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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="بروكويست – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بروكويست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پروکوئست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پروکوئست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="প্রোকুয়েস্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রোকুয়েস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ProQuest" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ProQuest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ProQuest" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پروکوئست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروکوئست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ProQuest" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="ProQuest" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ProQuest" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98" title="פרוקווסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוקווסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="ProQuest" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="ProQuest" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="ProQuest" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="ProQuest" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="ProQuest" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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<p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">ProQuest LLC</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ProQuest_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/ProQuest_logo.png/220px-ProQuest_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/ProQuest_logo.png/330px-ProQuest_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/ProQuest_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="165" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ProQuest_Building_Ann_Arbor2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ProQuest_Building_Ann_Arbor2.JPG/220px-ProQuest_Building_Ann_Arbor2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ProQuest_Building_Ann_Arbor2.JPG/330px-ProQuest_Building_Ann_Arbor2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/ProQuest_Building_Ann_Arbor2.JPG/440px-ProQuest_Building_Ann_Arbor2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="1642" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category">Information and data provider</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1938<span class="noprint">; 86 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1938</span>)</span> as University Microfilms</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Power" title="Eugene Power">Eugene Power</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a> on December 1, 2021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Andy Snyder (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>)</li><li>Matti Shem-Tov (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li><li>Robert VanHees (<a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">CFO</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Information_Group" title="Cambridge Information Group">Cambridge Information Group</a> (2006–2021)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a> (2021–present)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proquest.com/">proquest<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ProQuest LLC</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>-based global information-content and technology company, founded in 1938 as <b>University Microfilms</b> by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Power" title="Eugene Power">Eugene Power</a>. </p><p>ProQuest is known for its applications and information services for libraries,<sup id="cite_ref-InfoToday_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoToday-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing access to dissertations, theses, ebooks, newspapers, periodicals, historical collections, governmental archives, cultural archives,<sup id="cite_ref-JiscRelease_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JiscRelease-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other aggregated databases. This content was estimated to be around 125 billion digital pages. </p><p>The company began operations as a producer of <a href="/wiki/Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a> products, subsequently shifting to <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">electronic publishing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PrivCo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrivCo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later grew through acquisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoToday_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoToday-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 1, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a> bought ProQuest from <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Information_Group" title="Cambridge Information Group">Cambridge Information Group</a> for $5.3 billion in what was described as "huge deal in the library and information publishing world". Clarivate said that the operational concept behind the acquisition was integrating ProQuest's products and applications with <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarivate-2021-12-01_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarivate-2021-12-01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Businesses">Businesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProQuest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Businesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ProQuest was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">microfilm</a> publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It began publishing doctoral dissertations in 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has published more than 3 million searchable dissertations and theses,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (March 2018)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and is designated as an offsite digital archive for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Library of Congress">United States Library of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (March 2018)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The company's scholarly content includes dissertations and theses, primary source material, ebooks, scholarly journals,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historical and current newspapers and periodicals, data sources, and other content of interest to researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (March 2018)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> ProQuest Video Preservation and Discovery Service, allows libraries to preserve and provide access to their proprietary audio and video collections.