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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Morphology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Morphology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Suffixes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicknames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicknames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Nicknames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicknames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Syntax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Lexicon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Similar dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Nahuatl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Nahuatl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Influence of Nahuatl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Nahuatl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Influence of English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mexican Spanish</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellanu_mexicanu" title="Castellanu mexicanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Castellanu mexicanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مکزیکی ایسپانیا دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مکزیکی ایسپانیا دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell%C3%A0_de_M%C3%A8xic" title="Castellà de Mèxic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Castellà de Mèxic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehhiko_hispaania_keel" title="Mehhiko hispaania keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mehhiko hispaania keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Ισπανικές διάλεκτοι του Μεξικού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανικές διάλεκτοι του Μεξικού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ol_mexicano" title="Español mexicano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Español mexicano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikoko_gaztelania" title="Mexikoko gaztelania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mexikoko gaztelania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="اسپانیایی مکزیکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسپانیایی مکزیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espagnol_mexicain" title="Espagnol mexicain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Espagnol mexicain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel%C3%A1n_mexicano" title="Castelán mexicano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Castelán mexicano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8%EC%96%B4" title="멕시코 스페인어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멕시코 스페인어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Spanyol_Meksiko" title="Bahasa Spanyol Meksiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Spanyol Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikos_ispan%C5%B3_kalba" title="Meksikos ispanų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Meksikos ispanų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexik%C3%B3i_spanyol_nyelvj%C3%A1r%C3%A1s" title="Mexikói spanyol nyelvjárás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mexikói spanyol nyelvjárás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicaans-Spaans" title="Mexicaans-Spaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mexicaans-Spaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksyka%C5%84ska_odmiana_j%C4%99zyka_hiszpa%C5%84skiego" title="Meksykańska odmiana języka hiszpańskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Meksykańska odmiana języka hiszpańskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanhol_mexicano" title="Espanhol mexicano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espanhol mexicano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Испанский язык в Мексике – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испанский язык в Мексике" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mexican Spanish" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikonespanja" title="Meksikonespanja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meksikonespanja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_%C4%B0spanyolcas%C4%B1" title="Meksika İspanyolcası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meksika İspanyolcası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96" title="Іспанська мова в Мексиці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іспанська мова в Мексиці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha_M%C3%A9xico" title="Tiếng Tây Ban Nha México – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tây Ban Nha México" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mexican+Spanish%22">"Mexican Spanish"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mexican+Spanish%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mexican+Spanish%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mexican+Spanish%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mexican+Spanish%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mexican+Spanish%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Mexican Spanish</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Español mexicano</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[espaˈɲol mexiˈkano]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexicans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 120 million (2021)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 8.2 million (2021)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Romance_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance languages">Ibero-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian languages">Castilian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Mexican Spanish</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River dialect</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish alphabet">Spanish alphabet</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (de facto)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Academia_Mexicana_de_la_Lengua" title="Academia Mexicana de la Lengua">Academia Mexicana de la Lengua</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=es">es</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>spa<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mexi1248">mexi1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>es-MX</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Espa%C3%B1ol_Mexicano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Espa%C3%B1ol_Mexicano.svg/320px-Espa%C3%B1ol_Mexicano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Espa%C3%B1ol_Mexicano.svg/480px-Espa%C3%B1ol_Mexicano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Espa%C3%B1ol_Mexicano.svg/640px-Espa%C3%B1ol_Mexicano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="788" /></a><div style="text-align:left;">Varieties of Mexican Spanish.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Northeastern</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Northwestern</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Northern peninsular</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Western</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Abajeño</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Central</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Southern</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Coastal</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Chiapaneco<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Yucateco</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Mexican Spanish (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: español mexicano) is the variety of <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">United Mexican States</a>. Mexico has the largest number of Spanish speakers, more than double any other country in the world. Spanish is spoken by over 99% of the population, being the mother tongue of 93.8%, and the second language of 5.4%.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variation">Variation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Variation">edit</a>]</div> The territory of contemporary Mexico is not coextensive with what might be termed Mexican Spanish,<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> since linguistic boundaries rarely coincide with political ones. The Spanish spoken in the southernmost state of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, bordering <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, resembles the variety of <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central American Spanish</a> spoken in that country, where <a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">voseo</a> is used.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> led to a large number of Mexicans residing in what had become US territory, and many of their descendants have continued to speak Spanish. In addition, the waves of 19th- and 20th-century migration from Mexico to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, have contributed greatly to making Mexican Spanish the most widely spoken variety of Spanish in the United States. Finally, the Spanish spoken in coastal areas often exhibits certain phonetic traits in common with the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a> rather than with that of central Mexico, and the Spanish of the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> is quite distinct from other varieties.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> It should also be noted that there is great variation in <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a> patterns from region to region within Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> For instance, the Spanish of northern Mexico, including the traditional Spanish of New Mexico, is characterized by its own distinct set of intonation patterns.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Regarding the evolution of the Spanish spoken in Mexico, the Swedish linguist <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertil_Malmberg_(fonetiker)" class="extiw" title="sv:Bertil Malmberg (fonetiker)">Bertil Malmberg</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> points out that in Central Mexican Spanish—unlike most varieties in the other Spanish-speaking countries—the vowels lose strength, while consonants are fully pronounced. Malmberg attributes this to a <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a>, as part of a broader cultural phenomenon that preserves aspects of indigenous culture through place names of Nahuatl origin, statues that commemorate Aztec rulers, etc.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The Mexican linguist <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Miguel_Lope_Blanch" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Miguel Lope Blanch">Juan M. Lope Blanch</a>, however, finds similar weakening of vowels in regions of several other Spanish-speaking countries; he also finds no similarity between the vowel behavior of Nahuatl and that of Central Mexican Spanish; and thirdly, he finds Nahuatl syllable structure no more complex than that of Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Furthermore, Nahuatl is not alone as a possible influence, as there are currently more than 90 native languages spoken in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#DDDDDD; border-bottom:1px solid #fefefe;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg/175px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg/263px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg/350px-Cantar_de_mio_Cid_f74r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1504" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0.4em;line-height:1.3em;">A manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Cantar_de_mio_Cid" title="Cantar de mio Cid">Cantar de mio Cid</a>, 13th century</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_Spanish" title="Stress in Spanish">stress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">Names</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language" title="History of the Spanish language">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Spanish" title="Early Modern Spanish">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language" title="Influences on the Spanish language">Influences</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_determiners" title="Spanish determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nouns" title="Spanish nouns">Nouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender_in_Spanish" title="Grammatical