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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPU_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPU_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>GPU companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPU_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computational_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computational_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Computational functions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computational_functions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Computational functions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Computational_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GPU_accelerated_video_decoding_and_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPU_accelerated_video_decoding_and_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>GPU accelerated video decoding and encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPU_accelerated_video_decoding_and_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video_decoding_processes_that_can_be_accelerated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_decoding_processes_that_can_be_accelerated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Video decoding processes that can be accelerated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_decoding_processes_that_can_be_accelerated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2D_graphics_APIs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2D_graphics_APIs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>2D graphics APIs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2D_graphics_APIs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D_graphics_APIs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_graphics_APIs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>3D graphics APIs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D_graphics_APIs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPU_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPU_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>GPU forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-GPU_forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle GPU forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-GPU_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage-specific_GPU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage-specific_GPU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Usage-specific GPU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-specific_GPU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dedicated_graphics_processing_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedicated_graphics_processing_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Dedicated graphics processing unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedicated_graphics_processing_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_graphics_processing_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_graphics_processing_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Integrated graphics processing unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_graphics_processing_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_graphics_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_graphics_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hybrid graphics processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_graphics_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stream_processing_and_general_purpose_GPUs_(GPGPU)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stream_processing_and_general_purpose_GPUs_(GPGPU)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Stream processing and general purpose GPUs (GPGPU)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stream_processing_and_general_purpose_GPUs_(GPGPU)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_GPU_(eGPU)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_GPU_(eGPU)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>External GPU (eGPU)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_GPU_(eGPU)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Energy efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Hardware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-APIs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#APIs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>APIs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-APIs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphics processing unit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="وحدة معالجة الرسوميات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدة معالجة الرسوميات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrafik_prosessor" title="Qrafik prosessor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrafik prosessor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Графичен процесор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Графичен процесор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafi%C4%8Dki_procesor" title="Grafički procesor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grafički procesor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitat_de_proc%C3%A9s_gr%C3%A0fic" title="Unitat de procés gràfic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unitat de procés gràfic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU" title="GPU – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GPU" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Graphics Processing Unit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Graphics Processing Unit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafikprozessor" title="Grafikprozessor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grafikprozessor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graafikaprotsessor" title="Graafikaprotsessor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Graafikaprotsessor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Μονάδα επεξεργασίας γραφικών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μονάδα επεξεργασίας γραφικών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_de_procesamiento_gr%C3%A1fico" title="Unidad de procesamiento gráfico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unidad