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2014, ProQuest LLC also operated businesses under the following names:<sup id="cite_ref-JiscRelease_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JiscRelease-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._R._Bowker" title="R. R. Bowker">Bowker</a> provides bibliographic information management solutions to publishers, libraries and booksellers,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> Agency for the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialog_(online_database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog (online database)">Dialog</a> is an online information service with more than 1.4 billion unique records<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> curated for corporate, business and government researchers, with a focus on pharmaceutical, engineering and patent research.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>EBL (Ebook Library), an ebook aggregator with a catalog of titles from academic publishers, serves academic, corporate and research libraries<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while supporting emerging <a href="/wiki/Library_collection_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Library collection development">collection development</a> models such as <a href="/wiki/Patron-driven_acquisition" title="Patron-driven acquisition">patron-driven acquisition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrary" title="Ebrary">ebrary</a> offers access to ebook collections, by subscription or a <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_access" title="Perpetual access">perpetual archive</a> model, in subject packages tailored for academic, corporate, government, public and high school libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProQuest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASA_conference_2008_-_26.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ASA_conference_2008_-_26.JPG/220px-ASA_conference_2008_-_26.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ASA_conference_2008_-_26.JPG/330px-ASA_conference_2008_-_26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/ASA_conference_2008_-_26.JPG/440px-ASA_conference_2008_-_26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>2008 conference booth</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Power" title="Eugene Power">Eugene Power</a>, a 1927 BA and 1930 MBA graduate of the <a href="/wiki/Ross_School_of_Business" title="Ross School of Business">University of Michigan</a>, founded the company as University Microfilms in 1938, preserving works from the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> on microfilm. By June 1938, Power worked in two rented rooms from a downtown Ann Arbor funeral parlor, specializing in microphotography to preserve library collections. In his autobiography <i>Edition of One</i>, Power details the development of the company, including how University Microfilms assisted the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work mainly involved filming maps and European newspapers so they could be shipped back and forth overseas more cheaply and discreetly. </p><p>Power also noticed a <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertations</a> publishing. Students were often forced to publish their own works in order to finish their <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral degree">doctoral degree</a>. Dissertations could be published more cheaply as microfilm than as books. ProQuest still publishes so many dissertations that its <a href="/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_and_Theses" title="ProQuest Dissertations and Theses">Dissertations and Theses</a> collection (formerly called Digital Dissertations) has been declared the official U.S. off-site repository of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of universal adoption of microfilm publication of doctoral dissertations was furthered considerably by two articles researched and written by a then recent recipient of the doctorate in history at Stanford University. Vaughn Davis Bornet seized on the idea and published "Doctoral Dissertations and the Stream of Scholarship"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Microfilm Publication of Doctoral Dissertations".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the dissertations market grew, the company expanded into filming newspapers and <a href="/wiki/Periodical" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical">periodicals</a>. The company's main newspaper database is ProQuest Newsstand. </p><p>In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> acquired the company for 51,750 shares of Xerox common stock, worth about $7.9 million.