gender in Spanish">gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_pronouns" title="Spanish pronouns">Pronouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_personal_pronouns" title="Spanish personal pronouns">personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_object_pronouns" title="Spanish object pronouns">object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_adjectives" title="Spanish adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_prepositions" title="Spanish prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_verbs" title="Spanish verbs">Verbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conjugation" title="Spanish conjugation">conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irregular_verbs" title="Spanish irregular verbs">irregular verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Spanish">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">Dialectology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives" title="Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives">Seseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">Yeísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">Voseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%ADsmo" title="Leísmo">Leísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADsmo" title="Loísmo">Loísmo</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Interlanguage" title="Interlanguage">Interlanguages</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jopara" title="Jopara">Jopara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portu%C3%B1ol" title="Portuñol">Portuñol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquetas_Pidgin_Spanish" title="Roquetas Pidgin Spanish">Roquetas Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano or Chabacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero or Palenque</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DDDDDD;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Spanish as a second or foreign language">Teaching</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanism" title="Hispanism">Hispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">RAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Cervantes" title="Instituto Cervantes">Instituto Cervantes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_language_sidebar" title="Template:Spanish language sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_language_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spanish language sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_language_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish language sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Mexican Spanish </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"> </td> <td style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"> </td> <td style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"> </td> <td style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">ʝ</a> </td> <td style="border-right:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-left:0; width:25px;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Affricates">Affricates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Affricates">edit</a>]</div> Due to influence from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages">indigenous languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, Mexican Spanish has incorporated many words containing the sequences ⟨tz⟩ and ⟨tl⟩, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">voiceless alveolar affricate</a> [t͡s] and the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">voiceless alveolar lateral affricate</a> [t͡ɬ], present in many indigenous languages of Mexico,<a href="#cite_note-Lope2004-13">[13]</a> as in the words tlapalería [t͡ɬapaleˈɾia] ('hardware store') and coatzacoalquense [koat͡sakoalˈkense] ('from [the city of] <a href="/wiki/Coatzacoalcos" title="Coatzacoalcos">Coatzacoalcos</a>'). Mexican Spanish always pronounces the /t/ and /l/ in such a sequence in the same syllable, a trait shared with the Spanish of the rest of Latin America, that of the Canary Islands, and the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, including Bilbao and Galicia.<a href="#cite_note-HualdeUnSegmentoTl-14">[14]</a> This includes words of Greek and Latin origin with ⟨tl⟩ such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntico#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:Atlántico">Atlántico</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atleta#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:atleta">atleta</a>. In contrast, in most of Spain, the /t/ would form part of the previous syllable's coda, and be subject to weakening, as in [aðˈlantiko], [aðˈleta].<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Some claim that in Mexican Spanish, the sequence /tl/ is really a single <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>, the same as the lateral affricate of Nahuatl. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Hualde" title="José Ignacio Hualde">José Ignacio Hualde</a> and Patricio Carrasco argue that /tl/ is best analyzed as an onset <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">cluster</a> on the basis that Mexicans take the same amount of time to pronounce /tl/ as they do to pronounce /pl/ and /kl/. They predicted that if /tl/ were a single segment, it would have been pronounced quicker than the other clusters.<a href="#cite_note-HualdeUnSegmentoTl-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fricatives">Fricatives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fricatives">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the usual voiceless fricatives of other American Spanish dialects (/f/, /s/, /x/), Mexican Spanish also has the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant">palatal sibilant</a> /ʃ/,<a href="#cite_note-Lope2004-13">[13]</a> mostly in words from indigenous languages—especially place names. The /ʃ/, represented orthographically as ⟨x⟩, is commonly found in words of <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a> origin, such as <a href="/wiki/Metro_Xola" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Xola">Xola</a> [ˈʃola] (a station in the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metro" title="Mexico City Metro">Mexico City Metro</a>). The spelling ⟨x⟩ can additionally represent the phoneme /x/ (also mostly in place names), as in México itself (/ˈmexiko/); or /s/, as in the place name <a href="/wiki/Xochimilco" title="Xochimilco">Xochimilco</a>—as well as the /ks/ sequence (in words of Greco-Latin origin, such as anexar /anekˈsar/), which is common to all varieties of Spanish. In many Nahuatl words in which ⟨x⟩ originally represented [ʃ], the pronunciation has changed to [x] (or [h])—e.g. <a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Jalapa/Xalapa</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[xaˈlapa]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Regarding the pronunciation of the phoneme /x/, the articulation in most of Mexico is velar [x], as in caja <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈkaxa]</a> ('box'). However, in some (but not all) dialects of southern Mexico, the normal articulation is glottal [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>] (as it is in most dialects of the Caribbean, the Pacific Coast, the <a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canary Islands</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> in Spain).<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanfield1981-17">[17]</a> Thus, in these dialects, México, Jalapa, and caja are respectively pronounced [ˈmehiko], [haˈlapa], and [ˈkaha]. In northwestern Mexico and rural Michoacan, [tʃ], represented by ⟨ch⟩, tends to be <a href="/wiki/Deaffrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaffrication">deaffricated</a> to [ʃ], a phonetic feature also typical of southwestern Andalusian Spanish dialects.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ParodiContacto-19">[19]</a> All varieties of Mexican Spanish are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo" title="Yeísmo">yeísmo</a>: the letters ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨y⟩ correspond to the same phoneme, /ʝ/.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> That phoneme, in most variants of Mexican Spanish, is pronounced as either a palatal fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a>] or an approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">ʝ˕</a>] in most cases, although after a <a href="/wiki/Pausa" title="Pausa">pause</a> it is instead realized as an affricate [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a>]. In the north and in rural Michoacan, /ʝ/ is consistently rendered as an approximant and may even be elided when between vowels and in contact with /i/ or /e/, as in gallina 'hen', silla 'chair', and sella 'seal'.<a href="#cite_note-ParodiContacto-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> As in all American dialects of Spanish, Mexican Spanish has <a href="/wiki/Seseo" class="mw-redirect" title="Seseo">seseo</a>, so /θ/ is not distinguished from /s/. Thus, casa 'house' and caza 'hunt' are homophones. Present in most of the interior of Mexico is the preservation, or absence of <a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">debuccalization</a>, of syllable-final /s/. The fact that the areas with the strongest preservation of final /s/ are also those with the most frequent unstressed vowel reduction gives the sibilant /s/ a special prominence in these dialects. On the other hand, /s/-weakening is very frequent on the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, and is also fairly frequent in northern and northwestern Mexico, and in parts of <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> and the Yucatán peninsula. In all these regions, /s/-weakening acts as a <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistic</a> marker, being more prevalent in rural areas and among the lower classes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The prevalence of a weakened syllable-final /s/ in so many peripheral areas of Mexico suggests that such weakening was at one point more prevalent in peripheral areas, but that the influence of Mexico City has led to the diffusion of a style of pronunciation without /s/-weakening, especially among the urban middle classes.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> /s/-weakening on both the Pacific and the Gulf Coast was strengthened by influences from <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean Spanish</a> dialects.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Also, the dialects spoken in rural <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>, like that of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexico</a>, have developed aspiration of syllable-initial /s/, as in words like pasar 'to pass' and señor 'sir'.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-caracteristicas-29">[29]</a> Despite the general lack of s-aspiration in the center of the country, /s/ is often <a href="/wiki/Elided" class="mw-redirect" title="Elided">elided</a> before /r/ or /l/, and the phrase buenas noches is often pronounced without the first /s/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarden1896section_42-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stops">Stops</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stops">edit</a>]</div> There is a set of voiced <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a>—/b/, /d/, /ɡ/, and sometimes /ʝ/—which alternate between <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosive</a> allophones depending on the environment. /bw/ often becomes /gw/,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarden1896sections_27,_30-31">[31]</a> especially in more rural speech, such that abuelo and bueno may be pronounced as agüelo and güeno. In addition, /gw/ is often assimilated to /w/.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarden1896sections_48,_52-32">[32]</a> Speakers from the Yucatán, especially men or those who are older, often pronounce the voiceless stops /p, t, k/ with <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Like most Spanish dialects and varieties, Mexican Spanish has five vowels: close unrounded front /i/, close rounded back /u/, mid unrounded front /e/, mid rounded back /o/, and open unrounded /a/.