de procesamiento gráfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafikoak_prozesatzeko_unitate" title="Grafikoak prozesatzeko unitate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grafikoak prozesatzeko unitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B4_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="واحد پردازش گرافیکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واحد پردازش گرافیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processeur_graphique" title="Processeur graphique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Processeur graphique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_de_procesamento_gr%C3%A1fico" title="Unidade de procesamento gráfico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Unidade de procesamento gráfico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD_%EC%B2%98%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9E%A5%EC%B9%98" title="그래픽 처리 장치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그래픽 처리 장치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Գրաֆիկական պրոցեսոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրաֆիկական պրոցեսոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="ग्राफिक्स प्रोसेसिंग यूनिट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्राफिक्स प्रोसेसिंग यूनिट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU" title="GPU – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="GPU" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_pemroses_grafis" title="Unit pemroses grafis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Unit pemroses grafis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skj%C3%A1kort" title="Skjákort – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skjákort" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU" title="GPU – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GPU" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99" title="מעבד גרפי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעבד גרפי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Графикалық процессор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Графикалық процессор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekeya_p%C3%AAvajoya_graf%C3%AEk%C3%AA" title="Yekeya pêvajoya grafîkê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yekeya pêvajoya grafîkê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiskais_procesors" title="Grafiskais procesors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grafiskais procesors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafinis_procesorius" title="Grafinis procesorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grafinis procesorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Graphics processing unit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗ്രാഫിക്സ് പ്രോസ്സസിംഗ് യൂണിറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രാഫിക്സ് പ്രോസ്സസിംഗ് യൂണിറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_pemprosesan_grafik" title="Unit pemprosesan grafik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unit pemprosesan grafik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Graphics processing unit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Graphics Processing Unit – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Graphics Processing Unit" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafikkprosessor" title="Grafikkprosessor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grafikkprosessor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafikkprosessor" title="Grafikkprosessor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grafikkprosessor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F" title="ਗ੍ਰਾਫਿਕਸ ਪ੍ਰੋਸੈਸਿੰਗ ਯੂਨਿਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ੍ਰਾਫਿਕਸ ਪ੍ਰੋਸੈਸਿੰਗ ਯੂਨਿਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU" title="GPU – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="GPU" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procesor_graficzny" title="Procesor graficzny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Procesor graficzny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_de_processamento_gr%C3%A1fico" title="Unidade de processamento gráfico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unidade de processamento gráfico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitate_de_procesare_grafic%C4%83" title="Unitate de procesare grafică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Unitate de procesare grafică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Графический процессор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Графический процессор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_de_elaboratzione_gr%C3%A0fica" title="Unidade de elaboratzione gràfica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Unidade de elaboratzione gràfica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsia_e_p%C3%ABrpunimit_t%C3%AB_grafik%C3%ABs" title="Njësia e përpunimit të grafikës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Njësia e përpunimit të grafikës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Graphics processing unit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafick%C3%BD_procesor" title="Grafický procesor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grafický procesor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafi%C4%8Dni_procesor" title="Grafični procesor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grafični procesor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafi%C4%8Dki_procesor" title="Grafički procesor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Grafički procesor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafi%C4%8Dki_procesor" title="Grafički procesor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grafički procesor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafiikkasuoritin" title="Grafiikkasuoritin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grafiikkasuoritin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafikprocessor" title="Grafikprocessor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grafikprocessor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="வரைகலை செயற்பகுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வரைகலை