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href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_statue,_Parliament_Square,_London_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Winston_Churchill_statue%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.JPG/170px-Winston_Churchill_statue%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Winston_Churchill_statue%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.JPG/255px-Winston_Churchill_statue%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Winston_Churchill_statue%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.JPG/340px-Winston_Churchill_statue%2C_Parliament_Square%2C_London_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square">statue of Winston Churchill in Parliament Square</a> was sprayed with the words "was a racist" during a <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> protest in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Sky_News_2020-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Throughout his life, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> made numerous controversial statements on <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, which some writers have described as <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a>. It is furthermore suggested that his personal views influenced important decisions he made throughout his political career, particularly relating to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, of which he was a staunch advocate and defender. In the 21st century, his views on race and empire are frequently discussed, and controversial, aspects of his legacy. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_of_Churchill_towards_race">Views of Churchill towards race</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Views of Churchill towards race">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="According_to_historians">According to historians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: According to historians">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/John_Charmley" title="John Charmley">John Charmley</a> wrote that Churchill viewed British domination around the globe, such as the British Empire, as a natural consequence of <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>. Charmley argued that similar to many of Churchill's contemporaries, he held a <a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">hierarchical perspective on race</a>, believing white <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Christians to be at the top of this hierarchy, and white <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> beneath them, while Indians were higher on this hierarchy than black Africans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Toye" title="Richard Toye">Richard Toye</a>, Churchill's perspectives were not singular, and while Churchill may have harboured the belief in the superiority of white individuals, it does not necessarily imply an endorsement of inhumane treatment towards non-white individuals.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Addison" title="Paul Addison">Paul Addison</a> says Churchill saw British imperialism as a form of <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> that benefited its subject peoples because "by conquering and dominating other peoples, the British were also elevating and protecting them". To Churchill, the idea of dismantling the Empire by transferring power to its subject peoples was anathema – especially manifested in his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> and his acerbic comments about <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, whom he called "a seditious <a href="/wiki/Middle_Temple" title="Middle Temple">Middle Temple</a> lawyer, now posing as a <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">fakir</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198032,_40–41-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991499–500-5">[5]</a> Some critics have equated Churchill's imperialism with <a href="/wiki/Racialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialism">racialism</a>, but Addison among others has argued that it is misleading to describe him as a racist in any modern context because the term as used now bears "many connotations which were alien to Churchill".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198039-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Empire_1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/250px-British_Empire_1921.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/375px-British_Empire_1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/British_Empire_1921.png/500px-British_Empire_1921.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> at its territorial peak in 1921</figcaption></figure> Churchill advocated against native self-rule in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>, believing that the British Empire promoted and maintained the welfare of those who lived in the colonies; he insisted that "our responsibility to the native races remains a real one".<a href="#cite_note-Debunking_Myths-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-i_news-8">[8]</a> In 1899, a Boer jailer asked Churchill: "is it right that a dirty <a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(racial_term)" title="Kaffir (racial term)">Kaffir</a> should walk on the pavement?… That's what they do in your British Colonies." Churchill termed this the root of Boer discontent: <blockquote> British government is associated in the Boer farmer's mind with violent social revolution. Black is to be proclaimed the same as white … nor is a tigress robbed of her cubs more furious than is the Boer at this prospect.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </blockquote> In 1902, Churchill stated that the "great barbaric nations" would "menace civilised nations", and that "The Aryan stock is bound to triumph".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1906, Churchill stated that "We will endeavour ... to advance the principle of equal rights of civilised men irrespective of colour."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1937, while speaking in favour of allowing Jews to settle in Palestine, Churchill stated that: <blockquote> I do not admit ... for instance, that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been done to these people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher-grade race, a more worldly wise race to put it that way, has come in and taken their place.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, Vice President of the USA, reports in his diary that during a White House lunch in May 1943 Churchill "said why be apologetic about Anglo-Saxon superiority, that we were superior, that we had the common heritage which had been worked out over the centuries in England and had been perfected by our constitution."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> By the 1940s Churchill still cherished the ideals of imperialism that he had followed since the 1890s, while much of British opinion had abandoned them. Colonialism was now seen as a crude device for the oppression of the weak by the strong. After the Second World War, old arguments about white racial superiority were no longer acceptable. The British public rejected the Churchillian notion of an imperial race predestined by moral character to rule and refashion the world in the British image. Among younger Britons, especially in academic circles, criticism grew sharper. Indeed, the empire itself was rapidly disintegrating, starting with India <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">gaining independence in 1947</a>, and finishing up with all the African colonies being lost in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1955, Churchill expressed his support for the slogan "Keep England White" with regards to immigration from the West Indies.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Churchill's personal doctor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilson,_1st_Baron_Moran" title="Charles Wilson, 1st Baron Moran">Lord Moran</a>, commented at one point that, in regards to other races, "Winston thinks only of the colour of their skin."<a href="#cite_note-dark_side-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebrations_To_Mark_Prime_Minister_Churchill%27s_69th_Birthday_A20744.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Celebrations_To_Mark_Prime_Minister_Churchill%27s_69th_Birthday_A20744.jpg/250px-Celebrations_To_Mark_Prime_Minister_Churchill%27s_69th_Birthday_A20744.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Celebrations_To_Mark_Prime_Minister_Churchill%27s_69th_Birthday_A20744.jpg/375px-Celebrations_To_Mark_Prime_Minister_Churchill%27s_69th_Birthday_A20744.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Celebrations_To_Mark_Prime_Minister_Churchill%27s_69th_Birthday_A20744.jpg/500px-Celebrations_To_Mark_Prime_Minister_Churchill%27s_69th_Birthday_A20744.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>A Sikh soldier presents Churchill with a gift on his 69th birthday in Teheran</figcaption></figure> Churchill made disparaging remarks about Indians, mainly directed at <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> party and secessionists generally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970198-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991498-17">[17]</a> Some historians have debated whether Churchill was driven in this antipathy by imperialism or by racism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He was angered in autumn 1930 by the Labour government's decision to grant <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> status to India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970195–196Gilbert1991495-18">[18]</a> He argued that it would hasten calls for full independence from the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991495-19">[19]</a> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Empire_Society" title="Indian Empire Society">Indian Empire Society</a> which opposed the granting of Dominion status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991497-20">[20]</a> In his view, India was not ready for home rule because he believed that the Brahmins would gain control and further oppress both the "untouchables" and the religious minorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991495,_497,_500–501-21">[21]</a> In March 1931, when riots broke out in <a href="/wiki/Cawnpore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cawnpore">Cawnpore</a> between Hindus and Muslims, he claimed that the situation proved his case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991501-22">[22]</a> John Charmley has argued that Churchill's denigration of Gandhi in the early 1930s contributed to fellow British Conservatives' dismissal of his early warnings about the rise of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. Churchill's comments on Indians – as well as his views on race as a whole – were judged by his contemporaries within the Conservative Party to be extreme.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-23">[23]</a> Conversely, in 1906, Churchill defended the Indian minority in South Africa. In 1919, he openly condemned the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a>, referring to it as "unutterably monstrous".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1935, Churchill invited Gandhi's friend, Ghanshyam Das Birla, to Chartwell, where he told him, "Mr. Gandhi has gone very high in my esteem since he stood up for the Untouchables," and expressed support for the Indian nationalists and advised them on how to improve the country, saying, "I am genuinely sympathetic towards India. I have got real fears about the future. India, I feel is a burden on us. We have got to maintain an army and for the sake of India we have to maintain Singapore and Near East strength. If India could look after herself we would be delighted. … I would be only too delighted if the Reforms are a success. I have all along felt that there are fifty Indias. But you have got the thing now; make it a success and if you do I will advocate your getting much more." Gandhi responded positively to Churchill's advice, and said, "I have held the opinion that I can always rely on his sympathy and goodwill."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018125-25">[25]</a> In April 1941, Churchill wrote to the Viceroy of India, "…it is as one who has had the honour to serve in the field with Indian soldiers from all parts of Hindustan, as well as in the name of His Majesty's Government, that I ask Your Excellency to convey to them and the whole Indian army the pride and admiration with which we have followed their exploits."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1983299–314-26">[26]</a> In March 1942, Churchill sent <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a> on a mission to India ("the <a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a>") with an offer based on full Dominion status after the war, stating "We must remember that India has a great part to play in the world's struggle for freedom and that her helping hand must be extended in loyal comradeship to the valiant Chinese people, who have fought alone so long. We must remember also that India is one of the bases from which the strongest counter-blows must be struck at the advance of tyranny and aggression."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This was rejected. Churchill later wrote, "I cannot see any objection to Indians serving on H.M. Ships where they are qualified and needed, or if their virtues so deserve rising to be Admirals of the Fleet. But not too many of them, please."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In September of that year, Churchill addressed the House of Commons, praising India for its role and suggesting Gandhi be placed under protection, stating, "the Viceroy and Government of India, with the unanimous support of the Viceroy's Council, the great majority of which are Indians, patriotic and wise men, have felt it necessary to proclaim and suppress the central and Provincial organs of this association which has become committed to hostile and criminal courses. Mr. Gandhi and other principal leaders have been interned under conditions of the highest comfort and consideration, and will be kept out of harm's way till the troubles subside".