<a href="#cite_note-yobuca-34">[34]</a> A striking feature of Mexican Spanish, particularly that of central Mexico, is the high rate of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_reduction" title="Vowel reduction">reduction</a>, which can involve shortening and <a href="/wiki/Mid-centralized_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-centralized vowel">centralization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless vowel">devoicing</a>, or both, and even <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> of unstressed vowels, as in [ˈtɾasts] (trastes, 'cooking utensils'). This process is most frequent when a vowel is in contact with the phoneme /s/, so that /s/+ vowel + /s/ is the construction when the vowel is most frequently affected.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> It can be the case that the words pesos, pesas, and peces are pronounced the same [ˈpesəs].[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The vowels are slightly less frequently reduced or eliminated in the constructions /t, p, k, d/ + vowel + /s/, so that the words pastas, pastes, and pastos may also be pronounced the same [ˈpasts]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> Mexican Spanish is a tuteante form of the language (i.e. using tú and its traditional verb forms for the familiar second person singular). The traditional familiar second person plural pronoun vosotros—in colloquial use only in Spain—is found in Mexico only in certain archaic texts and ceremonial language. However, since it is used in many Spanish-language Bibles throughout the country, most Mexicans are familiar with the form and understand it. An instance of it is found in the <a href="/wiki/Himno_Nacional_Mexicano" title="Himno Nacional Mexicano">national anthem</a>, which all Mexicans learn to sing: Mexicanos, al grito de guerra / el acero aprestad y el bridón. Mexicans tend to use the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_personal_pronouns" title="Spanish personal pronouns">polite personal pronoun</a> usted in the majority of social situations, especially in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a>. In the north, children even address their parents with usted.<a href="#cite_note-caracteristicas-29">[29]</a> In rural areas of Sonora, Chihuahua, Durango, Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Tlaxcala, many people use a number of distinct non-standard morphological forms: 2nd person preterite verb forms ending in -ates, ites, imperfect forms such as traiba, creiba instead of traía, creía 'brought, believed', a merger of -ir and -er verb conjugations such that 'we live' is vivemos instead of vivimos, verb roots other than haiga (instead of haya) with non-standard /g/ such as creigo 'I believe' for creo, an accent shift in the first person plural subjunctive forms váyamos instead of vayamos 'we go', and a shift from -mos to -nos in <a href="/wiki/Proparoxytonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proparoxytonic">proparoxytonic</a> third person singular verb forms (cantaríanos instead of cantaríamos 'we sing'). These same verb forms are also found in the traditional Spanish of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffixes">Suffixes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Suffixes">edit</a>]</div> Central Mexico is noted for the frequent use of <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> suffixes with many nouns, adverbs, and adjectives, even where no semantic diminution of size or intensity is implied. Most frequent is the -ito/ita suffix, which replaces the final vowel on words that have one. Words ending with -n use the suffix -cito/cita. Use of the diminutive does not necessarily denote small size, but rather often implies an affectionate attitude; thus one may speak of "una casita grande" ('a nice, big house'). When the diminutive suffix is applied to an adjective, often a near-equivalent idea can be expressed in English by "nice and [adjective]". So, for example, a mattress (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: un colchón) described as blandito might be "nice and soft", while calling it blando might be heard to mean "too soft". In some regions of Mexico, the diminutive suffix -ito is also used to form affectives to express politeness or submission (cafecito, literally "little coffee"; cabecita, literally "little head"; chavito "little boy"), and is attached to names (Marquitos, from Marcos; Juanito, from Juan—cf. Eng. Johnny) denoting affection. In the northern parts of the country, the suffix -ito is often replaced in informal situations by -illo (cafecillo, cabecilla, morrillo, Juanillo). Frequent use of the diminutive is found across all socioeconomic classes, but its "excessive" use is commonly associated with lower-class speech. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Augmentative" title="Augmentative">augmentative</a> suffix -(z)ote is typically used in Mexico to make nouns larger, more powerful, etc. For example, the word camión, in Mexico, means bus; the suffixed form camionzote means "big or long bus". It can be repeated just as in the case of the suffixes -ito and -ísimo; therefore camionzotototote means very, very, very big bus. The suffix -uco or -ucho and its feminine counterparts -uca and -ucha respectively, are used as a disparaging form of a noun; for example, the word casa, meaning "house", can be modified with that suffix (casucha) to change the word's meaning to make it disparaging, and sometimes offensive; so the word casucha often refers to a shanty, hut or hovel. The word madera ("wood") can take the suffix -uca (maderuca) to mean "rotten, ugly wood". Other suffixes include, but are not limited to: -azo as in carrazo, which refers to a very impressive car (carro) such as a Ferrari or Mercedes-Benz; -ón, for example narizón, meaning "big-nosed" (nariz = "nose"), or patona, a female with large feet (patas). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicknames">Nicknames</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nicknames">edit</a>]</div> It is common to replace /s/ with /tʃ/ to form diminutives, e.g. Isabel → Chabela, José María → Chema, Cerveza ("beer") → Chela/Cheve, Concepción → Conchita, Sin Muelas ("without molars") → Chimuela ("toothless"). This is common in, but not exclusive to, Mexican Spanish. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</div> Typical of Mexican Spanish is an ellipsis of the negative particle no in a main clause introduced by an adverbial clause with hasta que: <ul><li>Hasta que me tomé la pastilla se me quitó el dolor. (Until I took the pill, the pain did not go away.)<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></li></ul> In this kind of construction, the main verb is implicitly understood as being negated. Mexico shares with many other areas of Spanish America the use of interrogative qué in conjunction with the quantifier tan(to):<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <ul><li>¿Qué tan graves son los daños? (How serious are the damages?) (Compare the form typical of Spain: "¿Hay muchos daños?" (Is there a lot of damage?))</li> <li>¿Qué tan buen cocinero eres? (How good a cook are you?) (Compare Spain's "¿Eres buen cocinero?" (Are you a good cook?))</li></ul> It has been suggested that there is influence of <a href="/wiki/Native_American_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American languages">indigenous languages</a> on the syntax of Mexican Spanish (as well as that of other areas in the Americas), manifested, for example, in the redundant use of verbal <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a>, particularly lo. This is more common among bilinguals or in isolated rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> Mucho muy can be used colloquially in place of the superlative -ísimo, as in: <ul><li>Este tipo de tratamientos son mucho muy caros (That type of treatment is really expensive.)<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a></li></ul> Mexican Spanish, like that of many other parts of the Americas, prefers the preposition por in expressions of time spans, as in <ul><li>"Fue presidente de la compañía por veinte años" (He was the president of the company for twenty years)—compare the more frequent use of durante in Spain: "Fue presidente de la compañia durante veinte años."</li></ul> A more or less recent phenomenon in the speech of central Mexico, having its apparent origin in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a>, is the use of negation in an <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">unmarked</a> <a href="/wiki/Yes%E2%80%93no_question" title="Yes–no question">yes/no question</a>. Thus, in place of "¿Quieres...?" (Would you like...?), there is a tendency to ask "¿No quieres...?" (Wouldn't you like...?). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lexicon">edit</a>]</div> Mexican Spanish retains a number of words that are considered archaic in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Also, there are a number of words widely used in Mexico which have Nahuatl, Mayan or other native origins, in particular names for flora, fauna and <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponyms</a>. Some of these words are used in most, or all, Spanish-speaking countries, like chocolate and aguacate ("avocado"), and some are only used in Mexico. The latter include guajolote "turkey" < Nahuatl huaxōlōtl <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[waˈʃoːloːt͡ɬ]</a> (although pavo is also used, as in other Spanish-speaking countries); papalote "kite" < Nahuatl pāpālōtl <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[paːˈpaːloːt͡ɬ]</a> "butterfly"; and jitomate "tomato" < Nahuatl xītomatl <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[ʃiːˈtomat͡ɬ]</a>. For a more complete list see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Nahuatl_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin">List of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin</a>. Other expressions that are common in colloquial Mexican Spanish include: <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ahorita#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:ahorita">ahorita</a>: "soon; in a moment". Literally "right now". E.g. Ahorita que acabe, "As soon as I finish (this)". Considered informal.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bronca#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:bronca">bronca</a>:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mexican_Spanish#Dubious" title="Talk:Mexican Spanish">discuss</a>] "fight" or "problem". Literally "aggressive woman or girl, or wild female animal". Commonly used among young people.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bronco#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:bronco">bronco</a>: "wild, untame". E.g. leche bronca: "unpasteurized milk".</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cami%C3%B3n#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:camión">camión</a>: "bus"</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caray#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:caray">caray</a>: darn.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carnal#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:carnal">carnal</a>: "brother" or "bro"</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chafa#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chafa">chafa</a>: cheap, of bad quality.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chavo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chavo">chavo</a> (chava); <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chamaco#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chamaco">chamaco</a> (chamaca); <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chilpayate#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chilpayate">chilpayate</a>: "a child, teen, or youngster". Also <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/huerco#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:huerco">huerco</a> (huerca), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/morro#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:morro">morro</a> (morra), and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plebe#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:plebe">plebe</a> are used in northern Mexico. All these terms except chilpayate are also found in their diminutives: chavito, chamaquito, huerquito, morrito. Considered informal.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chequear#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chequear">chequear/checar</a>: "to check (verify)"</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chichi#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chichi">chichi</a>(s): "breast(s)". From Nahuatl chīchīhualli <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[tʃiːtʃiːwɑlːi]</a>. Considered informal.