செயற்பகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="หน่วยประมวลผลกราฟิกส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยประมวลผลกราฟิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafik_i%C5%9Flem_birimi" title="Grafik işlem birimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grafik işlem birimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Графічний процесор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Графічний процесор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88" title="جی پی یو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جی پی یو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU" title="GPU – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="GPU" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_x%E1%BB%AD_l%C3%BD_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_h%E1%BB%8Da" title="Bộ xử lý đồ họa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ xử lý đồ họa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="图形处理器 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图形处理器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU" title="GPU – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="GPU" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E5%BD%A2%E8%99%95%E7%90%86%E5%99%A8" title="圖形處理器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圖形處理器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183484#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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accelerator</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"GPU" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/GPU_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="GPU (disambiguation)">GPU (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For an expansion card that contains a graphics processing unit, see <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generic_block_diagram_of_a_GPU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Generic_block_diagram_of_a_GPU.svg/400px-Generic_block_diagram_of_a_GPU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Generic_block_diagram_of_a_GPU.svg/600px-Generic_block_diagram_of_a_GPU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Generic_block_diagram_of_a_GPU.svg/800px-Generic_block_diagram_of_a_GPU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Components of a GPU</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>graphics processing unit</b> (<b>GPU</b>) is a specialized <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuit</a> initially designed for <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">digital image processing</a> and to accelerate <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>, being present either as a discrete <a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">video card</a> or embedded on <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Game console">game consoles</a>. After their initial design, GPUs were found to be useful for non-graphic calculations involving <a href="/wiki/Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">embarrassingly parallel</a> problems due to their <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel structure</a>. Other non-graphical uses include the training of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network#Training" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency#Mining" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency mining</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_display_controller" title="Video display controller">Video display controller</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware" title="List of home computers by video hardware">List of home computers by video hardware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">Sprite (computer graphics)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arcade_system_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade system board">Arcade system boards</a> have used specialized graphics circuits since the 1970s. In early video game hardware, <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> for frame buffers was expensive, so video chips composited data together as the display was being scanned out on the monitor.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A specialized <a href="/wiki/Barrel_shifter" title="Barrel shifter">barrel shifter</a> circuit helped the CPU animate the <a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">framebuffer</a> graphics for various 1970s <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video games</a> from <a href="/wiki/Midway_Games" title="Midway Games">Midway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gun_Fight" title="Gun Fight">Gun Fight</a></i> (1975), <i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Wolf_(video_game)" title="Sea Wolf (video game)">Sea Wolf</a></i> (1976), and <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a></i> (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Namco_Galaxian" class="mw-redirect" title="Namco Galaxian">Namco Galaxian</a> arcade system in 1979 used specialized <a href="/wiki/Graphics_hardware" title="Graphics hardware">graphics hardware</a> that supported <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color</a>, multi-colored sprites, and <a href="/wiki/Tile_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tile engine">tilemap</a> backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Galaxian hardware was widely used during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">golden age of arcade video games</a>, by game companies such as <a href="/wiki/Namco" title="Namco">Namco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centuri" title="Centuri">Centuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gremlin_Industries" title="Gremlin Industries">Gremlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irem" title="Irem">Irem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a>, Midway, <a href="/wiki/Nichibutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichibutsu">Nichibutsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>, and Taito.