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] At lunch in July 1944 Churchill said to India's representative on the War Cabinet <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar">Sir Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar</a>, "The old idea that the Indian was in any way inferior to the white man must go. We must all be pals together. I want to see a great shining India, of which we can be as proud as we are of a great Canada or a great Australia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018402-30">[30]</a> After the War's end, Churchill paid tribute to the Indian contribution in the war, "The loyalty of the Indian Army to the King-Emperor, the proud fidelity to their treaties of the Indian Princes, the unsurpassed bravery of Indian soldiers and officers, both Moslem and Hindu, shine for ever in the annals of war."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1948, he expressed shock at Gandhi's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Churchill admired <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and called him in 1955, "the light of Asia".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal_famine">Bengal famine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bengal famine">edit</a>]</div> Claims were made that during World War II, Churchill prioritised the stockpiling of food for Britain over feeding Indian subjects during the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>,<a href="#cite_note-independent-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Mukherjee2015141–142Mukerjee2010191–218-35">[35]</a> against the pleas made by <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> and the Viceroy of India, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Linlithgow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Linlithgow">Lord Linlithgow</a>, but eventually eased the famine by directing shipments of grains to India from Australia.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-ALH-37">[37]</a> The famine resulted in the death of up to three million Indians, which <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhusree_Mukerjee" title="Madhusree Mukerjee">Madhusree Mukerjee</a> have blamed on Churchill's response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukerjee2010-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inglorious_Empire-39">[39]</a> Amery wrote in his private diaries that upon learning Indian separatists were refusing to resist the Japanese and contribute to the war effort, Churchill, in private conversation, said out of frustration, he "hated Indians" and considered them "a beastly people with a beastly religion".<a href="#cite_note-darker_side-40">[40]</a> According to Amery, during the Bengal famine, Churchill stated that any potential relief efforts sent to India would accomplish little to nothing, as Indians "breeding like rabbits", but then asked his transport minister how they could be sent food.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Leo Amery likened Churchill's understanding of India's problems to <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a>'s apathy for the Americas. Amery wrote "on the subject of India, Winston is not quite sane" and that he did not "see much difference between [Churchill's] outlook and <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Hitler</a>'s".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In his 2018 biography of Winston Churchill, British historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a> commented on the topic by stating that: "Almost all of the remarks Leo Amery ascribed to Churchill were paraphrases rather than direct quotations, and should be seen in light of what one of the Prime Minister's private secretaries called his 'provocative humour'. These racially charged jokes, which would be regarded as totally unacceptable today, were then, as one historian puts it, 'part of the bedrock of contemporary British humour and were regular features of <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> during the inter-war years and after'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018249-44">[44]</a> His War Cabinet rejected Canadian proposals to send food aid to India, asking the US and Australia to send aid in their stead; according to historian Arthur Herman, Churchill's overarching concern was the ongoing Second World War, leading to his decisions to divert food supplies from India to Allied military campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> However, Churchill did push for whatever famine relief efforts India itself could provide,<a href="#cite_note-ALH-37">[37]</a> but these were hidebound by corruption and inefficiency in the Bengali government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper2004285–291-46">[46]</a> Churchill responded by appointing <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Earl Wavell</a> as <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy</a> on 1 October 1943 and ordering the military under Wavell's direction to transport aid into Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-ALH-37">[37]</a> The combination of relief transports and a successfully harvested winter rice crop eased the famine in December 1943, but the death toll by then was over three million.<a href="#cite_note-ALH-37">[37]</a> When Churchill was first told of the severity, he wrote to Wavell, "The material and cultural conditions of the many peoples of India will naturally engage your earnest attention. The hard pressures of world-war have for the first time for many years brought conditions of scarcity, verging in some localities into actual famine, upon India. Every effort must be made, even by the diversion of shipping urgently needed for war purposes, to deal with local shortages."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In April 1944, Churchill wrote to Franklin Roosevelt, "I am seriously concerned about the food situation in India and its possible reactions on our joint operations. Last year we had a grievous famine in Bengal through which at least 700,000 people died...I have had much hesitation in asking you to add to the great assistance you are giving us with shipping but a satisfactory situation in India is of such vital importance to the success of our joint plans against the Japanese that I am impelled to ask you to consider a special allocation of ships to carry wheat to India from Australia without reducing the assistance you are now providing for us, who are at a positive minimum if war efficiency is to be maintained. We have the wheat (in Australia) but we lack the ships."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Churchill ordered the excess grain be exported to Europe instead of to the British troops on the front line, adding to the buffer stocks being created against the possibility of future <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">second front</a> invasions in both <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> In 1907 Churchill made it a condition of British support for a United South Africa: "our right to be consulted effectively upon the native policy. I would not do anything for them without a sufficient return for the benefit of the native."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> According to historian Roland Quinault: <dl><dd>His reservations about black majority rule [in Africa after 1950] were based on considerations of class, education and culture, rather than race and colour. In that respect, Churchill's attitude resembled that of the mid-Victorians to the working classes – they should be cautiously and gradually admitted into the body politic.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></dd></dl> Though he held particular contempt for <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Churchill was supportive of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a>, insofar as Ibn Saud would support the policy for a Jewish state in Palestine that Churchill had driven personally in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Churchill met Ibn Saud personally in February 1945 to discuss issues surrounding Palestine,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-resource-55">[55]</a> though the meeting was reported by Saudis at the time as being widely unproductive, in great contrast to the meeting Ibn Saud had held with American President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> just days earlier.<a href="#cite_note-resource-55">[55]</a> In 1942, an October meeting of Cabinet discussed colour bars after <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">Viscount Cranbourne</a> said that one of his black officials in the Colonial Office had been barred by a restaurant because American officers had imposed a "whites-only" policy. Churchill addressed Cabinet (after making an insensitive joke, saying "That's alright, if he takes a banjo with him, they'll think he's one of the band".) and Cabinet concluded: <blockquote> The US Army must not expect our authorities, civil or military, to assist them in enforcing a policy of segregation. It was clear that, so far as concerned admission to canteens, public houses, theatres, cinemas, and so forth, there would, and must not, be no restriction of the facilities hitherto extended to coloured persons as a result of the arrival of United States troops in this country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018760-56">[56]</a> </blockquote> After 1945 many and perhaps most black intellectuals and activists in the United States became convinced that Churchill's racism was a major factor in what they saw as his cynical attempt to buttress an exploitative overseas empire that Britain could no longer afford. They charged him with suppressing the democratic aspirations of people of colour.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> South African President <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> said Churchill's attitude toward black people was racist and patronising. That complaint was shared by critics such as <a href="/wiki/Clive_Ponting" title="Clive Ponting">Clive Ponting</a>. Historian Roland Quinault states that, "Even some historians otherwise sympathetic to Churchill have concluded that he was blind to the problems of black people."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabs">Arabs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arabs">edit</a>]</div> Churchill described the Arabs as a "lower manifestation" than the Jews, whom he viewed as a "higher grade race" compared to the "great hordes of Islam".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> He referred to <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> as "barbaric hordes who ate little but camel dung".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jews">Jews</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jews">edit</a>]</div> Even though he was wary of <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> Jews, Churchill strongly supported <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and he described Jews as "the most formidable and the most remarkable <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>", whose "first loyalty will always be towards [Jews]".<a href="#cite_note-BBC-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-dark_side-15">[15]</a> Churchill had some sympathy for the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>" conspiracy theory, and in his 1920 article which he titled "Zionism versus Bolshevism", he wrote that <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, which he considered a "worldwide conspiracy for the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> and for the reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and impossible equality",<a href="#cite_note-darker_side-40">[40]</a> had been <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">established in Russia</a> by Jews: <blockquote>There is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of Bolshevism and in the actual bringing about of the Russian Revolution, by these international and for the most part atheistical Jews; it is certainly a very great one; it probably outweighs all others. With the notable exception of Lenin, the majority of the leading figures are Jews. Moreover, the principal inspiration and driving power comes from the Jewish leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Churchill,_Winston_Leonard_Spencer_1920_pg._5-61">[61]</a></blockquote> Although an <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> belief in an <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">international Jewish conspiracy</a> was not unique among British politicians of the time, few of them had the stature of Churchill.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The article was criticised by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Chronicle">Jewish Chronicle</a> at the time, calling it "the most reckless and scandalous campaign in which even the most discredited politicians have ever engaged".<a href="#cite_note-cohen-63">[63]</a> The Chronicle said Churchill had adopted "the hoary tactics of hooligan anti-Semites" in his article.<a href="#cite_note-cohen-63">[63]</a> But according to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a>, one of his biographers, Churchill rejected <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> for virtually all of his life. Roberts also describes Churchill as an "active <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Philosemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosemitic">philosemitic</a> at a time when "clubland antisemitism... was a social glue for much of the Respectable Tendency".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018981-64">[64]</a> In the same article, Churchill wrote; "Some people like the Jews and some do not, but no thoughtful man can doubt the fact that they are beyond all question the most formidable and the most remarkable race that has ever appeared in the world." He further pointed out that the Bolsheviks were "repudiated vehemently by the great mass of the Jewish race", and concluded: <blockquote>We owe to the Jews a system of ethics which, even if it were entirely separated from the supernatural, would be incomparably the most precious possession of mankind, worth in fact the fruits of all wisdom and learning put together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018278-65">[65]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Addison" title="Paul Addison">Paul Addison</a> claimed that Churchill opposed antisemitism (as in 1904, when he was fiercely critical of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Aliens_Act_1905" title="Aliens Act 1905">Aliens Bill</a>) and argued that he would never have tried "to stoke up racial animosity against immigrants, or to persecute minorities".