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chido#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chido">chido</a>: "cool, attractive, fun, etc." A variant common in the Northwest is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chilo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chilo">chilo</a>, sometimes spelled and pronounced shilo.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chingadera#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chingadera">chingadera</a>: "trash; crap". Considered vulgar. Derived from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chingar#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chingar">chingar</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cholo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:cholo">cholo</a>: In northern Mexico, equivalent to the English term gangsta; in the rest of Mexico, equivalent to the Spanish term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/es:pandillero" class="extiw" title="wikt:es:pandillero">pandillero</a> ("hooligan", "gang member"), which refers to young slum-dwellers living in conditions of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a>, drug dependency, and malnutrition.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/durazno#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:durazno">durazno</a>: "peach"</li> <li>En un momento: "Just a minute", "Hold on a second", etc. Literally "in a moment".</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/escuincle#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:escuincle">escuincle</a>: "a bratty child" or "squirt". From Nahuatl itzcuīntli <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[it͡skʷiːnt͡ɬi]</a>, "dog".</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/este#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:este">Este...</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Filler_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Filler word">filler word</a>, similar to American English "um, uh". Literally, "this". Also used in other countries.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equis#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:equis">equis</a>: The name of the letter <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a>. Coming from the use of X as a <a href="/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)" title="Variable (mathematics)">variable</a> in math, equis can be a noun modifier meaning "some", it can mean something is unimportant, or it can be an exclamation, used to show indifference towards the truth value of something previously said.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gacho#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:gacho">gacho</a>: messed-up</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/g%C3%BCero#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:güero">güero</a>: a fair-haired or fair-skinned person. Derived from a term meaning "<a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">egg white</a>".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCey" title="Güey">güey</a>, wey or buey: "dude", "guy" (literally, "ox"). As an adjective, "dumb", "asinine", "moronic", etc. Not to be confused with "Huey" from the Aztec title "<a href="/wiki/Huey_Tlatoani" class="mw-redirect" title="Huey Tlatoani">Huey Tlatoani</a>", in which "Huey" is a term of reverence.</li> <li>hablar con: "to talk with (on the telephone)". Used in place of the standard llamar.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jitomate#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:jitomate">jitomate</a>: red tomato, in contrast to tomatillos.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macho#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:macho">macho</a>: "manly". Applied to a woman (macha): "manly" or "skillful". From macho, male.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mam%C3%B3n#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:mamón">mamón</a>: stuck up, arrogant. Considered vulgar.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/menso#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:menso">menso</a>: dumb, foolish. Euphemistic in nature.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naco_(slang)" title="Naco (slang)">naco</a>: "a low-class, boorish, foolish, ignorant and/or uneducated person". Pejorative.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%B3rale#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:órale">órale</a>: (1) similar to English "Wow!" (2) "Okay". (3) Exclamation of surprised protest. Abbreviated ¡Ora! by low-class people in their uneducated variety. May be considered rude.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/padre#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:padre">padre</a>: used as an adjective to denote something "cool", attractive, good, fun, etc. E.g. Esta música está muy padre, "This music is very cool." Literally, "father".</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pedo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:pedo">pedo</a>: "problem" or "fight". Literally "fart". Also, in a greeting, ¿Qué pedo, güey? ("What's up, dude?"). As an adjective, "drunk", e.g. estar pedo, "to be drunk". Also the noun peda: "a drunken gathering". All forms are considered vulgar for their connection to pedo, "fart".</li> <li>pelo chino: "curly hair".<a href="#cite_note-Cuervas-44">[44]</a> The word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chino#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:chino">chino</a> derives from the Spanish word cochino, "pig".<a href="#cite_note-Cuervas-44">[44]</a> The phrase originally referenced the <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">casta</a> (racial type) known as chino, meaning a person of mixed indigenous and African ancestry whose hair was curly.<a href="#cite_note-Cuervas-44">[44]</a> Sometimes erroneously thought to be derived from Spanish chino, "Chinese".<a href="#cite_note-Cuervas-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pinche#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:pinche">pinche</a>: "damned", "lousy", more akin to "freaking". E.g. Quita tu pinche música de aquí. ("Take your lousy music from here"). As a noun, literally, "kitchen assistant". Considered vulgar.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/popote#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:popote">popote</a>: "drinking straw". From Nahuatl popōtl <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[popoːt͡ɬ]</a>, the name of a plant from which brooms and drinking straws are made, or the straws themselves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rentar#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:rentar">rentar</a>: "to rent"</li> <li>¿Cómo la ves?: "What do you think about it?" Literally "How do you see it?"</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/h%C3%ADjole#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:híjole">¡Híjole!</a>: An exclamation, used variously to express surprise, frustration, etc. From hijo de... ("son of a..."). Also ¡Híjoles!.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mande#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:mande">¿Mande?</a>: "Beg your pardon?". From mandar, "to order", formal command form. ¿Cómo? (literally "How?"), as in other countries, is also in use. The use of ¿Qué? ("What?") on its own is sometimes considered impolite, unless accompanied by a verb: ¿Qué dijiste? ("What did you say?").</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/qu%C3%A9_ondas#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:qué ondas">¿Qué onda?</a>: "What's up?". Literally, "What's the vibe?".</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/valer_madre#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:valer madre">valer madre</a>: to be worthless. Literally "to be worth (a) mother".</li></ul> Most of the words above are considered informal (e.g. chavo(a), padre, güero, etc.), rude (güey, naco, ¿cómo (la) ves?, etc.) or vulgar (e.g. chingadera, pinche, pedo) and are limited to slang use among friends or in informal settings; foreigners need to exercise caution in their use. In 2009, at an audience for the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between Mexico and the Netherlands, the then Crown Prince of the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a>, made a statement to the audience with a word that, in Mexican Spanish, is considered very vulgar. Evidently oblivious to the word's different connotations in different countries, the prince's Argentine interpreter used the word chingada as the ending to the familiar Mexican proverb "Camarón que se duerme se lo lleva la corriente" (A sleeping shrimp is carried away by the tide), without realizing the vulgarity associated with the word in Mexico. The prince, also unaware of the differences, proceeded to say the word, to the bemusement and offense of some of the attendees.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_dialects">Similar dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Similar dialects">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexico Spanish</a> has many similarities with an older version of Mexican Spanish, and can be considered part of a Mexican Spanish "macro-dialect".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillsVigil200814–17-46">[46]</a> The small amount of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a> has traditionally been influenced by Mexican Spanish, as the colony was initially administered from <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> before being administered directly from <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-based creole language">Spanish-based creole language</a> in the Philippines, is based on Mexican Spanish. To outsiders, the accents of nearby Spanish-speaking countries in northern Central America, such as <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, might sound similar to those spoken in Mexico, especially in central and southern Mexico. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_Nahuatl">Influence of Nahuatl</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influence of Nahuatl">edit</a>]</div> The Spanish of Mexico has had various <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages">indigenous languages</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_substrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic substrate">linguistic substrate</a>. Particularly significant has been the influence of <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>. However, while in the vocabulary its influence is undeniable, it is hardly felt in the <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> field. In the lexicon, in addition to the words that originated from Mexico with which the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> has been enriched, such as tomate "tomato", hule "rubber", tiza "chalk", chocolate "chocolate", coyote "coyote", petaca "flask", et cetera; the Spanish of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> has many <a href="/wiki/Nahuatlismo" title="Nahuatlismo">Nahuatlismos</a> that confer a lexical personality of its own. It can happen that the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> word coexists with the Spanish word, as in the cases of cuate "buddy" and amigo "friend", guajolote "turkey" and pavo "turkey", chamaco "kid" and niño "boy", mecate "rope" and reata "rope", etc. On other occasions, the indigenous word differs slightly from the Spanish, as in the case of huarache, which is another type of sandal; tlapalería, hardware store, molcajete, a stone mortar, etc. Other times, the Nahuatl word has almost completely displaced the Spanish, tecolote "owl", atole "cornflour drink", popote "straw", milpa "cornfield", ejote "green bean", jacal "shack", papalote "kite", etc. There are many indigenismos "words of indigenous origin" who designate Mexican realities for which there is no Spanish word; mezquite "mesquite", zapote "sapota", jícama "jicama", ixtle "ixtle", cenzontle "mockingbird", tuza "husk", <a href="/wiki/Pozole" title="Pozole">pozole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamales">tamales</a>, huacal "crate", comal "hotplate", huipil "embroidered blouse", metate "stone for grinding", etc. The strength of the Nahuatl substrate influence is felt less each day, since there are no new contributions. <ul><li>Frequently used <a href="/wiki/Nahuatlismo" title="Nahuatlismo">Nahuatlismos</a>: aguacate "avocado", cacahuate "peanut", cacao "cocoa", coyote "coyote", cuate "buddy", chapulín "chapulin", chicle "gum", chocolate "chocolate", ejote "bean", elote "corn", huachinango "huachinango", guajolote "turkey", hule "rubber", jitomate "tomato", mayate "Mayan (used for people of African descent)", mecate "rope", milpa "cornfield", olote "corn husk", papalote "kite", petaca "flask" (per suitcase), piocha "goatee", zopilote "buzzard."