކޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naakaii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Naakaii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naakaii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मेक्सिको – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मेक्सिको" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC" title="མེཀ་སི་ཀོ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="མེཀ་སི་ཀོ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehhiko" title="Mehhiko – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mehhiko" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Μεξικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεξικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8sic" title="Mèsic – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Mèsic" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" title="México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="México" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xicu" title="Méxicu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Méxicu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مکزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexique" title="Mexique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mexique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messic" title="Messic – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Messic" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meicsiceo" title="Meicsiceo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meicsiceo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksico" title="Meksico – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Meksico" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meagsago" title="Meagsago – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Meagsago" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" title="México – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="México" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="墨西哥" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="مکزيک – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مکزيک" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B" title="મેક્સિકો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેક્સિકો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌹𐌺𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌹𐌺𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मेक्सिको – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="मेक्सिको" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%CC%8Dt-s%C3%AE-k%C3%B4" title="Me̍t-sî-kô – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Me̍t-sî-kô" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94" title="멕시코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멕시코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_(%C6%99asa)" title="Mexico (ƙasa) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mexico (ƙasa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekiko" title="Mekiko – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mekiko" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մեքսիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեքսիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मेक्सिको – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मेक्सिको" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikia" title="Mexikia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mexikia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9z%C3%ADk%E1%BB%8D" title="Mézíkọ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mézíkọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehiko" title="Mehiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mehiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="মেক্সিকো – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মেক্সিকো" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%A6%E1%92%83%E1%93%B0%E1%96%82" title="ᒦᒃᓰᖂ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᒦᒃᓰᖂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasiku" title="Miasiku – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Miasiku" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Мексикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мексикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMekisiko" title="IMekisiko – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMekisiko" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mex%C3%ADk%C3%B3" title="Mexíkó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mexíkó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messico" title="Messico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Messico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" title="מקסיקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקסיקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8ksiko" title="Mèksiko – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mèksiko" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%9Bk%C9%A9siiki_(%C6%90ja%C9%96%C9%9B)" title="Mɛkɩsiiki (Ɛjaɖɛ) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɛkɩsiiki (Ɛjaɖɛ)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B" title="ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehiku" title="Mehiku – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mehiku" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მექსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მექსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="میکسیکو – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="میکسیکو" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksyk" title="Meksyk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Meksyk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megizike" title="Megizike – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Megizike" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexika" title="Mexika – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Mexika" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksik" title="Meksik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Meksik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8gsik" title="Mègsik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mègsik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meks%C3%AEk" title="Meksîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Meksîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81" title="ປະເທດເມັກຊິໂກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເມັກຊິໂກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicum" title="Mexicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mexicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9scico" title="Méscico – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Méscico" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikku" title="Meksikku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Meksikku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mexygu%27e" title="mexygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mexygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messich" title="Messich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Messich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexik%C3%B3" title="Mexikó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mexikó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мексико – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мексико" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B" title="മെക്സിക്കോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെക്സിക്കോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiku" title="Messiku – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Messiku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%93hiko" title="Mēhiko – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mēhiko" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मेक्सिको – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेक्सिको" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მექსიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მექსიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83" title="الميكسيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الميكسيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မက္ကဆီကိုနိုင်ငံ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="မက္ကဆီကိုနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مکزیک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مکزیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3" title="ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯀꯣ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯀꯣ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%95%CC%A4k-s%C4%83%CC%A4-g%C5%8F%CC%A4" title="Mĕ̤k-să̤-gŏ̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mĕ̤k-să̤-gŏ̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" title="México – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="México" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мэксико – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мэксико" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Мексик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мексик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မက္ကဆီကိုနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက္ကဆီကိုနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekisiko" title="Mekisiko – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mekisiko" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_(land)" title="Mexico (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mexico (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_(laand)" title="Mexico (laand) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mexico (laand)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%A3%E1%90%A0%E1%93%AF%E1%91%AF" title="ᒣᐠᓯᑯ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᒣᐠᓯᑯ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मेक्सिको – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मेक्सिको" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मेक्सिको – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मेक्सिको" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B3" title="メキシコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メキシコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messeco" title="Messeco – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Messeco" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8D%DF%9E%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%9E" title="ߡߍߞߛߌߞ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߍߞߛߌߞ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikoe" title="Meksikoe – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Meksikoe" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexique" title="Mexique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mexique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mexic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B" title="ମେକ୍ସିକୋ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମେକ୍ସିକୋ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeksikoo" title="Meeksikoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Meeksikoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਕਸੀਕੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मेक्सिको – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मेक्सिको" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="میکسیکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میکسیکو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88" title="مکسيکو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مکسيکو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="ម៉ិកស៊ិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ិកស៊ិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messike" title="Messike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Messike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ssich" title="Méssich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Méssich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksyk" title="Meksyk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Meksyk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" title="México – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="México" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mexic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihiku" title="Mihiku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mihiku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мексіко – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мексіко" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekisik%C5%8D" title="Mekisikō – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Mekisikō" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मेक्सिको – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मेक्सिको" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մեքսիկա – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Մեքսիկա" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱠᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="میکسیکو – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="میکسیکو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8ssicu" title="Mèssicu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mèssicu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8ssicu" title="Mèssicu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mèssicu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80" title="මෙක්සිකෝව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෙක්සිකෝව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%88" title="ميڪسيڪو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميڪسيڪو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMekisikho" title="IMekisikho – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IMekisikho" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehika" title="Mehika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mehika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%94%D1%AF%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мєѯїко – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Мєѯїко" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksyk" title="Meksyk – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Meksyk" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مەکسیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەکسیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikokondre" title="Meksikokondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Meksikokondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мексико – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мексико" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ksiko" title="Méksiko – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Méksiko" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexiko" title="Mexiko – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehiko" title="Mehiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mehiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="மெக்சிக்கோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெக்சிக்கோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksik" title="Miksik – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Miksik" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksik" title="Miksik – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Miksik" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messeche" title="Messeche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Messeche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%82%85%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းမႅၵ်ႇသီႇၵူဝ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းမႅၵ်ႇသီႇၵူဝ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B" title="మెక్సికో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మెక్సికో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xiku" title="Méxiku – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Méxiku" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศเม็กซิโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเม็กซิโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%AE" title="ሜክሲኮ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሜክሲኮ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekisikou" title="Mekisikou – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mekisikou" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%82" title="ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᏍᏆᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9%27%C5%A1ees%C3%A9ve%27ho%27%C3%A9ven%C3%B3" title="Mé'šeeséve'ho'évenó – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Mé'šeeséve'ho'évenó" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B" title="ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮೆಕ್ಸಿಕೋ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesiko" title="Mesiko – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mesiko" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikziko" title="Mikziko – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Mikziko" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8C%E1%A8%9A" title="ᨆᨙᨔᨗᨌᨚ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨙᨔᨗᨌᨚ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мексика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мексика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="میکسیکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میکسیکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7" title="مېكسىكا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مېكسىكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maegsaego" title="Maegsaego – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Maegsaego" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8sego" title="Mèsego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mèsego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksik" title="Meksik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Meksik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" title="México – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="México" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4xik%C3%A4n" title="Mäxikän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mäxikän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehhigo" title="Mehhigo – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mehhigo" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecsike" title="Mecsike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mecsike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meejiko" title="Meejiko – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Meejiko" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="墨西哥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehiko" title="Mehiko – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mehiko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksig" title="Meksig – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Meksig" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="墨西哥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="מעקסיקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מעקסיקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%B9%A3%C3%ADk%C3%B2" title="Mẹ́ṣíkò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mẹ́ṣíkò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="墨西哥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika" title="Meksika – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Meksika" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meks%C4%97ka" title="Meksėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Meksėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="墨西哥" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8ksiko" title="Mèksiko – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mèksiko" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kus mw-list-item"><a href="https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico – Kusaal" lang="kus" hreflang="kus" data-title="Mexico" data-language-autonym="Kʋsaal" data-language-local-name="Kusaal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kʋsaal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksik%C9%99" title="Meksikə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mexico&params=23_N_102_W_">23°N 102°W / 23°N 102°W / 23; -102</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected to prevent sock puppets of blocked or banned users from editing it"><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mexico_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mexico (disambiguation)">Mexico (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">United Mexican States</div><div class="ib-country-names">Estados Unidos Mexicanos (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mexico"><img alt="Flag of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/125px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/188px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/250px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Mexico"><img alt="Coat of arms of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="525" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico" title="Coat of arms of Mexico"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  <a href="/wiki/Mexican_National_Anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican National Anthem">Himno Nacional Mexicano</a> (English: Mexican National Anthem)<audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="102" data-mwtitle="Himno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Himno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Himno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg/Himno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg&lang=nah&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nah" label="Nāhuatl ‪(nah)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_Mexicano_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:MEX_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/MEX_orthographic.svg/220px-MEX_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/MEX_orthographic.svg/330px-MEX_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/MEX_orthographic.svg/440px-MEX_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="551" /></a>Mexico in the Western Hemisphere</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_states_map_w_names.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mexico_states_map_w_names.png/220px-Mexico_states_map_w_names.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mexico_states_map_w_names.png/330px-Mexico_states_map_w_names.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mexico_states_map_w_names.png/440px-Mexico_states_map_w_names.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="450" /></a>Mexico and its states</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mexico&params=19_26_N_99_8_W_type:city">19°26′N 99°8′W / 19.433°N 99.133°W / 19.433; -99.133</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Spanish</a> (de facto)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>68 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Indigenous languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Ethnicity_and_race">See below</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>88.9% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mexico">Christianity</a> <ul><li>77.7% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Catholicism</a></li> <li>11.2% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Mexico" title="Protestantism in Mexico">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">8.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Mexico" title="Irreligion in Mexico">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.4% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">other religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.5% prefer not to say</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_(Mexico)" title="President of the Senate (Mexico)">President of the Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Noro%C3%B1a" title="Gerardo Fernández Noroña">Gerardo Fernández Noroña</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Guti%C3%A9rrez_Luna" title="Sergio Gutiérrez Luna">Sergio Gutiérrez Luna</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_the_Nation#Presidents" title="Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norma_Luc%C3%ADa_Pi%C3%B1a_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Norma Lucía Piña Hernández">Norma Lucía Piña Hernández</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Dolores" title="Cry of Dolores">Start of War of Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1810</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Mexican_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire">Declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 September 1821</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence#New_Spain_and_Central_America" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Recognized</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 December 1836</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1824_Constitution_of_Mexico" title="1824 Constitution of Mexico">First constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 October 1824</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_the_United_Mexican_States_of_1857" title="Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857">Second constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 February 1857</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 February 1917</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico" title="Geography of Mexico">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">13th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.58 (as of 2015)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico" title="Demographics of Mexico">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 129,875,529<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">61/km2 (158.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">142nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3.303 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MX-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $24,971<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MX-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">70th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.848 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MX-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $13,971<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MX-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">63rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 40.2<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.781<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">77th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican peso</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">MXN</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−8 to −5 (See <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Mexico" title="Time in Mexico">Time in Mexico</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−7 to −5 (varies)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Mexico" title="Telephone numbers in Mexico">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Mexico" title="Telephone numbers in Mexico">+52</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MX" title="ISO 3166-2:MX">MX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.mx" title=".mx">.mx</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_iboxa">^</a> Article 4 of the <a href="/wiki/General_Law_of_Linguistic_Rights_of_the_Indigenous_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples">General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li><li value="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_iboxb">^</a> Spanish is <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> the official language in the Mexican federal government.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a> officially the United Mexican States,<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> is a country in the southern portion of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Covering 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-14">[11]</a> it is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">13th largest country</a> by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">10th most populous</a> country and has the most <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone#Countries" title="Hispanophone">Spanish speakers</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-1">[1]</a> Mexico is a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">constitutional</a> republic comprising <a href="/wiki/Mexican_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican state">31 states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, its capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">largest city</a>, which is among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities by population">world's most populous metropolitan areas</a>. The country borders the United States to the north; as well as <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> to the southeast. It has maritime borders with the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> to the southeast, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> to the east.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> Human presence in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian Mexico</a> dates back to 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BC</a> as one of six <a href="/wiki/Cradles_of_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradles of civilization">cradles of civilization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> hosted civilizations including the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire" title="Purépecha Empire">Purepecha</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> domination of the area preceded <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a>, which established the colony of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of New Spain">New Spain</a> centered in the former capital, <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>).<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> in the early 19th century was followed by political and socioeconomic upheaval. The <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> resulted in significant <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">territorial losses</a> in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">Liberal reforms</a> introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1857">Constitution of 1857</a> prompted domestic conflict, <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French intervention</a>, and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">an Empire</a>, countered by the Republican resistance led by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>'s dictatorship in the 19th century<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> sparked the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> in 1910, which led to profound changes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">1917 Constitution</a>. Over the 20th century, Mexico experienced <a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">significant economic growth</a>; as well as issues of <a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">repression</a> and <a href="/wiki/1988_Mexican_general_election" title="1988 Mexican general election">electoral fraud</a>. The late 20th century saw a shift towards <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> policies, exemplified by the signing of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) in 1994, amidst <a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">unrest in Chiapas</a>. Mexico is a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Globalization2-19">[16]</a> with the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">12th-largest economy by nominal GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">12th-largest by PPP</a>. Mexico ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico">first in the Americas and seventh in the world</a> by the number of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> It is also one of the world's 17 <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a>, ranking fifth in natural <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> It is a major tourist destination: as of 2022, it is the <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings" title="World Tourism rankings">sixth most-visited country in the world</a>, with 42.2 million international arrivals.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Mexico's large economy and population, global cultural influence, and steady <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a> make it a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> increasingly identifying as an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">emerging power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Limits2-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-AIA2-28">[25]</a> Mexico has made significant political and socioeconomic gains in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-Principles2-29">[26]</a> However, as with much of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, Mexico continues to struggle with <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">systemic corruption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">extensive crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Since 2006, an <a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">ongoing conflict</a> between <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a> syndicates has led to over 127,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Mexico is a member of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO), the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> forum, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Mexico" title="Name of Mexico">Name of Mexico</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Mexico" title="Name of Mexico">Mēxihco</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> term for the heartland of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a> and surrounding territories, with its people being known as the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a>. It is generally believed that the <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a> for the valley was the origin of the primary <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Triple_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec Triple Alliance">Aztec Triple Alliance</a>, but it may have been the other way around.<a href="#cite_note-Bright2004-34">[31]</a> In the colonial era (1521–1821) when Mexico was known as <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> this central region became the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Intendency of Mexico</a>. After New Spain achieved independence from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in 1821 and became a sovereign state the Intendency came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a>, with the new country being named after its capital: <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. The country's official name has changed as the <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a> has changed. The declaration of independence signed on 6 November 1813 by the deputies of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_An%C3%A1huac" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Anáhuac">Congress of Anáhuac</a> called the territory <a href="/wiki/Solemn_Act_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence_of_Northern_America" title="Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America">América Septentrional</a> (Northern America); the 1821 <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Iguala" title="Plan of Iguala">Plan of Iguala</a> also used América Septentrional. On two occasions (1821–1823 and 1863–1867), the country was known as Imperio Mexicano (<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mexican Empire (disambiguation)">Mexican Empire</a>). All three federal constitutions (1824, 1857, and 1917, the current constitution) used the name Estados Unidos Mexicanos<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a>—or the variant Estados-Unidos Mexicanos,<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> all of which have been translated as "United Mexican States". The phrase República Mexicana, "Mexican Republic", was used in the 1836 <a href="/wiki/Siete_Leyes" title="Siete Leyes">Constitutional Laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History of Mexico</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="History of the Catholic Church in Mexico">History of the Catholic Church in Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history of Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in Mexico">History of democracy in Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">History of Mexico City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Mexico" title="Military history of Mexico">Military history of Mexico</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_civilizations_before_European_contact_(pre-1519)">Indigenous civilizations before European contact (pre-1519)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican chronology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Off-center_view_of_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_from_Pyramid_of_the_Moon,_Teotihuacan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Off-center_view_of_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_from_Pyramid_of_the_Moon%2C_Teotihuacan.jpg/220px-Off-center_view_of_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_from_Pyramid_of_the_Moon%2C_Teotihuacan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Off-center_view_of_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_from_Pyramid_of_the_Moon%2C_Teotihuacan.jpg/330px-Off-center_view_of_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_from_Pyramid_of_the_Moon%2C_Teotihuacan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Off-center_view_of_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_from_Pyramid_of_the_Moon%2C_Teotihuacan.jpg/440px-Off-center_view_of_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_from_Pyramid_of_the_Moon%2C_Teotihuacan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5508" data-file-height="3204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> was the 6th largest city in the world at its peak (1 AD to 500 AD)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chichen_Itza_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/220px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/330px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/440px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9771" data-file-height="5197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Castillo,_Chichen_Itza" title="El Castillo, Chichen Itza">Temple of Kukulcán (El Castillo)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maya_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya city">Maya city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_(9755215791).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg/220px-Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg/330px-Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg/440px-Painting_of_Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco_on_Lake_Texcoco_%289755215791%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="2491" /></a><figcaption>Artistic depiction of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Mexico-Tenochtitlan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> capital and <a href="/wiki/Largest_cities_in_the_Americas" title="Largest cities in the Americas">largest city in the Americas</a> at the time. The city was completely destroyed in the 1521 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tenochtitlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Tenochtitlan">siege of Tenochtitlan</a> and rebuilt as <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.