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Are There Men on the Moon? - Wikipedia
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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/220px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/330px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg/440px-Sir_Winston_S_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="3407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>"<b>Are There Men on the Moon?</b>" is an 11-page essay by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> on the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>. The essay was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Dispatch" title="Sunday Dispatch">Sunday Dispatch</a></i> on 8 March 1942 and republished as part of <i>The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill</i> in 1975. </p><p>Two unpublished versions of the essay are also known: A 1950s version held by the <a href="/wiki/National_Churchill_Museum" title="National Churchill Museum">National Churchill Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Missouri" title="Fulton, Missouri">Fulton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, named "<b>Are We Alone in the Universe?</b>" and an earlier 1939 draft titled "<b>Are We Alone in Space?</b>", which is part of the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. The 1950s version of the essay gained media attention after an analysis of it by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Livio" title="Mario Livio">Mario Livio</a> was published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)"><i>Nature</i></a> in 2017. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_and_reception">Content and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Content and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content">Content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Churchill drafted the 11-page essay in 1939, just as Europe headed towards <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERincon2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERincon2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The essay starts with a question: "Does life exist elsewhere in the Universe?", which he answers by considering various aspects of the problem. In the first part of the essay, Churchill expounds on the nature of life. He writes that liquid water at comparatively moderate temperatures is necessary for life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017290-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then turns to <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">astronomical objects</a> which could support such life. Due to their high temperatures, he rules out the <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> as possibly habitable. Turning to the planets in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, he argues that the outer planets – <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> – should be too cold for life. But <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> could be at the right temperatures to support it, while it would be "unlikely" that life arose on <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017Livio2017290_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2017Livio2017290-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turning to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, he views it as an "arid desert" that, if at all, could only support the "lowest forms of life".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the examination of the Solar System, he continues by thinking about planets orbiting other stars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017Livio2017290_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2017Livio2017290-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill thinks that stars outside the Solar System should also have planets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017290-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then argues that some <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a> should, in principle, be able to support life. He writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Once we admit that the other stars probably also have planets, at any rate a goodly proportion of them, it is more than likely that a large fraction of these will be the right size to keep on their surface water and, possibly, an atmosphere of some sort; and, furthermore, at the proper distance from their parent sun, to maintain a suitable temperature. Do they house living creatures, or even plants? The answer to this question may never be known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the reflection on exoplanets, Churchill turns to the exploration of the astronomical objects of the Solar System. Twenty-seven years before the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">first crewed Moon landing</a>, he considers it "conceivable that one day, possibly even in the not very distant future, it may be possible to travel to the moon, or even to Venus or Mars",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it would be "rash to set limits to the <a href="/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">progress of science</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">interstellar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">intergalactic travel</a> seems unlikely to Churchill due to the vast distances involved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017290-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Churchill finishes his work with a clear indication that he believes in <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">extraterrestrial intelligence</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But I, for one, am not so immensely impressed by the success we are making of our civilisation here that I am prepared to think we are the only spot in this immense universe which contains living, thinking creatures, or that we are the highest type of mental and physical development which has ever appeared in the vast compass of space and time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his article in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Livio" title="Mario Livio">Mario Livio</a> argues that "Churchill's reasoning mirrors many modern arguments in <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017290-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sees Churchill's argument as resting on the <a href="/wiki/Copernican_principle" title="Copernican principle">Copernican principle</a>, i.e. "the idea that, given the vastness of the Universe", it would be "hard to believe that humans on Earth represent something unique."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017290-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, Travis M. Andrews praises Churchill's prediction of the <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">circumstellar habitable zone</a> more than 60<i> </i>years prior to writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Andrews considers it remarkable "that politics and science" could go "hand in hand, each benefiting from the other" and argues that "in a world in which the two are treated by some as adversaries, this message might be more powerful than ever."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews2017_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, de Freytas-Tamura considers the point that Churchill deemed it "probable that extraterrestrial life existed somewhere in the universe" and saw the essay as an example that "science was not just a hobby for Churchill."