</li> <li>Moderately frequent Nahuatlismos: ajolote "axolotl", chichi "boob" (for female breast), jacal "shack, hut" xocoyote "youngest child", tecolote "owl", tianguis "street market", tlapalería "hardware store", zacate "grass."</li> <li>Purépechismos or Tarasquismos: huarache "sandal", jorongo "poncho", cotorina "jerkin", soricua, tacuche "bundle of rags" (slang for suit), achoque "salamander", corunda pirecua.</li> <li>Other non-Mexican indigenismos: arepa "flatbread corn", butaca "armchair", cacique "chief, headman", caimán "alligator", canoa "canoe", coatí "coati", colibrí "hummingbird", chirimoya "custard apple", naguas "rags", guayaba "guava", huracán "hurricane", iguana "iguana", jaguar "jaguar", jaiba "crab", jefén "jefen", loro "parrot", maguey "agave", maíz "corn", mamey "mammee", maní "peanut", ñame "yam", ñandú "rhea", papaya "papaya", piragua "canoe", puma "puma", tabaco "tobacco", tapioca " yuca "cassava."</li></ul> The extensive use of diminutives in Mexican Spanish has been cited as an example of Nahuatl influence.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The use of the suffix -le to give an emphatic character to the imperative form of verbs has also been attributed to Nahuatl. For example: brinca "jump" > bríncale, come "eat" > cómele, pasa "go/proceed" > pásale. This suffix is considered to be a crossover of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Indirect_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect object">indirect object</a> pronoun -le with the Nahua excitable interjections, such as cuele "strain."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> That the suffix is not in fact an indirect object pronoun can be seen by the fact that it is also used in non-verbal constructions, such as hijo "son" > híjole "damn", ahora "now" > órale "wow", ¿que hubo? "what's up?" > quihúbole "how's it going?", etc. Navarro Ibarra (2009) offers an alternative explanation of -le as an intensifier, claiming that, instead of working as an indirect object pronoun, -le modifies the verb in such a way that the event it indicates "involves the realization of the event itself as an abstract goal".<a href="#cite_note-Predicados-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_English">Influence of English</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influence of English">edit</a>]</div> Mexico has a border of more than 2,500 kilometers with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and receives major influxes of American and Canadian tourists every year. More than 63% of the 57 million Latinos in the United States are assumed as of Mexican origin.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the most studied foreign language in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and the third most spoken after Spanish and the native languages taken together.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Given these circumstances, <a href="/wiki/Anglicism" title="Anglicism">anglicisms</a> in Mexican Spanish are continuously increasing (as they are also in the rest of the Americas and Spain), including filmar "to film", béisbol "baseball", club "club", coctel "cocktail", líder "leader", cheque "check", sándwich "sandwich", etc. Mexican Spanish also uses other anglicisms that are not used in all Spanish-speaking countries, including bye, ok, nice, cool, checar "to check", fólder "folder", overol "overalls", réferi "referee", lonchera "lunch bag", clóset "closet", maple "maple syrup", baby shower, etc.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> English influence, at least in border cities, may result in lower use of the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood_in_Spanish" title="Subjunctive mood in Spanish">subjunctive</a>, as indicated by a study finding that, among residents of <a href="/wiki/Reynosa" title="Reynosa">Reynosa</a>, greater contact with the American side correlated with lower use of the subjunctive. This parallels a greater reduction in the use of the subjunctive among Mexican-Americans.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The center of Hispanic Linguistics of <a href="/wiki/UNAM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAM">UNAM</a> carried out a number of surveys in the project of coordinated study of the cultured linguistic norms of major cities of Ibero-America and of the Iberian Peninsula. The total number of anglicisms was about 4% among Mexican speakers of urban norms.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> However, this figure includes anglicisms that permeated general Spanish long ago and which are not particular to Mexico, such as buffete, náilon "nylon", dólar "dollar", hockey, rimel, ron "rum", vagón "railroad car", búfer "buffer", and others. The results of this research are summarized as follows: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouns">Nouns</a> are more likely to be loaned from English than other parts of speech.</li> <li>Anglicisms in general use: O.K. (oquéi), bistec "(beef) steak", bye (bai), chequera "checkbook", clic "click", basquetbol "basketball", bate "baseball bat", béisbol "baseball", box(eo) "boxing", cláxon "horn", clip, clóset "closet", clutch, coctel "cocktail", champú or shampoo (shampú), cheque "check", DJ (diyei, disk jockey), romance, smoking or esmoquin, exprés "express", football (futból), gol "goal", hit, jonrón (homerun), jeep, jet, van, nocaut or knockout, líder "leader", náilon or nylon, overol "overalls", panqué "poundcake", pay "pie", pudín "pudding", baby shower, rating or ráting, reversa "reverse", rin (rim), round (raund), set, shorts, show, strike (stráik or estráik), suéter "sweater", pants, tenis (tennis shoes), thinner, super "super market", fólder "folder", tenis or tennis, vóleibol "volleyball", vallet parking, and güisqui or whisk(e)y.</li> <li>Frequent Anglicisms: bar, bermudas (for Bermuda shorts), birra "beer", sport (type of clothing), switch.</li> <li>Moderately used Anglicisms: barman "waiter", King/Queen size, grill, manager, penthouse, pullman, strapless, ziper or zipper.</li></ul> Some examples of syntactic anglicisms, which coexist with the common variants, are: <ul><li>Using the verb apply/applying. ("Apliqué a esa universidad", I applied to that university, instead of "Postulé a esta universidad", I applied to this university)</li> <li>Using the verb to assume with suppose. ("Asumo que sí va a ir a la fiesta", I assume he is going to the party, instead of "Supongo que sí va a ir a la fiesta", I guess he will go to the party)</li> <li>Using the verb access with access to. ("Accesa a nuestra página de internet", Access our website, instead of "Accede a nuestra página de internet", Access our website).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colloquial_expressions_in_Honduras" title="List of colloquial expressions in Honduras">List of colloquial expressions in Honduras</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes-keyword.php?SearchTerm=spa&SearchType=iso_639_2&Submit=Go">"ISO 639-2 Language Code search"</a>. Library of Congress. Retrieved 22 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=ISO+639-2+Language+Code+search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fstandards%2Fiso639-2%2Fphp%2Flangcodes-keyword.php%3FSearchTerm%3Dspa%26SearchType%3Diso_639_2%26Submit%3DGo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Similar to <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central American Spanish</a> in border zones and on <a href="/wiki/Low-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-class">low-class</a> speakers. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/#people-and-society">"CIA World Fact Book - Mexico"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. 4 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321155056/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=CIA+World+Fact+Book+-+Mexico&rft.date=2022-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmexico%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1999–2020" class="citation web cs1">Mackenzie, Ian (1999–2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/i.e.mackenzie/mexico.htm">"Mexican Spanish"</a>. The Linguistics of Spanish. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820042554/https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/i.e.mackenzie/mexico.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linguistics+of+Spanish&rft.atitle=Mexican+Spanish&rft.date=1999%2F2020&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staff.ncl.ac.uk%2Fi.e.mackenzie%2Fmexico.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres_Garca2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torres Garca, Alejandro A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/204707214/VoseoEnMexico-Chiapas-pdf">"¿Voseo en México?: Breve perspectiva del voseo en Chiapas"</a> [Voseo in Mexico?: Brief perspective of the voseo in Chiapas] (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 March 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Scribd" title="Scribd">Scribd</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%BFVoseo+en+M%C3%A9xico%3F%3A+Breve+perspectiva+del+voseo+en+Chiapas&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Torres+Garca&rft.aufirst=Alejandro+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F204707214%2FVoseoEnMexico-Chiapas-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCottonSharp1988">Cotton & Sharp (1988</a>:155) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipski2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Lipski" title="John M. Lipski">Lipski, John M.</a> (2011). "Socio-Phonological Variation in Latin American Spanish". In Díaz-Campos, Manuel (ed.). The handbook of Hispanic sociolinguistics. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 72–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444393446.ch4">10.1002/9781444393446.ch4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405195003" title="Special:BookSources/9781405195003"><bdi>9781405195003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socio-Phonological+Variation+in+Latin+American+Spanish&rft.btitle=The+handbook+of+Hispanic+sociolinguistics&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444393446.ch4&rft.isbn=9781405195003&rft.aulast=Lipski&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Not to be confused with the poet <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Malmberg" title="Bertil Malmberg">Bertil F. H. Malmberg</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalmberg1964">Malmberg (1964</a>:227–243); rpt. Malmberg 1965: 99–126 and Malmberg 1971: 421–438. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipski1994">Lipski (1994</a>:238) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLope_Blanch1967">Lope Blanch (1967</a>:153–156) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909174814/http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/aspectosmetodologicos/clasificadoresycatalogos/doc/clasificacion_de_lenguas_indigenas.pdf">Clasificación de Lenguas Indígenas – Histórica</a> [Classification of Indigenous Languages – Historical] (PDF) (in Spanish), Mexico Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática, p. 2, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.org.mx/est/contenidos/proyectos/aspectosmetodologicos/clasificadoresycatalogos/doc/clasificacion_de_lenguas_indigenas.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 September 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clasificaci%C3%B3n+de+Lenguas+Ind%C3%ADgenas+%E2%80%93+Hist%C3%B3rica&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Mexico+Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica%2C+Geograf%C3%ADa+e+Inform%C3%A1tica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.org.mx%2Fest%2Fcontenidos%2Fproyectos%2Faspectosmetodologicos%2Fclasificadoresycatalogos%2Fdoc%2Fclasificacion_de_lenguas_indigenas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lope2004-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lope2004_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lope2004_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLope_Blanch2004">Lope Blanch (2004</a>:29) </li> <li id="cite_note-HualdeUnSegmentoTl-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HualdeUnSegmentoTl_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HualdeUnSegmentoTl_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualdeCarrasco2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Hualde" title="José Ignacio Hualde">Hualde, José Ignacio</a>; Carrasco, Patricio (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ub.edu/journalofexperimentalphonetics/pdf-articles/XVIII-15.pdf">"/tl/ en español mexicano. ¿Un segmento o dos?"