</figcaption></figure> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> artifacts in Mexico are chips of <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> found near campfire remains in the Valley of Mexico and radiocarbon-dated to circa 10,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner2001386–-38">[35]</a> Mexico is the site of the domestication of maize, tomato, and <a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">beans</a>, which produced an agricultural surplus. This enabled the transition from <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">paleo-Indian</a> hunter-gatherers to sedentary agricultural villages beginning around 5000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-EvansWebster2013-39">[36]</a> The formative period of Mesoamerica is considered one of the six independent <a href="/wiki/Cradles_of_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradles of civilization">cradles of civilization</a>, this era saw the origin of distinct cultural traits such as religious and symbolic traditions, maize cultivation, artistic and architectural complexes as well as a <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> (base 20) numeric system<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> that spread from the Mexican cultures to the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> cultural area. In this period, villages became more dense in terms of population, becoming socially stratified with an artisan class, and developing into <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>. The most powerful rulers had religious and political power, organizing the construction of large ceremonial centers.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> The earliest complex civilization in Mexico was the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> culture, which flourished on the Gulf Coast from around 1500 BC. Olmec cultural traits diffused through Mexico into other formative-era cultures in Chiapas, Oaxaca, and the Valley of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-MacLachlan-42">[39]</a> In the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">pre-classical period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a> civilizations developed complex centers at <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monte_Alb%C3%A1n" title="Monte Albán">Monte Albán</a>, respectively. During this period the first true <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican writing systems</a> were developed in the <a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a> and Zapotec cultures. The Mesoamerican writing tradition reached its height in the Classic <a href="/wiki/Maya_Script" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Script">Maya Hieroglyphic script</a>, the earliest written histories date from this era. The tradition of writing was important after the Spanish conquest in 1521, with indigenous scribes learning to write their languages in alphabetic letters, while also continuing to create pictorial texts.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> In Central Mexico, the height of the classic period saw the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacán</a>, which formed a military and commercial empire. Teotihuacan, with a population of more than 150,000 people, had some of the largest <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican pyramid">pyramidal structures</a> in the pre-Columbian Americas.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> After the collapse of Teotihuacán around 600 AD, competition ensued between several important political centers in central Mexico such as <a href="/wiki/Xochicalco" title="Xochicalco">Xochicalco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a>. At this time, during the Epi-Classic, <a href="/wiki/Nahua_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua people">Nahua peoples</a> began moving south into Mesoamerica from the North, and became politically and culturally dominant in central Mexico, as they displaced speakers of <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean languages</a>. During the early post-classic era (ca. 1000–1519 AD), Central Mexico was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> culture, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mixtec_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtec civilization">Mixtec</a>, and the lowland Maya area had important centers at <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayap%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayapán">Mayapán</a>. Toward the end of the post-Classic period, the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a>) established dominance, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">political and economic empire</a> based in the city of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>), extending from central Mexico to the border with Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_conquest_and_colonial_era_(1519–1821)">Spanish conquest and colonial era (1519–1821)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Mexico">Spanish conquest of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leutze,_Emanuel_%E2%80%94_Storming_of_the_Teocalli_by_Cortez_and_His_Troops_%E2%80%94_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Leutze%2C_Emanuel_%E2%80%94_Storming_of_the_Teocalli_by_Cortez_and_His_Troops_%E2%80%94_1848.jpg/220px-Leutze%2C_Emanuel_%E2%80%94_Storming_of_the_Teocalli_by_Cortez_and_His_Troops_%E2%80%94_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Leutze%2C_Emanuel_%E2%80%94_Storming_of_the_Teocalli_by_Cortez_and_His_Troops_%E2%80%94_1848.jpg/330px-Leutze%2C_Emanuel_%E2%80%94_Storming_of_the_Teocalli_by_Cortez_and_His_Troops_%E2%80%94_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Leutze%2C_Emanuel_%E2%80%94_Storming_of_the_Teocalli_by_Cortez_and_His_Troops_%E2%80%94_1848.jpg/440px-Leutze%2C_Emanuel_%E2%80%94_Storming_of_the_Teocalli_by_Cortez_and_His_Troops_%E2%80%94_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Storming of the <a href="/wiki/Teocalli" title="Teocalli">Teocalli</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Cortez</a> and his Troops (painted in 1848)</figcaption></figure> Although the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> had established colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> starting in 1493 the Spanish first learned of Mexico during the <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Grijalva" title="Juan de Grijalva">Juan de Grijalva</a> expedition of 1518. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> began in February 1519 when <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> founded the Spanish city of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz</a>. The 1521 <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tenochtitlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Tenochtitlan">capture of Tenochtitlan</a> and posterior founding of the Spanish capital <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> on its ruins was the beginning of a 300-year-long colonial era during which Mexico was known as Nueva España (<a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>). Two factors made Mexico a jewel in the Spanish Empire: the existence of large, hierarchically organized Mesoamerican populations that rendered tribute and performed obligatory labor and the discovery of vast silver deposits in northern Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanaguato_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Guanaguato_at_night.jpg/220px-Guanaguato_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Guanaguato_at_night.jpg/330px-Guanaguato_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Guanaguato_at_night.jpg/440px-Guanaguato_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_(city)" title="Guanajuato (city)">Guanajuato</a> was one of the richest and most opulent cities in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of New Spain">Kingdom of New Spain</a> was created from the remnants of the Aztec empire. The two pillars of Spanish rule were the State and the Roman Catholic Church, both under the authority of the Spanish crown. In 1493 the pope had granted <a href="/wiki/Patronato_real" title="Patronato real">sweeping powers</a> to the Spanish monarchy for its overseas empire, with the proviso that the crown spread Christianity in its new realms. In 1524, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">King Charles I</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a> based in Spain to oversee State power in its overseas territories; in New Spain the crown established a high court in Mexico City, the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Real Audiencia</a> ('royal audience' or 'royal tribunal'), and then in 1535 created the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>. The viceroy was the highest official of the State. In the religious sphere, the Diocese of Mexico was created in 1530 and elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Mexico">Archdiocese of Mexico</a> in 1546, with the archbishop as the head of the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Castilian Spanish was the language of rulers. The Catholic faith was the only one permitted, with non-Catholics and Catholics (excluding Indians) holding unorthodox views being subject to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a>, established in 1571.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viceroyalty_of_the_New_Spain_1819_(without_Philippines).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Viceroyalty_of_the_New_Spain_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png/220px-Viceroyalty_of_the_New_Spain_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Viceroyalty_of_the_New_Spain_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png/330px-Viceroyalty_of_the_New_Spain_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Viceroyalty_of_the_New_Spain_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png/440px-Viceroyalty_of_the_New_Spain_1819_%28without_Philippines%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> of 1819 (not including the island territories of the Pacific Ocean)</figcaption></figure> Spanish military forces, sometimes accompanied by native allies, led expeditions to conquer territory or quell rebellions through the colonial era. Notable Amerindian revolts in sporadically populated northern New Spain include the <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a> (1576–1606),<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_Revolt" title="Tepehuán Revolt">Tepehuán Revolt</a> (1616–1620),<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt</a> (1680), the <a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_Rebellion_of_1712" title="Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712">Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712</a> was a regional Maya revolt.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> Most rebellions were small-scale and local, posing no major threat to the ruling elites.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> To protect Mexico from the attacks of English, French, and Dutch <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> and protect the Crown's monopoly of revenue, only two ports were open to foreign trade—Veracruz on the Atlantic (connecting to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>) and Acapulco on the Pacific (connecting to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>). Among the best-known pirate attacks are the 1663 <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> and 1683 <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Of greater concern to the crown was the issue of foreign invasion, especially after Britain seized in 1762 the Spanish ports of <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. It created a standing military, increased coastal fortifications, and expanded the northern <a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">missions</a> into <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>. The volatility of the urban poor in Mexico City was evident in the 1692 riot in the Zócalo. The riot over the price of maize escalated to a full-scale attack on the seats of power, with the viceregal palace and the archbishop's residence attacked by the mob.<a href="#cite_note-Cope,_R._Douglas_1994-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_era_(1808–1855)">Independence era (1808–1855)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_de_Dolores.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Plaza_de_Dolores.JPG/220px-Plaza_de_Dolores.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Plaza_de_Dolores.JPG/330px-Plaza_de_Dolores.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Plaza_de_Dolores.JPG/440px-Plaza_de_Dolores.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Dolores" title="Cry of Dolores">Cry of Dolores</a> on 16 September 1810, by J.J. del Moral. The call to arms marks the beginning of Mexico's War of Independence against Spanish colonial rule.</figcaption></figure> On 16 September 1810, secular priest <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a> declared against "bad government" in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Hidalgo" title="Dolores Hidalgo">Dolores</a>, Guanajuato. This event, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Dolores" title="Cry of Dolores">Cry of Dolores</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Grito de Dolores) is commemorated each year, on 16 September, as Mexico's independence day.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> The upheaval in the Spanish Empire that resulted in the independence of most of its New World territories was due to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s invasion of Spain in 1808. Hidalgo and some of his soldiers were eventually captured, Hidalgo was defrocked, and they were <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">executed by firing squad</a> on 31 July 1811. The first 35 years after Mexico's independence were marked by political instability and the changing of the Mexican state from a <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">transient monarchy</a> to a fragile federated republic.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> There were military coups d'état, foreign invasions, ideological conflict between <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Mexico)" title="Conservative Party (Mexico)">Conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Mexico)" title="Liberal Party (Mexico)">Liberals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">economic stagnation</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_la_Alh%C3%B3ndiga_de_Granaditas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Batalla_de_la_Alh%C3%B3ndiga_de_Granaditas.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_la_Alh%C3%B3ndiga_de_Granaditas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Batalla_de_la_Alh%C3%B3ndiga_de_Granaditas.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_la_Alh%C3%B3ndiga_de_Granaditas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Batalla_de_la_Alh%C3%B3ndiga_de_Granaditas.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_la_Alh%C3%B3ndiga_de_Granaditas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Alh%C3%B3ndiga_de_Granaditas" title="Capture of Alhóndiga de Granaditas">Capture of Alhóndiga de Granaditas</a> in Guanajuato by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Hidalgo</a>'s army on 28 September 1810, by José Díaz del Castillo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generales_del_Trigarante.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Generales_del_Trigarante.jpg/220px-Generales_del_Trigarante.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Generales_del_Trigarante.jpg/330px-Generales_del_Trigarante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Generales_del_Trigarante.jpg/440px-Generales_del_Trigarante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4634" data-file-height="3523" /></a><figcaption>Entry of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Three_Guarantees" title="Army of the Three Guarantees">Army of the Three Guarantees</a> to Mexico City on 27 September 1821</figcaption></figure> Former Royal Army General <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a> became regent, as newly independent Mexico sought a <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">constitutional monarch</a> from Europe. When no member of a European royal house desired the position, Iturbide himself was declared Emperor Agustín I. The United States was the first country to recognize Mexico's independence, sending an ambassador to the court and sending a message to Europe via the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> not to intervene in Mexico. The emperor's rule was short (1822–1823) and he was overthrown by army officers in the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Casa_Mata" title="Plan of Casa Mata">Plan of Casa Mata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> After the forced abdication of the monarch, Central America and <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> left the union to form the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a>. In 1824, the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a> was established. Former insurgent General <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a> became the first president of the republic — the first of many army generals to hold the presidency. In 1829, former insurgent general and fierce Liberal <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a>, a signatory of the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Iguala" title="Plan of Iguala">Plan of Iguala</a> that achieved independence, became president in a disputed election. During his short term in office, from April to December 1829, he abolished slavery.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> His Conservative vice president, former Royalist General <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a>, led a coup against him and Guerrero was <a href="/wiki/Judicial_murder" title="Judicial murder">judicially murdered</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Mexico's ability to maintain its independence and establish a viable government was in question. Spain <a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">attempted to reconquer</a> its former colony during the 1820s but eventually recognized its independence. France attempted to recoup losses it claimed for its citizens during Mexico's unrest and blockaded the Gulf Coast during the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a> of 1838–1839.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> emerged as a national hero because of his role in both these conflicts; Santa Anna came to dominate the politics for the next 25 years, often known as the "Age of Santa Anna", until his overthrow in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FalloftheAlamo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/FalloftheAlamo.jpg/220px-FalloftheAlamo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/FalloftheAlamo.jpg/330px-FalloftheAlamo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/FalloftheAlamo.jpg/440px-FalloftheAlamo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of El Álamo</a> (1836), between the Mexican army led by President <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> and American troops.</figcaption></figure> Mexico also contended with indigenous groups that controlled the territory that Mexico claimed in the north. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> controlled a <a href="/wiki/Comancheria" title="Comancheria">huge territory</a> in sparsely populated central and northern Texas.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> Wanting to stabilize and develop that area — and as few people from central Mexico had chosen to resettle to this remote and hostile territory — the Mexican government encouraged <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo-American</a> immigration into present-day Texas, a region that bordered that United States. Mexico by law was a Catholic country; the Anglo-Americans were primarily Protestant English speakers from the southern United States. Some brought their black slaves, which after 1829 was contrary to Mexican law. In 1835, Santa Anna sought to centralize government rule in Mexico, suspending the 1824 constitution and promulgating the <a href="/wiki/Siete_Leyes" title="Siete Leyes">Seven Laws</a>, which placed power in his hands. As a result, civil war spread across the country. Three new governments declared independence: the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande" title="Republic of the Rio Grande">Republic of the Rio Grande</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Republic of Yucatán">Republic of Yucatán</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miranda-64">[61]</a>: 129–137  The largest blow to Mexico was the U.S. invasion of Mexico in 1846 in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. Mexico lost much of its sparsely populated northern territory, sealed in the 1848 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>. Despite that disastrous loss, Santa Anna returned to the presidency yet again before being ousted and exiled in the Liberal <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Ayutla" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of Ayutla">Revolution of Ayutla</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_era_(1855–1911)">Liberal era (1855–1911)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Mexican Republic">Second Mexican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic (Mexico)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Benito_Juarez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Photograph_of_Benito_Juarez.jpg/170px-Photograph_of_Benito_Juarez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Photograph_of_Benito_Juarez.jpg/255px-Photograph_of_Benito_Juarez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Photograph_of_Benito_Juarez.jpg/340px-Photograph_of_Benito_Juarez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Liberal President <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>. Known for his efforts to modernize the country, defend its sovereignty, and promote liberal reforms, especially during the mid-19th century.</figcaption></figure> The overthrow of Santa Anna and the establishment of a civilian government by Liberals allowed them to enact laws that they considered vital for Mexico's economic development. The <a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">Liberal Reform</a> attempted to modernize Mexico's economy and institutions along liberal principles. They promulgated a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution of 1857</a>, separating Church and State, stripping the Church and the military of their special privileges (<a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">fueros</a>); mandating the sale of Church-owned property and sale of indigenous community lands, and secularizing education.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> Conservatives revolted, touching off <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Reform">civil war</a> between rival Liberal and Conservative governments (1858–1861). The Liberals defeated the Conservative army on the battlefield, but Conservatives sought another solution to gain power via foreign intervention by the French, asking Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> to place a European monarch as head of state in Mexico. The French Army defeated the Mexican Army and placed <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian Habsburg</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">newly established throne</a> of Mexico, supported by Mexican Conservatives and propped up by the French Army. The Liberal Republic under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> was a government in internal exile, but with the end of the Civil War in the United States in April 1865, the Reunified U.S. government began aiding the Mexican Republic. Two years later, the French Army withdrew its support, but Maximilian remained in Mexico. Republican forces captured him and he was executed. The "Restored Republic" saw the return of Juárez, "the personification of the embattled republic,"<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> as president. The Conservatives had been not only defeated militarily but also discredited politically for their collaboration with the French invaders and Liberalism became synonymous with patriotism.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> The Mexican Army that had its roots in the colonial royal army and then the army of the early republic was destroyed and new military leaders had emerged from the War of the Reform and the conflict with the French, most notably <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>, a hero of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puebla" title="Battle of Puebla">Cinco de Mayo</a>, who now sought civilian power and challenged Juárez on his re-election in 1867. Díaz then rebelled but was crushed by Juárez. Having won re-election, Juárez died in office in July 1872, and Liberal <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a> became president, declaring a "religion of the state" for the rule of law, peace, and order. When Lerdo ran for re-election, Díaz rebelled against the civilian president, issuing the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Tuxtepec" title="Plan of Tuxtepec">Plan of Tuxtepec</a>. Díaz had more support and waged guerrilla warfare against Lerdo. On the verge of Díaz's victory on the battlefield, Lerdo fled from office into exile.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edouard_Manet_022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Edouard_Manet_022.jpg/220px-Edouard_Manet_022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Edouard_Manet_022.jpg/330px-Edouard_Manet_022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Edouard_Manet_022.jpg/440px-Edouard_Manet_022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Execution_of_Emperor_Maximilian" title="The Execution of Emperor Maximilian">The Execution of Emperor Maximilian</a>, 19 June 1867. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mej%C3%ADa" title="Tomás Mejía">Tomás Mejía</a>, left; Maximiian, center; Gen. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Miram%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Miramón">Miguel Miramón</a>, right. Painting by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Édouard Manet</a> 1868</figcaption></figure> After the turmoil in Mexico from 1810 to 1876, the 35-year rule of Liberal General <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> (r.1876–1911) allowed Mexico to rapidly modernize in a period characterized as one of "<a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">order and progress</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a> was characterized by economic stability and growth, significant foreign investment and influence, an expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Mexico" title="Rail transport in Mexico">railroad network</a> and telecommunications, and investments in the arts and sciences.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Díaz ruled with a group of advisors that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Cient%C3%ADfico" title="Científico">científicos</a> ('scientists').<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> The most influential científico was Secretary of Finance <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour" title="José Yves Limantour">José Yves Limantour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> The Porfirian regime was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cientifico-72">[69]</a> They rejected theology and <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a> in favor of scientific methods being applied towards national development. An integral aspect of the liberal project was secular education. The Díaz government led a protracted <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">conflict against the Yaqui</a> that culminated with the forced relocation of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a> to Yucatán and Oaxaca. As the centennial of independence approached, Díaz gave an <a href="/wiki/James_Creelman" title="James Creelman">interview</a> where he said he was not going to run in the 1910 elections, when he would be 80. Political opposition had been suppressed and there were few avenues for a new generation of leaders. But his announcement set off a frenzy of political activity, including the unlikely candidacy of the scion of a rich landowning family, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a>. Madero won a surprising amount of political support when Díaz changed his mind and ran in the election, jailing Madero. The September centennial celebration of independence was the last celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a>. The Mexican Revolution starting in 1910 saw a decade of civil war, the "wind that swept Mexico."<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican_Revolution_(1910–1920)">Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_I_Madero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Francisco_I_Madero.jpg/170px-Francisco_I_Madero.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Francisco_I_Madero.jpg/255px-Francisco_I_Madero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Francisco_I_Madero.jpg/340px-Francisco_I_Madero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4576" data-file-height="5457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a>, who challenged Díaz in the fraudulent 1910 election and was elected president when Díaz was forced to resign in May 1911</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> was a decade-long transformational conflict.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> It began with scattered uprisings against President Díaz after the fraudulent 1910 election, his resignation in May 1911, demobilization of rebel forces, an interim presidency of a member of the old guard and the democratic election of a rich, civilian landowner, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a> in fall 1911. In <a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">February 1913</a>, a military coup d'état overthrew Madero's government, with the support of the U.S., resulting in Madero's murder by agents of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Army" title="Federal Army">Federal Army</a> General <a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a>. During the Revolution, the U.S. Republican administration of <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a> supported the Huerta coup against Madero, but when Democrat <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> was inaugurated as president in March 1913, Wilson refused to recognize Huerta's regime and allowed arms sales to the Constitutionalists. Wilson ordered troops to <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">occupy</a> the strategic port of Veracruz in 1914, which was lifted.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> A coalition of anti-Huerta forces in the North, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Army" title="Constitutional Army">Constitutional Army</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Coahuila" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Coahuila">Governor of Coahuila</a> <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a>, and a peasant army in the South under <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> defeated the Federal Army in 1914, leaving only revolutionary forces.<a href="#cite_note-Matute-76">[73]</a> Following the revolutionaries' victory against Huerta, they sought to broker a peaceful political solution, but the coalition splintered, plunging Mexico again into a civil war. Constitutionalist general <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a>, commander of the Division of the North, broke with Carranza and allied with Zapata. Carranza's best general <a href="/wiki/Alvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvaro Obregón">Alvaro Obregón</a> defeated Villa, his former comrade-in-arms in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Celaya" title="Battle of Celaya">Battle of Celaya</a> in 1915, and Villa's northern forces melted away Carranza became the de facto head of Mexico, and the U.S. recognized his government<a href="#cite_note-Matute-76">[73]</a> while Zapata's forces in the south reverted to guerrilla warfare. After Pancho Villa was defeated by revolutionary forces in 1915, he led an incursion raid into <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico" title="Columbus, New Mexico">Columbus, New Mexico</a>, prompting the U.S. to send <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">10,000 troops</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a> in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. Carranza pushed back against U.S. troops being in northern Mexico. The expeditionary forces withdrew as the U.S. entered World War I.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Although often viewed as an internal conflict, the revolution had significant international elements:<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Germany attempted to get Mexico to side with it, sending a coded <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmermann Telegram">telegram</a> in 1917 to incite war between the U.S. and Mexico, with Mexico to regain the territory it lost in the Mexican-American War<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> but Mexico remained neutral in the conflict. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urbina,_Villa_y_Zapata_en_Palacio,_Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico,_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.,_M%C3%A9xico,_2013-10-16,_DD_138.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Urbina%2C_Villa_y_Zapata_en_Palacio%2C_Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-16%2C_DD_138.JPG/220px-Urbina%2C_Villa_y_Zapata_en_Palacio%2C_Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-16%2C_DD_138.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Urbina%2C_Villa_y_Zapata_en_Palacio%2C_Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-16%2C_DD_138.JPG/330px-Urbina%2C_Villa_y_Zapata_en_Palacio%2C_Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-16%2C_DD_138.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Urbina%2C_Villa_y_Zapata_en_Palacio%2C_Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-16%2C_DD_138.JPG/440px-Urbina%2C_Villa_y_Zapata_en_Palacio%2C_Museo_de_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-16%2C_DD_138.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5133" data-file-height="3424" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Urbina" title="Tomás Urbina">Tomás Urbina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)" title="National Palace (Mexico)">National Palace</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, 1914</figcaption></figure> In 1916, the winners of the Mexican revolution met at a constitutional convention to draft the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1917">Constitution of 1917</a>, which was ratified in February 1917. The Constitution empowered the government to expropriate resources including land, gave rights to labor, and strengthened anticlerical provisions of the 1857 Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Matute-76">[73]</a> With amendments, it remains the governing document of Mexico. It is estimated that the revolutionary war killed 900,000 people out of Mexico's 15 million population at the time.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Consolidating power, President Carranza had peasant leader Emiliano Zapata assassinated in 1919. Carranza had gained the support of the peasantry during the Revolution, but once in power, he did little to institute land reform, which had motivated many to fight in the Revolution. Carranza returned some confiscated land to their original owners. President Carranza's best general, Obregón, served briefly in his administration but returned to his home state of Sonora to position himself to run in the 1920 presidential election. Since Carranza could not run for re-election, he chose a civilian to succeed him, intending to remain the power behind the presidency. Obregón and two other Sonoran revolutionary generals drew up the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Agua_Prieta" title="Plan of Agua Prieta">Plan of Agua Prieta</a>, overthrowing Carranza, who died fleeing Mexico City in 1920. General <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_de_la_Huerta" title="Adolfo de la Huerta">Adolfo de la Huerta</a> became interim president, followed by the election of General <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_consolidation_and_one-party_rule_(1920–2000)">Political consolidation and one-party rule (1920–2000)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_PE_Calles_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/General_PE_Calles_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-General_PE_Calles_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/General_PE_Calles_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-General_PE_Calles_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/General_PE_Calles_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-General_PE_Calles_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a>, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a> and the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a>, that held uninterrupted power in the country from 1929 to 2000</figcaption></figure> The first quarter-century of the post-revolutionary period (1920–1946) was characterized by revolutionary generals serving as <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Mexico">Presidents of Mexico</a>, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a> (1920–24), <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a> (1924–28), <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a> (1934–40), and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Avila_Camacho" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Avila Camacho">Manuel Avila Camacho</a> (1940–46). The post-revolutionary project of the Mexican government sought to bring order to the country, end military intervention in politics, and create organizations of interest groups. Workers, peasants, urban office workers, and even the army for a short period were incorporated as sectors of the single party that dominated Mexican politics from its founding in 1929. Obregón instigated land reform and strengthened the power of organized labor. He gained recognition from the United States and took steps to <a href="/wiki/American-Mexican_Claims_Commission" title="American-Mexican Claims Commission">settle claims</a> with companies and individuals that lost property during the Revolution. He imposed his fellow former Sonoran revolutionary general, Calles, as his successor, prompting an unsuccessful military revolt. As president, Calles provoked a <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">major conflict</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Catholic Church</a> and Catholic guerrilla armies when he strictly enforced anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution which ended with an agreement. Although the constitution prohibited the reelection of the president, Obregón wished to run again and the constitution was amended to allow non-consecutive re-election and won the 1928 elections but was assassinated by a Catholic activist, causing a political crisis of succession. Calles could not become president again, so he sought to set up a structure to manage presidential succession, founding the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a>, which went on to dominate Mexico for the rest of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> Despite not holding the presidency, Calles remained the key political figure during the period known as the <a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a> (1929–1934), that ended during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a>, who expelled Calles from the country and implemented many economic and social reforms. This included the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_expropriation" title="Mexican oil expropriation">Mexican oil expropriation</a> in March 1938, which nationalized the U.S. and Anglo-Dutch oil company known as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Eagle_Petroleum_Company" title="Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company">Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company</a>, which would result in the creation of the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a>. Cárdenas's successor, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a> (1940–1946) was more moderate, and relations between the U.S. and Mexico vastly improved during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when Mexico was a significant ally. From 1946 the election of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán</a>, the first civilian president in the post-revolutionary period, Mexico embarked on an aggressive program of economic development, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a>, which was characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and the increase of inequality between urban and rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>, a technological movement that led to a significant worldwide increase in crop production, began in the <a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqui Valley">Yaqui Valley</a> of Sonora in the middle of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex%C3%A8rcit_al_Z%C3%B3calo-28_d%27agost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ex%C3%A8rcit_al_Z%C3%B3calo-28_d%27agost.jpg/220px-Ex%C3%A8rcit_al_Z%C3%B3calo-28_d%27agost.