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Xerox's ownership, the name of the company changed several times, from <b>University Microfilms</b> to <b>Xerox University Microfilms</b>, to <b>University Microfilms International</b>, then shortened to <b>UMI</b>. In 1985, it was purchased from Xerox by <a href="/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell" title="Bell & Howell">Bell & Howell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, UMI acquired Data Courier, owner of ABI/INFORM, from the <a href="/wiki/Barry_Bingham_Jr." title="Barry Bingham Jr.">Bingham</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, UMI began producing <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a> that stored <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">databases</a> of periodicals abstracts and indexes. At a time when modem connections were slow and expensive, it was more efficient to mail database CD-ROMs regularly to subscribing libraries, who installed the discs on dedicated PCs. The ProQuest brand name was first used for databases on CD-ROM. An online service called ProQuest Direct was launched in 1995; its name was later shortened to just ProQuest.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bibliographic databases are mainly sold to schools, universities and libraries. </p><p>In 1998, the company announced the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_Vault_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital Vault Initiative (page does not exist)">Digital Vault Initiative</a>", purported to include 5.5 billion images digitized from UMI microfilm, including some of the best existing copies of major newspapers dating back 100 to 150 years, and Early English books dating back to the 15th century. While work continues to digitize the contents of the microfilm vault, ProQuest is already providing navigation of 125 billion digital pages, including nearly 20 million pages of newspaper content dating from pre-Revolutionary War America. </p><p>In 1999, the company name changed to <b>Bell & Howell Information and Learning</b>, and then in 2001 to <b>ProQuest Information and Learning</b>; Bell & Howell renamed itself the ProQuest Company.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1999, the company acquired <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadwyck-Healey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chadwyck-Healey (page does not exist)">Chadwyck-Healey</a>, a one-time microfilm publishing company that was one of the first to produce full-text CD-ROM databases. This acquisition gave Proquest ownership of a 100+ person publishing operation based in Cambridge, England and became the basis for a substantial overseas expansion. </p><p>During the 2000–2004 fiscal years, as well as the first three quarters of the 2005 fiscal year, ProQuest systematically overstated its net income. Cumulatively, pre-tax profits were overstated by 129.9 million dollars (or about 31 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Voyager Learning Company and ProQuest's CFO (from the time of the earnings overstatements) settled SEC "charges without admitting or denying the allegations of the SEC's complaint".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001 ProQuest acquired Norman Ross Publishing, a small New York based microfilm publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002 ProQuest acquired bigchalk.com, a company founded in 1999 with the combined assets of ProQuest's K-12 division and Infonautics Inc.'s K-12 business.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, ProQuest Information and Learning acquired Seattle start-up <a href="/wiki/Serials_Solutions" title="Serials Solutions">Serials Solutions</a>, a venture providing access management and search services for content hosted by other companies. </p><p>Also in 2004, the company acquired Copley Publishing Group.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 three ProQuest executives formed a distribution company called National Archive Publishing Co, of XanEdu, UMI, and Digital Service Operations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building that would house this new company stood at 300 Zeeb Road in Scio, home to nearly 6 billion pages of information.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, ProQuest Company, then the parent company of ProQuest Information and Learning, sold it to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Information_Group" title="Cambridge Information Group">Cambridge Information Group</a>, owner of <a href="/wiki/R._R._Bowker" title="R. R. Bowker">R. R. Bowker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the time of this sale, this article follows the history of ProQuest Information and Learning, not ProQuest Company. (ProQuest Company subsequently renamed itself to Voyager Learning Company, and later became part of <a href="/wiki/Cambium_Learning_Group" title="Cambium Learning Group">Cambium Learning Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>In 2007, ProQuest Information and Learning was merged with <a href="/wiki/CSA_(database_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="CSA (database company)">CSA</a> to form ProQuest CSA. Later that year it was renamed ProQuest LLC. </p><p>In 2008, ProQuest LLC acquired complete ownership of <a href="/wiki/RefWorks" title="RefWorks">RefWorks</a>, a web-based <a href="/wiki/Citation_manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation manager">citation manager</a> of which it had been part owner since 2001. RefWorks was merged with ProQuest's existing COS business to form RefWorks/COS.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 2008, ProQuest acquired <a href="/wiki/Dialog_(online_database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog (online database)">Dialog</a>, a major online database firm, from <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, ProQuest acquired two properties from LexisNexis, the Congressional Information Service (CIS) and University Publications of America (UPA). CIS produced one of the world's most exhaustive online collections of legislative content and highly respected statistical works, while UPA included deep historical content sets. The acquisition included digital products and an expansive microfilm vault that would leverage ProQuest's strength in conversion from film to searchable electronic formats.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, ProQuest acquired <a href="/wiki/Ebrary" title="Ebrary">Ebrary</a>, an online digital library of full texts of over 170,000 scholarly <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, ProQuest acquired Ebook Library (EBL), with plans to combine ebrary and EBL into a single e-book platform.