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Freytas-Tamura2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Freytas-Tamura2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his article in <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i>, Handwerk pointed out the remarkable fact that Churchill drafted an essay on extraterrestrial life on the eve of World War II, but sees this as typical for Churchill, who had "scientific curiosity" and a "recurring need to write for money" due to his "family's lavish lifestyle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandwerk2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandwerk2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_versions">Discovery and versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discovery and versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The essay came into the public eye after a 2017 article by the astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Mario_Livio" title="Mario Livio">Mario Livio</a> in the comment section of <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)"><i>Nature</i></a>, which claimed that the essay had been "newly unearthed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017289_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017289-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the article titled "Winston Churchill's Essay on Alien Life Found", Livio explains that Timothy Riley, the director of the National Churchill Museum, handed him the 1950s draft of the essay in 2016 for analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017289_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017289-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1950s version of the essay is introduced as having "never been published or subjected to scientific or academic scrutiny."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017289_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017289-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his in-depth analysis of the manuscript Livio argues that "Churchill reasoned like a scientist about the likelihood of extraterrestrials".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017289_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017289-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The article in <i>Nature</i> quickly gained considerable popular attention: It was, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inter_alia" class="extiw" title="wikt:inter alia">inter alia</a></i>, discussed by <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERincon2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERincon2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Freytas-Tamura2017_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Freytas-Tamura2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews2017_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESample2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESample2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the article's publication in <i>Nature</i>, scepticism emerged concerning the essay's prior publication. <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Langworth" title="Richard M. Langworth">Richard M. Langworth</a> considered it likely that it was an unpublished variant of the version published on 8 March 1942 in <i>Sunday Dispatch</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Nature</i> published a clarification on 6 April 2017 explaining that "part of that draft" had indeed been published as "Are There Men on the Moon?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Versions_of_the_essay">Versions of the essay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Versions of the essay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The essay was drafted in 1939 under the title "Are We Alone in Space?" The 1939 draft is kept by the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> under file reference CHAR 8/644.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725"Universal_Appeal"2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725"Universal_Appeal"2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article in <i>Finest Hour</i> speculates that it was at first intended for publication in the <i><a href="/wiki/News_of_the_World" title="News of the World">News of the World</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Universal_Appeal"2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Universal_Appeal"2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reworked version of the essay was published on 8 March 1942 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Dispatch" title="Sunday Dispatch">Sunday Dispatch</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and republished as part of <i>The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill</i> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1975493–498_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1975493–498-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text of this version has been made available online by <i>The Churchill Project</i> of <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an analysis by <i>Finest Hour</i> and a clarification by <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)"><i>Nature</i></a>, the published essay is missing the part concerning the nature of life and the short passage about Jupiter, which are both contained in the 1939 and 1950s drafts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725"Universal_Appeal"2017_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725"Universal_Appeal"2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unpublished part of the essay concerning the nature of life has been made available online by <i>Finest Hour</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Universal_Appeal"2017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Universal_Appeal"2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unpublished 1950s draft titled "Are We Alone in the Universe?" is held by the <a href="/wiki/National_Churchill_Museum" title="National Churchill Museum">National Churchill Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fulton,_Missouri" title="Fulton, Missouri">Fulton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an analysis by <i>Finest Hour</i> it contains only "minor typographical differences" apart from the changed title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Universal_Appeal"2017_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Universal_Appeal"2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mario Livio has argued that Churchill revised the 1950s draft in the villa of his literary agent, <a href="/wiki/Emery_Reves" title="Emery Reves">Emery Reves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017290-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscript was handed to the National Churchill Museum by <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Russell_Reves" title="Wendy Russell Reves">Wendy Russell Reves</a>, the widow of Emery Reves, in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017290-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERincon2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERincon2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERincon2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRincon2017">Rincon 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017290-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017290_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivio2017">Livio 2017</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2017Livio2017290-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017Livio2017290_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017Livio2017290_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangworth2017">Langworth 2017</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLivio2017">Livio 2017</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangworth2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangworth2017_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangworth2017">Langworth 