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ex%C3%A8rcit_al_Z%C3%B3calo-28_d%27agost.jpg/330px-Ex%C3%A8rcit_al_Z%C3%B3calo-28_d%27agost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ex%C3%A8rcit_al_Z%C3%B3calo-28_d%27agost.jpg/440px-Ex%C3%A8rcit_al_Z%C3%B3calo-28_d%27agost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption>Armored cars in the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo" title="Zócalo">Zócalo</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">protests of 1968</a></figcaption></figure> With robust economic growth, Mexico sought to showcase it to the world by hosting the <a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Summer Olympics</a>. The government poured huge resources into building new facilities, prompting political unrest among university students and others. Demonstrations in central Mexico City went on for weeks before the planned opening of the games, with the government of <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz" title="Gustavo Díaz Ordaz">Gustavo Díaz Ordaz</a> cracking down. The culmination was the <a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlatelolco Massacre">Tlatelolco Massacre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MMex-85">[82]</a> which killed around 300 protesters based on conservative estimates and perhaps as many as 800.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> Although the economy continued to flourish for some, <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">social inequality</a> remained a factor of discontent. PRI rule became increasingly authoritarian and at times oppressive in what is now referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush,_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/220px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/330px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg/440px-President_Bush%2C_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Brian_Mulroney_and_Mexican_President_Carlos_Salinas_participate_in_the..._-_NARA_-_186460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption>NAFTA signing ceremony, October 1992. From left to right: (standing) President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a> (Mexico), President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (U.S.), and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> (Canada).</figcaption></figure> In the 1980s the first cracks emerged in the PRI's complete political dominance. In <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Ruffo_Appel" title="Ernesto Ruffo Appel">PAN candidate</a> was elected as governor. When De la Madrid chose <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a> as the candidate for the PRI, and therefore a foregone presidential victor, <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas">Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas</a>, son of former President <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a>, broke with the PRI and challenged Salinas in the 1988 elections. In 1988 there was massive <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>, with results showing that Salinas had won the election by the narrowest percentage ever. There were massive protests in Mexico City over the stolen election. Salinas took the oath of office on 1 December 1988.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> In 1990 the PRI was famously described by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> as the "perfect dictatorship", but by then there had been major challenges to the PRI's hegemony.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Salinas embarked on a program of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> reforms that fixed the exchange rate of the peso, controlled inflation, opened Mexico to foreign investment, and began talks with the U.S. and Canada to join their <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-trade agreement">free-trade agreement</a>, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) on 1 January 1994; the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a> (EZLN) in Chiapas began armed peasant rebellion against the federal government, which captured a few towns but brought world attention to the situation in Mexico. The armed conflict was short-lived and has continued as a non-violent opposition movement against <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. In 1994, following the assassination of the PRI's presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Luis_Donaldo_Colosio" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Donaldo Colosio">Luis Donaldo Colosio</a>, Salinas was succeeded by victorious PRI candidate <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a>. Salinas left Zedillo's government to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Mexican peso crisis</a>, requiring a $50 billion <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> bailout. Major macroeconomic reforms were started by Zedillo, and the economy rapidly recovered and growth peaked at almost 7% by the end of 1999.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Mexico">Contemporary Mexico</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicente_Fox_flag_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vicente_Fox_flag_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Vicente_Fox_flag_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vicente_Fox_flag_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Vicente_Fox_flag_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Vicente_Fox_flag_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Vicente_Fox_flag_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2000_Mexican_general_election" title="2000 Mexican general election">2000 general election</a> and became the first president not from the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">PRI</a> since 1929, and the first elected from an opposition party since <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a> in 1911.</figcaption></figure> After 71 years of rule, the incumbent PRI lost the <a href="/wiki/2000_Mexican_general_election" title="2000 Mexican general election">2000 presidential election</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a> of the opposing conservative <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a> (PAN). In the <a href="/wiki/2006_Mexican_general_election" title="2006 Mexican general election">2006 presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a> from the PAN was declared the winner, with a very narrow margin (0.58%) over leftist politician <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Democratic_Revolution" title="Party of the Democratic Revolution">Party of the Democratic Revolution</a> (PRD).<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> López Obrador, however, <a href="/wiki/Controversies_of_the_2006_Mexican_general_election" title="Controversies of the 2006 Mexican general election">contested the election</a> and pledged to create an "alternative government".<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> After twelve years, in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Mexican_general_election" title="2012 Mexican general election">2012 presidential election</a>, the PRI again won the presidency with the election of <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a>. However, he won with a plurality of around 38% and did not have a legislative majority.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> During the twenty-first century, Mexico has contended with <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">high crime rates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">bureaucratic corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">narcotrafficking</a>, and a stagnant economy. Many state-owned industrial enterprises were privatized starting in the 1990s with <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> reforms, but <a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a>, the state-owned petroleum company is only slowly being privatized, with exploration licenses being issued.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> In a push against government corruption, the ex-CEO of Pemex, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Lozoya_Austin" title="Emilio Lozoya Austin">Emilio Lozoya Austin</a>, was arrested in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> After founding the new political party <a href="/wiki/National_Regeneration_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="National Regeneration Movement">MORENA</a>, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (commonly known as AMLO) won the 2018 presidential election with over 50% of the vote. His political coalition, led by his left-wing party founded after the 2012 elections, included parties and politicians from across the political spectrum. The coalition also won a majority in both the upper and lower Congress chambers. His success is attributed to the country's opposing political forces exhausting their chances as well as AMLO's adoption of a moderate discourse with a focus on reconciliation.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> The first confirmed case of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">COVID-19 in Mexico</a> occurred on 28 February 2020. The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico">COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico</a> began in December 2020. <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a>, López Obrador's political successor, won the <a href="/wiki/2024_Mexican_general_election" title="2024 Mexican general election">2024 presidential election</a> in a landslide and upon taking office in October became the first woman to lead the country in Mexico's history.<a href="#cite_note-france24.com-99">[96]</a> She was sworn in as Mexico's president on 1 October 2024.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico" title="Geography of Mexico">Geography of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mexico_topo.jpg/220px-Mexico_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mexico_topo.jpg/330px-Mexico_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mexico_topo.jpg/440px-Mexico_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topographic map</a> of Mexico</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo,_Puebla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg/220px-Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg/330px-Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg/440px-Pico_de_Orizaba_desde_Hidalgo%2C_Puebla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a>, the highest mountain in Mexico</figcaption></figure> Mexico is located between latitudes <a href="/wiki/14th_parallel_north" title="14th parallel north">14°</a> and <a href="/wiki/33rd_parallel_north" title="33rd parallel north">33°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/86th_meridian_west" title="86th meridian west">86°</a> and <a href="/wiki/119th_meridian_west" title="119th meridian west">119°W</a> in the southern portion of North America, with a total area of 1,972,550 km2 (761,606 sq mi), is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">world's 13th largest country by total area</a>. It has coastlines on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, the latter two forming part of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Within these seas are about 6,000 km2 (2,317 sq mi) of islands (including the remote Pacific <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Island" title="Guadalupe Island">Guadalupe Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Islands" title="Revillagigedo Islands">Revillagigedo Islands</a>). Almost all of Mexico lies in the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a>, with small parts of the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula" title="Baja California peninsula">Baja California peninsula</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Plate">Cocos Plates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysically</a>, some geographers include the territory east of the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a> (around 12% of the total) within Central America.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitically</a>, however, Mexico is entirely considered part of North America, along with Canada and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> The majority of Mexican central and northern territories are located at high altitudes, and as such the highest elevations are found at the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a> which crosses Mexico east to west: <a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a> (5,700 m or 18,701 ft), <a href="/wiki/Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Popocatépetl">Popocatépetl</a> (5,462 m or 17,920 ft) and <a href="/wiki/Iztaccihuatl" title="Iztaccihuatl">Iztaccihuatl</a> (5,286 m or 17,343 ft) and the <a href="/wiki/Nevado_de_Toluca" title="Nevado de Toluca">Nevado de Toluca</a> (4,577 m or 15,016 ft). Two mountain ranges known as <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a>, which are the extension of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> from northern North America crossed the country from north to south and a fourth mountain range, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_del_Sur" title="Sierra Madre del Sur">Sierra Madre del Sur</a>, runs from <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>. The Mexican territory is prone to <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciageo-104">[101]</a> Mexico has nine distinct regions: <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, the Pacific Coastal Lowlands, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Plateau" title="Mexican Plateau">Mexican Plateau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a>, the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eje_Neovolc%C3%A1nico" class="extiw" title="es:Eje Neovolcánico">Cordillera Neo-Volcánica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plain" title="Gulf Coastal Plain">Gulf Coastal Plain</a>, the Southern Highlands, and the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> An important geologic feature of the Yucatán peninsula is the <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_crater" title="Chicxulub crater">Chicxulub crater</a>, the scientific consensus is that the <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_impactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicxulub impactor">Chicxulub impactor</a> was responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>. Although Mexico is large (a little over 2,000 mi (3,219 km) in length from its farthest land points), much of its land mass is incompatible with agriculture due to aridity, soil, or terrain. In 2018, an estimated 54.9% of land is agricultural; 11.8% is arable; 1.4% is in permanent crops; 41.7% is permanent pasture; and 33.3% is forest.<a href="#cite_note-ciageo-104">[101]</a> Mexico is irrigated by several rivers, with the longest being the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, which serves as a natural eastern border with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-NATIVENAMES-106">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Usumacinta_River" title="Usumacinta River">Usumacinta River</a> in turn, serves as a natural southern border between Mexico and Guatemala.<a href="#cite_note-Usumacinta-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico" title="Climate of Mexico">Climate of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Mexico_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Mexico map of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></figcaption></figure> The climate of Mexico is varied due to the country's size and topography. <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> effectively divides the country into temperate and tropical zones. Land north of the Tropic of Cancer experiences cooler temperatures during the winter months. South of the Tropic of Cancer, temperatures are fairly constant year-round and vary solely as a function of elevation. This gives Mexico one of the world's most diverse weather systems. Maritime air masses bring seasonal precipitation from May until August. Many parts of Mexico, particularly the north, have a dry climate with only sporadic rainfall, while parts of the tropical lowlands in the south average more than 2,000 mm (78.7 in) of annual precipitation. For example, many cities in the north like <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermosillo" title="Hermosillo">Hermosillo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexicali" title="Mexicali">Mexicali</a> experience temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) or more in summer. In the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> temperatures reach 50 °C (122 °F) or more.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-108">[105]</a> There are 7 major climate types in Mexico<a href="#cite_note-Clima-109">[106]</a> with warm sub-humid climate being coastal up to 900 meters found mostly in the southern region of Mexico; dry and desertic climates being found in the northern half of the country; temperate humid and sub-humid being found mostly on pastures at an elevation of 1,800 meters and higher in central Mexico and cold climate usually found at an elevation of 3,500 meters and beyond. Most of the country's territory has a temperate to dry climate.<a href="#cite_note-Clima-109">[106]</a> Areas south of the Tropic of Cancer with elevations up to 1,000 m (3,281 ft) (the southern parts of both coastal plains as well as the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>), have a yearly median temperature between 24 and 28 °C (75.2 and 82.4 °F). Temperatures here remain high throughout the year, with only a 5 °C (9 °F) difference between winter and summer median temperatures. The Pacific coast is subject to natural hazards such as tsunamis and both Mexican coasts with the exception of the south coast of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a> and northern Baja California are vulnerable to serious <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricanes</a> during the summer and fall. Although low-lying areas north of the Tropic of Cancer are hot and humid during the summer, they generally have lower yearly temperature averages (from 20 to 24 °C or 68.0 to 75.2 °F) because of more moderate conditions during the winter.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mexico" title="Wildlife of Mexico">Wildlife of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_wolf_lounging.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mexican_wolf_lounging.jpg/220px-Mexican_wolf_lounging.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mexican_wolf_lounging.jpg/330px-Mexican_wolf_lounging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mexican_wolf_lounging.jpg/440px-Mexican_wolf_lounging.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wolf" title="Mexican wolf">Mexican wolf</a></figcaption></figure> Mexico ranks fourth<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> in the world in biodiversity and is one of the 17 <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a>. With over 200,000 different species, Mexico is home of 10–12% of the world's biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-SEMARNAT-111">[108]</a> Mexico ranks first in biodiversity in <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> with 707 known species, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Mexico" title="List of mammals of Mexico">second in mammals with 438 species</a>, fourth in <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> with 290 species, and fourth in flora, with 26,000 different species.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> Mexico is also considered the second country in the world in <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and fourth in overall species.<a href="#cite_note-SNIB-113">[110]</a> About 2,500 species are protected by Mexican legislation.<a href="#cite_note-SNIB-113">[110]</a> In 2002<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico&action=edit">[update]</a>, Mexico had the second fastest rate of deforestation in the world, second only to Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2002-114">[111]</a> It had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.82/10, ranking it 63rd globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-115">[112]</a> According to SGI there is <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> especially in rural areas of Mexico. In the 2022 report it was noted environmental protection laws have improved in major cities but remain unenforced or unregulated in rural regions.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puma_en_Bosque_de_Niebla,_Sierra_de_Manantlan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Puma_en_Bosque_de_Niebla%2C_Sierra_de_Manantlan.jpg/220px-Puma_en_Bosque_de_Niebla%2C_Sierra_de_Manantlan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Puma_en_Bosque_de_Niebla%2C_Sierra_de_Manantlan.jpg/330px-Puma_en_Bosque_de_Niebla%2C_Sierra_de_Manantlan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Puma_en_Bosque_de_Niebla%2C_Sierra_de_Manantlan.jpg/440px-Puma_en_Bosque_de_Niebla%2C_Sierra_de_Manantlan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Manantl%C3%A1n_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve">Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> In Mexico, 170,000 square kilometers (65,637 sq mi) are considered "Protected Natural Areas". These include 34 biosphere reserves (unaltered ecosystems), 67 <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Mexico" title="List of national parks of Mexico">national parks</a>, 4 natural monuments (protected in perpetuity for their aesthetic, scientific or historical value), 26 areas of protected flora and fauna, 4 areas for natural resource protection (conservation of soil, hydrological basins, and forests) and 17 sanctuaries (zones rich in diverse species).<a href="#cite_note-SEMARNAT-111">[108]</a> Plants indigenous to Mexico are grown in many parts of the world and integrated into their national cuisines. Some of Mexico's native <a href="/wiki/Culinary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Culinary art">culinary</a> ingredients include maize, tomato, beans, squash, chocolate, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chayote" title="Chayote">chayote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">epazote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">camote</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%ADcama" class="mw-redirect" title="Jícama">jícama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nopal" title="Nopal">nopal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zucchini" title="Zucchini">zucchini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crataegus_mexicana" title="Crataegus mexicana">tejocote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn_smut" title="Corn smut">huitlacoche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapote" title="Sapote">sapote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamey_sapote" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamey sapote">mamey sapote</a>, and a great variety of <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chiles</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Habanero" title="Habanero">habanero</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">jalapeño</a>. Most of these names come from the indigenous language of <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a>, the distilled alcoholic drink made from cultivated <a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">agave</a> cacti is a major industry. Because of its high biodiversity Mexico has also been a frequent site of <a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">bioprospecting</a> by international research bodies.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> The first highly successful instance was the discovery in 1947 of the tuber "<a href="/wiki/Mexican_barbasco_trade" title="Mexican barbasco trade">Barbasco</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_composita" title="Dioscorea composita">Dioscorea composita</a>) which has a high content of <a href="/wiki/Diosgenin" title="Diosgenin">diosgenin</a>, revolutionizing the production of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_hormones" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic hormones">synthetic hormones</a> in the 1950s and 1960s and eventually leading to the invention of <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Politics of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Federal government of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_Mexicana_-_panoramio_-_cz354x_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bandera_Mexicana_-_panoramio_-_cz354x_%283%29.jpg/220px-Bandera_Mexicana_-_panoramio_-_cz354x_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bandera_Mexicana_-_panoramio_-_cz354x_%283%29.jpg/330px-Bandera_Mexicana_-_panoramio_-_cz354x_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bandera_Mexicana_-_panoramio_-_cz354x_%283%29.jpg/440px-Bandera_Mexicana_-_panoramio_-_cz354x_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)" title="National Palace (Mexico)">National Palace</a> on the east side of <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza de la Constitución">Plaza de la Constitución</a> or <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo" title="Zócalo">Zócalo</a>, the main square of Mexico City; it was the residence of <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">viceroys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of Mexico">Presidents of Mexico</a> and now the seat of the Mexican government.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_Chamber_of_Deputies_backdrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mexico_Chamber_of_Deputies_backdrop.jpg/220px-Mexico_Chamber_of_Deputies_backdrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mexico_Chamber_of_Deputies_backdrop.jpg/330px-Mexico_Chamber_of_Deputies_backdrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mexico_Chamber_of_Deputies_backdrop.jpg/440px-Mexico_Chamber_of_Deputies_backdrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Mexico">Congress of Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> The United Mexican States are a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> whose government is <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a>, democratic, and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> based on a presidential system according to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">1917 Constitution</a>. The Constitution establishes three levels of government: the federal Union, the state governments, and the municipal governments. The federal <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress of the Union</a>, composed of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate of the Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a>. The Congress makes <a href="/wiki/Federal_law" title="Federal law">federal law</a>, declares war, imposes taxes, approves the national budget and international treaties, and ratifies diplomatic appointments.<a href="#cite_note-congress-119">[116]</a> The federal Congress, as well as the state legislatures, are elected by a system of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> that includes plurality and <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-COFIPE_congreso-120">[117]</a> The Chamber of Deputies has 500 deputies. Of these, 300 are elected by <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality vote</a> in <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member districts</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Federal_electoral_districts_of_Mexico" title="Federal electoral districts of Mexico">federal electoral districts</a>) and 200 are elected by proportional representation with <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed party lists</a><a href="#cite_note-COFIPE_congreso-120">[117]</a> for which the country is divided into five electoral constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-COFIPE_congreso-120">[117]</a> The Senate comprises 128 senators: 64 (two for each state and two for Mexico City) are elected by plurality vote in pairs, 32 are the first minority or first-runner-up (one for each state and one for Mexico City), and 32 are elected by proportional representation from national closed party lists.<a href="#cite_note-COFIPE_congreso-120">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of the United Mexican States</a>, who is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the Mexican military forces. The President also appoints the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Executive_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Executive Cabinet">Cabinet</a> and other officers. The President is responsible for executing and enforcing the law and has the power to <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> bills.<a href="#cite_note-congress-119">[116]</a> The highest organ of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial branch</a> of government is the <a href="/wiki/National_Supreme_Court_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="National Supreme Court of Justice">Supreme Court of Justice</a>, the national <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a>, which has eleven judges appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. The Supreme Court of Justice interprets laws and judges cases of federal competency. Other institutions of the judiciary are the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Electoral_Tribunal" title="Federal Electoral Tribunal">Federal Electoral Tribunal</a>, collegiate, unitary, and district tribunals, and the Council of the Federal Judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-congress-119">[116]</a> Three parties have historically been the dominant parties in Mexican politics: the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI), a <a href="/wiki/Catch-all_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch-all party">catch-all party</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> that was founded in 1929 to unite all the factions of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> and held an almost hegemonic power in Mexican politics since then; the <a href="/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico)" title="National Action Party (Mexico)">National Action Party</a> (PAN), a conservative party founded in 1939 and belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Organization_of_America" title="Christian Democrat Organization of America">Christian Democrat Organization of America</a>;<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Democratic_Revolution" title="Party of the Democratic Revolution">Party of the Democratic Revolution</a> (PRD) a left-wing party,<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> founded in 1989 as the successor of the coalition of socialists and liberal parties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Foreign relations of Mexico">Foreign relations of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_Tlatelolco_(S.R.E).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edificio_Tlatelolco_%28S.R.E%29.JPG/220px-Edificio_Tlatelolco_%28S.R.E%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edificio_Tlatelolco_%28S.R.E%29.JPG/330px-Edificio_Tlatelolco_%28S.R.E%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edificio_Tlatelolco_%28S.R.E%29.JPG/440px-Edificio_Tlatelolco_%28S.R.E%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)" title="Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)">Secretariat of Foreign Affairs</a></figcaption></figure> The foreign relations of Mexico are directed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a><a href="#cite_note-CPEUM89-125">[122]</a> and managed through the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SRE-126">[123]</a> The principles of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> are constitutionally recognized in the Article 89, Section 10, which include: respect for <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">legal equality of states</a>, their <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, trend to <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-interventionism</a> in the domestic affairs of other countries, <a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">peaceful resolution of conflicts</a>, and promotion of <a href="/wiki/International_security" title="International security">collective security</a> through active participation in <a href="/wiki/International_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="International organizations">international organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CPEUM89-125">[122]</a> Since the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Estrada_Doctrine" title="Estrada Doctrine">Estrada Doctrine</a> has served as a crucial complement to these principles.<a href="#cite_note-estradadoctrine-127">[124]</a> Mexico is a founding member of several international organizations, most notably the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Velázquez_Flores_2007,_p._145-129">[126]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> the <a href="/wiki/OPANAL" title="OPANAL">OPANAL</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">CELAC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> In 2008, Mexico contributed over 40 million <a href="/wiki/American_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="American dollar">dollars</a> to the United Nations regular budget.<a href="#cite_note-unbudget-133">[130]</a> In addition, it was the only Latin American member of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> since it joined in 1994 until <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> gained full membership in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> Mexico is considered a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a><a href="#cite_note-regionalpower-136">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-regionalpower2-137">[134]</a> hence its presence in major economic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a> and the <a href="/wiki/G-20_major_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20 major economies">G-20</a>. Since the 1990s Mexico has sought a <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">reform of the United Nations Security Council and its working methods</a><a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Affairs_2005_p._215-138">[135]</a> with the support of Canada, Italy, Pakistan and other nine countries, which form a group informally called the <a href="/wiki/Coffee_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee Club">Coffee Club</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coffeeclub-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Mexican Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Mexico" title="Military history of Mexico">Military history of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragatas_en_T%C3%BAxpam_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fragatas_en_T%C3%BAxpam_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Fragatas_en_T%C3%BAxpam_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fragatas_en_T%C3%BAxpam_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Fragatas_en_T%C3%BAxpam_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fragatas_en_T%C3%BAxpam_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Fragatas_en_T%C3%BAxpam_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allende-class_frigate" title="Allende-class frigate">Allende-class frigates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuxpan" title="Tuxpan">Tuxpan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAM_Northrop_F-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/FAM_Northrop_F-5.jpg/220px-FAM_Northrop_F-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/FAM_Northrop_F-5.jpg/330px-FAM_Northrop_F-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/FAM_Northrop_F-5.jpg/440px-FAM_Northrop_F-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>Mexican Air Force <a href="/wiki/F-5_Tiger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-5 Tiger II">F-5 Tiger II</a></figcaption></figure> The Mexican Armed Forces are administered by the Secretariat of National Defense (Secretaria de Defensa Nacional, SEDENA). There are two branches: the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Army" title="Mexican Army">Mexican Army</a> (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Air_Force" title="Mexican Air Force">Mexican Air Force</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Navy" title="Mexican Navy">Mexican Navy</a>. The Secretariat of Public Security and Civil Protection has jurisdiction over the National Guard, which was formed in 2019 from the disbanded Federal Police and military police of the Army and Navy. Figures vary on personnel, but as of are approximately 223,000 armed forces personnel (160,000 Army; 8,000 Air Force; 55,000 Navy, including about 20,000 Marines); approximately 100,000 National Guard (2021). Government expenditures on the military are a small proportion of GDP: 0.7% of GDP (2021 est.), 0.6% of GDP (2020).<a href="#cite_note-ciamil-140">[137]</a> The Mexican Armed Forces maintain significant infrastructure, including facilities for the design, research, and testing of weapons, vehicles, aircraft, naval vessels, defense systems and electronics; military industry manufacturing centers for building such systems, and advanced naval dockyards that build heavy military vessels and advanced missile technologies. Since the 1990s, when the military escalated its role in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">war on drugs</a>, increasing importance has been placed on acquiring airborne surveillance platforms, aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopters">helicopters</a>, digital war-fighting technologies,<a href="#cite_note-impreso.milenio.com-141">[138]</a> urban warfare equipment and rapid troop transport.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Mexico has the capabilities to manufacture nuclear weapons, but abandoned this possibility with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tlatelolco" title="Treaty of Tlatelolco">Treaty of Tlatelolco</a> in 1968 and pledged to use its nuclear technology only for peaceful purposes.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Mexico signed the UN treaty on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Historically, Mexico has remained neutral in international conflicts,<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico in World War II">with the exception of World War II</a>. However, in recent years some political parties have proposed an amendment of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution</a> to allow the Mexican Army, Air Force or Navy to collaborate with the United Nations in <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping missions</a>, or to provide military help to countries that officially ask for it.