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, ProQuest acquired Pi2 Solutions, a privately owned company specializing in Drug Safety Triager (DST) & Product Literature Database (PLD) systems for the biopharmaceutical industry. The company aligned Pi2 Solutions with its ProQuest Dialog corporate information service.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, ProQuest acquired SiPX<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Coutts Information Services, including the MyiLibrary platform and the Online Acquisitions and Selection Information System (OASIS).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2015, ProQuest acquired <a href="/wiki/Ex_Libris_Group" title="Ex Libris Group">Ex Libris</a>. It was to merge the Workflow Solutions division of ProQuest, which included the former Serials Solutions, into Ex Libris, with the enlarged entity to be named "Ex Libris, a ProQuest Company".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2016, ProQuest acquired <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Street_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Street Press">Alexander Street Press</a>, a provider of streaming videos and ebooks.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, ProQuest acquired <a href="/wiki/Innovative_Interfaces" title="Innovative Interfaces">Innovative Interfaces, Inc.</a>, a provider of technology solutions to academic and public libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 May 2021, it was announced that Clarivate would acquire ProQuest.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 28, 2021, Clarivate announced that the acquisition was delayed due to a Federal Trade Commission antitrust probe.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 1, 2021, <a href="/wiki/Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a> successfully completed the acquisition of ProQuest.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarivate-2021-12-01_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarivate-2021-12-01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProQuest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Among the products the company sells to clients such as public and research libraries are:<sup id="cite_ref-ProquestTitles_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProquestTitles-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CSA_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSA-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chadwyck_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chadwyck-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eLibrary_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eLibrary-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SIRS_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIRS-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>ABI/INFORM Collection (including ABI/INFORM Dateline, ABI/INFORM Global, and ABI/INFORM Trade & Industry)</li> <li>Accounting, Tax & Banking Collection (can be limited to "Accounting & Tax Database" or "Banking Information Database")</li> <li>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</li> <li>Aerospace Database</li> <li>AFI Catalog</li> <li>AIDS & Cancer Research Abstracts</li> <li>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</li> <li>Alt-PressWatch</li> <li>Aluminium Industry Abstracts</li> <li>American Periodicals Series</li> <li>Animal Behavior Abstracts</li> <li>ANTE: Abstracts in New Technology & Engineering</li> <li>Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA)</li> <li>AquaBrowser</li> <li>AquaBrowser Liquid</li> <li>Aqualine</li> <li>ARTbibliographies Modern (ABM)</li> <li>Arts & Humanities Full Text</li> <li>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</li> <li>Asian & European Business Collection</li> <li>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</li> <li>Biological Sciences</li> <li>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</li> <li>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</li> <li>Black Studies Center</li> <li>British Humanities Index (BHI)</li> <li>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</li> <li>Canadian Newsstand</li> <li>CBCA</li> <li>Ceramic Abstracts</li> <li>Chemoreception Abstracts</li> <li>Civil Engineering Abstracts</li> <li>Computer and Information Systems Abstracts (Module)</li> <li>Copper Technical Reference Library</li> <li>Corrosion Abstracts</li> <li>Design and Applied Arts Index (DAAI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialog_(online_database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog (online database)">Dialog</a></li> <li>Digital Sanborn Maps<sup id="cite_ref-Mann2015_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann2015-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Early European Books</li> <li>Earthquake Engineering Abstracts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrary" title="Ebrary">Ebrary</a></li> <li>Ecology Abstracts</li> <li>Electronics & Communications Abstracts</li> <li>eLibrary</li> <li>eLibrary Canada</li> <li>eLibrary Curriculum Edition</li> <li>eLibrary Elementary</li> <li>eLibrary Science</li> <li>Engineered Materials</li> <li>Engineering Research Database</li> <li>Entomology Abstracts</li> <li>Environment Abstracts</li> <li>Environmental Engineering Abstracts</li> <li>Environmental Science and Pollution Management</li> <li>ERIC PlusText</li> <li>Ethnic NewsWatch</li> <li>FIAF International Index to Film Periodicals Plus</li> <li>Gannett Military Newspapers</li> <li>Gannett Newspapers</li> <li>GenderWatch</li> <li>Genetics Abstracts</li> <li>Health & Safety Science Abstracts</li> <li>HeritageQuest Online<sup id="cite_ref-Mann2015_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann2015-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>History Study Center</li> <li>Immunology Abstracts</li> <li>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</li> <li>International Bibliography of Art (IBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bibliography_of_the_Social_Sciences" title="International