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrews2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews2017_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews2017_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrews2017_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrews2017">Andrews 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Freytas-Tamura2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Freytas-Tamura2017_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Freytas-Tamura2017_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Freytas-Tamura2017">de Freytas-Tamura 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandwerk2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandwerk2017_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandwerk2017">Handwerk 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELivio2017289-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017289_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017289_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017289_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELivio2017289_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLivio2017">Livio 2017</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESample2017-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESample2017_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSample2017">Sample 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2017_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2017">Scott 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Correction"2017">"Correction" 2017</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725"Universal_Appeal"2017-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725"Universal_Appeal"2017_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Correction"201725"Universal_Appeal"2017_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Correction"2017">"Correction" 2017</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREF"Universal_Appeal"2017">"Universal Appeal" 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Universal_Appeal"2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Universal_Appeal"2017_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Universal_Appeal"2017_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Universal_Appeal"2017_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Universal_Appeal"2017">"Universal Appeal" 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1975493–498-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Churchill Concludes It's Likely Life Circles Other Suns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115191642/https://www.npr.org/2017/02/18/515863313/are-we-alone-churchill-concludes-its-likely-life-circles-other-suns">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=%27Are+We+Alone%3F%27+Churchill+Concludes+It%27s+Likely+Life+Circles+Other+Suns&rft.date=2017-02-18&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2017%2F02%2F18%2F515863313%2Fare-we-alone-churchill-concludes-its-likely-life-circles-other-suns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAre+There+Men+on+the+Moon%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1975" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Michael, ed. (1975). <i>The Collected Essays of Sir Winston Churchill</i>. Vol. IV. London: Library of Imperial History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Essays+of+Sir+Winston+Churchill&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Library+of+Imperial+History&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAre+There+Men+on+the+Moon%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Clark, Liat (15 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/winston-churchill-are-we-alone-in-the-universe">"Long-Lost Winston Churchill Essay Reveals His Views on the Existence of Aliens"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_UK" title="Wired UK">Wired UK</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-0978">1357-0978</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115191656/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/winston-churchill-are-we-alone-in-the-universe">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=Long-Lost+Winston+Churchill+Essay+Reveals+His+Views+on+the+Existence+of+Aliens&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft.issn=1357-0978&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Liat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fwinston-churchill-are-we-alone-in-the-universe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAre+There+Men+on+the+Moon%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2017" class="citation news cs1">Keller, Rudi (19 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.columbiatribune.com/story/news/local/2017/02/19/found-churchill-essay-was-not/21855851007/">"Found Churchill Essay Was Not Unpublished"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Daily_Tribune" title="Columbia Daily Tribune">Columbia Daily Tribune</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124193527/https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/news/local/2017/02/19/found-churchill-essay-was-not/21855851007/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Daily+Tribune&rft.atitle=Found+Churchill+Essay+Was+Not+Unpublished&rft.date=2017-02-19&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Rudi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.columbiatribune.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2017%2F02%2F19%2Ffound-churchill-essay-was-not%2F21855851007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAre+There+Men+on+the+Moon%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winston_Churchill" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winston_Churchill" title="Template:Winston Churchill"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winston_Churchill" title="Template talk:Winston Churchill"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winston_Churchill" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winston Churchill"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winston_Churchill" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Early life of Winston Churchill">Early life, 1874–1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_politics,_1900%E2%80%931939" title="Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939">In politics, 1900–1939</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924" title="Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924">Liberal Party, 1904–1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Chancellorship of Winston Churchill">Chancellor, 1924–1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_%22Wilderness%22_years,_1929%E2%80%931939" title="Winston Churchill's "Wilderness" years, 1929–1939">"Wilderness" years, 1929–1939</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Winston Churchill in the Second World War">World War II, 1939–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_life_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Later life of Winston Churchill">Later life, 1945–1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Electoral history of Winston Churchill">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_as_a_painter" title="Winston Churchill as a painter">As a painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_as_a_writer" title="Winston Churchill as a writer">As a writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Racial views of Winston Churchill">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_pets" title="Winston Churchill's pets">His pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Death and state funeral of Winston Churchill">Death and funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Winston_Churchill%27s_first_premiership" title="Timeline of Winston Churchill's first premiership">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">conferences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_caretaker_ministry" title="Churchill caretaker