<a href="#cite_note-neutral-146">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_human_rights">Law enforcement and human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Law enforcement in Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">Crime in Mexico</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mexico" title="Human trafficking in Mexico">Human trafficking in Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Femicide_in_Mexico" title="Femicide in Mexico">Femicide in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%ADa_del_Polic%C3%ADa_Federal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/D%C3%ADa_del_Polic%C3%ADa_Federal.jpg/220px-D%C3%ADa_del_Polic%C3%ADa_Federal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/D%C3%ADa_del_Polic%C3%ADa_Federal.jpg/330px-D%C3%ADa_del_Polic%C3%ADa_Federal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/D%C3%ADa_del_Polic%C3%ADa_Federal.jpg/440px-D%C3%ADa_del_Polic%C3%ADa_Federal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4884" data-file-height="3441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Federal_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Federal Police">Mexican Federal Police</a> celebration</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayotz1napa_ohs202.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ayotz1napa_ohs202.jpg/220px-Ayotz1napa_ohs202.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ayotz1napa_ohs202.jpg/330px-Ayotz1napa_ohs202.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ayotz1napa_ohs202.jpg/440px-Ayotz1napa_ohs202.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration on 26 September 2015, in the first anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Iguala_mass_kidnapping" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Iguala mass kidnapping">disappearance of the 43 students</a> in the Mexican town of <a href="/wiki/Iguala" title="Iguala">Iguala</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Federal_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Federal Police">Mexican Federal Police</a> was dissolved in 2019 by a constitutional amendment during the administration of President López Obrador and the Mexican <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Mexico)" title="National Guard (Mexico)">National Guard</a> established, amalgamating units of the Federal Police, Military Police, and Naval Police.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> As of 2022, the National Guard is estimated at 110,000. López Obrador has increasingly used military forces for domestic law enforcement, particularly against drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> There have been serious abuses of power reported in security operations in the southern part of the country and in indigenous communities and poor urban neighborhoods. The National Human Rights Commission has had little impact in reversing this trend, engaging mostly in documentation but failing to use its powers to issue public condemnations to the officials who ignore its recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Most Mexicans have low confidence in the police or the judicial system, and therefore, few crimes are actually reported by the citizens.<a href="#cite_note-brit-mex-150">[147]</a> There have been public demonstrations of outrage against what is considered a culture of <a href="/wiki/Impunity" title="Impunity">impunity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> Mexico has fully recognised <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico" title="Same-sex marriage in Mexico">same-sex marriage</a> since 2022,<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> and anti-discrimination laws regarding sexual orientation have existed in the nation since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Law-153">[150]</a> However, hate crimes towards the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mexico">LGBT community</a> remain an issue in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> Other crime and human rights violations in Mexico have been criticized, including enforced disappearances (kidnappings), abuses against migrants, extrajudicial killings, gender-based violence, especially <a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">femicide</a>, and attacks on journalists and human rights advocates.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> A 2020 report by the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Company" title="British Broadcasting Company">BBC</a> gives statistics on crime in Mexico, with 10.7 million households with at least one victim of crime.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> As of May 2022, 100,000 people are officially listed as missing, most since 2007 when President Calderón attempted to stop the drug cartels.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Drug cartels remain a major issue in Mexico, with a proliferation of smaller cartels when larger ones are broken up and increasingly the use of more sophisticated military equipment and tactics.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexico's drug war</a>, ongoing since 2006, has left over 120,000 dead and perhaps another 37,000 missing.<a href="#cite_note-cfrdeaths-161">[158]</a> Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_y_Geograf%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía">National Geography and Statistics Institute</a> estimated that in 2014, one-fifth of Mexicans were victims of some sort of crime.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2014_Iguala_mass_kidnapping" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Iguala mass kidnapping">mass kidnapping of 43 students</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iguala" title="Iguala">Iguala</a> on 26 September 2014 triggered nationwide protests against the government's weak response to the disappearances and widespread corruption that gives free rein to criminal organizations.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> More than 100 journalists and <a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists_and_media_workers_killed_in_Mexico" title="List of journalists and media workers killed in Mexico">media workers have been killed or disappeared</a> since 2000, and most of these crimes remained unsolved, improperly investigated, and with few perpetrators arrested and convicted.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">Administrative divisions of Mexico</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/States_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Mexico">States of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities of Mexico</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican state legislatures">List of Mexican state legislatures</a></div> The boundaries and constituent units of Mexico evolved from its colonial-era origins. Central America peacefully separated from Mexico after independence in 1821. Yucatán was briefly an independent republic. Texas separated in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a> and when it was annexed to the U.S. in 1845, it set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> and major territorial loss to the U.S. The sale of northern territory known in the U.S. as the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a> was the last loss of Mexican territory. The United Mexican States are a federation of 31 free and sovereign states, which form a union that exercises a degree of jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thought-166">[163]</a> Each state has its constitution, <a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">congress</a>, and a judiciary, and its citizens elect by <a href="/wiki/Direct_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct vote">direct voting</a> a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican state governors">governor</a> for a six-year term, and representatives to their respective unicameral state congresses for three-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-congress-119">[116]</a> Mexico City is a special political division that belongs to the federation as a whole and not to a particular state.<a href="#cite_note-thought-166">[163]</a> Formerly known as the Federal District, its autonomy was previously limited relative to that of the states.<a href="#cite_note-congress-119">[116]</a> It dropped this designation in 2016 and is in the process of achieving greater political autonomy by becoming a federal entity with <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Assembly_of_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Assembly of Mexico City">its constitution</a> and congress.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> The states are divided into <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">municipalities</a>, the smallest administrative political entity in the country, governed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor or municipal president</a> (presidente municipal), elected by its residents by plurality.<a href="#cite_note-congress-119">[116]</a> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 700px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Division_politica_mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Division_politica_mexico.svg/700px-Division_politica_mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="472" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Division_politica_mexico.svg/1050px-Division_politica_mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Division_politica_mexico.svg/1400px-Division_politica_mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="310" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:519px; top:235.6px"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:99px; top:342px"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:617px; top:433px"><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:274px; top:39.6px"><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:494.5px; top:296.5px"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:321.6px; top:286px"><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">AG</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:27.6px; top:62px"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:85px; top:167px"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California Sur</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:579.2px; top:356px"><a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:540px; top:405px"><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:214.5px; top:125px"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:306.9px; top:153px"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:263.5px; top:357.4px"><a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:246px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:337px; top:300px"><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:365px; top:398px"><a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:397.2px; top:338.5px"><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">HD</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:274px; top:331.5px"><a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:378.3px; top:349px"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">EM</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:309px; top:351.8px"><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:398.6px; top:366.5px"><a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">MO</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:246px; top:297.2px"><a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:372px; top:200.6px"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:449px; top:405px"><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:421px; top:370px"><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:365px; top:321px"><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:638px; top:331.5px"><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:351px; top:265px"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:204px; top:237px"><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:130.5px; top:97px"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:535.1px; top:374.2px"><a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:393px; top:244px"><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:424.5px; top:349px"><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">TL</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:460.2px; top:361.6px"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:613.5px; top:303.5px"><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:700; left:293.6px; top:251px"><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Economy of Mexico</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_City_(2018)_-_508.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mexico_City_%282018%29_-_508.jpg/220px-Mexico_City_%282018%29_-_508.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mexico_City_%282018%29_-_508.jpg/330px-Mexico_City_%282018%29_-_508.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mexico_City_%282018%29_-_508.jpg/440px-Mexico_City_%282018%29_-_508.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange" title="Mexican Stock Exchange">Mexican Stock Exchange</a> building, in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_Carso_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Plaza_Carso_Mexico.jpg/220px-Plaza_Carso_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Plaza_Carso_Mexico.jpg/330px-Plaza_Carso_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Plaza_Carso_Mexico.jpg/440px-Plaza_Carso_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4754" data-file-height="3563" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_M%C3%B3vil" title="América Móvil">América Móvil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">largest mobile network operator outside Asia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paronama_de_San_Pedro_Garza_Garc%C3%ADa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Paronama_de_San_Pedro_Garza_Garc%C3%ADa.jpg/220px-Paronama_de_San_Pedro_Garza_Garc%C3%ADa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Paronama_de_San_Pedro_Garza_Garc%C3%ADa.jpg/330px-Paronama_de_San_Pedro_Garza_Garc%C3%ADa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Paronama_de_San_Pedro_Garza_Garc%C3%ADa.jpg/440px-Paronama_de_San_Pedro_Garza_Garc%C3%ADa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4929" data-file-height="3286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">Skyscrapers</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Garza_Garc%C3%ADa" title="San Pedro Garza García">San Pedro Garza García</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></figcaption></figure> As of April 2024, Mexico has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">12th largest</a> nominal GDP (US$1.848 trillion), the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">12th largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> (US$3.303 trillion) and a GDP in PPP per capita of US$24,971.<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOMX-168">[165]</a> The World Bank reported in 2023 that the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">gross national income</a> in market exchange rates was the second highest in Latin America after <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> at US$1,744,711.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Mexico is established as an upper-middle-income country. After the slowdown of 2001 the country recovered and grew 4.2, 3.0 and 4.8 percent in 2004, 2005 and 2006,<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> even though it is considered to be well below Mexico's potential growth.<a href="#cite_note-Hufbauer-171">[168]</a> By 2050, Mexico could potentially become the world's fifth or seventh-largest economy.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> The electronics industry of Mexico has grown enormously within the last decade. Mexico has the sixth largest electronics industry in the world after <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the United States, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Mexico is the second-largest exporter of electronics to the United States where it exported $71.4 billion worth of electronics in 2011. The Mexican electronics exports grew 73% between 2002 and 2012. The manufactured value-added sector, which electronics is part of, accounted for 18% of mexico's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-Entrada-174">[171]</a> Mexico produces the most automobiles of any North American nation.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> The industry produces technologically complex components and engages in some research and development activities.<a href="#cite_note-Gereffi-176">[173]</a> The "Big Three" (<a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>) have been operating in Mexico since the 1930s, while <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> built their plants in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Hufbauer_Auto-177">[174]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Puebla,_Puebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebla, Puebla">Puebla</a> alone, 70 industrial part-makers cluster around Volkswagen.<a href="#cite_note-Gereffi-176">[173]</a> In the 2010s expansion of the sector was surging. In September 2016 <a href="/wiki/Kia" title="Kia">Kia</a> opened a $1 billion factory in <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> with Audi also opening an assembling plant in Puebla the same year.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> currently have plants in construction.<a href="#cite_note-KiaMexico-180">[177]</a> The domestic car industry is represented by <a href="/wiki/DINA_S.A." title="DINA S.A.">DINA S.A.</a>, which has built buses and trucks since 1962,<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> and the new <a href="/wiki/Mastretta" title="Mastretta">Mastretta</a> company that builds the high-performance <a href="/wiki/Mastretta_MXT" title="Mastretta MXT">Mastretta MXT</a> sports car.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> In 2006, trade with the United States and Canada accounted for almost 50% of Mexico's exports and 45% of its imports.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-14">[11]</a> During the first three quarters of 2010, the United States had a $46.0 billion <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">trade deficit</a> with Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> In August 2010 Mexico surpassed France to become the 9th largest holder of US debt.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> The remittances from Mexican citizens working in the United States are significant; after dipping during the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> and again during <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in 2021 they are topping other sources of foreign income.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> Remittances are directed to Mexico by direct links from a U.S. government banking program.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> Although multiple international organizations coincide and classify Mexico as an upper middle income country, or a middle class country,<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-BloombergEcon-189">[186]</a> Mexico's <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Evaluation_of_Social_Development_Policy_(CONEVAL)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL)">National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy</a> (CONEVAL), which is the organization in charge to measure the country's poverty reports that a huge percentage of Mexico's population lives in poverty. According to said council, from 2006 to 2010 (the year on which the CONEVAL published its first nationwide report of poverty) the portion of Mexicans who live in poverty rose from 18%–19%<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> to 46% (52 million people).<a href="#cite_note-CONEVAL-191">[188]</a> Despite this situation, CONEVAL reported in 2023 that the country's poverty rate has been decreasing in recent years, as the organization registered, within the period between 2018 and 2022, a 5.6% decrease, from 41.9% to 36.3% (from 51.9 million to 46.8 million people), according to its <a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a> rate rose by 0.1% (410 thousand people) within the same period, remaining at 7.1% (9.1 million people), and the number of people lacking access to healthcare services has significantly increased, from 16.2% to 39.1% (50.4 million people),<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> though some specialists have expressed a degree of doubt regarding the accuracy of these rates.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>'s own poverty line (defined as the percentage of a country's population who earns 60%<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> or less of the national median income) 20% of Mexico's population lived in a situation of poverty in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> countries, Mexico has the second-highest degree of economic disparity between the extremely poor and extremely rich, after Chile – although it has been falling over the last decade, being one of few countries in which this is the case.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> The bottom ten percent in the income hierarchy disposes of 1.36% of the country's resources, whereas the upper ten percent dispose of almost 36%. The OECD also notes that Mexico's budgeted expenses for poverty alleviation and social development are only about a third of the OECD average.<a href="#cite_note-OECDREFORMA-198">[195]</a> This is also reflected by the fact that infant mortality in Mexico is three times higher than the average among OECD nations whereas its literacy levels are in the median range of OECD nations. Nevertheless, according to a <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> report published in 2007, by 2050 Mexico will have the 5th largest economy in the world.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> According to a 2008 UN report the average income in a typical urbanized area of Mexico was $26,654, while the average income in rural areas just miles away was only $8,403.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Daily minimum wages are set annually. The daily minimum wage will be $248.93 <a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Mexican pesos</a> (US$13.24) in 2024 ($375 in the country's northern border), making it comparable to the minimum wages of countries like <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>. The minimum wage has rapidly increased throughout the last few years, as it was set at 88.15 pesos in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Telecommunications in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_City_2015_081.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mexico_City_2015_081.jpg/170px-Mexico_City_2015_081.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mexico_City_2015_081.jpg/255px-Mexico_City_2015_081.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mexico_City_2015_081.jpg/340px-Mexico_City_2015_081.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Telmex" title="Telmex">Telmex</a> Tower in Mexico City</figcaption></figure> The telecommunications industry is mostly dominated by <a href="/wiki/Telmex" title="Telmex">Telmex</a> (Teléfonos de México), previously a government monopoly privatized in 1990. By 2006, Telmex had expanded its operations to Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and the United States. Other players in the domestic industry are <a href="/wiki/Axtel" title="Axtel">Axtel</a>, Maxcom, Alestra, Marcatel, AT&T Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-budde-202">[199]</a> Because of Mexican <a href="/wiki/Orography" title="Orography">orography</a>, providing a landline telephone service at remote mountainous areas is expensive, and the penetration of line-phones per capita is low compared to other Latin American countries, at 51.8% percent; however, 81.2% of Mexican households have an internet connection and 81.4% of Mexicans over the age of 6 have a mobile phone.<a href="#cite_note-endutih-203">[200]</a> Mobile telephony has the advantage of reaching all areas at a lower cost, and the total number of mobile lines is almost two times that of landlines, with an estimation of 97.2 million lines.<a href="#cite_note-endutih-203">[200]</a> The telecommunication industry is regulated by the government through <a href="/wiki/Cofetel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cofetel">Cofetel</a> (Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones). The Mexican satellite system is domestic and operates 120 earth stations. There is also extensive microwave radio relay network and considerable use of fiber-optic and coaxial cable.<a href="#cite_note-ciacom-204">[201]</a> Mexican satellites are operated by Satélites Mexicanos (<a href="/wiki/Satmex" title="Satmex">Satmex</a>), a private company, leader in Latin America and servicing both North and South America.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> It offers broadcast, telephone, and telecommunication services to 37 countries in the Americas, from Canada to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Through business partnerships Satmex provides high-speed connectivity to ISPs and Digital Broadcast Services.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> Satmex maintains its satellite fleet with most of the fleet being designed and built in Mexico. Major players in the broadcasting industry are <a href="/wiki/Televisa" title="Televisa">Televisa</a>, the largest Mexican media company in the Spanish-speaking world,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-207">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/TV_Azteca" title="TV Azteca">TV Azteca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imagen_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Imagen Televisión">Imagen Televisión</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Mexico" title="Electricity sector in Mexico">Electricity sector in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguraci%C3%B3n_de_Central_E%C3%B3lica_Sureste_I,_Fase_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Inauguraci%C3%B3n_de_Central_E%C3%B3lica_Sureste_I%2C_Fase_II.jpg/220px-Inauguraci%C3%B3n_de_Central_E%C3%B3lica_Sureste_I%2C_Fase_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Inauguraci%C3%B3n_de_Central_E%C3%B3lica_Sureste_I%2C_Fase_II.jpg/330px-Inauguraci%C3%B3n_de_Central_E%C3%B3lica_Sureste_I%2C_Fase_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Inauguraci%C3%B3n_de_Central_E%C3%B3lica_Sureste_I%2C_Fase_II.jpg/440px-Inauguraci%C3%B3n_de_Central_E%C3%B3lica_Sureste_I%2C_Fase_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>The Central Eólica Sureste I, Fase II in <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></figcaption></figure> Energy production in Mexico is managed by the state-owned companies <a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Federal_de_Electricidad" title="Comisión Federal de Electricidad">Federal Commission of Electricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a>. Pemex, the public company in charge of exploration, extraction, transportation, and marketing of crude oil and natural gas, as well as the refining and distribution of petroleum products and petrochemicals, is one of the largest companies in the world by revenue, making US$86 billion in sales a year.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-fortune-209">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> Mexico is the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with 3.7 million barrels per day.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> In 1980 oil exports accounted for 61.6% of total exports; by 2000 it was only 7.3%.<a href="#cite_note-Gereffi-176">[173]</a> Mexico owns 7 <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a> on its territory, with the newest one being built in 2022<a href="#cite_note-economista-212">[209]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pemex_Deer_Park" title="Pemex Deer Park">another refinery</a> within the United States.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Mexico has 60 hydroelectric power plants which generate 12% of the country's electricity<a href="#cite_note-cfe-214">[211]</a> with the largest being the 2,400 MW <a href="/wiki/Chicoas%C3%A9n_Dam" title="Chicoasén Dam">Manuel Moreno Torres Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Grijalva_River" title="Grijalva River">Grijalva River</a> in Chicoasén, <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>. This is the world's fourth most productive hydroelectric plant.<a href="#cite_note-EIA-215">[212]</a> Mexico is the country with the world's third-largest <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Mexico" title="Solar power in Mexico">solar power potential</a>.<a href="#cite_note-S&G-216">[213]</a> The country's gross solar potential is estimated at 5kWh/m2 daily, which corresponds to 50 times the national electricity generation.<a href="#cite_note-ER-217">[214]</a> Currently, there is over 1 million square meters of <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar thermal">solar thermal</a> panels<a href="#cite_note-SENER_2009b-218">[215]</a> installed in Mexico, while in 2005 there were only 115,000 square meters of <a href="/wiki/Solar_PV" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar PV">solar PV</a> (photo-voltaic) panels.<a href="#cite_note-SENER_2009b-218">[215]</a> The project <a href="/wiki/SEGH-CFE_1" title="SEGH-CFE 1">SEGH-CFE 1</a> located in Puerto Libertad, Sonora in the Northwest of Mexico was completed in December 2018 and has a capacity of 46.8 MW from an array of 187,200 solar panels,<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> all of its generated electricity is sold directly to the CFE and absorbed into the utility's transmission system for distribution throughout their existing network.<a href="#cite_note-Sonora_Energy_Group_Hermosillo-220">[217]</a> The Villanueva solar park in Coahuila which opened in 2019, is the largest solar power plant in the Americas with a capacity of 828 MW.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> Mexico does have one <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power plant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Verde_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Station">Laguna Verde Nuclear Power Station</a> located in the state of Veracruz<a href="#cite_note-world-nuclear-222">[219]</a> and numerous wind farms,<a href="#cite_note-ineel-223">[220]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Eurus_Wind_Farm" title="Eurus Wind Farm">largest wind farm</a> in Latin America being located in the state of Oaxaca.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico" title="History of science and technology in Mexico">History of science and technology in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_Millimeter_Telescope_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Large_Millimeter_Telescope_Mexico.jpg/170px-Large_Millimeter_Telescope_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Large_Millimeter_Telescope_Mexico.jpg/255px-Large_Millimeter_Telescope_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Large_Millimeter_Telescope_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Large_Millimeter_Telescope" title="Large Millimeter Telescope">Large Millimeter Telescope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a> was officially established in 1910,<a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> and the university became one of the most important institutes of higher learning in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> UNAM provides world class education in science, medicine, and engineering.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> Many scientific institutes and new institutes of higher learning, such as <a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="National Polytechnic Institute">National Polytechnic Institute</a> (founded in 1936),<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> were established during the first half of the 20th century. Most of the new research institutes were created within UNAM. Twelve institutes were integrated into UNAM from 1929 to 1973.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> In 1959, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Mexican Academy of Sciences">Mexican Academy of Sciences</a> was created to coordinate scientific efforts between academics. In 1995, the Mexican chemist <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario J. Molina">Mario J. Molina</a> shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> with <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> and <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a> for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> Molina, an alumnus of UNAM, became the first Mexican citizen to win the Nobel Prize in science.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> In recent years, the largest scientific project being developed in Mexico was the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Large_Millimeter_Telescope" title="Large Millimeter Telescope">Large Millimeter Telescope</a> (Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, GMT), the world's largest and most sensitive single-aperture telescope in its frequency range.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> It was designed to observe regions of space obscured by stellar dust. Mexico was ranked 56th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico" title="Tourism in Mexico">Tourism in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg/220px-Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg/330px-Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg/440px-Cancun_aerial_photo_by_safa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>The resort town of <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>, May 2008</figcaption></figure> As of 2017, Mexico was the 6th most visited country in the world and had the 15th highest income from tourism in the world which is also the highest in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2018_Edition-234">[231]</a> The vast majority of tourists come to Mexico from the United States and Canada followed by Europe and Asia. A smaller number also come from other Latin American countries.<a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> In the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report" title="Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report">Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report</a>, Mexico was ranked 22nd in the world, which was 3rd in the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> The coastlines of Mexico are rich in sunny beach stretches. According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico#Article_27" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution of Mexico Article 27</a>, the entirety of the coastlines is under federal ownership. On the Yucatán peninsula, one of the most popular beach destinations is the <a href="/wiki/Resort_town" title="Resort town">resort town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canc%C3%BAn" title="Cancún">Cancún</a>, especially among <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> students during <a href="/wiki/Spring_break" title="Spring break">spring break</a>. To the south of Cancun is the coastal strip called <a href="/wiki/Riviera_Maya" title="Riviera Maya">Riviera Maya</a> which includes the beach town of <a href="/wiki/Playa_del_Carmen" title="Playa del Carmen">Playa del Carmen</a> and the ecological parks of <a href="/wiki/Xcaret" title="Xcaret">Xcaret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xel-H%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Xel-Há">Xel-Há</a>. To the south of Cancún is the town of Tulum, notable for its ruins of <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a>. Other notable tourist destinations include <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> with crowded beaches and multi-story hotels on the shores. At the southern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula" title="Baja California peninsula">Baja California peninsula</a> is the resort town of <a href="/wiki/Cabo_San_Lucas" title="Cabo San Lucas">Cabo San Lucas</a>, noted for its <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a> <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> Closer to the United States border is the weekend draw of <a href="/wiki/San_Felipe,_Baja_California" title="San Felipe, Baja California">San Felipe, Baja California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> In Mexican cities along the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>, the most lucrative <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">hospitality industry</a> is now <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a>, with remnants of the traditional motivations that drove tourists to Mexico's northern borderlands for nearly a century. Dominant medical tourism for tourism planning are the purchase of <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dentistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elective_surgery" title="Elective surgery">elective surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">optometry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">chiropractic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico" title="Transportation in Mexico">Transportation in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puente_Baluarte_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Puente_Baluarte_03.jpg/220px-Puente_Baluarte_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Puente_Baluarte_03.jpg/330px-Puente_Baluarte_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Puente_Baluarte_03.jpg/440px-Puente_Baluarte_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baluarte_Bridge" title="Baluarte Bridge">Baluarte Bridge</a>, the highest bridge in the Americas.</figcaption></figure> Despite its difficult topography, Mexico's roadway is extensive and most areas in the country are covered. The roadway network in Mexico has an extent of 366,095 km (227,481 mi),<a href="#cite_note-sctroad-240">[237]</a> of which 116,802 km (72,577 mi) are paved,<a href="#cite_note-sctroad-2-241">[238]</a> making it <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size" title="List of countries by road network size">9th largest</a> of any country.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> Of these, 10,474 km (6,508 mi) are multi-lane <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">expressways</a>: 9,544 km (5,930 mi) are four-lane highways and the rest have 6 or more lanes.<a href="#cite_note-sctroad-2-241">[238]</a> Starting in the late nineteenth century, Mexico was one of the first Latin American countries to promote railway development,<a href="#cite_note-brit-mex-150">[147]</a> and the network covers 30,952 km (19,233 mi). The <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Communications_and_Transportation_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of Communications and Transportation (Mexico)">Secretary of Communications and Transport</a> of Mexico proposed a high-speed rail link that will transport its passengers from <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-azcentral.com-243">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> The train, which will travel at 300 kilometers per hour (190 miles per hour),<a href="#cite_note-systra.com-245">[242]</a> will allow passengers to travel from Mexico City to Guadalajara in just 2 hours.