</a> (PDF). Estudios de Fonética Experimental (in Spanish). XVIII: 175–191. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1575-5533">1575-5533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estudios+de+Fon%C3%A9tica+Experimental&rft.atitle=%2Ftl%2F+en+espa%C3%B1ol+mexicano.+%C2%BFUn+segmento+o+dos%3F&rft.volume=XVIII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1575-5533&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rft.au=Carrasco%2C+Patricio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ub.edu%2Fjournalofexperimentalphonetics%2Fpdf-articles%2FXVIII-15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.es/espanol-al-dia/division-silabica-y-ortografica-de-palabras-con-tl">"División silábica y ortográfica de palabras con "tl""</a>. Real Académia Española (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+Acad%C3%A9mia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.atitle=Divisi%C3%B3n+sil%C3%A1bica+y+ortogr%C3%A1fica+de+palabras+con+%22tl%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rae.es%2Fespanol-al-dia%2Fdivision-silabica-y-ortografica-de-palabras-con-tl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontaño-Harmon1991" class="citation journal cs1">Montaño-Harmon, María Rosario (1 May 1991). "Discourse Features of Written Mexican Spanish: Current Research in Contrastive Rhetoric and Its Implications". Hispania. 74 (2): 417–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F344852">10.2307/344852</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2133">0018-2133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/344852">344852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania&rft.atitle=Discourse+Features+of+Written+Mexican+Spanish%3A+Current+Research+in+Contrastive+Rhetoric+and+Its+Implications&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E425&rft.date=1991-05-01&rft.issn=0018-2133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F344852%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F344852&rft.aulast=Monta%C3%B1o-Harmon&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Rosario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanfield1981-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanfield1981_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanfield1981">Canfield 1981</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipski2008">Lipski (2008)</a>, pp. 86 </li> <li id="cite_note-ParodiContacto-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ParodiContacto_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ParodiContacto_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParodi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Parodi, Claudia (5 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enlosbordesdelarchivo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/parodi-contact-nuevo-mundo.pdf">"Contacto de dialectos y lenguas en el Nuevo Mundo: La vernacularización del español en América"</a> (PDF). International Journal of the Sociology of Language (149). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl.2001.022">10.1515/ijsl.2001.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-2516">0165-2516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=Contacto+de+dialectos+y+lenguas+en+el+Nuevo+Mundo%3A+La+vernacularizaci%C3%B3n+del+espa%C3%B1ol+en+Am%C3%A9rica&rft.issue=149&rft.date=2001-01-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl.2001.022&rft.issn=0165-2516&rft.aulast=Parodi&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenlosbordesdelarchivo.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F11%2Fparodi-contact-nuevo-mundo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> This same phoneme is rendered with a non-IPA symbol ⟨y⟩ by many authors, including Canfield and Lipski, using the <a href="/wiki/RFE_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="RFE Phonetic Alphabet">RFE Phonetic Alphabet</a>. In IPA, it stands for the <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">close front rounded vowel</a>. The IPA symbol ⟨j⟩ is also inappropriate for this sound - see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Celdrán2004" class="citation cs2">Martínez Celdrán, Eugenio (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567">"Problems in the Classification of Approximants"</a>, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 201–210, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100304001732">10.1017/S0025100304001732</a> (inactive 13 November 2024), <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144568679">144568679</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Problems+in+the+Classification+of+Approximants&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144568679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Celdr%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F231180567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanfield1981">Canfield (1981</a>:62) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeña_Arce2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peña Arce, Jaime (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5120313">"Yeísmo en el español de América. Algunos apuntes sobre su extensión"</a> [Yeísmo in the Spanish spoken in America. Some notes on its extension]. Revista de Filología de la Universidad de la Laguna (in Spanish). 33: 175–199. Retrieved 5 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Filolog%C3%ADa+de+la+Universidad+de+la+Laguna&rft.atitle=Ye%C3%ADsmo+en+el+espa%C3%B1ol+de+Am%C3%A9rica.+Algunos+apuntes+sobre+su+extensi%C3%B3n&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E199&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1a+Arce&rft.aufirst=Jaime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D5120313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipski2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Lipski" title="John M. Lipski">Lipski, John M.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/ency.pdf">"Dialectos del Español de América: Los Estados Unidos"</a> (PDF). In Gutiérrez-Rexach, Javier (ed.). Enciclopedia de Lingüística Hispánica (in Spanish). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 363–374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315713441">10.4324/9781315713441</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138941380" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138941380"><bdi>978-1138941380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dialectos+del+Espa%C3%B1ol+de+Am%C3%A9rica%3A+Los+Estados+Unidos&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+de+Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+Hisp%C3%A1nica&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315713441&rft.isbn=978-1138941380&rft.aulast=Lipski&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.personal.psu.edu%2Fjml34%2Fency.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipski1994">Lipski (1994</a>:223–225, 227–228, 230) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipski1994">Lipski (1994</a>:224) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownTorres_Cacoullos2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Esther L.; Torres Cacoullos, Rena (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol8/iss3/3/">"Que le vamoh aher? Taking the syllable out of Spanish /s/ reduction"</a>. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 8 (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Que+le+vamoh+aher%3F+Taking+the+syllable+out+of+Spanish+%2Fs%2F+reduction&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2002-01&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Esther+L.&rft.au=Torres+Cacoullos%2C+Rena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fpwpl%2Fvol8%2Fiss3%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1993" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Dolores (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24201%2Fnrfh.v41i1.928">"El polimorfismo de la /s/ explosiva en el noroeste de México"</a>. Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica. 41 (1): 159–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24201%2Fnrfh.v41i1.928">10.24201/nrfh.v41i1.928</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40299214">40299214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nueva+Revista+de+Filolog%C3%ADa+Hisp%C3%A1nica&rft.atitle=El+polimorfismo+de+la+%2Fs%2F+explosiva+en+el+noroeste+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24201%2Fnrfh.v41i1.928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40299214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dolores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24201%252Fnrfh.v41i1.928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLópez_BerriosMendoza_Guerrero1997">López Berrios & Mendoza Guerrero 1997</a>, cited in <a href="#CITEREFBillsVigil2008">Bills & Vigil 2008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-caracteristicas-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caracteristicas_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-caracteristicas_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acceso.ku.edu/unidad4/voces/caracteristicas.shtml">"Características del español hablado en México | Voces | Unidad 4: México | Acceso"</a>. acceso.ku.edu (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acceso.ku.edu&rft.atitle=Caracter%C3%ADsticas+del+espa%C3%B1ol+hablado+en+M%C3%A9xico+%7C+Voces+%7C+Unidad+4%3A+M%C3%A9xico+%7C+Acceso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facceso.ku.edu%2Funidad4%2Fvoces%2Fcaracteristicas.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarden1896section_42-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarden1896section_42_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarden1896">Marden 1896</a>, section 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarden1896sections_27,_30-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarden1896sections_27,_30_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarden1896">Marden 1896</a>, sections 27, 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarden1896sections_48,_52-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarden1896sections_48,_52_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarden1896">Marden 1896</a>, sections 48, 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichnowiczCarpenter2013" class="citation journal cs1">Michnowicz, Jim; Carpenter, Lindsey (3 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263565092">"Voiceless stop aspiration in Yucatan Spanish: A sociolinguistic analysis"</a>. Spanish in Context. 10 (3): 410–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fsic.10.3.05mic">10.1075/sic.10.3.05mic</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spanish+in+Context&rft.atitle=Voiceless+stop+aspiration+in+Yucatan+Spanish%3A+A+sociolinguistic+analysis&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E410-%3C%2Fspan%3E437&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fsic.10.3.05mic&rft.aulast=Michnowicz&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263565092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yobuca-34"><a href="#cite_ref-yobuca_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLastraButragueño2015" class="citation book cs1">Lastra, Yolanda; Butragueño, Pedro Martín (25 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CwsxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">"Chapter 3. Subject Pronoun Expression in Spanish: A Cross-Dialectal Perspective"</a>. In Carvalho, Ana M.; Orozco, Rafael; Lapidus Shin, Naomi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CwsxCgAAQBAJ">Subject Pronoun Expression in Oral Mexican Spanish</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a>. pp. 39–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626161702" title="Special:BookSources/9781626161702"><bdi>9781626161702</bdi></a>. 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Sborník Prací Filozofické Fakulty Brnenské Univerzity (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sborn%C3%ADk+Prac%C3%AD+Filozofick%C3%A9+Fakulty+Brnensk%C3%A9+Univerzity&rft.atitle=Estudio+coordinado+de+la+norm+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica+culta+de+las+principales+ciudades+de+Iberoam%C3%A9rica+y+de+la+Pen%C3%ADnsula+Ib%C3%A9rica%3A+Proyecto+y+realizaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Spitzova&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigilib.phil.muni.cz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11222.digilib%2F113644%2F1_EtudesRomanesDeBrno_21-1991-1_7.