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANTIC_chip_on_an_Atari_130XE_motherboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ANTIC_chip_on_an_Atari_130XE_motherboard.jpg/220px-ANTIC_chip_on_an_Atari_130XE_motherboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ANTIC_chip_on_an_Atari_130XE_motherboard.jpg/330px-ANTIC_chip_on_an_Atari_130XE_motherboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ANTIC_chip_on_an_Atari_130XE_motherboard.jpg/440px-ANTIC_chip_on_an_Atari_130XE_motherboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2484" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Atari <a href="/wiki/ANTIC" title="ANTIC">ANTIC</a> microprocessor on an Atari 130XE motherboard</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a> in 1977 used a video shifter called the <a href="/wiki/Television_Interface_Adaptor" title="Television Interface Adaptor">Television Interface Adaptor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a> (1979) had <a href="/wiki/ANTIC" title="ANTIC">ANTIC</a>, a video processor which interpreted instructions describing a "<a href="/wiki/Display_list" title="Display list">display list</a>"—the way the scan lines map to specific <a href="/wiki/Bitmapped" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitmapped">bitmapped</a> or character modes and where the memory is stored (so there did not need to be a contiguous frame buffer).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/6502" class="mw-redirect" title="6502">6502</a> <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a> could be triggered on <a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">scan lines</a> by setting a bit on a display list instruction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="passive voice is part of what makes this sentence hard to understand (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ANTIC also supported smooth <a href="/wiki/Vertical_scrolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical scrolling">vertical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scrolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal scrolling">horizontal scrolling</a> independent of the CPU.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEC_D7220.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NEC_D7220.jpg/220px-NEC_D7220.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NEC_D7220.jpg/330px-NEC_D7220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/NEC_D7220.jpg/440px-NEC_D7220.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>NEC <a href="/wiki/%CE%9CPD7220" class="mw-redirect" title="ΜPD7220">μPD7220</a>A</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/NEC_%CE%BCPD7220" title="NEC μPD7220">NEC μPD7220</a> was the first implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> graphics display processor as a single <a href="/wiki/Large-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-scale integration">large-scale integration</a> (LSI) <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> chip. This enabled the design of low-cost, high-performance video graphics cards such as those from <a href="/wiki/Number_Nine_Visual_Technology" title="Number Nine Visual Technology">Number Nine Visual Technology</a>. It became the best-known GPU until the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first fully integrated <a href="/wiki/VLSI" class="mw-redirect" title="VLSI">VLSI</a> (very large-scale integration) <a href="/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal–oxide–semiconductor">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (<a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a>) graphics display processor for PCs, supported up to <a href="/wiki/XGA" class="mw-redirect" title="XGA">1024×1024 resolution</a>, and laid the foundations for the emerging PC graphics market. It was used in a number of graphics cards and was licensed for clones such as the Intel 82720, the first of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">Intel's graphics processing units</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Williams Electronics arcade games <i><a href="/wiki/Robotron_2084" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotron 2084">Robotron 2084</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Joust_(video_game)" title="Joust (video game)">Joust</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sinistar" title="Sinistar">Sinistar</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Bubbles_(video_game)" title="Bubbles (video game)">Bubbles</a></i>, all released in 1982, contain custom <a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">blitter</a> chips for operating on 16-color bitmaps.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi</a> released ARTC HD63484, the first major <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> graphics processor for personal computers. The ARTC could display up to <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K resolution</a> when in <a href="/wiki/Monochrome" title="Monochrome">monochrome</a> mode. It was used in a number of graphics cards and terminals during the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> was released with a custom graphics chip including a <a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">blitter</a> for bitmap manipulation, line drawing, and area fill. It also included a <a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">coprocessor</a> with its own simple instruction set, that was capable of manipulating graphics hardware registers in sync with the video beam (e.g. for per-scanline palette switches, sprite multiplexing, and hardware windowing), or driving the blitter. In 1986, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> released the <a href="/wiki/TMS34010" title="TMS34010">TMS34010</a>, the first fully programmable graphics processor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could run general-purpose code, but it had a graphics-oriented instruction set. During 1990–1992, this chip became the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_Graphics_Architecture" title="Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture">Texas Instruments Graphics Architecture</a> ("TIGA") <a href="/wiki/Windows_accelerator" title="Windows accelerator">Windows accelerator</a> cards. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_8514.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/IBM_8514.jpg/220px-IBM_8514.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/IBM_8514.jpg/330px-IBM_8514.