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Churchill described the Arabs as a "lower manifestation" than the Jews, whom he viewed as a "higher grade race" compared to the "great hordes of Islam".<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Churchill expressed disgust at <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi antisemitism</a>. In August 1932, while in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Churchill was snubbed for a meeting by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> when the two happened to be sharing the same hotel. Churchill expressed to Hitler's confidante <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl">Ernst Hanfstaengl</a>, "Why is your chief so violent about the Jews?... what is the sense of being against a man simply because of his birth? How can any man help how he is born?" When this was reported to him, Hitler declined the meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018363–364-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> recalled that Churchill openly wept when recounting to him the humiliations inflicted upon Jews by the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> in April 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018367-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palestine">Palestine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Palestine">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></div> In 1937, during the midst of the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a>, Churchill spoke at length during Parliamentary debates on the British policy in Palestine. Churchill insisted that the British government not renege on its 1917 <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">promise</a> to create a Jewish national home in Palestine, opposing the idea of granting Palestine self-rule due to the necessary Arab majority that would rule in Britain's place. Churchill held the belief that an eventual Jewish state within Palestine would advance the prosperity of the country, asking rhetorically before the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a>: <blockquote>Why is there injustice done if people come in and make a livelihood for more and make the desert into palm groves and orange groves?</blockquote> Churchill's first-hand experience with Arab culture, both as a soldier and an MP, had "not impressed him", in the words of historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a>; an Arab majority in Palestine, Churchill maintained, would have resulted in both cultural and material stagnation.<a href="#cite_note-Churchill_and_Jews-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald">Malcom Mcdonald</a> reported that Churchill stated that the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Arabs">Palestinian Arabs</a> were "Barbaric hordes who ate little but camel dung".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Churchill rejected the Arab wish to stop <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish migration</a> to Palestine: <blockquote>I do not admit that the <a href="/wiki/Dog_in_the_manger" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog in the manger">dog in the manger</a> has the final right to the manger, though he may have lain there for a very long time I do not admit that right. I do not admit for instance that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been to those people by the fact that a stronger race, a higher-grade race or at any rate a more worldly-wise race, to put it that way, has come in and taken their place. I do not admit it. I do not think the Red Indians had any right to say, 'American continent belongs to us and we are not going to have any of these European settlers coming in here'. They had not the right, nor had they the power."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018106-72">[72]</a></blockquote> At the same time Churchill believed that British policy should not result in what he called "harsh injustice" to the Arab majority, and that the Arab people would not be displaced by the Jewish influx. He further emphasised the British responsibility to ensure that Palestine's Jews would not discriminate economically against their Arab neighbours, stating that such discrimination would result in the future restriction of Jewish immigration to Palestine. Churchill summarised his views before the Peel Commission bluntly: "It is a question of which civilisation you prefer."<a href="#cite_note-Churchill_and_Jews-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ireland">Ireland</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> In 1904 ten years before the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">third Home Rule bill</a>, Churchill said about <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule">Irish Home Rule</a>: "I remain of the opinion that a separate parliament for Ireland would be dangerous and impractical." He held a belief that Ireland should have remained part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. However, in 1912, during a speech in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, he surprisingly supported the creation of an Irish parliament ruled from <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, a decision that upset <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster loyalists">Ulster Unionists</a>. These comments were seen as a retraction of his comments from 1904. He said: "History and poetry, justice and good sense, alike demand that this race, gifted, virtuous and brave, which has lived so long and endured so much should not, in view of her passionate desire, be shut out of the family of nations and should not be lost forever among indiscriminate multitudes of men." He wanted a new relationship between Great Britain and Ireland to foster a "federation of English speaking peoples all over the world".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> In 1902 Churchill called China a "barbaric nation" and advocated for the "<a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">partition</a> of China". He wrote: <blockquote>I think we shall have to take the Chinese in hand and regulate them. I believe that as civilized nations become more powerful they will get more ruthless, and the time will come when the world will impatiently bear the existence of great barbaric nations who may at any time arm themselves and menace civilized nations. I believe in the ultimate partition of China – I mean ultimate. I hope we shall not have to do it in our day. The <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryan stock</a> is bound to triumph.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></blockquote> In May 1954 <a href="/wiki/Violet_Bonham-Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Violet Bonham-Carter">Violet Bonham-Carter</a> asked Churchill's opinion about a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party (United Kingdom)">Labour Party</a> visit to China.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] Winston Churchill replied: <blockquote>I hate people with slit eyes and pigtails. I don't like the look of them or the smell of them – but I suppose it does no great harm to have a look at them.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_weapons_in_Iraq">Chemical weapons in Iraq</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Chemical weapons in Iraq">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alleged_British_use_of_chemical_weapons_in_Mesopotamia_in_1920" title="Alleged British use of chemical weapons in Mesopotamia in 1920">Alleged British use of chemical weapons in Mesopotamia in 1920</a></div> Churchill was enthusiastic about the potential of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a> after his appointment as Minister of Munitions in July 1917 during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Out of all ordnance and munitions, it is argued[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] that Churchill who himself saw action on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> placed his greatest faith in chemical warfare to win the war, after the Germans first used it in 1915. When arguing about the use of tear gas against Afghan rebels in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in 1919, Churchill said "If it is fair for an Afghan to shoot down a British soldier behind a rock and cut him in pieces as he lies wounded on the ground, why is it not fair for a British artilleryman to fire a shell which makes the said native sneeze? It is really too silly."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simkin-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-winstonchurchill.org-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-23">[23]</a> In 1919 during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, as Minister of War and Air, Churchill secretly had 50,000 stockpiled <a href="/wiki/Adamsite" title="Adamsite">adamsite</a> gas bombs shipped to <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> in Russia for use against the Communist <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> after Sir Keith Price, the head of chemical warfare at <a href="/wiki/Porton_Down" title="Porton Down">Porton Down</a>, agreed with Churchill that its use would be effective. 509 were dropped in total to good effect, however this secret was soon revealed, and Churchill lied that the Bolsheviks were using chemical weapons, and the remaining British gas bombs were dumped in the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Simkin-77">[77]</a> In 1920 more than 100,000 armed tribesman <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_revolt_of_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi revolt of 1920">revolted against British control in Iraq</a>. Estimations suggested that 25,000 British and 80,000 Indian troops would be required to keep control of the country, however Churchill argued that if Britain relied on its air power, the number of troops in Iraq could be reduced to just 4,000 British and 10,000 Indian troops. This argument convinced the British government, and the recently formed <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> was sent to Iraq. Over the next few months the RAF dropped 97 tons of bombs resulting in 9,000 Iraqis being killed, but even so this failed to quell resistance – Arab and Kurdish uprisings in Iraq continued to endanger British rule. Churchill suggested the use of tear gas by the RAF against the rebel tribesmen (referring to them as "uncivilized tribes") instead of continuing the bombing campaign as tear gas would frighten and disperse armed rebel tribesmen without loss of life and without serious or lasting effects on those caught in the gas.<a href="#cite_note-Simkin-77">[77]</a> <blockquote> I do not understand this squeamishness about the use of gas. We have definitely adopted the position at the Peace Conference of arguing in favour of the retention of gas as a permanent method of warfare. It is sheer affectation to lacerate a man with the poisonous fragment of a bursting shell and to boggle at making his eyes water by means of lachrymatory [tear] gas. I am strongly in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes. The moral effect should be so good that the loss of life should be reduced to a minimum. It is not necessary to use only the most deadly gasses: gasses can be used which cause great inconvenience and would spread a lively terror and yet would leave no serious permanent effects on most of those affected.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </blockquote> Churchill's use of "uncivilised tribes" to refer to the rebel Iraqi tribesman, as well as his eagerness to use chemical weapons against them, is today a controversial topic. Unknown to many today, "Uncivilised tribe" was the then-accepted official term for a stateless opponent: the British Manual of Military Law stated that the law of war applied only to conflict "between civilized nations." Already in the Manual of 1914, it was clearly stated that "they do not apply in wars with uncivilized States and tribes"; instead the British commander should observe "the rules of justice and humanity" according to his own individual discretion.<a href="#cite_note-winstonchurchill.org-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> It should also be noted that although such language is seen as patronising and racist today, it was hardly unique to use such a phrase in the 1920s. Churchill's advocation for the use of chemical weapons by Britain on her enemies was not reserved for any specific peoples or race by any means. His defenders say that what he intended was the use of generally non-lethal (tear) gas,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> but those gases were known to kill children and the ill.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> During the Second World War when Churchill was Prime Minister, he stated he was fully prepared to use lethal chemical weapons against German soldiers if <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sealion" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Sealion">Operation Sealion</a> (Nazi Germany's planned 1940 invasion of the British mainland) had succeeded. On 30 May 1940, he told the Cabinet "we should not hesitate to contaminate our beaches with gas". He also proposed its use against the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> during the same World War.<a href="#cite_note-Simkin-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-winstonchurchill.org-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment" title="Anti-British sentiment">Anti-British sentiment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">Anti-English sentiment</a></div> In 2002 after Churchill was named the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">Greatest Briton</a> of all time, journalist Amy Iggulden wrote an article collating some of Churchill's comments on race.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> According to an article by Amit Roy in 2003, Indians had traditionally seen Churchill in a negative light and his imperialist views as racist.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Madhusree_Mukerjee" title="Madhusree Mukerjee">Madhusree Mukerjee</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Churchill%27s_Secret_War" title="Churchill's Secret War">Churchill's Secret War</a> which discussed about the possible role Churchill played in the Bengal famine.