<a href="#cite_note-systra.com-245">[242]</a> The whole project was projected to cost 240 billion <a href="/wiki/MXN" class="mw-redirect" title="MXN">pesos</a>, or about 25 billion US$<a href="#cite_note-azcentral.com-243">[240]</a> and is being paid for jointly by the Mexican government and the local private sector including one of the wealthiest men in the world, Mexico's billionaire business tycoon <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Slim" title="Carlos Slim">Carlos Slim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> The federal government has also been funding the construction of an <a href="/wiki/Tren_Maya" title="Tren Maya">inter city railway line</a> connecting cities such as <a href="/wiki/Cozumel" title="Cozumel">Cozumel</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>, Cancún and <a href="/wiki/Palenque,_Chiapas" title="Palenque, Chiapas">Palenque</a>;<a href="#cite_note-BBCM-247">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/El_Insurgente" title="El Insurgente">another inter city train</a> connecting the city of Toluca and Mexico City<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> and has restored the <a href="/wiki/Tren_Interoce%C3%A1nico" title="Tren Interoceánico">Interoceanic train corridor</a>, which connects the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> Mexico has 233 airports with paved runways; of these, 10 carry 72% of national cargo and 97% of international cargo.<a href="#cite_note-Transporteaereo-250">[247]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_International_Airport" title="Mexico City International Airport">Mexico City International Airport</a> remains the busiest in Latin America and the 36th busiest in the world<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> transporting 45 million passengers a year.<a href="#cite_note-aicmstats-252">[249]</a> Two additional airports operate simultaneously to help relieve congestion from the Mexico City International Airport: the <a href="/wiki/Toluca_International_Airport" title="Toluca International Airport">Toluca International Airport</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Felipe_%C3%81ngeles_International_Airport" title="Felipe Ángeles International Airport">Felipe Ángeles International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico" title="Demographics of Mexico">Demographics of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_Population_Density,_2000_(5457623058).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mexico_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457623058%29.jpg/220px-Mexico_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457623058%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mexico_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457623058%29.jpg/330px-Mexico_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457623058%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mexico_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457623058%29.jpg/440px-Mexico_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457623058%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2513" data-file-height="3194" /></a><figcaption>Population density of Mexico</figcaption></figure> According to Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_y_Geograf%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía">National Geography and Statistics Institute</a>, the country's estimated population in 2022 was of 129,150,971 people.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> Since at least the 1970s, Mexico has been the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Spanishhistory-255">[252]</a> Throughout the 19th century, the population of Mexico had barely doubled. This trend continued during the first two decades of the 20th century, in 1900 the Mexican population was a little more than 13 million.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> The Mexican Revolution (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910–1920) greatly impacted population growth with the 1921 census reporting a loss of about 1 million inhabitants. The growth rate increased dramatically between the 1930s and the 1980s when the country registered growth rates of over 3% (1950–1980). The Mexican population doubled in twenty years, and at that rate, it was expected that by 2000 there would be 120 million people living in Mexico. Mexico's population grew from 70 million in 1982<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> to 123.5 million inhabitants in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> Life expectancy increased from 36 years in 1895 to 75 years in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_race">Ethnicity and race</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexicans</a></div> Mexico's population is highly diverse, but research on Mexican ethnicity has felt the impact of nationalist discourses on identity.<a href="#cite_note-Knight,_Alan_1990._pp._78-259">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated115-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-census-261">[258]</a> Since the 1930s, the Mexican government has promoted the view that all Mexicans are part of the <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> community, within which they are distinguished only by residence in or outside of an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">indigenous community</a>, degree of fluency in an indigenous language, and degree of adherence to indigenous customs,<a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-262">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-redalyc-263">[260]</a> according to Mexico's 2020 census, 6.1% of Mexico's population speaks an Indigenous language and 19.4% of the population identifies as indigenous.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-1">[1]</a> It is not until very recently that the Mexican government began conducting surveys that account for other ethnic groups that live in the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Afro-Mexicans</a> (who comprised 2% of Mexico's population in 2020)<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-1">[1]</a> or <a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">White Mexicans</a> who range from 27%<a href="#cite_note-ENADIS2017-1-264">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> to 47%<a href="#cite_note-conapred21Marzo-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMSI2-267">[264]</a> of the population using skin color as reference.<a href="#cite_note-ElUniversal-268">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-269">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexicans" title="Asian Mexicans">Asians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Mexicans" title="Arab Mexicans">Middle Easterners</a> represent around 1% of the population each. While Mestizos are a prominent ethnic group in contemporary Mexico, the subjective and ever-changing definition of this category has led to its estimations being imprecise.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-mestizajeenmexico-271">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages of Mexico</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> national language spoken by the vast majority of the population, making Mexico the world's most populous <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Hispanophone</a> country.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spanishhistory-255">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language spoken in the country, which differs from one region to another in sound, structure, and vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner2001443,_444,_445-273">[270]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png/220px-Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png/330px-Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png/440px-Mapa_de_lenguas_de_M%C3%A9xico_%2B_100_000.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Map for the year 2000 of the indigenous languages of Mexico having more than 100,000 speakers</figcaption></figure> The federal government officially recognizes <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico#Indigenous_languages" title="Languages of Mexico">sixty-eight linguistic groups and 364 varieties of indigenous languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> It is estimated that around 8.3 million citizens speak these languages,<a href="#cite_note-Indigenous_Languages-275">[272]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> being the most widely spoken by more than 1.7 million, followed by <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a> used daily by nearly 850,000 people. <a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_language" title="Tzeltal language">Tzeltal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tzotzil_language" title="Tzotzil language">Tzotzil</a>, two other <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a>, are spoken by around half a million people each, primarily in the southern state of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Indigenous_Languages-275">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixtec_languages" title="Mixtec languages">Mixtec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a>, with an estimated 500,000 native speakers each, are two other prominent language groups.<a href="#cite_note-Indigenous_Languages-275">[272]</a> Since its creation in March 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Lenguas_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas">National Indigenous Languages Institute</a> has been in charge of promoting and protecting the use of the country's indigenous languages, through the <a href="/wiki/Ley_General_de_Derechos_Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticos_de_los_Pueblos_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas">General Law of Indigenous Peoples' Linguistic Rights</a>, which recognizes them <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> as "national languages" with status equal to that of Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> That notwithstanding, in practice, indigenous peoples often face discrimination and do not have full access to public services such as education and healthcare, or to the justice system, as Spanish is the prevailing language.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> Aside from indigenous languages, there are several minority languages spoken in Mexico due to international migration such as <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> by the 80,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Mexico" title="Mennonites in Mexico">Mennonite population</a>, primarily settled in the northern states, fueled by the tolerance of the federal government towards this community by allowing them to set their educational system compatible with their customs and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo dialect</a>, a variance of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian language</a>, is spoken in the town of <a href="/wiki/Chipilo" title="Chipilo">Chipilo</a>, located in the central state of <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, by around 2,500 people, mainly descendants of Venetians that migrated to the area in the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">English</a> is the most commonly taught foreign language in Mexico. It is estimated that nearly 24 million, or around a fifth of the population, study the language through public schools, private institutions, or self-access channels,<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> however, a high level of English proficiency is limited to only 5% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is the second most widely taught foreign language, as every year between 200,000 and 250,000 Mexican students enroll in language courses.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration_and_immigration">Emigration and immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Mexico" title="Emigration from Mexico">Emigration from Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration to Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Border_USA_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Border_USA_Mexico.jpg/220px-Border_USA_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Border_USA_Mexico.jpg/330px-Border_USA_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Border_USA_Mexico.jpg/440px-Border_USA_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">Mexico–United States barrier</a> between <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>'s border patrol offices in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, US (left) and <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a>, Mexico (right)</figcaption></figure> As of 2019, it is estimated that 11.7 million Mexicans live outside Mexico, in addition to 13.5 million born abroad and another 12 million descendants; the vast majority of this combined population (98–99%) are in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> The largest Mexican communities outside Mexico are in the metropolitan areas of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles metropolitan area">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area" title="Chicago metropolitan area">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> Between 1965 and 2015, more than 16 million Mexicans migrated to the United States alone—by far the top destination for both temporary and permanent migration—representing one of the largest mass migrations in modern history.<a href="#cite_note-:3-287">[284]</a> As a result of these major migration flows in recent decades, an estimated 37.2 million U.S. residents, or 11.2% of the country's population, identified as being of full or partial Mexican ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> Among the remaining 2% of Mexican expatriates not residing in the U.S., the most popular destinations are <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (86,780), primarily the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>,<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>; the latter two countries account for two-thirds of all Mexicans living in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Migration_Yearbook-291">[288]</a> It is estimated that 69,000 Mexicans live in Latin America, led by <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (18,870) followed by <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (10,610), <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (10,560), and <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> (5,000).<a href="#cite_note-Migration_Yearbook-291">[288]</a> Historically, and relative to other countries in the Western Hemisphere, Mexico has not been a destination of mass migration.<a href="#cite_note-:4-292">[289]</a> As of 2020, an estimated 1.2 million foreigners settled in Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-UN2017-293">[290]</a> up from nearly 1 million in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> In 2021, Mexico officially received 68,000 new immigrants, a 16% increase from the prior year;<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> the overall number of migrants, including those unauthorized to enter or stay in the country, may be higher than official figures.<a href="#cite_note-:4-292">[289]</a> The vast majority of migrants in Mexico come from the United States (900,000), making Mexico the top destination for <a href="/wiki/American_immigration_to_Mexico" title="American immigration to Mexico">U.S. citizens abroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> The second largest group comes from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> (54,500), followed by <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (27,600).<a href="#cite_note-UN2017-293">[290]</a> Other major sources of migration are fellow Latin American countries, which include <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (20,600), <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (19,200) and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (18,100).<a href="#cite_note-UN2017-293">[290]</a> Communities descended from the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Mexicans" title="Lebanese Mexicans">Lebanese diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Mexico" title="Mennonites in Mexico">German-born Mennonites</a> have had an outsized impact in the country's culture, particularly in its cuisine and traditional music.<a href="#cite_note-Garcia_2005-297">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_areas">Urban areas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas of Mexico</a></div> In 2020 there were 48 metropolitan areas in Mexico, in which close to 53% of the country's population lives.<a href="#cite_note-metro-299">[296]</a> The most populous metropolitan area in Mexico is the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, or <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Greater Mexico City</a>, which in 2020 had a population of 21.8 million, or around 18% of the nation's population. The next four largest metropolitan areas in Mexico are <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Metropolitan area">Greater Monterrey</a> (5.3 million), <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara Metropolitan Area">Greater Guadalajara</a> (5.2 million), <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_of_Puebla" title="Metropolitan area of Puebla">Greater Puebla</a> (3.2 million) and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toluca" title="Greater Toluca">Greater Toluca</a> (2.3 million).<a href="#cite_note-census2020-300">[297]</a> Urban areas contain 76.81% of Mexico's total population.<a href="#cite_note-programa-301">[298]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Template:Largest metropolitan areas of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Largest metropolitan areas of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest metropolitan areas of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">metropolitan areas</a> in Mexico <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2020 National Population Census<a href="#cite_note-census2020-300">[297]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Mexico">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Mexico">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valley of Mexico"><img alt="Valley of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg/120px-Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg/180px-Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg/240px-Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7666" data-file-height="4791" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Valley of Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monterrey"><img alt="Monterrey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg/120px-Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg/180px-Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg/240px-Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2080" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Metropolitan area">Monterrey</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Valley of Mexico</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City, State of Mexico, Hidalgo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,804,515</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguascalientes City">Aguascalientes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,225,432 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara,_Jalisco,_Mexico_(2021)_-_166.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guadalajara"><img alt="Guadalajara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg/120px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg/180px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg/240px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara Metropolitan Area">Guadalajara</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_(M%C3%A9xico)_al_amanecer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puebla–Tlaxcala"><img alt="Puebla–Tlaxcala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg/120px-Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg/180px-Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg/240px-Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_of_Puebla" title="Metropolitan area of Puebla">Puebla–Tlaxcala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Metropolitan area">Monterrey</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,341,171</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="Greater San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,221,526 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara Metropolitan Area">Guadalajara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,286,642</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,201,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_of_Puebla" title="Metropolitan area of Puebla">Puebla–Tlaxcala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla, Tlaxcala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,199,530</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mexicali" title="Mexicali">Mexicali</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,031,779 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toluca" title="Greater Toluca">Toluca</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,353,924</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,031,779 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_metropolitan_area" title="Tijuana metropolitan area">Tijuana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,157,853</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,028,589 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan area of León">León</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,924,771</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Culiac%C3%A1n" title="Culiacán">Culiacán</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,003,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_metropolitan_area" title="Querétaro metropolitan area">Querétaro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,594,212</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">988,704 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Juárez</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,512,450</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Chihuahua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">988,065 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Comarca_Lagunera" title="Comarca Lagunera">La Laguna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila, Durango</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,434,283</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">939,046 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion in Mexico</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 7957.3282711643px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 174.04589014632px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 169.0907655785px; border-left-color:Salmon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Salmon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Salmon"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 120.87923504096px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 17.776701109021px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Mexico (2020 census)<a href="#cite_note-2020-census-302">[299]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Catholicism</a> (77.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Mexico" title="Protestantism in Mexico">Protestantism</a> (11.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Unaffiliated (2.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other religions (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Mexico" title="Irreligion in Mexico">No religion</a> (8.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> Although the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1857">Constitutions of 1857</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1917">1917</a> put limits on the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, Roman Catholicism remains the country's dominant religious affiliation. The 2020 census by the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_y_Geograf%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía">Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía</a> (National Institute of Statistics and Geography) gives <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Mexico">Roman Catholicism</a> as the main religion, with 77.8% (97,864,218) of the population, while 11.2% (14,095,307) belong to Protestant/Evangelical Christian denominations—including Other <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> (6,778,435), <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">Evangelicals</a> (2,387,133), <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a> (1,179,415), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (1,530,909), <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a> (791,109), and members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (337,998)—; 8.1% (9,488,671) declared having <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Mexico" title="Irreligion in Mexico">no religion</a>; 0.4% (491,814) were unspecified.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-religion2020-303">[300]</a> The 97,864,218<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-1">[1]</a> Catholics of Mexico constitute in absolute terms the second largest Catholic community in the world, after <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>'s.<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a> 47% percent of them attend church services weekly.<a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> is the second Christian creed in Mexico, with more than 1.3 million adherents. Migratory phenomena have led to the spread of different aspects of Christianity, including branches <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cristianismosorientales-306">[303]</a> According to the 2020 census, there are 58,876 Jews in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-1">[1]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Jews in Mexico</a> dates back to the 16th century when Spaniards arrived to the Americas, however the modern Jewish Community began to be formed in the late 19th and early 20th century when Jews from Europe and the Ottoman Empire immigrated to the country due to instability and anti-semitism.<a href="#cite_note-MexicanJewish-307">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mexico" title="Islam in Mexico">Islam in Mexico</a> (with 7,982 members) is practiced mostly by <a href="/wiki/Arab_Mexican" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Mexican">Arab Mexicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-1">[1]</a> In the 2020 census 36,764 Mexicans reported belonging to a spiritualist religion,<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-1">[1]</a> a category which includes a tiny <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Buddhist</a> population and about 74 thousand people reported to practice religions with "ethnic roots" (religions mostly African and indigenous origins).<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-1">[1]</a> There is often a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> between <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> and Catholic traditions. Another religion of popular syncretism in Mexico (especially in recent years) is the <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>, mainly due to the large number of Cubans who settled in the territory after the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> One of the most exemplary cases of popular religiosity is the cult of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Holy Dead</a> (Santa Muerte). Other examples are the representations of the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Passion of Christ</a> and the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a>, which take place within the framework of the Catholic Christian imaginary, but under a very particular reinterpretation.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mexico" title="Healthcare in Mexico">Healthcare in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Salud,_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.,_M%C3%A9xico,_2013-10-13,_DD_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Salud%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-13%2C_DD_12.jpg/220px-Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Salud%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-13%2C_DD_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Salud%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-13%2C_DD_12.jpg/330px-Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Salud%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-13%2C_DD_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Salud%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-13%2C_DD_12.jpg/440px-Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Salud%2C_M%C3%A9xico_D.F.%2C_M%C3%A9xico%2C_2013-10-13%2C_DD_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3398" data-file-height="2174" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Health_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of Health (Mexico)">Secretariat of Health</a>, Mexico City, Mexico</figcaption></figure> In the 1930s, Mexico made a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">rural health care</a>, mandating that mostly urban medical students receive training in it and to make them agents of the state to assess marginal areas.<a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a> Since the early 1990s, Mexico entered a transitional stage in the health of its population and some indicators such as mortality patterns are identical to those found in highly developed countries like Germany or Japan.<a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a> Mexico's medical infrastructure is highly rated for the most part and is usually excellent in major cities,<a href="#cite_note-Health_Care_in_Mexico-312">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a> but rural communities still lack equipment for advanced medical procedures, forcing patients in those locations to travel to the closest urban areas to get specialized medical care.<a href="#cite_note-brit-mex-150">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_Mexico" title="Social determinants of health in Mexico">Social determinants of health</a> can be used to evaluate the state of health in Mexico. State-funded institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Social_Security_Institute" title="Mexican Social Security Institute">Mexican Social Security Institute</a> (IMSS) and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Security_and_Services_for_State_Workers" title="Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers">Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers</a> (ISSSTE) play a major role in health and social security. Private health services are also very important and account for 13% of all medical units in the country.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> Medical training is done mostly at public universities with many specializations done in vocational or internship settings. Some public universities in Mexico, such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guadalajara" title="University of Guadalajara">University of Guadalajara</a>, have signed agreements with the U.S. to receive and train American students in medicine. Health care costs in private institutions and prescription drugs in Mexico are on average lower than that of its North American economic partners.<a href="#cite_note-Health_Care_in_Mexico-312">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Education in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-_panoramio_(2288).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/-_panoramio_%282288%29.jpg/220px--_panoramio_%282288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/-_panoramio_%282288%29.jpg/330px--_panoramio_%282288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/-_panoramio_%282288%29.jpg/440px--_panoramio_%282288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2721" data-file-height="1635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Library_(UNAM)" title="Central Library (UNAM)">Central Library</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2020, the literacy rate in Mexico is 95.25%, a slight increase from 94.86% in 2018, and significantly higher than 82.99% in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-315">[312]</a> Literacy between males and females is relatively equal. According to most rankings, the publicly funded <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a> (UNAM) is the best university in the country. Other prominent public universities include the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Polit%C3%A9cnico_Nacional" title="Instituto Politécnico Nacional">National Polythechnic Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana" title="Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana">Metropolitan Autonomous University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Guadalajara" title="University of Guadalajara">University of Guadalajara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_University_of_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Autonomous University of Nuevo León">Autonomous University of Nuevo León</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Colegio_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="El Colegio de México">El Colegio de México</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-316">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-317">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-318">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> In terms of private academic institutions, among the most highly ranked is the <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education" title="Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education">Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education</a>; other prominent private universities include <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Iberoamericana" title="Universidad Iberoamericana">Universidad Iberoamericana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panamerican_University" title="Panamerican University">Universidad Panamericana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_Aut%C3%B3nomo_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México">ITAM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universidad_An%C3%A1huac_M%C3%A9xico" title="Universidad Anáhuac México">Universidad Anáhuac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-316">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-317">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-318">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Culture of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:211-ANIVERSARIO-DEL-GRITO-DE-INDEPENDENCIA_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/211-ANIVERSARIO-DEL-GRITO-DE-INDEPENDENCIA_%283%29.jpg/220px-211-ANIVERSARIO-DEL-GRITO-DE-INDEPENDENCIA_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/211-ANIVERSARIO-DEL-GRITO-DE-INDEPENDENCIA_%283%29.jpg/330px-211-ANIVERSARIO-DEL-GRITO-DE-INDEPENDENCIA_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/211-ANIVERSARIO-DEL-GRITO-DE-INDEPENDENCIA_%283%29.jpg/440px-211-ANIVERSARIO-DEL-GRITO-DE-INDEPENDENCIA_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Dolores" title="Cry of Dolores">Cry of Dolores</a>. Every year on the eve of Independence Day, the President of Mexico re-enacts the cry from the balcony of the National Palace in Mexico City, </figcaption></figure> Mexican culture reflects a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">long and complex history</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_amalgamation" title="Cultural amalgamation">interactions</a> between various peoples through migration, conquest, and trade. Three centuries of Spanish rule resulted in the blending of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spanish culture</a> with those of different indigenous groups. Efforts to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilate</a> the native population into Christian European culture during the colonial era were only partially successful, with many pre-Columbian customs, traditions, and norms persisting regionally (particularly in rural areas) or becoming <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretized</a>; conversely, many Spanish settlers integrated into local communities through <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a> or intermarriage. However, a high degree of stratification along the lines of class, ethnicity, and race perpetuated distinct subcultures.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> The Porfirian era (<a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">el Porfiriato</a>) (1876–1911), which brough relative peace after four decades of civil unrest and war, saw the development of philosophy and art, often with government support. Since that time, as accentuated during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, cultural identity has had its foundation in mestizaje: the blending of different races and cultures, of which the indigenous (i.e. Amerindian) element is the core.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In light of the various ethnicities that formed the Mexican people, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> in La Raza Cósmica (The Cosmic Race) (1925) defined Mexico and Latin America to be the melting pot of all races (thus extending the definition of the mestizo) not only biologically but culturally as well.<a href="#cite_note-vasconcelos160-321">[318]</a> Other Mexican intellectuals grappled with the idea of Lo Mexicano, which seeks "to discover the national ethos of Mexican culture."<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> explores the notion of a Mexican national character in <a href="/wiki/The_Labyrinth_of_Solitude" title="The Labyrinth of Solitude">The Labyrinth of Solitude</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_art" title="Mexican art">Mexican art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_Rivera_and_Frida_Kahlo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Diego_Rivera_and_Frida_Kahlo.jpg/170px-Diego_Rivera_and_Frida_Kahlo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Diego_Rivera_and_Frida_Kahlo.jpg/255px-Diego_Rivera_and_Frida_Kahlo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Diego_Rivera_and_Frida_Kahlo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a>, two of the most famous Mexican artists</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a> is one of the oldest arts in Mexico. Cave painting in Mexican territory is about 7500 years old and has been found in the caves of the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Peninsula">Baja California Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> Pre-Columbian Mexican art is present in buildings and caves, in <a href="/wiki/Aztec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec codices">Aztec codices</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ceramics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics">ceramics</a>, in garments, etc.; examples of this are the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> mural paintings of <a href="/wiki/Bonampak" title="Bonampak">Bonampak</a> or the murals found in <a href="/wiki/Teotihuac%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Teotihuacán">Teotihuacán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cacaxtla" title="Cacaxtla">Cacaxtla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monte_Alb%C3%A1n" title="Monte Albán">Monte Albán</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacLachlan-42">[39]</a> Mural painting with Christian religious themes had an important flowering during the 16th century, early colonial era in newly constructed churches and monasteries. Examples can be found in <a href="/wiki/Acolman" title="Acolman">Acolman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actopan,_Hidalgo" title="Actopan, Hidalgo">Actopan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huejotzingo" title="Huejotzingo">Huejotzingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tecamachalco,_Puebla" title="Tecamachalco, Puebla">Tecamachalco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinacantepec" title="Zinacantepec">Zinacantepec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mexorg-324">[321]</a> As with most art during the early modern era in the West, colonial-era Mexican art was religious during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Starting in the late seventeenth century, and, most prominently in the eighteenth century, secular portraits and images of racial types, so-called <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">casta painting</a> appeared.