Bibliography of the Social Sciences">International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</a> (IBSS)</li> <li>International Index to Black Periodicals</li> <li>International Index to Music Periodicals</li> <li>International Index to the Performing Arts</li> <li>Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA)</li> <li>Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA)</li> <li>Literature Online</li> <li>Literature Online Reference Edition</li> <li>Materials Business File</li> <li>Materials Research Database</li> <li>Mechanical & Transportation Engineering Abstracts</li> <li>MEDLINE with Full Text</li> <li>METADEX</li> <li>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</li> <li>Middle East Newsstand</li> <li>Neurosciences Abstracts</li> <li>Nucleic Acids Abstracts</li> <li>Oceanic Abstracts</li> <li>Oncogenes and Growth Factors Abstracts</li> <li>PAIS <sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Periodicals Archive Online</li> <li>Periodicals Index Online</li> <li>Pharmaceutical News Index</li> <li>Physical Education Index</li> <li>Pi2 Drug Safety Triager™ (DST)</li> <li>Pi2 Product Literature Database (PLD)</li> <li>Pollution Abstracts</li> <li>PRISMA (Publicaciones y Revistas Sociales y Humanísticas)</li> <li>Professional ProQuest Central</li> <li>ProQuest 5000</li> <li>ProQuest 5000 International</li> <li>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Agricultural Science Collection</li> <li>ProQuest ANZ Newsstand</li> <li>ProQuest African American Heritage</li> <li>ProQuest Aquatic Science Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Atmospheric Science Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Career and Technical Education</li> <li>ProQuest Central</li> <li>ProQuest Computer Science Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Criminal Justice Periodicals Index</li> <li>ProQuest Discovery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_and_Theses" title="ProQuest Dissertations and Theses">ProQuest Dissertations and Theses</a> (formerly known as <i>DAI, Dissertation Abstracts International</i>)</li> <li>ProQuest Earth Science Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Education Journals</li> <li>ProQuest Engineering Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Entrepreneurship</li> <li>ProQuest Environmental Science Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Family Health</li> <li>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete</li> <li>ProQuest Health Management</li> <li>ProQuest Historical Annual Reports</li> <li>ProQuest Historical Newspapers</li> <li>ProQuest International Newswires</li> <li>ProQuest Legislative Insight</li> <li>ProQuest Library Science</li> <li>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Medical Library</li> <li>ProQuest Military Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Newsstand</li> <li>ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source</li> <li>ProQuest Obituaries</li> <li>ProQuest One Academic</li> <li>ProQuest One Literature</li> <li>ProQuest Political Science</li> <li>ProQuest Polymer Science Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Professional Education</li> <li>ProQuest Psychology Journals</li> <li>ProQuest Public Health</li> <li>ProQuest Religion</li> <li>ProQuest Regulatory Insight</li> <li>ProQuest Research Library</li> <li>ProQuest Sanborn Maps Geo Edition</li> <li>ProQuest Science Journals</li> <li>ProQuest SciTech Collection</li> <li>ProQuest Social Science Journals</li> <li>ProQuest Sociology</li> <li>ProQuest Technology Collection</li> <li>Resource/One</li> <li>Risk Abstracts</li> <li>SIRS Decades</li> <li>SIRS Discoverer</li> <li>SIRS Government Reporter</li> <li>SIRS Issues Researcher</li> <li>SIRS Renaissance</li> <li>Social Services Abstracts</li> <li>Sociological Abstracts</li> <li>Solid State and Superconductivity Abstracts</li> <li>State Packages</li> <li>Summon</li> <li>Sustainability Science Abstracts</li> <li>Technology Research Database</li> <li>Toxicology Abstracts</li> <li>US Hispanic Newsstand</li> <li>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</li> <li>Water Resources Abstracts</li> <li>Worldwide Political Science Abstracts</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProQuest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_Bibliography_of_English_Language_and_Literature" title="Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature">Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissertations_Abstracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertations Abstracts">Dissertations Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">List of academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich%27s_Periodicals_Directory" title="Ulrich's Periodicals Directory">Ulrich's Periodicals Directory</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProQuest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-InfoToday-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InfoToday_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InfoToday_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infotoday.com/it/apr14/Kaser--ProQuest-Goes-Global.shtml">"ProQuest Goes Global"</a>. Information Today. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701104541/http://www.infotoday.com/it/apr14/Kaser--ProQuest-Goes-Global.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ProQuest+Goes+Global&rft.pub=Information+Today&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infotoday.com%2Fit%2Fapr14%2FKaser--ProQuest-Goes-Global.