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> By the mid-2010s, there had been increase in discussion of the topic and several media outlets questioned whether there would be a reassessment of Churchill's legacy. Labour parliamentary candidate Benjamin Whittingham gained wide attention when he called Churchill a <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-23">[23]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom">George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom</a> in June 2020, <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square">the statue of Winston Churchill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, London, was vandalised with spray paint with the phrase "was a racist" being scrawled underneath his name. The public outrage this caused was widespread both in the UK and abroad and garnered much media coverage which ultimately furthered public discussion of Churchill's views on race.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In July, a <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_at_Ten" title="BBC News at Ten">BBC News at Ten</a> report featured Indian historian <a href="/wiki/Rudrangshu_Mukherjee" title="Rudrangshu Mukherjee">Rudrangshu Mukherjee</a> saying that Churchill was "seen as the precipitator of mass killing" due to allegations of his failure in the Bengal famine. Claims of anti-South Asian racism were also made against Churchill by Oxford University professor <a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Khan" title="Yasmin Khan">Yasmin Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-Church-89">[89]</a> Historians <a href="/wiki/Tirthankar_Roy" title="Tirthankar Roy">Tirthankar Roy</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Holland_(author)" title="James Holland (author)">James Holland</a> criticised the accuracy of the report. The historian <a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Max Hastings</a> also criticised the report for failing to contextualise Churchill's actions and former Panorama journalist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Mangold" title="Tom Mangold">Tom Mangold</a> of uncritically endorsing a "<a href="/wiki/Woke" title="Woke">woke</a>" view of Churchill as a racist.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-Church-89">[89]</a> In October, <a href="/wiki/Churchill_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill College">Churchill College</a> launched Churchill, Empire and Race, to critically examine Churchill's views and actions relating to empire and race.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 2021, the programme was abruptly terminated following a dispute with the college's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill:_His_Times,_His_Crimes" title="Winston Churchill: His Times, His Crimes">Winston Churchill: His Times, His Crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Various historians and academics have interpreted Churchill's views on race differently. Black studies specialist <a href="/wiki/Kehinde_Andrews" title="Kehinde Andrews">Kehinde Andrews</a> accused Churchill of ironically having the same racial views as <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and of being "the perfect embodiment of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>", an accusation he later made against the Queen, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, describing her similarly as "the number one symbol of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> in the entire world", while historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a> said that "Churchill could be accused of <a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">paternalism</a>, but certainly not race-hatred. No racist would describe <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> as “the light of Asia”, or the Indian Army as displaying “glorious heroism and martial qualities” in the way that Churchill did.".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_Roberts_and_Zewditu_Gebreyohanes-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Langworth" title="Richard M. Langworth">Richard M. Langworth</a> believes that critics ignore Churchill's political and moral growth during the course of his life. In addition, he says that critics oversimplify the complexities of the period on issues of race when criticizing Churchill. He accuses them of leaving out Churchill's positive comments on race, quoting out of context and not presenting evidence that Churchill tried to prevent the Bengal famine.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Political positions of Winston Churchill">Political positions of Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_British_Conservative_Party" title="Racism in the British Conservative Party">Racism in the British Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sky_News_2020-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Sky_News_2020_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/churchill-statue-vandalised-again-as-topless-climate-protesters-chain-themselves-to-railings-12068438">"Churchill statue vandalised again as topless climate protesters chain themselves to railings"</a>. Sky News. 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Churchill+statue+vandalised+again+as+topless+climate+protesters+chain+themselves+to+railings&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fchurchill-statue-vandalised-again-as-topless-climate-protesters-chain-themselves-to-railings-12068438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden2015" class="citation web cs1">Hayden, Tom (26 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29701767">"The 10 greatest controversies of Winston Churchill's career"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122120902/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29701767">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+10+greatest+controversies+of+Winston+Churchill%27s+career&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-29701767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToye2010" class="citation news cs1">Toye, Richard (12 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/15/books/review/excerpt-churchills-empire.html">"Churchill's Empire [excerpt]"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200821154306/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/15/books/review/excerpt-churchills-empire.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020. <q>He [Churchill] was old-fashioned, [Churchill] said, and 'did not really think that black people were as capable or as efficient as white people'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Churchill%27s+Empire+%5Bexcerpt%5D&rft.date=2010-08-12&rft.aulast=Toye&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F08%2F15%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fexcerpt-churchills-empire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198032,_40–41-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAddison198032,_40–41_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAddison1980">Addison 1980</a>, p. 32, 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991499–500-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991499–500_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 499–500. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAddison198039-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAddison198039_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAddison1980">Addison 1980</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Debunking_Myths-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Debunking_Myths_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttar2010" class="citation book cs1">Attar, Samar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihWyeQchBScC&q=palestine+royal+commission+report+churchill+red+indians&pg=PA9">Debunking the Myths of Colonization: The Arabs and Europe</a>. Maryland: University Press of America. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761850380" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761850380"><bdi>978-0761850380</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628192856/https://books.google.com/books?id=ihWyeQchBScC&q=palestine+royal+commission+report+churchill+red+indians&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2020. <q>In his testimony to the Palestine Royal Commission...[(Churchill) tells the commissioner:] "I do not admit...for instance, that a great wrong has been done to the Red Indians of America or the black people of Australia. I do not admit that a wrong has been done to these people by the fact that stronger race, a higher-grade race, a more worldly wise race...has come in and taken their place."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debunking+the+Myths+of+Colonization%3A+The+Arabs+and+Europe&rft.place=Maryland&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0761850380&rft.aulast=Attar&rft.aufirst=Samar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihWyeQchBScC%26q%3Dpalestine%2Broyal%2Bcommission%2Breport%2Bchurchill%2Bred%2Bindians%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-i_news-8"><a href="#cite_ref-i_news_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffield" class="citation web cs1">Duffield, Charlie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inews.co.uk/news/winston-churchill-racist-pm-racism-accusations-london-statue-protest-explained-440668">"Was Winston Churchill racist? Why some people have accused the wartime PM of racism after his London statue was defaced"</a>. inews.co.uk. The i. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610232546/https://inews.co.uk/news/winston-churchill-racist-pm-racism-accusations-london-statue-protest-explained-440668">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inews.co.uk&rft.atitle=Was+Winston+Churchill+racist%3F+Why+some+people+have+accused+the+wartime+PM+of+racism+after+his+London+statue+was+defaced&rft.aulast=Duffield&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwinston-churchill-racist-pm-racism-accusations-london-statue-protest-explained-440668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/white-supremacy/">"Was Churchill a White Supremacist?"</a>. The Churchill Project – Hillsdale College. 7 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104224251/https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/white-supremacy/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Churchill+Project+%E2%80%93+Hillsdale+College&rft.atitle=Was+Churchill+a+White+Supremacist%3F&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu%2Fwhite-supremacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Gustavus A. Ohlinger (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-159/wsc-a-midnight-interview-1902/">WSC: A Midnight Interview, 1902 Finest Hour 159, Summer 2013 Page 33</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608050113/https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-159/wsc-a-midnight-interview-1902/">Archived</a> 8 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. International Churchill Society. Retrieved 8 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuranti" class="citation book cs1">Duranti, Marco. The Conservative Human Rights Revolution: European Identity, Transnational Politics, and the Origins of the European Convention. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 125. <q>We will endeavour as far as we can to advance the principle of equal rights of civilised men irrespective of colour. ... We will not—at least I will pledge myself—hesitate to speak out when necessary if any plain case of cruelty of exploitation of the native for the sordid profit of the white man can be provided.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Human+Rights+Revolution%3A+European+Identity%2C+Transnational+Politics%2C+and+the+Origins+of+the+European+Convention&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Duranti&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1973" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Henry Agard (1973). The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942–1946. Houghton Mifflin. p. 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Vision%3A+The+Diary+of+Henry+A.+Wallace%2C+1942%E2%80%931946&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Henry+Agard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Lawrence James, Churchill and Empire: Portrait of an imperialist (2013) pp 387–390. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddison2005" class="citation book cs1">Addison, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59wSDAAAQBAJ&q=keep+england+white">Churchill: The Unexpected Hero</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199297436" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199297436"><bdi>978-0199297436</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628192858/https://books.google.com/books?id=59wSDAAAQBAJ&q=keep+england+white">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+The+Unexpected+Hero&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0199297436&rft.aulast=Addison&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59wSDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkeep%2Bengland%2Bwhite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dark_side-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dark_side_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dark_side_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari2010" class="citation web cs1">Hari, Johann (27 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/not-his-finest-hour-the-dark-side-of-winston-churchill-2118317.html">"The dark side of Winston Churchill"</a>. independent.co.uk. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624041214/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/not-his-finest-hour-the-dark-side-of-winston-churchill-2118317.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+dark+side+of+Winston+Churchill&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft.aulast=Hari&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fnot-his-finest-hour-the-dark-side-of-winston-churchill-2118317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970198-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970198_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991498-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991498_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 498. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970195–196Gilbert1991495-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1970195–196Gilbert1991495_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes_James1970">Rhodes James 1970</a>, pp. 195–196; <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 495. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991495-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991495_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 495. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991497-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991497_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 497. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991495,_497,_500–501-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991495,_497,_500–501_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, pp. 495, 497, 500–501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991501-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1991501_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1991">Gilbert 1991</a>, p. 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_23-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="BBC" class="citation news cs1">Heyden, Tom (22 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29701767">"The 10 greatest controversies of Winston Churchill's career"</a>. bbc.co.uk. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621193831/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29701767">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+10+greatest+controversies+of+Winston+Churchill%27s+career&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft.aulast=Heyden&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-29701767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Derek Sayer, "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920", Past & Present, May 1991, Issue 131, p.131 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018125-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2018125_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2018">Roberts 2018</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1983299–314-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1983299–314_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1983">Gilbert 1983</a>, pp. 299–314. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1942/1942-03-11a.html">"Prime Minister Winston Churchill's Announcements to the House of Commons of Sir Stafford Cripps' Mission to India"</a>. www.ibiblio.org. 11 March 1942. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+Winston+Churchill%27s+Announcements+to+the+House+of+Commons+of+Sir+Stafford+Cripps%27+Mission+to+India&rft.date=1942-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpolicy%2F1942%2F1942-03-11a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (1948). The Gathering Storm. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. p. 689. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-07537-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-07537-1"><bdi>978-0-395-07537-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3025315">3025315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gathering+Storm&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=689&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3025315&rft.isbn=978-0-395-07537-1&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1942/1942-09-10a.html">"Prime Minister Winston Churchill's Report to the House of Commons on the Policy of the British Government in India"</a>. www.ibiblio.org. 10 September 1942. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+Winston+Churchill%27s+Report+to+the+House+of+Commons+on+the+Policy+of+the+British+Government+in+India&rft.date=1942-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpolicy%2F1942%2F1942-09-10a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018402-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2018402_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2018">Roberts 2018</a>, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Winston Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, p.182. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company 1950. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-41058-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-41058-4">0-395-41058-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19480127&id=n_4uAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GNwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1578,6285092&hl=en">"Ottawa Citizen – Google News Archive Search"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottawa+Citizen+%E2%80%93+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2194%26dat%3D19480127%26id%3Dn_4uAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DGNwFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1578%2C6285092%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKux1992" class="citation book cs1">Kux, Dennis (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcylFXH9_z8C">India and the United States : Estranged democracies, 1941–1991</a>. Washington, DC: National Defense University Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0788102796" title="Special:BookSources/0788102796"><bdi>0788102796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+United+States+%3A+Estranged+democracies%2C+1941%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=National+Defense+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0788102796&rft.aulast=Kux&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzcylFXH9_z8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> Quote: I hope you will think of the phrase 'The Light of Asia'. It seems to me that you might be able to do what no other human being could in giving India the lead. </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-34"><a href="#cite_ref-independent_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonkin2015" class="citation web cs1">Tonkin, Boyd (23 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/we-ll-never-see-the-like-of-churchill-again-is-that-so-bad-9999217.html">"We'll never see the like of Churchill again. Is that so bad?"</a>. independent.co.uk. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628192920/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/we-ll-never-see-churchill-again-so-bad-9999217.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=We%27ll+never+see+the+like+of+Churchill+again.+Is+that+so+bad%3F&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.aulast=Tonkin&rft.aufirst=Boyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcomment%2Fwe-ll-never-see-the-like-of-churchill-again-is-that-so-bad-9999217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJ._Mukherjee2015141–142Mukerjee2010191–218-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJ._Mukherjee2015141–142Mukerjee2010191–218_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJ._Mukherjee2015">J. Mukherjee 2015</a>, pp. 141–142; <a href="#CITEREFMukerjee2010">Mukerjee 2010</a>, pp. 191–218. </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-36"><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsGebreyohanes2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a>; Gebreyohanes, Zewditu (14 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/cambridge-racial-consequences/">"Cambridge: "The Racial Consequences of Mr Churchill", A Review"</a>. The Churchill Project. Hillsdale, Missouri: Hillsdale College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505090720/https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/cambridge-racial-consequences/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Churchill+Project&rft.atitle=Cambridge%3A+%22The+Racial+Consequences+of+Mr+Churchill%22%2C+A+Review&rft.date=2021-03-14&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Gebreyohanes%2C+Zewditu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu%2Fcambridge-racial-consequences%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALH-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ALH_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALH_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALH_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALH_37-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Herman" title="Arthur L. Herman">Herman, Arthur L.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/indias-famine-would-have-been-worse/#:~:text=Churchill's%20Secret%20War%3A%20The%20British,War%20II%2C%20by%20Madhusree%20Mukerjee.&text=One%20could%20say%20of%20Churchill's,much%20to%20do%20with%20Churchill.">"Without Churchill, India's Famine Would Have Been Worse"</a>. International Churchill Society (ICS). London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505103400/https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/indias-famine-would-have-been-worse/#:~:text=Churchill's%20Secret%20War%3A%20The%20British,War%20II%2C%20by%20Madhusree%20Mukerjee.&text=One%20could%20say%20of%20Churchill's,much%20to%20do%20with%20Churchill.">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Churchill+Society+%28ICS%29&rft.atitle=Without+Churchill%2C+India%27s+Famine+Would+Have+Been+Worse&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.org%2Fresources%2Fin-the-media%2Fchurchill-in-the-news%2Findias-famine-would-have-been-worse%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DChurchill%27s%2520Secret%2520War%253A%2520The%2520British%2CWar%2520II%252C%2520by%2520Madhusree%2520Mukerjee.%26text%3DOne%2520could%2520say%2520of%2520Churchill%27s%2Cmuch%2520to%2520do%2520with%2520Churchill.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukerjee2010-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukerjee2010_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMukerjee2010">Mukerjee 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Inglorious_Empire-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Inglorious_Empire_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation web cs1">Singh, kanwal (3 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/inglorious-empire/">"New release: Inglorious Empire by Shashi Tharoor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424210326/https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/inglorious-empire/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+release%3A+Inglorious+Empire+by+Shashi+Tharoor&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=kanwal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurstpublishers.com%2Fbook%2Finglorious-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-darker_side-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-darker_side_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darker_side_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/winston-churchill-from-accusations-of-anti-semitism-to-the-blunt-refusal-that-led-to-the-deaths-of-9999181.html">"The darker side of Britain's most iconic wartime hero"</a>. The Independent. 30 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191103190408/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/winston-churchill-from-accusations-of-anti-semitism-to-the-blunt-refusal-that-led-to-the-deaths-of-9999181.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+darker+side+of+Britain%27s+most+iconic+wartime+hero&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fwinston-churchill-from-accusations-of-anti-semitism-to-the-blunt-refusal-that-led-to-the-deaths-of-9999181.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Langworth2017" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Langworth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K42SDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT45">Winston Churchill, Myth and Reality: What He Actually Did and Said</a>. McFarland. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476665832" title="Special:BookSources/9781476665832"><bdi>9781476665832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winston+Churchill%2C+Myth+and+Reality%3A+What+He+Actually+Did+and+Said&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781476665832&rft.au=Richard+M.+Langworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK42SDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmery1987" class="citation book cs1">Amery, Leonard (1987). barnes, John; Nicholson, David (eds.). The Empire at Bay. The Leo Amery Diaries. 1929–1945. Hutchinson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+at+Bay.+The+Leo+Amery+Diaries.+1929%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Amery&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Mishra, Pankaj (6 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/08/13/exit-wounds">"Exit Wounds:The legacy of Indian partition"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706122849/http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/08/13/070813crbo_books_mishra?currentPage=3">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Exit+Wounds%3AThe+legacy+of+Indian+partition&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2007%2F08%2F13%2Fexit-wounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018249-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2018249_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2018">Roberts 2018</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/indias-famine-would-have-been-worse/">"Without Churchill, India's Famine Would Have Been Worse"</a>. The International Churchill Society. 13 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229225506/https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/in-the-media/churchill-in-the-news/indias-famine-would-have-been-worse/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Churchill+Society&rft.atitle=Without+Churchill%2C+India%27s+Famine+Would+Have+Been+Worse&rft.date=2010-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.org%2Fresources%2Fin-the-media%2Fchurchill-in-the-news%2Findias-famine-would-have-been-worse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper2004285–291-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaylyHarper2004285–291_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaylyHarper2004">Bayly & Harper 2004</a>, pp. 285–291. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Langworth2017" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Langworth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K42SDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT45">Winston Churchill, Myth and Reality: What He Actually Did and Said</a>. McFarland. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476665832" title="Special:BookSources/9781476665832"><bdi>9781476665832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winston+Churchill%2C+Myth+and+Reality%3A+What+He+Actually+Did+and+Said&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781476665832&rft.au=Richard+M.+Langworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK42SDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Langworth2017" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Langworth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K42SDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT45">Winston Churchill, Myth and Reality: What He Actually Did and Said</a>. McFarland. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476665832" title="Special:BookSources/9781476665832"><bdi>9781476665832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winston+Churchill%2C+Myth+and+Reality%3A+What+He+Actually+Did+and+Said&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781476665832&rft.au=Richard+M.+Langworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK42SDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2017" class="citation book cs1">Tharoor, Shashi (2017). An Era of Darkness: The British Empire in India. C. Hurst & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Era+of+Darkness%3A+The+British+Empire+in+India&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Shashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Churchill, Randolph. Winston S. Churchill: Young Statesman 1901–1914. (c) 1967 C&T Publications, Ltd.: p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Roland Quinault, "Churchill and Black Africa" History Today (2005) 55#6 p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Michael J (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DLPpAgAAQBAJ&q=barbaric+hordes+who+ate+little+but+camel+dung&pg=PA311">Britain's Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917–1948</a>. London: Routledge. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415729857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415729857"><bdi>978-0415729857</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628192909/https://books.google.com/books?id=DLPpAgAAQBAJ&q=barbaric+hordes+who+ate+little+but+camel+dung&pg=PA311">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2020. <q>...[The prediction that the Yishuv should be armed following the departure of the British Middle East Command] rested in part on Churchill's contempt for the Arabs. Malcolm MacDonald reported one unguarded outburst in the late 1930s: "the Arabs were barbaric hordes who ate little but camel dung".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Moment+in+Palestine%3A+Retrospect+and+Perspectives%2C+1917%E2%80%931948&rft.place=London&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0415729857&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDLPpAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbarbaric%2Bhordes%2Bwho%2Bate%2Blittle%2Bbut%2Bcamel%2Bdung%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2018" class="citation book cs1">Riedel, Bruce (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/chapter-one_-kings-and-presidents.pdf">Kings and Presidents: Saudi Arabia and the United States since FDR</a> (PDF). Washington: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815731375" title="Special:BookSources/9780815731375"><bdi>9780815731375</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308003650/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/chapter-one_-kings-and-presidents.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Presidents%3A+Saudi+Arabia+and+the+United+States+since+FDR&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780815731375&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F04%2Fchapter-one_-kings-and-presidents.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2015" class="citation news cs1">White, Michael (26 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/blog/2015/jan/26/winston-churchill-king-abdullah-death">"What would Winston Churchill have made of King Abdullah's death?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318232950/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/blog/2015/jan/26/winston-churchill-king-abdullah-death">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What+would+Winston+Churchill+have+made+of+King+Abdullah%27s+death%3F&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2Fblog%2F2015%2Fjan%2F26%2Fwinston-churchill-king-abdullah-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-resource-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-resource_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-resource_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130722081550/http://sacmclubs.org/king_abdulaziz/main/3665.htm">"Ibn Saud meets British Prime Minister Winston Churchill"</a>. King Abdulaziz Information Resource. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacmclubs.org/king_abdulaziz/main/3665.htm">the original</a> on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibn+Saud+meets+British+Prime+Minister+Winston+Churchill&rft.pub=King+Abdulaziz+Information+Resource&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacmclubs.org%2Fking_abdulaziz%2Fmain%2F3665.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018760-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2018760_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2018">Roberts 2018</a>, p. 760. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Clive Webb, "Reluctant partners: African Americans and the origins of the special relationship" Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 14#4 pp 350–364 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Roland Quinault, "Churchill and Black Africa" History Today (2005) 55#6 p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2018" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Mark (4 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3EuDwAAQBAJ&dq=winston+churchill+arabs+lower+manifestation&pg=PT28">Mark Curtis – Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam</a>. Serpent's Tail. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782834335" title="Special:BookSources/9781782834335"><bdi>9781782834335</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518190708/https://books.google.hu/books?id=Y3EuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28&lpg=PT28&dq=winston+churchill+arabs+lower+manifestation&source=bl&ots=nYR--Vw9nR&sig=ACfU3U0phe_Jnz8DhUdwXItXPO6f4VhKWw&hl=hu&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6u-7HvYbmAhWRw6YKHfy5BrEQ6AEwCHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=winston%20churchill%20arabs%20lower%20manifestation&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark+Curtis+%E2%80%93+Secret+Affairs%3A+Britain%27s+Collusion+with+Radical+Islam&rft.pub=Serpent%27s+Tail&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft.isbn=9781782834335&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3EuDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwinston%2Bchurchill%2Barabs%2Blower%2Bmanifestation%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Global Politics: Myths and Mysteries. Oxford University Press. 2023. p. 185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Politics%3A+Myths+and+Mysteries&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Churchill,_Winston_Leonard_Spencer_1920_pg._5-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Churchill,_Winston_Leonard_Spencer_1920_pg._5_61-0">^</a> Churchill, Winston Leonard Spencer (8 February 1920). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zionism_versus_Bolshevism" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Zionism versus Bolshevism">Zionism Versus Bolshevism: A Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish People</a>" <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_Sunday_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Illustrated Sunday Herald">The Illustrated Sunday Herald</a>. pg. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrustein2003" class="citation book cs1">Brustein, William I. (13 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc3HabBQsdsC&dq=%22zionism+versus+bolshevism%22&pg=PA309">Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77478-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77478-9"><bdi>978-0-521-77478-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Hate%3A+Anti-Semitism+in+Europe+Before+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77478-9&rft.aulast=Brustein&rft.aufirst=William+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHc3HabBQsdsC%26dq%3D%2522zionism%2Bversus%2Bbolshevism%2522%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cohen_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cohen_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2013" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Michael J. (13 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VQPaAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22zionism+versus+bolshevism%22&pg=PA56">Churchill and the Jews, 1900–1948</a>. Routledge. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-31906-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-31906-9"><bdi>978-1-135-31906-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill+and+the+Jews%2C+1900%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft.isbn=978-1-135-31906-9&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVQPaAAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522zionism%2Bversus%2Bbolshevism%2522%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018981-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2018981_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2018">Roberts 2018</a>, p. 981. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018278-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2018278_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2018">Roberts 2018</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddison1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Addison" title="Paul Addison">Addison, Paul</a> (1980). "The Political Beliefs of Winston Churchill". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 30. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 23–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679001">10.2307/3679001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679001">3679001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154309600">154309600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Political+Beliefs+of+Winston+Churchill&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=23-47&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154309600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679001&rft.aulast=Addison&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2018" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Mark (4 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3EuDwAAQBAJ&dq=winston+churchill+arabs+lower+manifestation&pg=PT28">Mark Curtis – Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam</a>. Serpent's Tail. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782834335" title="Special:BookSources/9781782834335"><bdi>9781782834335</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518190708/https://books.google.hu/books?id=Y3EuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28&lpg=PT28&dq=winston+churchill+arabs+lower+manifestation&source=bl&ots=nYR--Vw9nR&sig=ACfU3U0phe_Jnz8DhUdwXItXPO6f4VhKWw&hl=hu&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6u-7HvYbmAhWRw6YKHfy5BrEQ6AEwCHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=winston%20churchill%20arabs%20lower%20manifestation&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark+Curtis+%E2%80%93+Secret+Affairs%3A+Britain%27s+Collusion+with+Radical+Islam&rft.pub=Serpent%27s+Tail&rft.date=2018-01-04&rft.isbn=9781782834335&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3EuDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwinston%2Bchurchill%2Barabs%2Blower%2Bmanifestation%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018363–364-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2018363–364_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2018">Roberts 2018</a>, pp. 363–364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018367-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2018367_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2018">Roberts 2018</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-Churchill_and_Jews-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_and_Jews_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Churchill_and_Jews_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2007" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (2007). Churchill and the Jews: A Lifelong Friendship. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 108–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805078800" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805078800"><bdi>978-0805078800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill+and+the+Jews%3A+A+Lifelong+Friendship&rft.pages=108-19&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0805078800&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Michael J. (24 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DLPpAgAAQBAJ&dq=Britain's+Moment+in+Palestine:+Retrospect+and+Perspectives,+1917-1948&pg=PR8">Britain's Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917–1948</a>. Routledge. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91364-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91364-1"><bdi>978-1-317-91364-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Moment+in+Palestine%3A+Retrospect+and+Perspectives%2C+1917%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-317-91364-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDLPpAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBritain%27s%2BMoment%2Bin%2BPalestine%3A%2BRetrospect%2Band%2BPerspectives%2C%2B1917-1948%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2018106-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2018106_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2018">Roberts 2018</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/what-did-churchill-really-think-about-ireland-1.459557?mode=amp">"What did Churchill really think about Ireland?"</a>. The Irish Times. 8 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123173412/https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/what-did-churchill-really-think-about-ireland-1.459557?mode=amp">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=What+did+Churchill+really+think+about+Ireland%3F&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fwhat-did-churchill-really-think-about-ireland-1.459557%3Fmode%3Damp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-159/wsc-a-midnight-interview-1902/">"WSC: A Midnight Interview, 1902"</a>. The International Churchill Society. 