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillsVigil2008" class="citation book cs1">Bills, Garland D.; Vigil, Neddy A. (2008). The Spanish Language of New Mexico and Southern Colorado : A Linguistic Atlas. 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(1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617042903/http://www.filos.unam.mx/LICENCIATURA/Pagina_FyF_2004/introduccion/Lope_Vocales_caedizas.pdf">"En torno a las vocales caedizas del español mexicano"</a> (PDF). Estudios sobre el español de México (in Spanish). Mexico: editorial Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. pp. 53–73. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filos.unam.mx/LICENCIATURA/Pagina_FyF_2004/introduccion/Lope_Vocales_caedizas.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 June 2018. 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Mexico: editorial Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-970-32-0976-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-970-32-0976-7"><bdi>978-970-32-0976-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuestiones+de+filolog%C3%ADa+mexicana&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=editorial+Universidad+Nacional+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-970-32-0976-7&rft.aulast=Lope+Blanch&rft.aufirst=Juan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyWHdxJx0Ji4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmberg1964" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malmberg, Bertil (1964), "Tradición hispánica e influencia indígena en la fonética hispanoamericana", Presente y futuro de la lengua española (in Spanish), vol. 2, Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica, pp. 227–243</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tradici%C3%B3n+hisp%C3%A1nica+e+influencia+ind%C3%ADgena+en+la+fon%C3%A9tica+hispanoamericana&rft.btitle=Presente+y+futuro+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.pub=Ediciones+Cultura+Hisp%C3%A1nica&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Malmberg&rft.aufirst=Bertil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmberg1965" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malmberg, Bertil (1965), "Tradición hispánica e influencia indígena en la fonética hispanoamericana", Estudios de fonética hispánica (in Spanish), Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investicagión Científica, pp. 99–126</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tradici%C3%B3n+hisp%C3%A1nica+e+influencia+ind%C3%ADgena+en+la+fon%C3%A9tica+hispanoamericana&rft.btitle=Estudios+de+fon%C3%A9tica+hisp%C3%A1nica&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Consejo+Superior+de+Investicagi%C3%B3n+Cient%C3%ADfica&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Malmberg&rft.aufirst=Bertil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmberg1971" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malmberg, Bertil (1971), "Tradición hispánica e influencia indígena en la fonética hispanoamericana", Phonétique général et romane: Études en allemand, anglais, espagnol et français (in Spanish), The Hague: Mouton, pp. 421–438</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tradici%C3%B3n+hisp%C3%A1nica+e+influencia+ind%C3%ADgena+en+la+fon%C3%A9tica+hispanoamericana&rft.btitle=Phon%C3%A9tique+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+et+romane%3A+%C3%89tudes+en+allemand%2C+anglais%2C+espagnol+et+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Malmberg&rft.aufirst=Bertil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarden1896" class="citation journal cs1">Marden, Charles Carroll (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/456218">"The Phonology of the Spanish Dialect of Mexico City"</a>. PMLA. 11 (1). Modern Language Association: 85–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F456218">10.2307/456218</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/456218">456218</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163344894">163344894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PMLA&rft.atitle=The+Phonology+of+the+Spanish+Dialect+of+Mexico+City&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163344894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F456218%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F456218&rft.aulast=Marden&rft.aufirst=Charles+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F456218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_De_Alba2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moreno De Alba, José G (2003). Suma De Minucias Del Lenguaje (in Spanish). Mexico: editorial Fondo De Cultura Económica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suma+De+Minucias+Del+Lenguaje&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=editorial+Fondo+De+Cultura+Econ%C3%B3mica&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Moreno+De+Alba&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvelino2018" class="citation journal cs1">Avelino, Heriberto (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C35C97AE9A19C9C222FD614D2D4125AA/S0025100316000232a.pdf/mexico_city_spanish.pdf">"Mexico City Spanish"</a> (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 48 (2): 223–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100316000232">10.1017/S0025100316000232</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151617898">151617898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Mexico+City+Spanish&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100316000232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151617898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Avelino&rft.aufirst=Heriberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FC35C97AE9A19C9C222FD614D2D4125AA%2FS0025100316000232a.pdf%2Fmexico_city_spanish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez_Somoano1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sánchez Somoano, José (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modismoslocucion00snuoft">Modismos, locuciones y términos mexicanos</a> (in Spanish). Madrid: M. Minuesa de los Ríos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modismos%2C+locuciones+y+t%C3%A9rminos+mexicanos&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=M.+Minuesa+de+los+R%C3%ADos&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+Somoano&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodismoslocucion00snuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+Spanish" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Spanish&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jergasdehablahispana.org/?pais=M%E9xico&tipobusqueda=1">Jergas de habla hispana</a>—A Spanish dictionary specializing in dialectal and colloquial variants of Spanish, featuring all Spanish-language countries including Mexico.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanish-translator-services.com/articles/latin-american-spanish.htm">Latin American Spanish</a>—This is the universal and somewhat arbitrary name that is given to idiomatic and native expressions and to the specific vocabulary of the Spanish language in Latin America.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gueyspanish.com/">Güey Spanish</a>—Mexican slang dictionary and flashcards.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090905142628/http://espadiamapas.t35.com/mexicanslangtoenglish.html">Mexican Spanish slang</a>—Several hundred words of Mexican slang and English meanings.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Mexico149" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Template:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Mexico149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official/ Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+ speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_language" title="Tzeltal language">Tzeltal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil_language" title="Tzotzil language">Tzotzil Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_languages" title="Zapotec languages">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatecan_languages" title="Mazatecan languages">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_language" title="Chʼol language">Chʼol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_language" title="Huastec language">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_languages" title="Mixe languages">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10,000-100,000 speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarahumara_language" title="Tarahumara language">Tarahumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolab%CA%BCal_language" title="Tojolabʼal language">Tojol-abʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language" title="Chontal Maya language">Chontal de Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol_language" title="Huichol language">Huichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_language" title="Chatino language">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Popoluca" title="Sierra Popoluca">Sierra Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_language" title="Mayo language">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_language" title="Tepehuán language">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trique_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Trique language">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_language" title="Cora language">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatec_language" title="Cuicatec language">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_language" title="Mam language">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_language" title="Yaqui language">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pame language">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_language" title="Qʼanjobʼal language">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehua_languages" title="Tepehua languages">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Under 10,000 speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Chontal of Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_language" title="Chuj language">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_language" title="Akatek language">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua language">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatepec_Mixtec" title="Zacatepec Mixtec">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarijio_language" title="Huarijio language">Huarijío</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_language" title="Chocho language">Chocholtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_language" title="Pima Bajo language">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC_language" title="Qʼeqchiʼ language">Qʼeqchí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_language" title="Lacandon language">Lacandón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_language" title="Western Apache language">Western Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_language" title="Jakaltek language">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatec_language" title="Ixcatec language">Ixcatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_language" title="Kʼicheʼ language">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_language" title="Lipan language">Lipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_language" title="Kaqchikel language">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texistepec_language" title="Texistepec language">Texistepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_language" title="Paipai language">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Kikapú</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_whistled_speech" title="Kickapoo whistled speech">whistled speech</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_language" title="Tektitek language">Teko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah_language" title="Cocopah language">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocho%CA%BC_language" title="Mochoʼ language">Qatoʼk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay_language" title="Kumeyaay language">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham_language" title="Oʼodham language">Pápago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_language" title="Ixil language">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluta_Popoluca" title="Oluta Popoluca">Olutec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD_language" title="Cochimí language">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_language" title="Kiliwa