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/IBM_8514.jpg/440px-IBM_8514.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/IBM_8514" title="IBM 8514">IBM 8514</a> Micro Channel adapter, with memory add-on</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/IBM_8514" title="IBM 8514">IBM 8514</a> graphics system was released. It was one of the first video cards for <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a> to implement <a href="/wiki/Fixed-function" title="Fixed-function">fixed-function</a> 2D primitives in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_hardware" title="Electronic hardware">electronic hardware</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp</a>'s <a href="/wiki/X68000" title="X68000">X68000</a>, released in 1987, used a custom graphics chipset<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a 65,536 color palette and hardware support for sprites, scrolling, and multiple playfields.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It served as a development machine for <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CP_System" title="CP System">CP System</a> arcade board. Fujitsu's <a href="/wiki/FM_Towns" title="FM Towns">FM Towns</a> computer, released in 1989, had support for a 16,777,216 color palette.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, the first dedicated <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">polygonal 3D</a> graphics boards were introduced in arcades with the <a href="/wiki/Namco_System_21" title="Namco System 21">Namco System 21</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a> Air System.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg/220px-IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg/330px-IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg/440px-IBM_VGA_90X8941_on_PS55.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a> section on the motherboard in <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/55" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal System/55">IBM PS/55</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> introduced its <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">Video Graphics Array</a> (VGA) display standard in 1987, with a maximum resolution of 640×480 pixels. In November 1988, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC Home Electronics</a> announced its creation of the <a href="/wiki/Video_Electronics_Standards_Association" title="Video Electronics Standards Association">Video Electronics Standards Association</a> (VESA) to develop and promote a <a href="/wiki/Super_video_graphics_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Super video graphics array">Super VGA</a> (SVGA) <a href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">computer display standard</a> as a successor to VGA. Super VGA enabled <a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">graphics display resolutions</a> up to 800×600 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>, a 36% increase.<sup id="cite_ref-InfoWorld_1988-11-14_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoWorld_1988-11-14-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s <span class="anchor" id="GUI_accelerator"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dstealth32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dstealth32.jpg/220px-Dstealth32.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dstealth32.jpg/330px-Dstealth32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dstealth32.jpg/440px-Dstealth32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tseng_Labs" title="Tseng Labs">Tseng Labs</a> <a href="/wiki/Tseng_Labs_ET4000" title="Tseng Labs ET4000">ET4000/W32p</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIAMONDSTEALTH3D2000-top.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DIAMONDSTEALTH3D2000-top.JPG/220px-DIAMONDSTEALTH3D2000-top.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DIAMONDSTEALTH3D2000-top.JPG/330px-DIAMONDSTEALTH3D2000-top.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/DIAMONDSTEALTH3D2000-top.JPG/440px-DIAMONDSTEALTH3D2000-top.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3 Graphics</a> <a href="/wiki/S3_ViRGE" title="S3 ViRGE">ViRGE</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voodoo3-2000AGP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Voodoo3-2000AGP.jpg/220px-Voodoo3-2000AGP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Voodoo3-2000AGP.jpg/330px-Voodoo3-2000AGP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Voodoo3-2000AGP.jpg/440px-Voodoo3-2000AGP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Voodoo3" title="Voodoo3">Voodoo3</a> 2000 AGP card</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3 Graphics</a> introduced the <i><a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3 86C911</a></i>, which its designers named after the <a href="/wiki/Porsche_911" title="Porsche 911">Porsche 911</a> as an indication of the performance increase it promised.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 86C911 spawned a variety of imitators: by 1995, all major PC graphics chip makers had added <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a> acceleration support to their chips.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fixed-function <i>Windows accelerators</i> surpassed expensive general-purpose graphics coprocessors in Windows performance, and such coprocessors faded from the PC market. </p><p>Throughout the 1990s, 2D <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> acceleration evolved. As manufacturing capabilities improved, so did the level of integration of graphics chips. Additional <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> (APIs) arrived for a variety of tasks, such as Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/WinG" title="WinG">WinG</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_library" title="Graphics library">graphics library</a> for <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 3.1x">Windows 3.x</a>, and their later <a href="/wiki/DirectDraw" title="DirectDraw">DirectDraw</a> interface for <a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">hardware acceleration</a> of 2D games in <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> and later. </p><p>In the early- and