1 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608050113/https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-159/wsc-a-midnight-interview-1902/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Churchill+Society&rft.atitle=WSC%3A+A+Midnight+Interview%2C+1902&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.org%2Fpublications%2Ffinest-hour%2Ffinest-hour-159%2Fwsc-a-midnight-interview-1902%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Churchill: The Unexpected Hero, p. 233, Addison, Paul </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangworth2015" class="citation web cs1">Langworth, Richard (5 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/churchill-and-chemical-warfare/">"Churchill and Chemical Warfare"</a>. The Churchill Project Hillsdale College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202122436/https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/churchill-and-chemical-warfare/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Churchill+Project+Hillsdale+College&rft.atitle=Churchill+and+Chemical+Warfare&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft.aulast=Langworth&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu%2Fchurchill-and-chemical-warfare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simkin-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simkin_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simkin_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simkin_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simkin_77-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkin2014" class="citation web cs1">Simkin, John (11 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL5.html#:~:text=Churchill%20insisted%20that%20it%20was,.%22%20His%20statement%20was%20untrue.">"Winston Churchill and Chemical Weapons"</a>. Spartacus Educational. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184332/https://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL5.html#:~:text=Churchill%20insisted%20that%20it%20was,.%22%20His%20statement%20was%20untrue.">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Winston+Churchill+and+Chemical+Weapons&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2Fspartacus-blogURL5.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DChurchill%2520insisted%2520that%2520it%2520was%2C.%2522%2520His%2520statement%2520was%2520untrue.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-winstonchurchill.org-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-winstonchurchill.org_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-winstonchurchill.org_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-winstonchurchill.org_78-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-123/teaching-the-next-generations-internet-dialogue-churchill-gas-and-greed/">"Teaching the Next Generations:: Internet Dialogue – Churchill, Gas and Greed"</a>. Winston Churchill. 15 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210523012905/https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-123/teaching-the-next-generations-internet-dialogue-churchill-gas-and-greed/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Winston+Churchill&rft.atitle=Teaching+the+Next+Generations%3A%3A+Internet+Dialogue+%E2%80%93+Churchill%2C+Gas+and+Greed&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.org%2Fpublications%2Ffinest-hour%2Ffinest-hour-123%2Fteaching-the-next-generations-internet-dialogue-churchill-gas-and-greed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Langworth2017" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Langworth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K42SDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT45">Winston Churchill, Myth and Reality: What He Actually Did and Said</a>. McFarland. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476665832" title="Special:BookSources/9781476665832"><bdi>9781476665832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winston+Churchill%2C+Myth+and+Reality%3A+What+He+Actually+Did+and+Said&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781476665832&rft.au=Richard+M.+Langworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK42SDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/churchills-1919-war-office-memorandum.html#:~:text=Churchill's%201919%20War%20Office%20Memorandum,-I%20do%20not&text=We%20have%20definitely%20adopted%20the,a%20permanent%20method%20of%20warfare.">"Churchill's 1919 War Office Memorandum"</a>. National Churchill Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210155230/https://www.nationalchurchillmuseum.org/churchills-1919-war-office-memorandum.html#:~:text=Churchill's%201919%20War%20Office%20Memorandum,-I%20do%20not&text=We%20have%20definitely%20adopted%20the,a%20permanent%20method%20of%20warfare.">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Churchill+Museum&rft.atitle=Churchill%27s+1919+War+Office+Memorandum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalchurchillmuseum.org%2Fchurchills-1919-war-office-memorandum.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DChurchill%27s%25201919%2520War%2520Office%2520Memorandum%2C-I%2520do%2520not%26text%3DWe%2520have%2520definitely%2520adopted%2520the%2Ca%2520permanent%2520method%2520of%2520warfare.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> HMSO, 1914, p. 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006103037/http://www.winstonchurchill.org/files/public/Spectator_Article.pdf">"Was Winston Churchill really "strongly in favor of using poisoned gas against uncivilized tribes?""</a> (PDF). 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Air Power and Colonial Control: The RAF 1919–1939 Manchester University Press 1990 p. 160 For more details on RAF policing in Iraq, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F21C6257_ABD1_7132_E8716B8C2DA98948.pdf">RAF.mod.ukThe Royal Air Force – a history</a> p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Iggulden2002" class="citation news cs1">Amy Iggulden (28 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2002/nov/28/features11.g21">"The Churchill you didn't know"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Churchill+you+didn%27t+know&rft.date=2002-11-28&rft.au=Amy+Iggulden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F2002%2Fnov%2F28%2Ffeatures11.g21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/churchill-s-startling-sorry-secret-book-talks-of-apology-to-nehru/cid/965656">"Churchill's startling sorry 'secret' – Book talks of apology to Nehru"</a>. www.telegraphindia.com. 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The New York Review of Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160228045636/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2010/12/23/did-churchill-let-them-starve/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Did+Churchill+Let+Them+Starve%3F&rft.date=2010-12-23&rft.aulast=Lelyveld&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F12%2F23%2Fdid-churchill-let-them-starve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockaday2020" class="citation web cs1">Hockaday, James (8 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metro.co.uk/2020/06/08/black-lives-matter-protesters-spray-racist-winston-churchill-statue-12818932/">"Black Lives Matter protesters spray 'racist' on Winston Churchill statue"</a>. Metro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608095332/https://metro.co.uk/2020/06/08/black-lives-matter-protesters-spray-racist-winston-churchill-statue-12818932/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. 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BBC News. 12 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113165313/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-53023351">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021. 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The Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cambridge+college+ends+critical+examination+of+founder+Winston+Churchill&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2021%2Fjun%2F17%2Fcambridge-college-ends-critical-examination-of-founder-winston-churchill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/books/3971-winston-churchill">"Winston Churchill: His Times, His Crimes by Tariq Ali"</a>. Verso Books. Retrieved 12 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winston+Churchill%3A+His+Times%2C+His+Crimes+by+Tariq+Ali&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fbooks%2F3971-winston-churchill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoody2020" class="citation web cs1">Doody, Kieran (10 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/piers-morgan-clashes-gmb-guest-18393342">"Piers Morgan clashes with GMB guest over comparing Churchill to Hitler"</a>. WalesOnline. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WalesOnline&rft.atitle=Piers+Morgan+clashes+with+GMB+guest+over+comparing+Churchill+to+Hitler&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft.aulast=Doody&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fwhats-on-news%2Fpiers-morgan-clashes-gmb-guest-18393342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2021" class="citation web cs1">White, Nadine (12 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/kehinde-andrews-birmingham-city-university-b1857395.html">"Dr Kehinde Andrews: UK's first Black Studies professor says his own university is institutionally racist"</a>. The Independent. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Dr+Kehinde+Andrews%3A+UK%27s+first+Black+Studies+professor+says+his+own+university+is+institutionally+racist&rft.date=2021-06-12&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fkehinde-andrews-birmingham-city-university-b1857395.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew_Roberts_and_Zewditu_Gebreyohanes-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_Roberts_and_Zewditu_Gebreyohanes_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/%E2%80%98The-Racial-Consequences-of-Mr-Churchill-A-Review.pdf">"'The Racial Consequences of Mr Churchill': A Review"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Racial+Consequences+of+Mr+Churchill%27%3A+A+Review&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicyexchange.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F10%2F%25E2%2580%2598The-Racial-Consequences-of-Mr-Churchill-A-Review.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/the-bbc-s-latest-churchill-documentary-is-an-outrageous-hatchet-job/">"The BBC's latest Churchill documentary is an outrageous hatchet job"</a>. 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+BBC%27s+latest+Churchill+documentary+is+an+outrageous+hatchet+job&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-bbc-s-latest-churchill-documentary-is-an-outrageous-hatchet-job%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/was-winston-churchill-a-racist-a-look-at-the-evidence/">"Was Winston Churchill a racist? A look at the evidence"</a>. 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Winston+Churchill+a+racist%3F+A+look+at+the+evidence&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fwas-winston-churchill-a-racist-a-look-at-the-evidence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaylyHarper2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bayly" title="Christopher Bayly">Bayly, Christopher</a>; Harper, Tim (2004). Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire & the War with Japan. Penguin History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-40293-31-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-40293-31-9"><bdi>978-01-40293-31-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Armies%3A+Britain%27s+Asian+Empire+%26+the+War+with+Japan&rft.pub=Penguin+History&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-01-40293-31-9&rft.aulast=Bayly&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Harper%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1991). Churchill: A Life. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-04-34291-83-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-04-34291-83-0"><bdi>978-04-34291-83-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-04-34291-83-0&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukerjee2010" class="citation book cs1">Mukerjee, Madhusree (2010). Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India during World War II. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Secret+War%3A+The+British+Empire+and+the+Ravaging+of+India+during+World+War+II&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Mukerjee&rft.aufirst=Madhusree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Mukherjee2015" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Janam (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKWKCwAAQBAJ">Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire</a>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061306-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061306-8"><bdi>978-0-19-061306-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungry+Bengal%3A+War%2C+Famine+and+the+End+of+Empire&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-061306-8&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Janam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKWKCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes_James1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rhodes_James" title="Robert Rhodes James">Rhodes James, Robert</a> (1970). Churchill: A Study in Failure 1900–1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-02-97820-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-02-97820-15-4"><bdi>978-02-97820-15-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+A+Study+in+Failure+1900%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-02-97820-15-4&rft.aulast=Rhodes+James&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2018" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Andrew (2018). Churchill: Walking with Destiny. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-11-01980-99-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-11-01980-99-6"><bdi>978-11-01980-99-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%3A+Walking+with+Destiny&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-11-01980-99-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1983). Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 6: Finest Hour, 1939–1941. Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-04-34130-14-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-04-34130-14-6"><bdi>978-04-34130-14-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winston+S.+Churchill%2C+Vol.+6%3A+Finest+Hour%2C+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-04-34130-14-6&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Cohen, Michael J. "Churchill and the Jews: the Holocaust." Modern Judaism 6.1 (1986): 27-49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooperative-individualism.org/cohen-michael_churchill-and-the-jews-the-holocaust-1986-feb.