language">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayapa_Zoque" title="Ayapa Zoque">Ayapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_language" title="Awakatek language">Awakatek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mexico_articles563" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico_topics" title="Template talk:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexico_articles563" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Control of Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Executive Power">Supreme Executive Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Spanish reconquest attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Second Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">Caste War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Second American intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">Lost Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Peso crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico" title="Geography of Mexico">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Mexico" title="Borders of Mexico">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico" title="Climate of Mexico">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico" title="List of earthquakes in Mexico">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Mexico">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extreme points of Mexico">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Mexico" title="Forests of Mexico">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Mexico" title="List of islands of Mexico">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mexico" title="List of lakes of Mexico">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Mexico" title="List of mountain peaks of Mexico">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_natural_areas_of_Mexico" title="Protected natural areas of Mexico">Protected natural areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mexico" title="List of rivers of Mexico">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Mexico" title="Territories of Mexico">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Mexico" title="Time in Mexico">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology" title="Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology">Tropical cyclone rainfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Mexico" title="List of volcanoes in Mexico">Volcanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resources in Mexico">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mexico" title="Wildlife of Mexico">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mexico" title="Elections in Mexico">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Foreign relations of Mexico">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico" title="List of political parties in Mexico">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mexico" title="Cabinet of Mexico">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican state legislatures">State legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_the_Nation" title="Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Mexico" title="Law of Mexico">Law</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mexico" title="Human rights in Mexico">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Mexico" title="Intersex rights in Mexico">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mexico">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico" title="Same-sex marriage in Mexico">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico" title="Agriculture in Mexico">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mexico" title="List of companies of Mexico">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico" title="Energy in Mexico">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Institucional_de_Valores" title="Bolsa Institucional de Valores">Institutional stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Mexico" title="Irrigation in Mexico">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_labor_law" title="Mexican labor law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mexico" title="Manufacturing in Mexico">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange" title="Mexican Stock Exchange">National stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Mexico" title="Oil reserves in Mexico">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_Pension_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico Pension Plan">Pension system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Peso (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Mexico" title="Petroleum industry in Mexico">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico" title="History of science and technology in Mexico">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP" title="List of Mexican states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_unemployment" title="List of Mexican states by unemployment">States by unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico" title="Tourism in Mexico">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico" title="Transportation in Mexico">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Mexico" title="Water scarcity in Mexico">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mexico" title="Category:Society of Mexico">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico" title="Demographics of Mexico">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_flags" title="List of Mexican flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mexico" title="Healthcare in Mexico">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Public holidays in Mexico">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Mexican states by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Mexico" title="Smoking in Mexico"> Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mexico" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mexico">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oportunidades" title="Oportunidades">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico" title="Architecture of Mexico">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_art" title="Mexican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktales_of_Mexico" title="Folktales of Mexico">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art" title="Mexican handcrafts and folk art">Handcrafts and folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Mexico" title="National Monuments of Mexico">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Mexico" title="National symbols of Mexico">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Mexico" title="Radio in Mexico">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mexico" title="Sport in Mexico">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Mexico" title="Television in Mexico">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> 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Americas">Interamerican</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Spanish" title="Caribbean Spanish">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Spanish" title="Cuban Spanish">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Spanish" title="Panamanian Spanish">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Spanish" title="Puerto Rican Spanish">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Spanish" title="Trinidadian Spanish">Trinidadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Spanish" title="Central American Spanish">Central America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Spanish" title="Belizean Spanish">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Spanish" title="Costa Rican Spanish">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Spanish" title="Guatemalan Spanish">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Spanish" title="Honduran Spanish">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Spanish" title="Nicaraguan Spanish">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuco#Costa_Rica" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Spanish" title="Salvadoran Spanish">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Spanish" title="North American Spanish">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló (Chicano)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_California" title="Spanish language in California">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Isleño Spanish">Isleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Spanish" title="New Mexican Spanish">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_Spanish" title="Sabine River Spanish">Sabine River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_South_America" title="Spanish language in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonic_Spanish" title="Amazonic Spanish">Amazonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Spanish" title="Andean Spanish">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a> <ul><li>Chiloé Archipelago</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish" title="Colombian Spanish">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordob%C3%A9s_Spanish" title="Cordobés Spanish">Cordobés</a> <ul><li>Central Argentina</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyo_Spanish" title="Cuyo Spanish">Cuyano</a> <ul><li>Central western Argentina</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Spanish" title="Ecuadorian Spanish">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Spanish" title="Equatorial Spanish">Equatorial</a> <ul><li>Coastal Ecuador</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanero_Spanish" title="Llanero Spanish">Llanero</a> <ul><li>Los Llanos Colombia/Venezuela</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracucho_Spanish" title="Maracucho Spanish">Maracucho</a> <ul><li>Zulia State</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisa_Region#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paisa Region">Paisa</a> <ul><li>Paisa Region</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Spanish" title="Paraguayan Spanish">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Spanish#Pastuso_dialect" title="Colombian Spanish">Pastuso</a> <ul><li>Colombia-Ecuador border</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Ribereño</a> <ul><li>Coastal Peru</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a> <ul><li>Coastal Argentina</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Spanish" title="Uruguayan Spanish">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Spanish" title="Venezuelan Spanish">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Europe (<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Spanish" title="Canarian Spanish">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a> (Galicia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a> (Extremadura)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_features_of_Spanish_as_spoken_by_Catalan_speakers" title="Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers">spoken by Catalan speakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para-Romani" title="Para-Romani">Para-Romani</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanglish" title="Spanglish">Spanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palenquero" title="Palenquero">Palenquero</a> (creole)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> (creole)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Lengua" title="Media Lengua">Media Lengua</a> (mixed language)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a> (Portuguese-based creole with Spanish influence)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a> <ul><li>Coastal Argentina, Uruguay</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn" title="Malespín">Malespín</a> <ul><li>Central America</li></ul></li> <li><a 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 24 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-mgx4l","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.784","walltime":"2.158","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15549,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":441772,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":32756,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":220288,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1888.301 1 -total"," 23.56% 444.837 387 Template:Lang"," 16.46% 310.777 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 15.38% 290.440 1 Template:Infobox"," 14.45% 272.839 1 Template:Reflist"," 4.93% 93.166 16 Template:Cite_book"," 4.75% 89.675 1 Template:Mexico_topics"," 4.65% 87.858 8 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