mid-1990s, <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computer_graphics" title="Real-time computer graphics">real-time</a> 3D graphics became increasingly common in arcade, computer, and console games, which led to increasing public demand for hardware-accelerated 3D graphics. Early examples of mass-market 3D graphics hardware can be found in arcade system boards such as the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Model_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Sega Model 1">Sega Model 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namco_System_22" title="Namco System 22">Namco System 22</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sega_Model_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Sega Model 2">Sega Model 2</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fifth_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of video game consoles (fifth generation)">fifth-generation video game consoles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>. Arcade systems such as the Sega Model 2 and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">SGI</a> <a href="/wiki/SGI_Onyx" title="SGI Onyx">Onyx</a>-based Namco Magic Edge Hornet Simulator in 1993 were capable of hardware T&L (<a href="/wiki/Transform,_clipping,_and_lighting" title="Transform, clipping, and lighting">transform, clipping, and lighting</a>) years before appearing in consumer graphics cards.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early example is the <a href="/wiki/Super_FX" title="Super FX">Super FX</a> chip, a <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a>-based <a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge#Use_in_hardware_enhancements" title="ROM cartridge">on-cartridge graphics chip</a> used in some <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">SNES</a> games, notably <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Doom_ports#Super_NES" title="List of Doom ports">Doom</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Fox_(1993_video_game)" title="Star Fox (1993 video game)">Star Fox</a></i>. Some systems used <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSPs</a> to accelerate transformations. <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, which worked on the Sega Model 2 arcade system,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began working on integrating T&L into a single <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">LSI</a> solution for use in home computers in 1995;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Fujitsu Pinolite, the first 3D geometry processor for personal computers, released in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first hardware T&L GPU on <a href="/wiki/Home_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Home console">home</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reality_Coprocessor" class="mw-redirect" title="Reality Coprocessor">Reality Coprocessor</a>, released in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> released the <a href="/wiki/AMD_FirePro" title="AMD FirePro">3Dpro/2MP</a>, a GPU capable of transformation and lighting, for <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> desktops;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ATi" class="mw-redirect" title="ATi">ATi</a> used it for its <a href="/wiki/FireGL" class="mw-redirect" title="FireGL">FireGL 4000</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">graphics card</a>, released in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "GPU" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> in reference to the 32-bit <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_technical_specifications" title="PlayStation technical specifications">Sony GPU</a> (designed by <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> video game console, released in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-gpu_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpu-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the PC world, notable failed attempts for low-cost 3D graphics chips included the <a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3</a> <i><a href="/wiki/ViRGE" class="mw-redirect" title="ViRGE">ViRGE</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/ATI_Rage" title="ATI Rage">ATI Rage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a> <i>Mystique</i>. These chips were essentially previous-generation 2D accelerators with 3D features bolted on. Many were <a href="/wiki/Pin-compatibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin-compatibility">pin-compatible</a> with the earlier-generation chips for ease of implementation and minimal cost. Initially, 3D graphics were possible only with discrete boards dedicated to accelerating 3D functions (and lacking 2D graphical user interface (GUI) acceleration entirely) such as the <a href="/wiki/PowerVR" title="PowerVR">PowerVR</a> and the <a href="/wiki/3dfx" title="3dfx">3dfx</a> <i>Voodoo</i>. However, as manufacturing technology continued to progress, video, 2D GUI acceleration, and 3D functionality were all integrated into one chip. <a href="/wiki/Rendition_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rendition (company)">Rendition</a>'s <i>Verite</i> chipsets were among the first to do this well. In 1997, Rendition collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Computer_Technology" title="Hercules Computer Technology">Hercules</a> and Fujitsu on a "Thriller Conspiracy" project which combined a Fujitsu FXG-1 Pinolite geometry processor with a Vérité V2200 core to create a graphics card with a full T&L engine years before Nvidia's <a href="/wiki/GeForce_256" title="GeForce 256">GeForce 256</a>; This card, designed to reduce the load placed upon the system's CPU, never made it to market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> NVIDIA <a href="/wiki/RIVA_128" title="RIVA 128">RIVA 128</a> was one of the first consumer-facing GPU integrated 3D processing unit and 2D processing unit on a chip. </p><p><a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a> was introduced in the early '90s by SGI as a professional graphics API, with proprietary hardware support for 3D rasterization. In 1994 <a href="/wiki/Softimage_(company)" title="Softimage (company)">Microsoft acquired Softimage</a>, the dominant CGI movie production