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JiscRelease-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JiscRelease_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JiscRelease_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2014/Jisc-and-ProQuest-Enable-Access-to-Essential-Digital-Content.html">"Jisc and ProQuest Enable Access to Essential Digital Content"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527022309/https://www.proquest.com/about/news/2014/Jisc-and-ProQuest-Enable-Access-to-Essential-Digital-Content.html">Archived</a> May 27, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved May 21, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrivCo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrivCo_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privco.com/private-company/proquest-company">"ProQuest LLC"</a>. <i>PrivCo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082020/http://www.privco.com/private-company/proquest-company">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PrivCo.com&rft.atitle=ProQuest+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.privco.com%2Fprivate-company%2Fproquest-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilliotAlbanese2021" class="citation web cs1">Milliot, Jim; Albanese, Andrew (May 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/86387-clarivate-to-buy-proquest-for-5-3-billion.html">"Clarivate to Buy ProQuest for $5.3 Billion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204125458/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/86387-clarivate-to-buy-proquest-for-5-3-billion.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SEC+Complaint+vs.+Scott+Hirth+and+ProQuest+Company+%5Bin+2008%5D+known+as+Voyager+Learning+Company&rft.pub=United+States+Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2Flitigation%2Fcomplaints%2F2008%2Fcomp20650.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-147.htm">"Press Release: SEC Charges Ann Arbor-Based Company and Former Executive in Accounting Fraud Scheme"</a>. United States Securities and Exchange Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160316114343/http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-147.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press+Release%3A+SEC+Charges+Ann+Arbor-Based+Company+and+Former+Executive+in+Accounting+Fraud+Scheme&rft.pub=United+States+Securities+and+Exchange+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2Fnews%2Fpress%2F2008%2F2008-147.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosspub.com/normanbio.html">"Untitled Page"</a>. <i>www.rosspub.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127123825/http://rosspub.com/normanbio.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rosspub.com&rft.atitle=Untitled+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosspub.com%2Fnormanbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompany" class="citation web cs1">Company, ProQuest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/proquest-signs-definitive-agreement-to-acquire-bigchalk-77209637.html">"ProQuest Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire bigchalk"</a>. <i>prnewswire.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prnewswire.com&rft.atitle=ProQuest+Signs+Definitive+Agreement+to+Acquire+bigchalk&rft.aulast=Company&rft.aufirst=ProQuest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fproquest-signs-definitive-agreement-to-acquire-bigchalk-77209637.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3328/is_/ai_n26177247">"ProQuest Information and Learning has acquired Copley Publishing Group, Inc"</a>. findarticles.com. May 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ProQuest+Information+and+Learning+has+acquired+Copley+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc.&rft.pub=findarticles.com&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_hb3328%2Fis_%2Fai_n26177247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/221827164">"National Archive Publishing Company Formed By Prior Management Team"</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/221827164">221827164</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115165913/https://www.proquest.com/docview/221827164">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Archive+Publishing+Company+Formed+By+Prior+Management+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F221827164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/flicc/svcdir/an.html">"National Archive Publishing Co"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030005307/https://www.loc.gov/flicc/svcdir/an.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=National+Archive+Publishing+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fflicc%2Fsvcdir%2Fan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_H._Munroe2004" class="citation web cs1">Mary H. Munroe (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020173911/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/CIG.htm">"Cambridge Information Group Timeline"</a>. <i>The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/index.htm">the original</a> on October 20, 2014 – via Northern Illinois University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Academic+Publishing+Industry%3A+A+Story+of+Merger+and+Acquisition&rft.atitle=Cambridge+Information+Group+Timeline&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Mary+H.+Munroe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulib.niu.edu%2Fpublishers%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031081311/http://cambiumlearning.investorroom.com/index.php?s=52&cat=1">"Cambium Learning Group Inc. – Investor Relations – Management Team"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cambiumlearning.investorroom.com/index.php?s=52&cat=1">the original</a> on October 31, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambium+Learning+Group+Inc.+%E2%80%93+Investor+Relations+%E2%80%93+Management+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcambiumlearning.investorroom.com%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D52%26cat%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120912204714/http://www.proquest.co.uk/en-UK/aboutus/pressroom/08/20080118.shtml">"ProQuest acquires RefWorks"</a>. ProQuest LLC. January 18, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.co.uk/en-UK/aboutus/pressroom/08/20080118.shtml">the original</a> on September 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ProQuest+acquires+RefWorks&rft.pub=ProQuest+LLC&rft.date=2008-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.co.uk%2Fen-UK%2Faboutus%2Fpressroom%2F08%2F20080118.