<a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a> Important painters of the late colonial period were <a href="/wiki/Juan_Correa" title="Juan Correa">Juan Correa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Villalpando" title="Cristóbal de Villalpando">Cristóbal de Villalpando</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera_(painter)" title="Miguel Cabrera (painter)">Miguel Cabrera</a>. In early post-independence Mexico, nineteenth-century painting had a marked romantic influence; landscapes and portraits were the greatest expressions of this era. <a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Bustos" title="Hermenegildo Bustos">Hermenegildo Bustos</a> is one of the most appreciated painters of the <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> of Mexican art. Other painters include <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Rebull" class="extiw" title="es:Santiago Rebull">Santiago Rebull</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Parra" title="Félix Parra">Félix Parra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Landesio" title="Eugenio Landesio">Eugenio Landesio</a>, and his noted pupil, the landscape artist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Velasco_G%C3%B3mez" title="José María Velasco Gómez">José María Velasco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murales_Rivera_-_Markt_in_Tlatelolco_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Murales_Rivera_-_Markt_in_Tlatelolco_3.jpg/220px-Murales_Rivera_-_Markt_in_Tlatelolco_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Murales_Rivera_-_Markt_in_Tlatelolco_3.jpg/330px-Murales_Rivera_-_Markt_in_Tlatelolco_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Murales_Rivera_-_Markt_in_Tlatelolco_3.jpg/440px-Murales_Rivera_-_Markt_in_Tlatelolco_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Mural by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> showing the pre-Columbian <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenochtitlán">Tenochtitlán</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)" title="National Palace (Mexico)">Palacio Nacional</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the 20th century artists such as <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">José Clemente Orozco</a>, the so-called "Big Three" of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a> achieved worldwide recognition. They were commissioned by the Mexican government to paint large-scale historical murals on the walls of public buildings, which helped shape popular perceptions of the Mexican Revolution and Mexican cultural identity.<a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a>'s largely personal portraiture is considered by many as the most important historical work by a female artist.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> In the 21st century, Mexico City became home to the highest concentration of art museums in the world. Institutions like the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Jumex" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Jumex">Museo Jumex</a>, the largest collection of its kind, founded by collector <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_L%C3%B3pez_Alonso" title="Eugenio López Alonso">Eugenio López Alonso</a> and bolstered by art advisor <a href="/wiki/Esthella_Provas" title="Esthella Provas">Esthella Provas</a>, changed the notion of contemporary art in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Museo_Tamayo_Arte_Contemporaneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Tamayo Arte Contemporaneo">Museo Tamayo Arte Contemporaneous</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Rufino_Tamayo" title="Rufino Tamayo">Rufino Tamayo</a> is also considered a preeminent institution and introduced foreign artists to a wider population.<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> The country is also an epicenter for International art galleries including <a href="/wiki/Kurimanzutto" title="Kurimanzutto">Kurimanzutto</a> and <a href="/wiki/FF_Projects" title="FF Projects">FF Projects</a>,<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[330]</a> and leading artists including <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Orozco" title="Gabriel Orozco">Gabriel Orozco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosco_Sodi" title="Bosco Sodi">Bosco Sodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Br%C3%BCggemann" title="Stefan Brüggemann">Stefan Brüggemann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Garc%C3%ADa_Torres" title="Mario García Torres">Mario García Torres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico" title="Architecture of Mexico">Architecture of Mexico</a></div>The architecture of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican civilizations</a> evolved in style from simple to complex. Teotihuacan, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, is one of the foremost examples of ancient pyramid construction. The cities of the Maya stand out to modern architects as examples of integration between large urban centers (with elaborate stone construction) and a thick jungle, generally with a complex network of roads. Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica also saw distinctive architectural influences from the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puuc" title="Puuc">Puuc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">oasiamerican</a> peoples.<a href="#cite_note-MacLachlan-42">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes,_Mexico_City,_MX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes%2C_Mexico_City%2C_MX.jpg/220px-Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes%2C_Mexico_City%2C_MX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes%2C_Mexico_City%2C_MX.jpg/330px-Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes%2C_Mexico_City%2C_MX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes%2C_Mexico_City%2C_MX.jpg/440px-Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes%2C_Mexico_City%2C_MX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4735" data-file-height="3157" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Palacio de Bellas Artes">Palacio de Bellas Artes</a> (Palace of Fine Arts), with numerous murals, artworks and a major performance space</figcaption></figure> With the arrival of the Spanish, architectural theories of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order">Greco-Latin order</a> with <a href="/wiki/Arab_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab architecture">Arab influences</a> were introduced. In the first few decades of Spanish presence in the continent, the high level of Christian missionary activity, especially by mendicant orders like the Dominicans or Franciscans, meant the construction of many <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_monasteries_in_Mexico" title="Mendicant monasteries in Mexico">monasteries</a>, often with Romanesque, Gothic or Mudéjar elements. In addition, the interaction between Spaniards and Indigenous people gave rise to artistic styles such as the <a href="/wiki/Tequitqui" title="Tequitqui">tequitqui</a> (from the Nahuatl: worker or builder). Years later, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerist</a> styles prevailed in large cathedrals and civil buildings, while in rural areas, haciendas or stately estates with <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic architecture">Mozarabic</a> tendencies were built.<a href="#cite_note-mexorg-324">[321]</a> In the 19th century, the neoclassical movement arose as the country gained independence and sought to establish itself as a republic. A famous example is the <a href="/wiki/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Hospicio Cabañas">Hospicio Cabañas</a>, an orphanage and hospital complex completed in 1829. The art nouveau, and the art deco were styles introduced into the design of the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Palacio de Bellas Artes">Palacio de Bellas Artes</a> to mark the identity of the Mexican nation with Greek-Roman and pre-Columbian symbols.<a href="#cite_note-lonely-335">[332]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciudad_de_Mexico_-_1194_-_Auditorio_Nacional.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ciudad_de_Mexico_-_1194_-_Auditorio_Nacional.jpg/220px-Ciudad_de_Mexico_-_1194_-_Auditorio_Nacional.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ciudad_de_Mexico_-_1194_-_Auditorio_Nacional.jpg/330px-Ciudad_de_Mexico_-_1194_-_Auditorio_Nacional.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ciudad_de_Mexico_-_1194_-_Auditorio_Nacional.jpg/440px-Ciudad_de_Mexico_-_1194_-_Auditorio_Nacional.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Auditorio_Nacional_(Mexico)" title="Auditorio Nacional (Mexico)">The National Auditorium</a></figcaption></figure> As a new sense of nationalism developed in the 20th century, a strengthened central government issued formal policies that sought to use architecture to show Mexico's modernity and differentiation from other nations. The development of Mexican modernist architecture was especially manifested in the mid-1950s construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Universitaria,_Mexico_City" title="Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City">Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City</a>, the main campus of the <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a>. Designed by the most prestigious architects of the era, including <a href="/wiki/Mario_Pani" title="Mario Pani">Mario Pani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Peschard" title="Eugenio Peschard">Eugenio Peschard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enrique_del_Moral" title="Enrique del Moral">Enrique del Moral</a>, the buildings feature murals by artists <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A1vez_Morado" title="José Chávez Morado">José Chávez Morado</a>. It has since been recognized as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-336">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_O%27Gorman" title="Juan O'Gorman">Juan O'Gorman</a> was one of the first environmental architects in modern Mexico to develop the "organic" theory, trying to integrate buildings onto the landscape within the same approaches of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> In the search for a new architecture that does not resemble the styles of the past, it achieves a joint manifestation with the mural painting and the <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a>. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Luis Barragán">Luis Barragán</a> combined the shape of the space with forms of rural vernacular architecture of Mexico and Mediterranean countries (Spain-Morocco), integrating color that handles light and shade in different tones and opens a look at the international <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalism</a>. He won the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Prize">Pritzker Prize</a>, the highest award in architecture.<a href="#cite_note-eighty-338">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican cuisine</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexican wine</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_restaurants_in_Mexico" title="List of restaurants in Mexico">List of restaurants in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comida_en_la_Feria_del_Mole_2014_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Comida_en_la_Feria_del_Mole_2014_12.JPG/220px-Comida_en_la_Feria_del_Mole_2014_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Comida_en_la_Feria_del_Mole_2014_12.JPG/330px-Comida_en_la_Feria_del_Mole_2014_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Comida_en_la_Feria_del_Mole_2014_12.JPG/440px-Comida_en_la_Feria_del_Mole_2014_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mole_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole sauce">Mole sauce</a>, which has dozens of varieties across the Republic, is seen as a symbol of Mexicanidad<a href="#cite_note-Mole-339">[336]</a> and is considered Mexico's national dish.<a href="#cite_note-Mole-339">[336]</a></figcaption></figure> The origin of the current Mexican cuisine was established during the Spanish colonial era, a mixture of the foods of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> with native indigenous ingredients.<a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> Foods indigenous to Mexico include <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">pepper vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabaza" title="Calabaza">calabazas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey as food">turkey</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, and other fruits and spices. Similarly, some cooking techniques used today are inherited from pre-Columbian peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nixtamalization" title="Nixtamalization">nixtamalization</a> of corn, the cooking of food in ovens at ground level, grinding in <a href="/wiki/Molcajete" title="Molcajete">molcajete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">metate</a>. With the Spaniards came the pork, beef and chicken meats; <a href="/wiki/Piper_(plant)" title="Piper (plant)">peppercorn</a>, sugar, milk and all its derivatives, wheat and rice, citrus fruits and another constellation of ingredients that are part of the daily diet of Mexicans. From this meeting of two millennia old culinary traditions, were born <a href="/wiki/Pozole" title="Pozole">pozole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mole_sauce" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole sauce">mole sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbacoa" title="Barbacoa">barbacoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">tamale</a> in its current forms, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, a large range of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_breads" title="Mexican breads">breads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taco" title="Taco">tacos</a>, and the broad repertoire of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_street_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican street food">Mexican street foods</a>. Beverages such as <a href="/wiki/Atole" title="Atole">atole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">champurrado</a>, milk chocolate and <a href="/wiki/Aguas_frescas" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguas frescas">aguas frescas</a> were born; desserts such as <a href="/wiki/Acitr%C3%B3n" title="Acitrón">acitrón</a> and the full range of crystallized sweets, <a href="/wiki/Rompope" title="Rompope">rompope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajeta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajeta">cajeta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jericaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jericaya (page does not exist)">jericaya</a> and the wide repertoire of delights created in the convents of nuns in all parts of the country. In 2005, Mexico presented the candidature of its gastronomy for <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> of UNESCO, the first time a country had presented its gastronomic tradition for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> The result was negative, because the committee did not place the proper emphasis on the importance of <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a> in Mexican cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> On 16 November 2010 Mexican gastronomy was recognized as <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GastronomiaPatrimonio-343">[340]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Daniela_Soto-Innes" title="Daniela Soto-Innes">Daniela Soto-Innes</a> was named the best female chef in the world by The World's Best 50 Restaurants in April 2019 and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Reygadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Reygadas">Elena Reygadas</a> in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-344">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Mexican literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octavio_Paz_-_1988_Malm%C3%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Octavio_Paz_-_1988_Malm%C3%B6.jpg/170px-Octavio_Paz_-_1988_Malm%C3%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Octavio_Paz_-_1988_Malm%C3%B6.jpg/255px-Octavio_Paz_-_1988_Malm%C3%B6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Octavio_Paz_-_1988_Malm%C3%B6.jpg/340px-Octavio_Paz_-_1988_Malm%C3%B6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a>, the only Mexican awarded with the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></figcaption></figure> Mexican literature has its antecedents in the literature of the indigenous settlements of Mesoamerica. Poetry had a rich cultural tradition in pre-Columbian Mexico, being divided into two broad categories—secular and religious. Aztec poetry was sung, chanted, or spoken, often to the accompaniment of a drum or a harp. While Tenochtitlan was the political capital, <a href="/wiki/Texcoco_(altepetl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco (altepetl)">Texcoco</a> was the cultural center; the Texcocan language was considered the most melodious and refined. The best well-known pre-Columbian poet is <a href="/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl_(tlatoani)" title="Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)">Nezahualcoyotl</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> There are historical chronicles of the conquest of the Aztec Empire by participants, and, later, by historians. <a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Historia_verdadera_de_la_conquista_de_la_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España">True History of the Conquest of the New Spain</a> is still widely read today. Spanish-born poet <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_Balbuena" title="Bernardo de Balbuena">Bernardo de Balbuena</a> extolled the virtues of Mexico in Grandeza mexicana (Mexican Grandeur) (1604). <a href="/wiki/Baroque_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque literature">Baroque literature</a> flourished in the 17th century; the most notable writers of this period were <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ruiz de Alarcón">Juan Ruiz de Alarcón</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" title="Juana Inés de la Cruz">Juana Inés de la Cruz</a>. Sor Juana was famous in her own time, called the "Ten Muse".<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-346">[343]</a> Nineteenth-century liberal of Nahua origin <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Manuel_Altamirano" title="Ignacio Manuel Altamirano">Ignacio Manuel Altamirano</a> is an important writer of the era, along with <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Riva_Palacio" title="Vicente Riva Palacio">Vicente Riva Palacio</a>, the grandson of Mexican hero of independence <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a>, who authored a series of historical novels as well as poetry, the late colonial-era novel by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lizardi" title="José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi">José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mangy_Parrot" title="The Mangy Parrot">The Mangy Parrot</a> ("El Periquillo Sarniento"), is said to be the first Latin American novel.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-346">[343]</a> In the modern era, the novel of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Azuela" title="Mariano Azuela">Mariano Azuela</a> (Los de abajo, translated to English as <a href="/wiki/The_Underdogs_(novel)" title="The Underdogs (novel)">The Underdogs</a>) is noteworthy. Poet and Nobel Laureate <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a>, novelist <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Reyes" title="Alfonso Reyes">Alfonso Reyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Leduc" title="Renato Leduc">Renato Leduc</a>, essayist <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Monsiv%C3%A1is" title="Carlos Monsiváis">Carlos Monsiváis</a>, journalist and public intellectual <a href="/wiki/Elena_Poniatowska" title="Elena Poniatowska">Elena Poniatowska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rulfo" title="Juan Rulfo">Juan Rulfo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pedro_P%C3%A1ramo" title="Pedro Páramo">Pedro Páramo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Luis_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Martín Luis Guzmán">Martín Luis Guzmán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Campobello" title="Nellie Campobello">Nellie Campobello</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Cartucho" title="Cartucho">Cartucho</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Cinema of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n,_President_jury_Venezia_72_(25805089406)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n%2C_President_jury_Venezia_72_%2825805089406%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n%2C_President_jury_Venezia_72_%2825805089406%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n%2C_President_jury_Venezia_72_%2825805089406%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n%2C_President_jury_Venezia_72_%2825805089406%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n%2C_President_jury_Venezia_72_%2825805089406%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n%2C_President_jury_Venezia_72_%2825805089406%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a>, the first Mexican filmmaker to win the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Academy Award for Best Director</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Mexican films</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Mexican_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Mexican cinema">Golden Age</a> in the 1940s and 1950s are the greatest examples of Latin American cinema, with a huge industry comparable to the Hollywood of those years. Mexican films were exported and exhibited in all of Latin America and Europe. <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Candelaria" title="María Candelaria">María Candelaria</a> (1943) by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Emilio Fernández">Emilio Fernández</a>, was one of the first films awarded a <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> in 1946, the first time the event was held after World War II. The famous Spanish-born director <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a> realized in Mexico between 1947 and 1965 some of his masterpieces like <a href="/wiki/Los_Olvidados" title="Los Olvidados">Los Olvidados</a> (1949) and <a href="/wiki/Viridiana" title="Viridiana">Viridiana</a> (1961). Famous actors and actresses from this period include <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_F%C3%A9lix" title="María Félix">María Félix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Infante" title="Pedro Infante">Pedro Infante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolores_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Dolores del Río">Dolores del Río</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Negrete" title="Jorge Negrete">Jorge Negrete</a> and the comedian <a href="/wiki/Cantinflas" title="Cantinflas">Cantinflas</a>. More recently, films such as <a href="/wiki/Like_Water_for_Chocolate_(film)" title="Like Water for Chocolate (film)">Como agua para chocolate</a> (1992), <a href="/wiki/Sexo,_pudor_y_l%C3%A1grimas" title="Sexo, pudor y lágrimas">Sex, Shame, and Tears</a> (1999), <a href="/wiki/Y_tu_mam%C3%A1_tambi%C3%A9n" title="Y tu mamá también">Y tu mamá también</a> (2001), and <a href="/wiki/El_crimen_del_Padre_Amaro" class="mw-redirect" title="El crimen del Padre Amaro">The Crime of Father Amaro</a> (2002) have been successful in creating universal stories about contemporary subjects, and were internationally recognized. Mexican directors <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babel_(film)" title="Babel (film)">Babel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birdman_(film)" title="Birdman (film)">Birdman</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Revenant_(2015_film)" title="The Revenant (2015 film)">The Revenant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bardo,_False_Chronicle_of_a_Handful_of_Truths" title="Bardo, False Chronicle of a Handful of Truths">Bardo, False Chronicle of a Handful of Truths</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (<a href="/wiki/A_Little_Princess_(1995_film)" title="A Little Princess (1995 film)">A Little Princess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravity_(2013_film)" title="Gravity (2013 film)">Gravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roma_(2018_film)" title="Roma (2018 film)">Roma</a>), <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pan%27s_Labyrinth" title="Pan's Labyrinth">Pan's Labyrinth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimson_Peak" title="Crimson Peak">Crimson Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Shape_of_Water" title="The Shape of Water">The Shape of Water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nightmare_Alley_(2021_film)" title="Nightmare Alley (2021 film)">Nightmare Alley</a>), screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Arriaga" title="Guillermo Arriaga">Guillermo Arriaga</a> and photographer <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Lubezki" title="Emmanuel Lubezki">Emmanuel Lubezki</a> are some of the most known present-day film makers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Music of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk dance of Mexico">Folk dance of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Infante_in_Habana,_Cuba,_c.1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white portrait of a middle aged man wearing a dark suit, glasses and looking down." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pedro_Infante_in_Habana%2C_Cuba%2C_c.1950s.jpg/170px-Pedro_Infante_in_Habana%2C_Cuba%2C_c.1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pedro_Infante_in_Habana%2C_Cuba%2C_c.1950s.jpg/255px-Pedro_Infante_in_Habana%2C_Cuba%2C_c.1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Pedro_Infante_in_Habana%2C_Cuba%2C_c.1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Infante" title="Pedro Infante">Pedro Infante</a> was one of the best <a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">ranchera</a> singers.</figcaption></figure> Mexico has a long tradition of music from the prehispanic era to the present. Much of the music from the colonial era was composed for religious purposes.<a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> Although the traditions of European opera and especially <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> had initially dominated the Mexican music conservatories and strongly influenced native opera composers (in both style and subject matter), elements of Mexican nationalism had already appeared by the latter part of the 19th century with operas such as <a href="/wiki/Aniceto_Ortega_del_Villar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniceto Ortega del Villar">Aniceto Ortega del Villar</a>'s 1871 <a href="/wiki/Guatimotzin" title="Guatimotzin">Guatimotzin</a>, a romanticized account of the defense of Mexico by its last <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a>. The most well-known Mexican composer of the twentieth century is <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Carlos Chávez">Carlos Chávez</a> (1899–1978), who composed six symphonies with indigenous themes, and rejuvenated Mexican music, founding the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional.<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> Traditional Mexican music includes <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">mariachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banda_music" title="Banda music">banda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">norteño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranchera" title="Ranchera">ranchera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">corridos</a>. Corridos were particularly popular during the Mexican Revolution (1910–20) and in the present era include <a href="/wiki/Narcocorridos" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcocorridos">narcocorridos</a>. The embrace of rock and roll by young Mexicans in the 1960s and 1970s brought Mexico into the transnational, counterculture movement of the era. In Mexico, the native rock culture merged into the larger countercultural and political movement of the late 1960s, culminating in the 1968 protests and redirected into counterculture rebellion, <a href="/wiki/La_Onda" title="La Onda">La Onda</a> (the wave).<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a> On an everyday basis most Mexicans listen to contemporary music such as <a href="/wiki/Mexican_pop_music" title="Mexican pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">rock</a>, and others in both English and Spanish. <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk dance of Mexico">Folk dance of Mexico</a> along with its music is both deeply regional and traditional. Founded in 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Ballet_Folkl%C3%B3rico_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Ballet Folklórico de México">Ballet Folklórico de México</a> performs music and dance of the prehispanic period through the Mexican Revolution in regional attire in the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Palacio de Bellas Artes">Palacio de Bellas Artes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican television">Mexican television</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Mexico" title="List of newspapers in Mexico">List of newspapers in Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_magazines" title="List of Mexican magazines">List of Mexican magazines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TELEVISA_CHAPULTEPEC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TELEVISA_CHAPULTEPEC.jpg/220px-TELEVISA_CHAPULTEPEC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TELEVISA_CHAPULTEPEC.jpg/330px-TELEVISA_CHAPULTEPEC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/TELEVISA_CHAPULTEPEC.jpg/440px-TELEVISA_CHAPULTEPEC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Televisa" title="Televisa">Televisa</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">Telenovelas</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Soap_operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Soap operas">soap operas</a> are very traditional in Mexico and are translated to many languages and seen all over the world. Mexico was a pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Edutainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Edutainment">edutainment</a>, with TV producer <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Sabido" title="Miguel Sabido">Miguel Sabido</a> creating in 1970s "soap operas for social change". The "Sabido method" has been adopted in many other countries subsequently, including India, Peru, Kenya, and China.<a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> The Mexican government successfully used a telenovela to promote family planning in the 1970s to curb the country's high birth rate.<a href="#cite_note-354">[351]</a> Bilingual government radio stations broadcasting in Spanish and indigenous languages were a tool for indigenous education (1958–65) and since 1979 the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_Indigenista" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional Indigenista">Instituto Nacional Indigenista</a> has established a national network of bilingual radio stations.<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> There was a major reform of the telecommunications industry in 2013, with the creation of new broadcast television channels. There had been a longstanding limitation on the number of networks, with <a href="/wiki/Televisa" title="Televisa">Televisa</a>, with a virtual monopoly; <a href="/wiki/TV_Azteca" title="TV Azteca">TV Azteca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imagen_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagen Television">Imagen Television</a>. New technology has allowed the entry of foreign satellite and cable companies. Mexico became the first Latin American country to transition from analog to all digital transmissions.<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mexico" title="Sport in Mexico">Sport in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobrevuelos_CDMX_IMG_5971_(25513748117).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sobrevuelos_CDMX_IMG_5971_%2825513748117%29.jpg/220px-Sobrevuelos_CDMX_IMG_5971_%2825513748117%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sobrevuelos_CDMX_IMG_5971_%2825513748117%29.jpg/330px-Sobrevuelos_CDMX_IMG_5971_%2825513748117%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sobrevuelos_CDMX_IMG_5971_%2825513748117%29.jpg/440px-Sobrevuelos_CDMX_IMG_5971_%2825513748117%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5013" data-file-height="3342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Estadio_Azteca" title="Estadio Azteca">Azteca Stadium</a>, Mexico City</figcaption></figure> Organized sport in Mexico largely dates from the late nineteenth century, with only <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfighting</a> having a long history dating to the early colonial era. Once the political turmoil of the early republic was replaced by the stability of the <a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a> did organized sport become public diversions, with structured and ordered play governed by rules and authorities. Baseball was introduced from the United States and also via Cuba in the 1880s and organized teams were created. After the Mexican Revolution, the government sponsored sports to counter the international image of political turmoil and violence.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-357">[354]</a> Mexico's most popular sport is association football. The bid to host the <a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Summer Olympics</a> was to burnish Mexico's stature internationally, with it being the first Latin American country to host the games. The government spent abundantly on sporting facilities and other infrastructure to make the games a success, but those expenditures helped fuel public discontent with the government's lack of spending on social programs.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-357">[354]</a> Mexico City hosted the <a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">XIX Olympic Games</a> in 1968, making it the first Latin American city to do so.<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> Mexico hosted the <a href="/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1970 FIFA World Cup">1970 FIFA World Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">1986 FIFA World Cup</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> and will co-host, along with Canada and the United States, the <a href="/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2026 FIFA World Cup">2026 FIFA World Cup</a>. With its past hosting of the 1970 and 1986 tournaments, Mexico will become the first country to host or co-host the men's World Cup three times.<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_a%C3%B1os_del_natalicio_del_Santo_-i---i-_(36184746106).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/100_a%C3%B1os_del_natalicio_del_Santo_-i---i-_%2836184746106%29.jpg/220px-100_a%C3%B1os_del_natalicio_del_Santo_-i---i-_%2836184746106%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/100_a%C3%B1os_del_natalicio_del_Santo_-i---i-_%2836184746106%29.jpg/330px-100_a%C3%B1os_del_natalicio_del_Santo_-i---i-_%2836184746106%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/100_a%C3%B1os_del_natalicio_del_Santo_-i---i-_%2836184746106%29.jpg/440px-100_a%C3%B1os_del_natalicio_del_Santo_-i---i-_%2836184746106%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Santo" title="El Santo">El Santo</a>, one of the most iconic Mexican <a href="/wiki/Lucha_libre" title="Lucha libre">luchadores</a></figcaption></figure> Mexico is an international power in <a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">professional boxing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sports-361">[358]</a> Fourteen <a href="/wiki/Mexico_at_the_Olympics" title="Mexico at the Olympics">Olympic boxing medals</a> have been won by Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> The Mexican professional baseball league is named the <a href="/wiki/Liga_Mexicana_de_Beisbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Mexicana de Beisbol">Liga Mexicana de Beisbol</a>. While usually not as strong as the United States, the Caribbean countries and Japan, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_national_baseball_team" title="Mexico national baseball team">Mexico</a> has nonetheless achieved several international baseball titles.<a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucha_Libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucha Libre">Lucha Libre</a> (freestyle professional wrestling) is also major crowd draw with national promotions such as <a href="/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_World_Wide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucha Libre AAA World Wide">AAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consejo_Mundial_de_Lucha_Libre" title="Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre">CMLL</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-sports-361">[358]</a> Despite efforts by animal rights activists to outlaw bullfighting, it remains a popular sport in the country, and almost all large cities have bullrings. <a href="/wiki/Plaza_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza México">Plaza México</a> in Mexico City, which seats 45,000 people, is the largest bullring in the world.<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">Index of Mexico-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mexico" title="Outline of Mexico">Outline of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: México or Méjico, pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈmexiko]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cf\/Es-mx-M%C3%A9xico.ogg\/Es-mx-M%C3%A9xico.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Es-mx-M\u00e9xico.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Es-mx-M%C3%A9xico.ogg/Es-mx-M%C3%A9xico.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Es-mx-M%C3%A9xico.ogg" title="File:Es-mx-México.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl" title="Classical Nahuatl">Classical Nahuatl</a>: Mēxihco; <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a>: Meejikoo </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Usually, in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, the name of the country is spelled México; however, in <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular (European) Spanish</a>, the variant Méjico is used alongside the usual version. According to the <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_panhisp%C3%A1nico_de_dudas" title="Diccionario panhispánico de dudas">Diccionario panhispánico de dudas</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Academies_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Association of Academies of the Spanish Language">Association of Academies of the Spanish Language</a>, the version with J is also correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one used in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[esˈtaðos uˈniðos mexiˈkanos]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b9\/Es-mx-Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.ogg\/Es-mx-Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Es-mx-Estados Unidos Mexicanos.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Es-mx-Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.ogg/Es-mx-Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Es-mx-Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.ogg" title="File:Es-mx-Estados Unidos Mexicanos.ogg">ⓘ</a>); <a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl" title="Classical Nahuatl">Classical Nahuatl</a>: Mēxihcatl Tlacetilīlli Tlahtohcāyōtl, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Mexican United States' </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2020_Census-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020_Census_1-10">k</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/">"Censo Población y Vivienda 2020"</a>. inegi.org.mx. 