ministry">Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Churchill_ministry" title="Third Churchill ministry">Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Malakand_Field_Force" title="The Story of the Malakand Field Force"><i>The Story of the Malakand Field Force</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savrola" title="Savrola"><i>Savrola</i> (1899 novel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_River_War" title="The River War"><i>The River War</i> (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_to_Ladysmith_via_Pretoria" title="London to Ladysmith via Pretoria"><i>London to Ladysmith via Pretoria</i> (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hamilton%27s_March" title="Ian Hamilton's March"><i>Ian Hamilton's March</i> (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill_(book)" title="Lord Randolph Churchill (book)"><i>Lord Randolph Churchill</i> (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Crisis" title="The World Crisis"><i>The World Crisis</i> (1923–1931, five volumes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Early_Life" title="My Early Life"><i>My Early Life</i> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough:_His_Life_and_Times" title="Marlborough: His Life and Times"><i>Marlborough: His Life and Times</i> (1933–1938, four volumes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Contemporaries" title="Great Contemporaries"><i>Great Contemporaries</i> (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_and_the_Covenant" title="Arms and the Covenant"><i>Arms and the Covenant</i> (1938)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)"><i>The Second World War</i> (1948–1953, six volumes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_English-Speaking_Peoples" title="A History of the English-Speaking Peoples"><i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples</i> (1956–1958, four volumes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_total_and_unmitigated_defeat" title="A total and unmitigated defeat">A total and unmitigated defeat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blood,_toil,_tears_and_sweat" title="Blood, toil, tears and sweat">Blood, toil, tears and sweat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Be_ye_men_of_valour" title="Be ye men of valour">Be ye men of valour</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_shall_fight_on_the_beaches" title="We shall fight on the beaches">We shall fight on the beaches</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_was_their_finest_hour" title="This was their finest hour">This was their finest hour</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_was_so_much_owed_by_so_many_to_so_few" title="Never was so much owed by so many to so few">Never was so much owed by so many to so few</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain#Churchill_speech" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Bibliography of Winston Churchill">Bibliography of Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_of_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Honours of Winston Churchill">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Churchill_Society" title="International Churchill Society">International Churchill Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Churchill_Museum" title="National Churchill Museum">National Churchill Museum</a> (Fulton, Missouri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Memorial_Trusts" title="Winston Churchill Memorial Trusts">Memorial Trusts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Winston Churchill School (disambiguation)">Schools and higher education (various)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Boulevard" title="Winston Churchill Boulevard">Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_to_Winston_Churchill" title="Category:Monuments and memorials to Winston Churchill">others</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Winston_Churchill_(Epstein)" title="Bust of Winston Churchill (Epstein)">Epstein busts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Winston_Churchill,_Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim" title="Bust of Winston Churchill, Mishkenot Sha'ananim">Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roaring_Lion" title="The Roaring Lion">The Roaring Lion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill_(Sutherland)" title="Portrait of Winston Churchill (Sutherland)">Sutherland portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Churchillian_Drift" title="Churchillian Drift">Churchillian Drift</a>"</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Statues" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>London <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Palace_of_Westminster" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Woodford" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Woodford">Woodford</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Paris" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill_(Toronto)" title="Statue of Winston Churchill (Toronto)">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Winston Churchill (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">Norway Debate</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_political_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Winston Churchill's political ideology">Political ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sidney_Street" title="Siege of Sidney Street">Siege of Sidney Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Bladon" title="St Martin's Church, Bladon">St Martin's Church, Bladon</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Stalingrad" title="Sword of Stalingrad">Sword of Stalingrad</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Terminological_inexactitude" title="Terminological inexactitude">Terminological inexactitude</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Other_Club" title="The Other Club">The Other Club</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonypandy_riots" title="Tonypandy riots">Tonypandy riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_British_war_cabinet_crisis" title="1940 British war cabinet crisis">1940 British war cabinet crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary citizenship of the United States">Honorary U.S. citizenship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Family of Winston Churchill">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_Churchill" title="Clementine Churchill">Clementine Churchill</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Churchill" title="Diana Churchill">Diana Churchill</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph Churchill</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Churchill_(actress)" title="Sarah Churchill (actress)">Sarah Churchill</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Marigold_Churchill" title="Tomb of Marigold Churchill">Marigold Churchill</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Mary Soames</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(1940%E2%80%932010)" title="Winston Churchill (1940–2010)">Winston Churchill</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lady Randolph Churchill">Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Churchill_(1880%E2%80%931947)" title="Jack Churchill (1880–1947)">Jack Churchill</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer-Churchill,_7th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough">John Spencer-Churchill</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Anne_Spencer-Churchill,_Duchess_of_Marlborough" title="Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough">Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jerome" title="Leonard Jerome">Leonard Jerome</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐4dtrt Cached time: 20241124061232 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced 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