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/en-US/aboutus/pressroom/08/20080701.shtml">"ProQuest acquires Dialog"</a> (Press release). ProQuest LLC. July 1, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917034024/http://www.proquest.com/en-US/aboutus/pressroom/08/20080701.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ProQuest+acquires+Dialog&rft.pub=ProQuest+LLC.&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fen-US%2Faboutus%2Fpressroom%2F08%2F20080701.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120095252/http://scientific.thomsonreuters.com/press/2008/8458603/">"ProQuest signs agreement to acquire Dialog business from Thomson Reuters"</a>. scientific.thomsonreuters.com. June 12, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scientific.thomsonreuters.com/press/2008/8458603/">the original</a> on November 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ProQuest+signs+agreement+to+acquire+Dialog+business+from+Thomson+Reuters&rft.pub=scientific.thomsonreuters.com&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscientific.thomsonreuters.com%2Fpress%2F2008%2F8458603%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.proquest.com/en/news/2010/ProQuest-Acquires-Congressional-Information-Service-LexisNexis/">"ProQuest Acquires Acclaimed Congressional Information Service and University Publications of America from LexisNexis"</a> (Press release). ProQuest LLC. November 30, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614032951/https://about.proquest.com/en/news/2010/ProQuest-Acquires-Congressional-Information-Service-LexisNexis/">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ProQuest+Acquires+Acclaimed+Congressional+Information+Service+and+University+Publications+of+America+from+LexisNexis&rft.pub=ProQuest+LLC.&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.proquest.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2010%2FProQuest-Acquires-Congressional-Information-Service-LexisNexis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick, Sean (January 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/01082011/proquest-acquires-ebrary">"ProQuest acquires ebrary"</a>. <i>American Libraries</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305152427/http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/01082011/proquest-acquires-ebrary">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 22, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2013/ProQuest-Signs-Definitive-Agreement-to-Acquire-EBL.html">the original</a> on July 30, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ProQuest+Signs+Definitive+Agreement+to+Acquire+EBL&rft.pub=ProQuest+LLC&rft.date=2013-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F2013%2FProQuest-Signs-Definitive-Agreement-to-Acquire-EBL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502194950/http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2014/ProQuest-Acquires-Pi2.html">"ProQuest Acquires Pi2"</a> (Press release). ProQuest LLC. May 1, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2014/ProQuest-Acquires-Pi2.html">the original</a> on May 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sipx.com/proquest-acquires-sipx/">the original</a> on June 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ProQuest+Acquires+SIPX&rft.pub=ProQuest+LLC.&rft.date=2015-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsipx.com%2Fproquest-acquires-sipx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910024710/http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2015/ProQuest-to-Acquire-Coutts-Information-Services-and-MyiLibrary-from-Ingram-Content-Group.html">"ProQuest to Acquire Coutts Information Services and MyiLibrary from Ingram Content Group"</a> (Press release). ProQuest LLC. April 30, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2015/ProQuest-to-Acquire-Coutts-Information-Services-and-MyiLibrary-from-Ingram-Content-Group.html">the original</a> on September 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ProQuest+to+Acquire+Coutts+Information+Services+and+MyiLibrary+from+Ingram+Content+Group&rft.pub=ProQuest+LLC.&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F2015%2FProQuest-to-Acquire-Coutts-Information-Services-and-MyiLibrary-from-Ingram-Content-Group.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeding2015" class="citation journal cs1">Breeding, Marshall (October 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/proquest-to-acquire-ex-libris/">"ProQuest to Acquire Ex Libris"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Libraries" title="American Libraries">American Libraries</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007131806/http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/proquest-to-acquire-ex-libris/">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Libraries&rft.atitle=ProQuest+to+Acquire+Ex+Libris&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.aulast=Breeding&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanlibrariesmagazine.org%2Fblogs%2Fthe-scoop%2Fproquest-to-acquire-ex-libris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625010742/http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2016/Alexander-Street-Press-Joins-the-ProQuest-Family-of-Companies.html">"Alexander Street Press Joins the ProQuest Family of Companies"</a> (Press release). ProQuest LLC. June 22, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2016/Alexander-Street-Press-Joins-the-ProQuest-Family-of-Companies.html">the original</a> on June 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alexander+Street+Press+Joins+the+ProQuest+Family+of+Companies&rft.pub=ProQuest+LLC&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F2016%2FAlexander-Street-Press-Joins-the-ProQuest-Family-of-Companies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.proquest.com/en/news/2020/Ex-Libris-Completes-the-Acquisition-of-Innovative/">"Ex Libris Completes the Acquisition of Innovative"</a>. <i>about.proquest.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015554/https://about.proquest.com/en/news/2020/Ex-Libris-Completes-the-Acquisition-of-Innovative/">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.proquest.com&rft.atitle=Ex+Libris+Completes+the+Acquisition+of+Innovative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.proquest.