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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico">"Mexico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 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(Mexico)"</a>. www.imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Mexico%29&rft.date=2024-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D273%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2023/ENIGH/ENIGH2022.pdf">"El Inegi da a conocer los resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH) 2022"</a> (PDF). 26 July 2023. p. 15. 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Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINALI2003" class="citation web cs1">INALI (13 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/LGDLPI.pdf">"General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803160009/http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/LGDLPI.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2016. 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Retrieved 18 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cat%C3%A1logo+de+las+lenguas+ind%C3%ADgenas+nacionales%3A+Variantes+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticas+de+M%C3%A9xico+con+sus+autodenominaciones+y+referencias+geoestad%C3%ADsticas&rft.pub=Inali.gob.mx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inali.gob.mx%2Fclin-inali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> México in <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_panhisp%C3%A1nico_de_dudas" title="Diccionario panhispánico de dudas">Diccionario panhispánico de dudas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Academies_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Association of Academies of the Spanish Language">Association of Academies of the Spanish Language</a>, Madrid: Santillana. 2005. ISBN 978-8-429-40623-8. </li> <li id="cite_note-cia.gov-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico">"Mexico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/">the original</a> on 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Mexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, Merriam-Webster; p. 733 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Brading" title="David Brading">Brading, D.A.</a>, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052139130X" title="Special:BookSources/052139130X">052139130X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Amy S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/818318029">A wicked war : Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. invasion of Mexico</a>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47599-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47599-2"><bdi>978-0-307-47599-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/818318029">818318029</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221140305/https://search.worldcat.org/title/818318029">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+wicked+war+%3A+Polk%2C+Clay%2C+Lincoln%2C+and+the+1846+U.S.+invasion+of+Mexico&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F818318029&rft.isbn=978-0-307-47599-2&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Amy+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F818318029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Garner, Paul. Porfirio Díaz. Routledge 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-Globalization2-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Globalization2_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaweł_Bożyk2006" class="citation book cs1">Paweł Bożyk (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuHsIuez5qoC">"Newly Industrialized Countries"</a>. Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy. Ashgate Publishing. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4638-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4638-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-4638-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231104053417/https://books.google.com/books?id=iuHsIuez5qoC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Newly+Industrialized+Countries&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+the+Transformation+of+Foreign+Economic+Policy&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4638-9&rft.au=Pawe%C5%82+Bo%C5%BCyk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuHsIuez5qoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en.list">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204185708/https://whc.unesco.org/en.list">Archived</a> 4 February 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UNESCO World Heritage sites, accessed 9 May 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190907204954/https://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/v_ingles/country/whatismegcountry.html">"What is a mega-diverse country?"</a>. Mexican biodiversity. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/v_ingles/country/whatismegcountry.html">the original</a> on 7 September 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mexican+biodiversity&rft.atitle=What+is+a+mega-diverse+country%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversidad.gob.mx%2Fv_ingles%2Fcountry%2Fwhatismegcountry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://expansion.mx/economia/2018/08/27/mexico-ocupa-el-sexto-lugar-en-turismo-a-nivel-mundial">"México ocupa el sexto lugar en turismo a nivel mundial"</a>. www.expansion.mx. CNN Expansión. 28 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223165346/https://expansion.mx/economia/2018/08/27/mexico-ocupa-el-sexto-lugar-en-turismo-a-nivel-mundial">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.expansion.mx&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9xico+ocupa+el+sexto+lugar+en+turismo+a+nivel+mundial&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexpansion.mx%2Feconomia%2F2018%2F08%2F27%2Fmexico-ocupa-el-sexto-lugar-en-turismo-a-nivel-mundial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_ScottMatthias_vom_HauDavid_Hulme" class="citation web cs1">James Scott; Matthias vom Hau; David Hulme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525012832/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:105725&datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.DOC&ei=fMKFT7SMKIye8gS71NHACA&usg=AFQjCNHKPFxJk5bu6Qs5R2SKSUs8IwidWw&sig2=_lt4YNVT-1ECYQBh61EWgA">"Beyond the BICs: Strategies of influence"</a>. The University of Manchester. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:105725&datastreamId=SUPPLEMENTARY-1.DOC&ei=fMKFT7SMKIye8gS71NHACA&usg=AFQjCNHKPFxJk5bu6Qs5R2SKSUs8IwidWw&sig2=_lt4YNVT-1ECYQBh61EWgA">the original</a> on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+BICs%3A+Strategies+of+influence&rft.pub=The+University+of+Manchester&rft.au=James+Scott&rft.au=Matthias+vom+Hau&rft.au=David+Hulme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholar.manchester.ac.uk%2Fapi%2Fdatastream%3FpublicationPid%3Duk-ac-man-scw%3A105725%26datastreamId%3DSUPPLEMENTARY-1.DOC%26ei%3DfMKFT7SMKIye8gS71NHACA%26usg%3DAFQjCNHKPFxJk5bu6Qs5R2SKSUs8IwidWw%26sig2%3D_lt4YNVT-1ECYQBh61EWgA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolte2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nolte, Detlef (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/38289">"How to compare regional powers: analytical concepts and research topics"</a>. Review of International Studies. 36 (4): 881–901. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS026021051000135X">10.1017/S026021051000135X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-2105">0260-2105</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40961959">40961959</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13809794">13809794</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/873500719">873500719</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302015428/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/38289">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=How+to+compare+regional+powers%3A+analytical+concepts+and+research+topics&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=881-901&rft.date=2010-10&rft.issn=0260-2105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13809794%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40961959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS026021051000135X&rft.aulast=Nolte&rft.aufirst=Detlef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssoar.info%2Fssoar%2Fhandle%2Fdocument%2F38289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070424211219/http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098">"Oxford Analytica"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxanstore.com/displayfree.php?NewsItemID=130098">the original</a> on 24 April 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Analytica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxanstore.com%2Fdisplayfree.php%3FNewsItemID%3D130098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080816044329/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38056">"G8: Despite Differences, Mexico Comfortable as Emerging Power"</a>. ipsnews.net. 5 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=38056">the original</a> on 16 August 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G8%3A+Despite+Differences%2C+Mexico+Comfortable+as+Emerging+Power&rft.pub=ipsnews.net&rft.date=2007-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipsnews.net%2Fnews.asp%3Fidnews%3D38056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Limits2-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Limits2_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauro_F._Guillén2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mauro_F._Guill%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauro F. Guillén">Mauro F. Guillén</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CweHgfPIceYC">"Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor"</a>. The Limits of Convergence. Princeton University Press. p. 126 (table 5.1). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11633-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11633-4"><bdi>978-0-691-11633-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221140236/https://books.google.com/books?id=CweHgfPIceYC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Multinationals%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Organized+Labor&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Convergence&rft.pages=126+%28table+5.1%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11633-4&rft.au=Mauro+F.+Guill%C3%A9n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCweHgfPIceYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIA2-28"><a href="#cite_ref-AIA2_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Waugh2000" class="citation book cs1">David Waugh (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC">"Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)"</a>. Geography, An Integrated Approach (3rd ed.). Nelson Thornes. pp. 563, 576–579, 633, and 640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-444706-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-444706-1"><bdi>978-0-17-444706-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204185659/https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manufacturing+industries+%28chapter+19%29%2C+World+development+%28chapter+22%29&rft.btitle=Geography%2C+An+Integrated+Approach&rft.pages=563%2C+576-579%2C+633%2C+and+640&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-17-444706-1&rft.au=David+Waugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7GH0KZZthGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Principles2-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Principles2_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Gregory_Mankiw2007" class="citation book cs1">N. Gregory Mankiw (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ojsWuqmorEC">Principles of Economics</a> (4th ed.). Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-324-22472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-324-22472-6"><bdi>978-0-324-22472-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204185536/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ojsWuqmorEC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Economics&rft.place=Mason%2C+Ohio&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Thomson%2FSouth-Western&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-324-22472-6&rft.au=N.+Gregory+Mankiw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ojsWuqmorEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827155045/http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf">"Global Peace Index 2019: Measuring Peace in a Complex World"</a> (PDF). Vision of Humanity. Sydney: Institute for Economics & Peace. June 2019. 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Retrieved 18 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucdp.uu.se&rft.atitle=UCDP+-+Uppsala+Conflict+Data+Program+2023&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucdp.uu.se%2Fyear%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucdp.uu.se/country/70">"Mexico"</a>. ucdp.uu.se. UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327051423/https://ucdp.uu.se/country/70">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022. 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University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0292790247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0292790247"><bdi>978-0292790247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wind+that+Swept+Mexico%3A+The+History+of+the+Mexican+Revolution+of+1910%E2%80%931942&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1984-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0292790247&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Benjamin, Thomas. La Revolución: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History. Austin: University of Texas Press 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/us-involvement-before-1913.html">"The Mexican Revolution and the United States in the Collections of the Library of Congress, U.S. Involvement Before 1913"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719051634/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/us-involvement-before-1913.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Mexican+Revolution+and+the+United+States+in+the+Collections+of+the+Library+of+Congress%2C+U.S.+Involvement+Before+1913&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fmexican-revolution-and-the-united-states%2Fus-involvement-before-1913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matute-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matute_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matute_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matute_76-2">c</a> Matute, Alvaro. "Mexican Revolution: May 1917 – December 1920" in <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mexico" title="Encyclopedia of Mexico">Encyclopedia of Mexico</a>, 862–864. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/108653.htm">"Punitive Expedition in Mexico, 1916–1917"</a>. U.S. Department of State archive. 20 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230615184624/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/108653.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State+archive&rft.atitle=Punitive+Expedition+in+Mexico%2C+1916%E2%80%931917&rft.date=2009-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ftime%2Fwwi%2F108653.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedich_Katz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedich Katz (page does not exist)">Katz, Friedrich</a>. The Secret War in Mexico. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theworldwar.org/explore/centennial-commemoration/us-enters-war/zimmermann-telegram">"ZIMMERMANN TELEGRAM"</a>. The National WWI Museum and Memorial. 2 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719051644/https://www.theworldwar.org/explore/centennial-commemoration/us-enters-war/zimmermann-telegram">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+WWI+Museum+and+Memorial&rft.atitle=ZIMMERMANN+TELEGRAM&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldwar.org%2Fexplore%2Fcentennial-commemoration%2Fus-enters-war%2Fzimmermann-telegram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigations/505_mexicanrevolution.html">"The Mexican Revolution"</a>. Public Broadcasting Service. 20 November 1910. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514205614/http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigations/505_mexicanrevolution.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Revolution&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft.date=1910-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fopb%2Fhistorydetectives%2Finvestigations%2F505_mexicanrevolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_McCaa" class="citation web cs1">Robert McCaa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/missmill/">"Missing millions: the human cost of the Mexican Revolution"</a>. University of Minnesota Population Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402165542/http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/missmill/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missing+millions%3A+the+human+cost+of+the+Mexican+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Population+Center&rft.au=Robert+McCaa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hist.umn.edu%2F~rmccaa%2Fmissmill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafael_Hernández_Ángeles" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rafael Hernández Ángeles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719051635/https://inehrm.gob.mx/es/inehrm/Articulo_85_aniversario_de_la_Fundacion_del_Partido_Nacional_Revolucionario_PNR">"85º Aniversario de la Fundación del Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR)"</a> [85th anniversary of the founding of the National Revolutionary Party (PRN)]. Instituto Nacional de Estudios Historicos de las Revoluciones de Mexico (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inehrm.gob.mx/es/inehrm/Articulo_85_aniversario_de_la_Fundacion_del_Partido_Nacional_Revolucionario_PNR">the original</a> on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estudios+Historicos+de+las+Revoluciones+de+Mexico&rft.atitle=85%C2%BA+Aniversario+de+la+Fundaci%C3%B3n+del+Partido+Nacional+Revolucionario+%28PNR%29&rft.au=Rafael+Hern%C3%A1ndez+%C3%81ngeles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finehrm.gob.mx%2Fes%2Finehrm%2FArticulo_85_aniversario_de_la_Fundacion_del_Partido_Nacional_Revolucionario_PNR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403000322/http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/mex9.html">"The Mexican Miracle: 1940–1968"</a>. World History from 1500. Emayzine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/mex9.html">the original</a> on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 30 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+from+1500&rft.atitle=The+Mexican+Miracle%3A+1940%E2%80%931968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emayzine.com%2Flectures%2Fmex9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2024" class="citation web cs1">Staff, M. N. D. (13 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mexiconewsdaily.com/india/he-left-india-for-mexico-to-solve-global-hunger-meet-ravi-singh/">"He left India for Mexico to solve global hunger: Meet Ravi Singh"</a>. Mexico News Daily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240314062320/https://mexiconewsdaily.com/india/he-left-india-for-mexico-to-solve-global-hunger-meet-ravi-singh/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024. <q>...specifically the Yaqui Valley in Sonora... is considered the birthplace of the Green Revolution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mexico+News+Daily&rft.atitle=He+left+India+for+Mexico+to+solve+global+hunger%3A+Meet+Ravi+Singh&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=M.+N.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmexiconewsdaily.com%2Findia%2Fhe-left-india-for-mexico-to-solve-global-hunger-meet-ravi-singh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMex-85"><a href="#cite_ref-MMex_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElena_Poniatowska1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Poniatowska" title="Elena Poniatowska">Elena Poniatowska</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CmnDdj7eP-wC">Massacre in Mexico</a>. Viking, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-0817-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-0817-0"><bdi>978-0-8262-0817-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204185551/https://books.google.com/books?id=CmnDdj7eP-wC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 23 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massacre+in+Mexico&rft.pub=Viking%2C+New+York&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-0817-0&rft.au=Elena+Poniatowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCmnDdj7eP-wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2008" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Duncan (19 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7513651.stm">"Mexico's long forgotten dirty war"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629110724/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7513651.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mexico%27s+long+forgotten+dirty+war&rft.date=2008-07-19&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F7513651.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauze2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Krauze, Enrique (January–February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060110074536/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101faessay85106/enrique-krauze/furthering-democracy-in-mexico.html">"Furthering Democracy in Mexico"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060101faessay85106/enrique-krauze/furthering-democracy-in-mexico.html?">the original</a> on 10 January 2006. Retrieved 7 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Furthering+Democracy+in+Mexico&rft.date=2006-01%2F2006-02&rft.aulast=Krauze&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F20060101faessay85106%2Fenrique-krauze%2Ffurthering-democracy-in-mexico.html%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photius.com/countries/mexico/government/mexico_government_the_1988_elections.html">""Mexico The 1988 Elections" (Sources: The Library of the Congress Country Studies, CIA World Factbook)"</a>. Photius Coutsoukis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915102322/https://www.photius.com/countries/mexico/government/mexico_government_the_1988_elections.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Mexico+The+1988+Elections%22+%28Sources%3A+The+Library+of+the+Congress+Country+Studies%2C+CIA+World+Factbook%29&rft.pub=Photius+Coutsoukis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photius.com%2Fcountries%2Fmexico%2Fgovernment%2Fmexico_government_the_1988_elections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez_Romero2018" class="citation web cs1">Gomez Romero, Luis (5 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/massacres-disappearances-and-1968-mexicans-remember-the-victims-of-a-perfect-dictatorship-104196">"Massacres, disappearances and 1968: Mexicans remember the victims of a 'perfect dictatorship'"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190512234050/http://theconversation.com/massacres-disappearances-and-1968-mexicans-remember-the-victims-of-a-perfect-dictatorship-104196">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Massacres%2C+disappearances+and+1968%3A+Mexicans+remember+the+victims+of+a+%27perfect+dictatorship%27&rft.date=2018-10-05&rft.aulast=Gomez+Romero&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fmassacres-disappearances-and-1968-mexicans-remember-the-victims-of-a-perfect-dictatorship-104196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/diario/1990/09/01/cultura/652140001_850215.html">"Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta""</a>. El País. 1 September 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111024235439/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/AZUA/_FELIX_DE/TRIAS/_EUGENIO/VARGAS_LLOSA/_MARIO/MARSE/_JUAN_/ESCRITOR/PAZ/_OCTAVIO/SARAMAGO/elpepicul/19900901elpepicul_1/Tes">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Vargas+Llosa%3A+%22M%C3%A9xico+es+la+dictadura+perfecta%22&rft.date=1990-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F1990%2F09%2F01%2Fcultura%2F652140001_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReding1991" class="citation journal cs1">Reding, Andrew (1991). "Mexico: The Crumbling of the "Perfect Dictatorship"". World Policy Journal. 8 (2): 255–284. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40209208">40209208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Policy+Journal&rft.atitle=Mexico%3A+The+Crumbling+of+the+%22Perfect+Dictatorship%22&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=255-284&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40209208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reding&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruz_Vasconcelos" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cruz Vasconcelos, Gerardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060703181721/http://www.imef.org.mx/NR/rdonlyres/F722BEDD-A8DE-49BA-AF4F-1A00889CE618/1192/CAPITULOI1.pdf">"Desempeño Histórico 1914–2004"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imef.org.mx/NR/rdonlyres/F722BEDD-A8DE-49BA-AF4F-1A00889CE618/1192/CAPITULOI1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 July 2006. 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Retrieved 27 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexico+protects+its+gay+and+lesbian+citizens+with+new+law&rft.date=2003-04-23&rft.au=International+Gay+and+Lesbian+Human+Rights+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FMexico%2Bprotects%2Bits%2Bgay%2Band%2Blesbian%2Bcitizens%2Bwith%2Bnew%2Blaw.-a0108149079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stonewall.org.uk/system/files/mexico_global_workplace_briefing_2018.pdf">"STONEWALL GLOBAL WORKPLACE BRIEFINGS 2018 MEXICO"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_(charity)" title="Stonewall (charity)">Stonewall</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004145321/https://www.stonewall.org.uk/system/files/mexico_global_workplace_briefing_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stonewall&rft.atitle=STONEWALL+GLOBAL+WORKPLACE+BRIEFINGS+2018+MEXICO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stonewall.org.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fmexico_global_workplace_briefing_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez" class="citation web cs1">Lopez, Oscar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-lgbt-murders-trfn-idUSKBN22R37Y">"Mexico sees deadliest year for LGBT+ people in five years"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004145319/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-lgbt-murders-trfn-idUSKBN22R37Y">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023. 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Banking Program", <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">Judicial Watch</a>, accessed 12 May 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://themazatlanpost.com/2019/04/11/how-much-should-you-earn-in-mexico-to-belong-to-the-middle-or-upper-class/">"How much should you earn in Mexico to belong to the middle or upper class?"</a>. The Mazatlan Post. 11 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715181153/https://themazatlanpost.com/2019/04/11/how-much-should-you-earn-in-mexico-to-belong-to-the-middle-or-upper-class/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mazatlan+Post&rft.atitle=How+much+should+you+earn+in+Mexico+to+belong+to+the+middle+or+upper+class%3F&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthemazatlanpost.com%2F2019%2F04%2F11%2Fhow-much-should-you-earn-in-mexico-to-belong-to-the-middle-or-upper-class%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BloombergEcon-189"><a href="#cite_ref-BloombergEcon_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2019" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Noah (26 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-08-26/mexico-s-economic-growth-lifts-it-into-middle-class-status">"Mexico Is Solidly Middle Class (No Matter What Trump Says)"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108212012/https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/adi/N1395.273558.BLOOMBERG/B6753675.346299363;dc_ver=99.292;dc_eid=40004000;sz=970x250;u_sd=1;gdpr=0;dc_adk=4266363305;ord=dv8zb7;click=https%3A%2F%2Fadclick.g.doubleclick.net%2Fpcs%2Fclick%3Fxai%3DAKAOjsvOwLbc3X0f5-M_Rg6ujiM1V3fon_a4FrpB3nmGk76dwL2PhUj3LdDd44KnL2QzTd7-VQX4U3f8Fk1AKAU-xLGePQhPVk4VcXqFTpMldaMoC0nxcJyYVG5dp9K23ItSU1OQjhmjOZ7TqAC_2gcGTizlAABgCRzqdWGX90bNUWfkM013c6uKGfvwMyeglNa6el7tsGk1789Jagk3dUQRic8z-RCogjfsdQxIeX6MiateHjK6RWLMcEQib0kRO_y0dSd0DupeBM_8dGuLjTJ81noNf10XtvpE6OA8BbIEUK6hKAI1nSDuo0isKsihz7Kd8a7Yz5tbv9llCiezNtOLvWVc75gsD14-36LrZGY8WI3_rYS8G4h640XeF78Pjg%26sai%3DAMfl-YR5c4kVVCtILCebOcX745E_3v6caGOo7I0-wrSYNL3tfMALASqA_56hmnB-wyOCNiDJfNiCS6NU0Ot-fkgfGhCNl8eiKFHFzVRwdXbB6vJzNCxaMMrFSD5fPawqtRI%26sig%3DCg0ArKJSzGs1rAg5i3MeEAE%26fbs_aeid%3D%255Bgw_fbsaeid%255D%26urlfix%3D1%26adurl%3D;dc_rfl=1,https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fview%2Farticles%2F2019-08-26%2Fmexico-s-economic-growth-lifts-it-into-middle-class-status$0;xdt=0;crlt=Pg9O1pn3Gi;cmpl=8;gcsr=m;stc=1;sttr=114;prcl=s">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Mexico+Is+Solidly+Middle+Class+%28No+Matter+What+Trump+Says%29&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fopinion%2Farticles%2F2019-08-26%2Fmexico-s-economic-growth-lifts-it-into-middle-class-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf">"Human Development Report 2009"</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. United Nations. p. 118. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608105942/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+2009&rft.pages=118&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2F269%2Fhdr_2009_en_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CONEVAL-191"><a href="#cite_ref-CONEVAL_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021025820/http://web.coneval.gob.mx/Informes/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%202011/Informe%20de%20Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Pol%C3%ADtica%20de%20Desarrollo%20Social%202011/Informe_de_evaluacion_de_politica_social_2011.pdf">"CONEVAL Informe 2011"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.coneval.gob.mx/Informes/Evaluaci%C3%B3n%202011/Informe%20de%20Evaluaci%C3%B3n%20de%20la%20Pol%C3%ADtica%20de%20Desarrollo%20Social%202011/Informe_de_evaluacion_de_politica_social_2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 31 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CONEVAL+Informe+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.coneval.gob.mx%2FInformes%2FEvaluaci%25C3%25B3n%25202011%2FInforme%2520de%2520Evaluaci%25C3%25B3n%2520de%2520la%2520Pol%25C3%25ADtica%2520de%2520Desarrollo%2520Social%25202011%2FInforme_de_evaluacion_de_politica_social_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_Mena2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez Mena, Carolina (10 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2023/08/10/sociedad/entre-2020-y-2022-se-redujo-en-casi-9-millones-cifra-de-personas-en-pobreza-coneval/">"Reducción de casi 9 millones de personas en pobreza entre 2020-2022: Coneval"</a> [Decrease of nearly 9 million people in poverty between 2020-2022: Coneval]. <a href="/wiki/La_Jornada" title="La Jornada">La Jornada</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212072125/https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2023/08/10/sociedad/entre-2020-y-2022-se-redujo-en-casi-9-millones-cifra-de-personas-en-pobreza-coneval/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Jornada&rft.atitle=Reducci%C3%B3n+de+casi+9+millones+de+personas+en+pobreza+entre+2020-2022%3A+Coneval&rft.date=2023-08-10&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+Mena&rft.aufirst=Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jornada.com.mx%2Fnotas%2F2023%2F08%2F10%2Fsociedad%2Fentre-2020-y-2022-se-redujo-en-casi-9-millones-cifra-de-personas-en-pobreza-coneval%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoy2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moy, Valeria (15 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/valeria-moy/buenas-y-malas-en-la-reduccion-de-la-pobreza/">"Buenas y malas en la reducción de la pobreza"</a> [Good and bad news regarding the decrease in poverty]. <a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Mexico_City)" title="El Universal (Mexico City)">El Universal</a> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212072125/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/valeria-moy/buenas-y-malas-en-la-reduccion-de-la-pobreza/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Buenas+y+malas+en+la+reducci%C3%B3n+de+la+pobreza&rft.date=2023-08-15&rft.aulast=Moy&rft.aufirst=Valeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com.mx%2Fopinion%2Fvaleria-moy%2Fbuenas-y-malas-en-la-reduccion-de-la-pobreza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoto2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Soto, Dulce (25 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2023/09/25/expertos-y-ong-dudan-que-pobreza-en-mexico-haya-disminuido-como-reporto-coneval">"Expertos y ONG dudan que pobreza en México haya disminuido como reportó Coneval"</a> [Experts and NGO doubt that poverty in Mexico has decreased as Coneval reported]. Expansión Política (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212072125/https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2023/09/25/expertos-y-ong-dudan-que-pobreza-en-mexico-haya-disminuido-como-reporto-coneval">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expansi%C3%B3n+Pol%C3%ADtica&rft.atitle=Expertos+y+ONG+dudan+que+pobreza+en+M%C3%A9xico+haya+disminuido+como+report%C3%B3+Coneval&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft.aulast=Soto&rft.aufirst=Dulce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolitica.expansion.mx%2Fmexico%2F2023%2F09%2F25%2Fexpertos-y-ong-dudan-que-pobreza-en-mexico-haya-disminuido-como-reporto-coneval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Blastland2009" class="citation news cs1">Michael Blastland (31 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8177864.stm">"Just what is poor?"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 27 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Just+what+is+poor%3F&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft.au=Michael+Blastland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F8177864.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> The "economic distance" concept, and a level of income set at 60% of the median household income </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD-middle-class-2019-main-findings.pdf">"Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class"</a> (PDF). Paris: OECD Publishing. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701060002/https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD-middle-class-2019-main-findings.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Under+Pressure%3A+The+Squeezed+Middle+Class&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fels%2Fsoc%2FOECD-middle-class-2019-main-findings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010161819/http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/soc_glance-2011-en/06/01/index.html?contentType=&itemId=/content/chapter/soc_glance-2011-16-en&containerItemId=/content/serial/19991290&accessItemIds=/content/book/soc_glance-2011-en&mimeType=text/html">"Income inequality"</a>. Society at a Glance 2011: Social Indicators. OECD. 12 April 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789264098527" title="Special:BookSources/9789264098527"><bdi>9789264098527</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/soc_glance-2011-en/06/01/index.html?contentType=&itemId=/content/chapter/soc_glance-2011-16-en&containerItemId=/content/serial/19991290&accessItemIds=/content/book/soc_glance-2011-en&mimeType=text/html">the original</a> on 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Income+inequality&rft.btitle=Society+at+a+Glance+2011%3A+Social+Indicators&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft.isbn=9789264098527&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fsites%2Fsoc_glance-2011-en%2F06%2F01%2Findex.html%3FcontentType%3D%26itemId%3D%2Fcontent%2Fchapter%2Fsoc_glance-2011-16-en%26containerItemId%3D%2Fcontent%2Fserial%2F19991290%26accessItemIds%3D%2Fcontent%2Fbook%2Fsoc_glance-2011-en%26mimeType%3Dtext%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECDREFORMA-198"><a href="#cite_ref-OECDREFORMA_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/35/8/49363879.pdf">"Perspectivas OCDE: México; Reformas para el Cambio"</a> (PDF). 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ABC-CLIO. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-132-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-132-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108211844/https://books.google.com/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC&pg=PA161">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 621. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49666-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49666-7"><bdi>978-0-521-49666-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240108212002/https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA621#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+population+history+of+North+America&rft.pages=621&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49666-7&rft.aulast=Hall+Steckel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=R.+Haines%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPdgiysIVcgC%26pg%3DPA621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-262"><a href="#cite_ref-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">"en el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de español"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">the original</a> on 23 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=en+el+censo+de+1930+el+gobierno+mexicano+dej%C3%B3+de+clasificar+a+la+poblaci%C3%B3n+del+pa%C3%ADs+en+tres+categor%C3%ADas+raciales%2C+blanco%2C+mestizo+e+ind%C3%ADgena%2C+y+adopt%C3%B3+una+nueva+clasificaci%C3%B3n+%C3%A9tnica+que+distingu%C3%ADa+a+los+hablantes+de+lenguas+ind%C3%ADgenas+del+resto+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3n%2C+es+decir+de+los+hablantes+de+espa%C3%B1ol.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx%2FPortal%2FIzquierdo%2FBANCO%2FMxmulticultural%2FElmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-redalyc-263"><a href="#cite_ref-redalyc_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf">"Al respecto no debe olvidarse que en estos países buena parte de las personas consideradas biológicamente blancas son mestizas en el aspecto cultural, el que aquí nos interesa (p. 196)"</a> (PDF). Redalyc.org. 16 March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al+respecto+no+debe+olvidarse+que+en+estos+pa%C3%ADses+buena+parte+de+las+personas+consideradas+biol%C3%B3gicamente+blancas+son+mestizas+en+el+aspecto+cultural%2C+el+que+aqu%C3%AD+nos+interesa+%28p.+196%29&rft.pub=Redalyc.org&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F105%2F10503808.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENADIS2017-1-264"><a href="#cite_ref-ENADIS2017-1_264-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/doc/OtrosDocumentos/Doc_2018_061.pdf">"Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación 2017"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810235454/http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/doc/OtrosDocumentos/Doc_2018_061.pdf">Archived</a> August 10, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNDH, August 6, 2018, Retrieved on August 10, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enadis/2022/#:~:text=La%20ENADIS%202022%20se%20suma,manera%20estructural%20han%20sido%20discriminados.">"Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación (ENADIS) 2022"</a>. www.inegi.org.