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Cohen, Michael J. Churchill and the Jews, 1900–1948 (Routledge, 2003).</li> <li>Gilbert, Martin. Churchill and the Jews: A lifelong friendship (Macmillan, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=helhVh_dG0sC&dq=Churchill+antisemitism&pg=PR13">online</a>.</li> <li>Goldman, Aaron. "The resurgence of antisemitism in Britain during World War II." Jewish social studies 46.1 (1984): 37–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467242">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigg1994" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Grigg" title="John Grigg">Grigg, John</a> (8 April 1994). "Was Churchill Really a Racist? Winston Churchill Has Been Accused of Despising Other Races". <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Was+Churchill+Really+a+Racist%3F+Winston+Churchill+Has+Been+Accused+of+Despising+Other+Races&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1994-04-08&rft.aulast=Grigg&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyden2015" class="citation web cs1">Heyden, Tom (26 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29701767">"The 10 greatest controversies of Winston Churchill's career"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+10+greatest+controversies+of+Winston+Churchill%27s+career&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.aulast=Heyden&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-29701767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li>James, Lawrence. Churchill and Empire: Portrait of an imperialist (2013)</li> <li>Makovsky, Michael. Churchill's promised land: Zionism and statecraft (Yale University Press, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eRR47SRANjAC&dq=Churchill+antisemitism&pg=PR7">online</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._N._Mukherjee1987" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, S. N. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bhd-_1RE04MC&pg=PA29">Sir William Jones: A Study in Eighteenth-century British Attitudes to India</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86131-581-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86131-581-9"><bdi>978-0-86131-581-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+William+Jones%3A+A+Study+in+Eighteenth-century+British+Attitudes+to+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-86131-581-9&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBhd-_1RE04MC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Quinault, Roland. "Churchill and Black Africa" History Today (2005) 55#6 pp 31–36.</li> <li>Roberts, Andrew. Eminent Churchillians (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1994), pp. 211–42.</li> <li>Rubinstein, William D. "Winston Churchill and the Jews." Jewish Historical Studies 39 (2004): 167–176. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29780075">online</a></li> <li>Toye, Richard. Churchill's Empire: The world that made him and the world he made (Pan, 2010).</li> <li>Toye, Richard. "'This Famous Island Is the Home of Freedom': Winston Churchill and the Battle for 'European Civilization.'" History of European Ideas. 46.5 (2020): 666–680.</li> <li>Vucetic, Srdjan. "The Fulton address as racial discourse." History 20.4 (1996) online[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍].</li> <li>Webb, Clive. "Reluctant partners: African Americans and the origins of the special relationship" Journal of Transatlantic Studies (2016) 14#4 pp 350–364</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeszczyński2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Leszczy%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="pl:Adam Leszczyński">Leszczyński, Adam</a> [in Polish] (9 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oko.press/czy-churchill-byl-rasista/">"Czy Churchill był rasistą? Demonstranci zaatakowali jego pomnik"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oko.press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oko.press">oko.press</a>. Retrieved 21 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=oko.press&rft.atitle=Czy+Churchill+by%C5%82+rasist%C4%85%3F+Demonstranci+zaatakowali+jego+pomnik&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft.aulast=Leszczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foko.press%2Fczy-churchill-byl-rasista%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARacial+views+of+Winston+Churchill" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winston_Churchill" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winston_Churchill" title="Template:Winston Churchill"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winston_Churchill" title="Template talk:Winston Churchill"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winston_Churchill" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winston Churchill"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winston_Churchill" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Early life of Winston Churchill">Early life, 1874–1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_politics,_1900%E2%80%931939" title="Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939">In politics, 1900–1939</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_Liberal_Party_years,_1904%E2%80%931924" title="Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924">Liberal Party, 1904–1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Chancellorship of Winston Churchill">Chancellor, 1924–1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_%22Wilderness%22_years,_1929%E2%80%931939" title="Winston Churchill's "Wilderness" years, 1929–1939">"Wilderness" years, 1929–1939</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Winston Churchill in the Second World War">World War II, 1939–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_life_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Later life of Winston Churchill">Later life, 1945–1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Electoral history of Winston Churchill">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_as_a_painter" title="Winston Churchill as a painter">As a painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_as_a_writer" title="Winston Churchill as a writer">As a writer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Racial views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_pets" title="Winston Churchill's pets">His pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Death and state funeral of Winston Churchill">Death and funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Winston_Churchill%27s_first_premiership" title="Timeline of Winston Churchill's first premiership">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">conferences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_caretaker_ministry" title="Churchill caretaker ministry">Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Churchill_ministry" title="Third Churchill ministry">Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Malakand_Field_Force" title="The Story of the Malakand Field Force">The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savrola" title="Savrola">Savrola (1899 novel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_River_War" title="The River War">The River War (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_to_Ladysmith_via_Pretoria" title="London to Ladysmith via Pretoria">London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hamilton%27s_March" title="Ian Hamilton's March">Ian Hamilton's March (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill_(book)" title="Lord Randolph Churchill (book)">Lord Randolph Churchill (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World_Crisis" title="The World Crisis">The World Crisis (1923–1931, five volumes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Early_Life" title="My Early Life">My Early Life (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough:_His_Life_and_Times" title="Marlborough: His Life and Times">Marlborough: His Life and Times (1933–1938, four volumes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Contemporaries" title="Great Contemporaries">Great Contemporaries (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_and_the_Covenant" title="Arms and the Covenant">Arms and the Covenant (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F" title="Are There Men on the Moon?">"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">The Second World War (1948–1953, six volumes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_English-Speaking_Peoples" title="A History of the English-Speaking Peoples">A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956–1958, four volumes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_total_and_unmitigated_defeat" title="A total and unmitigated defeat">A total and unmitigated defeat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blood,_toil,_tears_and_sweat" title="Blood, toil, tears and sweat">Blood, toil, tears and sweat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Be_ye_men_of_valour" title="Be ye men of valour">Be ye men of valour</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_shall_fight_on_the_beaches" title="We shall fight on the beaches">We shall fight on the beaches</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_was_their_finest_hour" title="This was their finest hour">This was their finest hour</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_was_so_much_owed_by_so_many_to_so_few" title="Never was so much owed by so many to so few">Never was so much owed by so many to so few</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain#Churchill_speech" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Bibliography of Winston Churchill">Bibliography of Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_of_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Honours of Winston Churchill">Honours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Churchill_Society" title="International Churchill Society">International Churchill Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Churchill_Museum" title="National Churchill Museum">National Churchill Museum</a> (Fulton, Missouri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Memorial_Trusts" title="Winston Churchill Memorial Trusts">Memorial Trusts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Winston Churchill School (disambiguation)">Schools and higher education (various)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Boulevard" title="Winston Churchill Boulevard">Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_to_Winston_Churchill" title="Category:Monuments and memorials to Winston Churchill">others</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Winston_Churchill_(Epstein)" title="Bust of Winston Churchill (Epstein)">Epstein busts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Winston_Churchill,_Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim" title="Bust of Winston Churchill, Mishkenot Sha'ananim">Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roaring_Lion" title="The Roaring Lion">The Roaring Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill_(Sutherland)" title="Portrait of Winston Churchill (Sutherland)">Sutherland portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Churchillian_Drift" title="Churchillian Drift">Churchillian Drift</a>"</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Statues" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>London <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Palace_of_Westminster" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Woodford" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Woodford">Woodford</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Paris" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill_(Toronto)" title="Statue of Winston Churchill (Toronto)">Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Winston Churchill (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">Norway Debate</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill%27s_political_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Winston Churchill's political ideology">Political ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sidney_Street" title="Siege of Sidney Street">Siege of Sidney Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Bladon" title="St Martin's Church, Bladon">St Martin's Church, Bladon</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Stalingrad" title="Sword of Stalingrad">Sword of Stalingrad</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Terminological_inexactitude" title="Terminological inexactitude">Terminological inexactitude</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Other_Club" title="The Other Club">The Other Club</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonypandy_riots" title="Tonypandy riots">Tonypandy riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_British_war_cabinet_crisis" title="1940 British war cabinet crisis">1940 British war cabinet crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary citizenship of the United States">Honorary U.S. citizenship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Family of Winston Churchill">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_Churchill" title="Clementine Churchill">Clementine Churchill</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Churchill" title="Diana Churchill">Diana Churchill</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph Churchill</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Churchill_(actress)" title="Sarah Churchill (actress)">Sarah Churchill</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Marigold_Churchill" title="Tomb of Marigold Churchill">Marigold Churchill</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Mary Soames</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_(1940%E2%80%932010)" title="Winston Churchill (1940–2010)">Winston Churchill</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lady Randolph Churchill">Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Churchill_(1880%E2%80%931947)" title="Jack Churchill (1880–1947)">Jack Churchill</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer-Churchill,_7th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough">John Spencer-Churchill</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Anne_Spencer-Churchill,_Duchess_of_Marlborough" title="Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough">Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jerome" title="Leonard Jerome">Leonard Jerome</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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