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2020%2FEx-Libris-Completes-the-Acquisition-of-Innovative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clarivate.com/clarivate-proquest-acquisition/">"Clarivate acquire ProQuest"</a>. <i>Clarivate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517101534/https://clarivate.com/clarivate-proquest-acquisition/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clarivate&rft.atitle=Clarivate+acquire+ProQuest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclarivate.com%2Fclarivate-proquest-acquisition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/87120-clarivate-purchase-of-proquest-extended.html">"Clarivate Purchase of ProQuest Delayed"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816212807/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/87120-clarivate-purchase-of-proquest-extended.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clarivate+Purchase+of+ProQuest+Delayed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fby-topic%2Findustry-news%2Findustry-deals%2Farticle%2F87120-clarivate-purchase-of-proquest-extended.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProquestTitles-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ProquestTitles_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProQuest" class="citation web cs1">ProQuest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115074308/http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/titlelists/tl-csa.shtml">"Title List System"</a>. <i>Products & Services</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/titlelists/tl-csa.shtml">the original</a> on January 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Products+%26+Services&rft.atitle=Title+List+System&rft.au=ProQuest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fen-US%2Fproducts%2Ftitlelists%2Ftl-csa.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSA-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CSA_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProQuest" class="citation web cs1">ProQuest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/titlelists/tl-csa.shtm">"CSA Title Lists"</a>. <i>Products & Services</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Products+%26+Services&rft.atitle=CSA+Title+Lists&rft.au=ProQuest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fen-US%2Fproducts%2Ftitlelists%2Ftl-csa.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwyck-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chadwyck_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProQuest" class="citation web cs1">ProQuest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/titlelists/tl-ch.shtml">"Chadwyck-Healey Title Lists"</a>. <i>Products & Services</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627141817/http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/titlelists/tl-ch.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Products+%26+Services&rft.atitle=Chadwyck-Healey+Title+Lists&rft.au=ProQuest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fen-US%2Fproducts%2Ftitlelists%2Ftl-ch.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eLibrary-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eLibrary_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProQuest" class="citation web cs1">ProQuest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/titlelists/tl-k12.shtml">"eLibrary Title Lists"</a>. <i>Products & Services</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627141828/http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/titlelists/tl-k12.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Products+%26+Services&rft.atitle=eLibrary+Title+Lists&rft.au=ProQuest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fen-US%2Fproducts%2Ftitlelists%2Ftl-k12.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIRS-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIRS_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProQuest" class="citation web cs1">ProQuest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/titlelists/tl-sirs.shtml">"SIRS Title Lists"</a>. <i>Products & Services</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627152302/http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/titlelists/tl-sirs.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Products+%26+Services&rft.atitle=SIRS+Title+Lists&rft.au=ProQuest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fen-US%2Fproducts%2Ftitlelists%2Ftl-sirs.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann2015-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann2015_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann2015_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Mann2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Mann (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lUZnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA298">"Special Subjects and Formats: Genealogy and Local History"</a>. <i>Oxford Guide to Library Research</i> (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993106-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993106-4"><bdi>978-0-19-993106-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Special+Subjects+and+Formats%3A+Genealogy+and+Local+History&rft.btitle=Oxford+Guide+to+Library+Research&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993106-4&rft.au=Thomas+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlUZnBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/paisarc-set-c/">"PAIS® Index"</a>. <i>about.proquest.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225102747/https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/paisarc-set-c/">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=about.proquest.com&rft.atitle=PAIS%C2%AE+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.proquest.com%2Fen%2Fproducts-services%2Fpaisarc-set-c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProQuest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProQuest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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