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.inegi.org.mx&rft.atitle=Encuesta+Nacional+sobre+Discriminaci%C3%B3n+%28ENADIS%29+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.org.mx%2Fprogramas%2Fenadis%2F2022%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DLa%2520ENADIS%25202022%2520se%2520suma%2Cmanera%2520estructural%2520han%2520sido%2520discriminados.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-conapred21Marzo-266"><a href="#cite_ref-conapred21Marzo_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf">"21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial"</a> [March 21: International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] (PDF) (in Spanish). Mexico: <a href="/wiki/National_Council_to_Prevent_Discrimination" title="National Council to Prevent Discrimination">CONAPRED</a>. 2017. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525133622/http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=21+de+Marzo%3A+D%C3%ADa+Internacional+de+la+Eliminaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Discriminaci%C3%B3n+Racial&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=CONAPRED&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conapred.org.mx%2Fdocumentos_cedoc%2F21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> In the page 7 of the press release, the council reported that 53.5% of Mexican women and 39.4% of Mexican men identified with the lightest skin colors used in the census questionary, CONAPRED, Mexico, March 21. Retrieved on April 28, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-MMSI2-267"><a href="#cite_ref-MMSI2_267-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y">"Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121234012/http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> January 21, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, INEGI, July 3, 2017, Retrieved on April 30, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-ElUniversal-268"><a href="#cite_ref-ElUniversal_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuentes-Nieva2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fuentes-Nieva, Ricardo (6 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/entrada-de-opinion/articulo/ricardo-fuentes-nieva/nacion/2017/07/6/ser-blanco">"Ser blanco"</a> [Being white]. El Universal (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225033205/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/entrada-de-opinion/articulo/ricardo-fuentes-nieva/nacion/2017/07/6/ser-blanco">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Universal&rft.atitle=Ser+blanco&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.aulast=Fuentes-Nieva&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eluniversal.com.mx%2Fentrada-de-opinion%2Farticulo%2Fricardo-fuentes-nieva%2Fnacion%2F2017%2F07%2F6%2Fser-blanco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolís2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Solís, Arturo (7 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com.mx/inegi-lo-confirma-en-mexico-te-va-mejor-si-eres-blanco/">"Comprobado con datos: en México te va mejor si eres blanco"</a> [Proven with data: in Mexico you do better if you are white]. Forbes México (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114183326/https://www.forbes.com.mx/inegi-lo-confirma-en-mexico-te-va-mejor-si-eres-blanco/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=Comprobado+con+datos%3A+en+M%C3%A9xico+te+va+mejor+si+eres+blanco&rft.date=2018-08-07&rft.aulast=Sol%C3%ADs&rft.aufirst=Arturo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com.mx%2Finegi-lo-confirma-en-mexico-te-va-mejor-si-eres-blanco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz-MarínSilva-Zolezzi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz-Marín, Ernesto; Silva-Zolezzi, Irma (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12394-010-0074-7">""The Map of the Mexican's Genome": Overlapping national identity, and population genomics"</a>. Identity in the Information Society. 3 (3): 489–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12394-010-0074-7">10.1007/s12394-010-0074-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F33766">10871/33766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Identity+in+the+Information+Society&rft.atitle=%22The+Map+of+the+Mexican%27s+Genome%22%3A+Overlapping+national+identity%2C+and+population+genomics&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=489-514&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F33766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12394-010-0074-7&rft.aulast=Schwartz-Mar%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft.au=Silva-Zolezzi%2C+Irma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12394-010-0074-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mestizajeenmexico-271"><a href="#cite_ref-mestizajeenmexico_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarrete_Linares" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Navarrete Linares, Federico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102632/http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">"El mestizaje en Mexico"</a> [The miscegenation in Mexico] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+mestizaje+en+Mexico&rft.aulast=Navarrete+Linares&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenp4.unam.mx%2Famc%2Flibro_munioz_cota%2Flibro%2Fcap4%2Flec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/spa/">Spanish → Mexico</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWerner2001443,_444,_445-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWerner2001443,_444,_445_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWerner2001">Werner 2001</a>, pp. 443, 444, 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINALI_[Instituto_Nacional_de_Lenguas_Indígenas]2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Lenguas_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas">INALI [Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas]</a> (14 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/CLIN_completo.pdf">"Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas"</a> (PDF online facsimile). <a href="/wiki/Diario_Oficial_de_la_Federaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Diario Oficial de la Federación">Diario Oficial de la Federación</a> (in Spanish). 652 (9). Mexico City: 22–78 (first section), 1–96 (second section), 1–112 (third section). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46461036">46461036</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016174101/http://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/CLIN_completo.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diario+Oficial+de+la+Federaci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Cat%C3%A1logo+de+las+lenguas+ind%C3%ADgenas+nacionales%3A+Variantes+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticas+de+M%C3%A9xico+con+sus+autodenominaciones+y+referencias+geoestad%C3%ADsticas&rft.volume=652&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=22-78+%28first+section%29%2C+1-96+%28second+section%29%2C+1-112+%28third+section%29&rft.date=2008-01-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46461036&rft.au=INALI+%5BInstituto+Nacional+de+Lenguas+Ind%C3%ADgenas%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inali.gob.mx%2Fpdf%2FCLIN_completo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indigenous_Languages-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indigenous_Languages_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indigenous_Languages_275-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indigenous_Languages_275-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm">"Indigenous Languages in Mexico: Speakers Aged Three or Older"</a>. National Institute of Statistics and Geography. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165419/http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Languages+in+Mexico%3A+Speakers+Aged+Three+or+Older&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Statistics+and+Geography&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuentame.inegi.org.mx%2Fhipertexto%2Ftodas_lenguas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054016/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Edespig/diagnostico_y_perspectivas/leyes_declaraciones/2%20LENGUA%20Y%20CULTURA/Ley%20general%20de%20derechos%20linguisticos.pdf">"Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Edespig/diagnostico_y_perspectivas/leyes_declaraciones/2%20LENGUA%20Y%20CULTURA/Ley%20general%20de%20derechos%20linguisticos.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ley+General+de+Derechos+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticos+de+los+Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx%2FEdespig%2Fdiagnostico_y_perspectivas%2Fleyes_declaraciones%2F2%2520LENGUA%2520Y%2520CULTURA%2FLey%2520general%2520de%2520derechos%2520linguisticos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://site.inali.gob.mx/pdf/MODELO_DE_ACREDITACION_Y_CERTIFICACION_EN_MATERIA_DE_LENGUAS_INDIGENAS.pdf">"Model of Accreditation and Certification of Indigenous Languages"</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). National Indigenous Languages Institute. 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Retrieved 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+of+Accreditation+and+Certification+of+Indigenous+Languages&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=National+Indigenous+Languages+Institute&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsite.inali.gob.mx%2Fpdf%2FMODELO_DE_ACREDITACION_Y_CERTIFICACION_EN_MATERIA_DE_LENGUAS_INDIGENAS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205052716/http://www.hshs.mb.ca/mennonite_old_colony_vision.pdf">"The Mennonite Old Colony Vision: Under siege in Mexico and the Canadian Connection"</a> (PDF). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medio+Tiempo&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9xico+es+Campe%C3%B3n+en+el+Mundial+Sub-23+de+beisbol&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediotiempo.com%2Fbeisbol%2Fmexico-es-campeon-en-el-mundial-sub-23-de-beisbol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.donquijote.org/es/cultura-mexicana/tradiciones/toros/">"LOS TOROS EN MÉXICO"</a> [Bullfighting in Mexico], Don Quijote (in Spanish), retrieved 11 July 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Don+Quijote&rft.atitle=LOS+TOROS+EN+M%C3%89XICO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.donquijote.org%2Fes%2Fcultura-mexicana%2Ftradiciones%2Ftoros%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Anna, Timothy. Forging Mexico, 1821-1835. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998.</li> <li>Adams, Richard E.W. Prehispanic Mesoamerica. 3rd. ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2005.</li> <li>Beezley, William H., ed. A Companion to Mexican History and Culture. Blackwell 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405190572" title="Special:BookSources/9781405190572">9781405190572</a></li> <li>Bulmer-Thomas, Victor, <a href="/wiki/John_H._Coatsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Coatsworth">John H. Coatsworth</a>, and Roberto Cortés Conde, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America. Vol. 1, The Colonial Era and the Short Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderic_Ai_Camp" title="Roderic Ai Camp">Camp, Roderic Ai</a>. Politics in Mexico: Democratic Consolidation or Decline? (Oxford University Press, 2014)</li> <li>Coerver, Don M., Suzanne B. Pasztor, and Robert M. Buffington. Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History. Santa Barbara: ABCClio 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-132-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-132-4">1-57607-132-4</a></li> <li>Davis, Diane. Urban Leviathan: Mexico City in the Twentieth Century (Temple University Press, 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Hale" title="Charles A. Hale">Hale, Charles A.</a> The Transformation of Mexican Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989.</li> <li>Hamnett, Brian R. Roots of Insurgency: Mexican Regions 1750-1824. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1985.</li> <li>Kirkwood, Burton. The History of Mexico (Greenwood, 2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15456726">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091224124206/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15456726">Archived</a> 24 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Knight_(historian)" title="Alan Knight (historian)">Knight, Alan</a>. The Mexican Revolution. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauze1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Krauze" title="Enrique Krauze">Krauze, Enrique</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuuPAAZcKtYC">Mexico: Biography of Power: A history of Modern Mexico 1810–1996</a>. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 896. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092917-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092917-6"><bdi>978-0-06-092917-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico%3A+Biography+of+Power%3A+A+history+of+Modern+Mexico+1810%E2%80%931996&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=896&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092917-6&rft.aulast=Krauze&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZuuPAAZcKtYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Levy, Santiago. Good intentions, bad outcomes: Social policy, informality, and economic growth in Mexico (Brookings Institution Press, 2010).</li> <li>Merrill, Tim and Ramón Miró. Mexico: a country study (Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1996) US government document; not copyright <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicocountrystu00merr_0">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerBeezley2000" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Michael C.; Beezley, William H., eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283">The Oxford History of Mexico</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/n149">736</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511228-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511228-3"><bdi>978-0-19-511228-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Mexico&rft.pages=736&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511228-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195112283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Meyer, Michael C., William L. Sherman, and Susan M. Deeds. The Course of Mexican History (7th ed.) (Oxford University Press, 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113260662">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202103530/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=113260662">Archived</a> 2 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Rugeley, Terry. Epic Mexico: A History from Earliest Times. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806167077" title="Special:BookSources/9780806167077">9780806167077</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Van_Young" title="Eric Van Young">Van Young, Eric</a>. Stormy Passage: Mexico from Colony to Republic, 1750-1850. Lanham MD: Rowman and Littlefield 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442209015" title="Special:BookSources/9781442209015">9781442209015</a></li> <li>Vinson, Ben, III. Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018.</li> <li>Werner, Michael S. ed. Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture (2 vol 1997) 1440pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98882479">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124111608/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98882479">Archived</a> 24 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner2001" class="citation book cs1">Werner, Michael S. (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxp-GWiDPioC&pg=PA386">Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-337-8"><bdi>978-1-57958-337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Mexico&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-337-8&rft.aulast=Werner&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxp-GWiDPioC%26pg%3DPA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Mexico at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mexico" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mexico">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="c:México">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mexico" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Mexico">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mexico" class="extiw" title="q:Mexico">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mexico" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mexico">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mexico" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mexico">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Comparative_law_and_justice/Mexico" class="extiw" title="v:Comparative law and justice/Mexico">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mexico" class="extiw" title="voy:Mexico">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/">The Government of Mexico</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitmexico.com/en">VisitMexico.com</a> – Official tourism website (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803185940/https://www.visitmexico.com/en/">Archived</a> 3 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul> General information <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/">Mexico</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Agency for International Development">U.S. Agency for International Development</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid/mexico/">Mexico</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>U.S.-Mexico foreign trade balance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c2010.html/">Mexico</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1205074.stm">Mexico</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico">Mexico</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Mexico" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Mexico">Wikimedia Atlas of Mexico</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MX">Key Development Forecasts for Mexico</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mexico_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico_topics" title="Template talk:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexico_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Control of Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Executive Power">Supreme Executive Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Spanish reconquest attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Second Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">Caste War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Second American intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">Lost Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Peso crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico" title="Geography of Mexico">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Mexico" title="Borders of Mexico">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico" title="Climate of Mexico">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico" title="List of earthquakes in Mexico">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Mexico">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extreme points of Mexico">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Mexico" title="Forests of Mexico">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Mexico" title="List of islands of Mexico">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mexico" title="List of lakes of Mexico">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Mexico" title="List of mountain peaks of Mexico">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_natural_areas_of_Mexico" title="Protected natural areas of Mexico">Protected natural areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mexico" title="List of rivers of Mexico">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Mexico" title="Territories of Mexico">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Mexico" title="Time in Mexico">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology" title="Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology">Tropical cyclone rainfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Mexico" title="List of volcanoes in Mexico">Volcanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resources in Mexico">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mexico" title="Wildlife of Mexico">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mexico" title="Elections in Mexico">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Foreign relations of Mexico">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico" title="List of political parties in Mexico">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mexico" title="Cabinet of Mexico">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican state legislatures">State legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_the_Nation" title="Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Mexico" title="Law of Mexico">Law</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mexico" title="Human rights in Mexico">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Mexico" title="Intersex rights in Mexico">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mexico">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico" title="Same-sex marriage in Mexico">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico" title="Agriculture in Mexico">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mexico" title="List of companies of Mexico">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico" title="Energy in Mexico">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Institucional_de_Valores" title="Bolsa Institucional de Valores">Institutional stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Mexico" title="Irrigation in Mexico">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_labor_law" title="Mexican labor law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mexico" title="Manufacturing in Mexico">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange" title="Mexican Stock Exchange">National stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Mexico" title="Oil reserves in Mexico">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_Pension_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico Pension Plan">Pension system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Peso (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Mexico" title="Petroleum industry in Mexico">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico" title="History of science and technology in Mexico">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP" title="List of Mexican states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_unemployment" title="List of Mexican states by unemployment">States by unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico" title="Tourism in Mexico">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico" title="Transportation in Mexico">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Mexico" title="Water scarcity in Mexico">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mexico" title="Category:Society of Mexico">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico" title="Demographics of Mexico">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_flags" title="List of Mexican flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mexico" title="Healthcare in Mexico">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Public holidays in Mexico">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Mexican states by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Mexico" title="Smoking in Mexico"> Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mexico" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mexico">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oportunidades" title="Oportunidades">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico" title="Architecture of Mexico">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_art" title="Mexican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktales_of_Mexico" title="Folktales of Mexico">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art" title="Mexican handcrafts and folk art">Handcrafts and folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Mexico" title="National Monuments of Mexico">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Mexico" title="National symbols of Mexico">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Mexico" title="Radio in Mexico">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mexico" title="Sport in Mexico">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Mexico" title="Television in Mexico">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mexico" title="Outline of Mexico">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexico" title="Category:Mexico">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Protected Areas of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vizca%C3%ADno_Biosphere_Reserve" title="El Vizcaíno Biosphere Reserve">Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missions_in_the_Sierra_Gorda_of_Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro">Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a></li> <li>Historic Monuments Zone of <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_(city)" title="Querétaro (city)">Querétaro</a></li> <li>Historic Town of <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_(city)" title="Guanajuato (city)">Guanajuato</a> and Adjacent Mines</li> <li>Protected town of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Atotonilco" title="Sanctuary of Atotonilco">Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave_Landscape_and_Ancient_Industrial_Facilities_of_Tequila" title="Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila">Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Revillagigedo Archipelago">Revillagigedo Archipelago</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospicio_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Hospicio Cabañas">Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara</a></li> <li>Islands and Protected Areas of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_Butterfly_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve">Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasteries_on_the_slopes_of_Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl">Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl</a>1</li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City of <a href="/wiki/El_Taj%C3%ADn" title="El Tajín">El Tajín</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a></li> <li>Historic Monuments Zone of <a href="/wiki/Tlacotalpan" title="Tlacotalpan">Tlacotalpan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaxaca (city)">Oaxaca</a> and Archaeological Site of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Alb%C3%A1n" title="Monte Albán">Monte Albán</a></li> <li>Prehistoric Caves of <a href="/wiki/Yagul" title="Yagul">Yagul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitla" title="Mitla">Mitla</a> in the Central Valley of Oaxaca</li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Archaeological Monuments Zone of <a href="/wiki/Xochicalco" title="Xochicalco">Xochicalco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Padre_Tembleque" title="Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque">Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque</a> Hydraulic System</li> <li>Central University City Campus of the <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Universitaria,_Mexico_City" title="Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City">UNAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_monasteries_on_the_slopes_of_Popocat%C3%A9petl" class="mw-redirect" title="Earliest monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl">Earliest 16th-century monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li>Historic Centre of <a href="/wiki/Historic_center_of_Mexico_City" title="Historic center of Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xochimilco" title="Xochimilco">Xochimilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Barrag%C3%A1n_House_and_Studio" title="Luis Barragán House and Studio">Luis Barragán House and Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_Butterfly_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve">Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuac%C3%A1n-Cuicatl%C3%A1n_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve">Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley</a></li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a>,</li> <li>Historic Fortified Town of <a href="/wiki/Campeche_(city)" title="Campeche (city)">Campeche</a></li> <li>Pre-Hispanic City of <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichén Itzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_Ka%CA%BCan_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Sian Kaʼan Biosphere Reserve">Sian Kaʼan Biosphere Reserve</a></li> <li>Pre-Hispanic Town of <a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Shared by more one <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico#States" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_North_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">San Andrés and Providencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal Dependencies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">St. Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">St. Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">St. Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154311247">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1211700/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRkxCrqQ3XXbCkdP63kc">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4039058-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81013960">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567575">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV070820">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36590136">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128515&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575373">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/646154">Portugal</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/522193">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90875945">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000011286">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000027250">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202013202">Korea</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/11155">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548168005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059740295606706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/3e08b2cd-69f3-317c-b1e4-e71be581839e">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02943005?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/152e6e99-9578-40ee-af99-00d364549e7d">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1308948">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/dI0lcqao">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026392577">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003379">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044640">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=65526">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\M\E\Mexico">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mexico&params=23_N_102_W_">23°N 102°W / 23°N 102°W / 23; -102</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico&oldid=1260302854">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico&oldid=1260302854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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4.30% 187.642 36 Template:Cite_news"," 3.96% 172.972 1 Template:Sister_project_links"," 3.40% 148.342 1 Template:Native_name"," 3.13% 136.849 15 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.790","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22789853,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdela_M._Olvera2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlcázar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmadour2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmanda_Briney2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmérica_Economia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngel_Miranda_Basurto2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrera_DiazVillamilStill2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecerril2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenson1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrianna_LeeDanielle_RenwickRocio_Cara_Labrador2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchenau\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarmackGascoGossen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarramiñana2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastells_Ballarin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlotte_M._Gradie2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoerverPasztorBuffington2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColin_M._MacLachlan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCope1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosteloe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowgill1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCruz_Vasconcelos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurl2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDINA_Camiones_Company\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallen_J._Timothy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Waugh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiehl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEkland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElena_Poniatowska1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndicott2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnergy_Information_Administration\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnergía\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranco2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuentes-Nieva2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuentes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGereffiMartínez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomez_Romero2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez-Barrera2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzálezOrmerod\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález_EchevarríaHill\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreetTarver2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGustavo_Iruegas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGómez_Mena2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHale1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall_SteckelR._Haines2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamnett\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHufbauerSchott2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFINALI2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFINALI_\u0026#91;Instituto_Nacional_de_Lenguas_Indígenas\u0026#93;2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternal_Rules_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Gay_and_Lesbian_Human_Rights_Commission2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobo_Grinberg_Zylberbaum1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_ScottMatthias_vom_HauDavid_Hulme\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Korzeniewski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarol_García2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsella2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsella2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnispel2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauze1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauze2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLa_Crónica_de_Hoy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaveaga2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagalhães2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaggie_Farley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauro_F._Guillén2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerBeezley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Blastland2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Foreign_Affairs2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonfortiGraham\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Gregory_Mankiw2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavarrete_Linares\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiko_Vorobyov2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolte2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOPANAL\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlveraMartínez2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrganization_of_Ibero-American_States\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalacios_Treviño\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsonsJonathan_Schaffer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaweł_Bożyk2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhelan1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolitical_Constitution_of_the_United_Mexican_States1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafael_Hernández_Ángeles\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReding1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReséndiz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicardo_GómezAndrea_Merlos2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_McCaa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosa2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz-MarínSilva-Zolezzi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSieff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon-Clerc2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolís2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoto2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSource:_Arianespace2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusan_Toby_EvansDavid_L._Webster2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuárez2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson,_Elizabeth_A.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTransporte\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversity_of_Puget_Sound\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValles_Ruiz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVargas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasconcelos1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWamsley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasserstrom1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Bright2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFesmas.com2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 179,\n [\"Convert\"] = 21,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries of North America\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"E18\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Ethnologue18\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 25,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Largest metropolitan areas of Mexico\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 34,\n [\"Mexico labeled map\"] = 1,\n [\"Mexico topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-sock\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 20,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"World Heritage Sites in Mexico\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","440","14.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","11.3"],["dataWrapper 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