tool used for early CGI movie hits like Jurassic Park, Terminator 2 and Titanic. With that deal came a strategic relationship with SGI and a commercial license of SGI's OpenGL libraries enabling Microsoft to port the API to the Windows NT OS but not to the upcoming release of Windows '95. Although it was little known at the time, SGI had contracted with Microsoft to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itprotoday.com/windows-8/sgi-embraces-windows-nt">transition from Unix to the forthcoming Windows NT OS</a>, the deal which was signed in 1995 was not announced publicly until 1998. In the intervening period, Microsoft worked closely with SGI to port OpenGL to Windows NT. In that era OpenGL had no standard driver model for competing hardware accelerators to compete on the basis of support for higher level 3D texturing and lighting functionality. In 1994 Microsoft announced DirectX 1.0 and support for gaming in the forthcoming Windows '95 consumer OS, in '95 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mergr.com/microsoft-acquires-rendermorphics">Microsoft announced the acquisition of UK based Rendermorphics Ltd</a> and the Direct3D driver model for the acceleration of consumer 3D graphics. The Direct3D driver model shipped with DirectX 2.0 in 1996. It included standards and specifications for 3D chip makers to compete to support 3D texture, lighting and Z-buffering. ATI, which was later to be acquired by AMD, began development on the first Direct3D GPU's. Nvidia, quickly pivoted from a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/nvidia-nearly-went-out-of-business-in-1996-trying-to-make-segas-dreamcast-gpu-instead-sega-americas-ceo-offered-the-company-a-dollar5-million-lifeline">failed deal with Sega</a> in 1996 to aggressively embracing support for Direct3D. In this era Microsoft merged their internal Direct3D and OpenGL teams and worked closely with SGI to unify driver standards for both industrial and consumer 3D graphics hardware accelerators. Microsoft ran annual events for 3D chip makers called "Meltdowns" to test their 3D hardware and drivers to work both with Direct3D and OpenGL. It was during this period of strong Microsoft influence over 3D standards that 3D accelerator cards moved beyond being simple <a href="/wiki/Rasterisation" title="Rasterisation">rasterizers</a> to become more powerful general purpose processors as support for hardware accelerated texture mapping, lighting, Z-buffering and compute created the modern GPU. During this period the same Microsoft team responsible for Direct3D and OpenGL driver standardization introduced their own Microsoft 3D chip design called <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Talisman" title="Microsoft Talisman">Talisman</a>. Details of this era are documented extensively in the books: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Game-v-2-Long-Road-Xbox-ebook/dp/B07HKPNCTC/ref=sr_1_2?crid=3F5PHV40YM4S4&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.iy-GbvbKPDNjBpBoGJYHYhs9iiGKlfbR6ZW-NN3KPcl35d7ltudr9oTtaNnJ75j0QYnjVwEfB0JlG4t53SJE4os9AMIEglOMXPK2Ra5rkpfO5h2dloKNpoGmYsS_J_CLDwEhdFIgYPtKBLYaLQiZO5n84-DQGHZgAPeVEATubo7L0FKRe_PpOam3PVuBeEo8W81owbEzgFQEMW5vXC4JaaN34kcGLLA0p8czwCxqdjM.lF8RKVxZYsvN3TKuO-kdnAuO7AyzdYTjLS51Mvqrcr4&dib_tag=se&keywords=game+of+x&qid=1717217035&s=books&sprefix=game+of+x%2Cstripbooks%2C140&sr=1-2">Game of X</a>" v.1 and v.2 by Russel Demaria, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0609604163/ref=sw_img_1?smid=A3FM9S79SGC169&psc=1">Renegades of the Empire</a>" by Mike Drummond, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Opening-Xbox-Microsofts-Entertainment-Revolution/dp/0761537082/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2Z2LFPYD46N2U&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.W2pCNPhVXwcIVNVfDRpu_4ub3OBeudUdtHNn4YZO_gCBuIXDiGbAw8aH6DvthsIBaAHXDWvKv77nGcvTRRc_LHp_EoUIWvHed8lk1BwezGwOxX6JQfeV7_53xPLceAM7lBTbhIRHAcjFDiNxu_aalzbIBwHRmZynzFAnoYlx9r1h3GW8YCX5SBL3HYWYKhJ8YcAPjrmTtSzOFi3_gLsC1YwWYJdIeAlBm11V_tJ6xjU.fGuw23Bi7BI8Ao_wmDDaA-6i0KhJJmIvPXIfW8-gpZs&dib_tag=se&keywords=opening+the+xbox+dean+takahashi&qid=1717216912&s=books&sprefix=opening+the+xbox+dean+takahashi%2Cstripbooks%2C130&sr=1-1">Opening the Xbox</a>" by Dean Takahashi and "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Masters-Doom-Created-Transformed-Culture/dp/0812972155/ref=sr_1_1?crid=WPHE1ICE5WO9&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.iCPu8JOENTHjVqZEeUEfH44EO-Zu_dS1qVffEmCLLx5Bl0UKOOVyeMI7nE1DhAhOd5ka53OxDM42hl1oPJuKKPx1ChSEtHV0XvQGt5KAQKdp1yGGAxaxt34g8PxPArN-VglXmJsN0xh-lPQTl8GwfKG7zmRvj0885MWNWZRAI5SuFkz2X9KR6ssxnJlXAcIwLgDUFrrK9l6GaSPmxtBzsYHiRykThnfpFDS0YJ2G7R8.Pm6kijhTmHiG7fvEnskrUkb_zF39VdJAAUHRfFudB_k&dib_tag=se&keywords=masters+of+doom&qid=1717217102&s=books&sprefix=masters+of+doom+%2Cstripbooks%2C138&sr=1-1">Masters of Doom</a>" by David Kushner. The <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> <i><a href="/wiki/GeForce_256" title="GeForce 256">GeForce 256</a></i> (also known as NV10) was the first consumer-level card with hardware-accelerated T&L; While the OpenGL API provided software support for texture mapping and lighting the first 3D hardware acceleration for these features arrived with the first <a href="/wiki/Transform,_clipping,_and_lighting" title="Transform, clipping, and lighting">Direct3D accelerated consumer GPU's</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nvidia was first to produce a chip capable of programmable <a href="/wiki/Pixel_shader" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel shader">shading</a>: the <i><a href="/wiki/GeForce_3" class="mw-redirect" title="GeForce 3">GeForce 3</a></i>. Each pixel could now be processed by a short program that could include additional image textures as inputs, and each geometric vertex could likewise be processed by a short program before it was projected onto the screen. Used in the <a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a> console, this chip competed with the one in the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>, which used a custom vector unit for hardware accelerated vertex processing (commonly referred to as VU0/VU1). The earliest incarnations of shader execution engines used in <a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a> were not general purpose and could not execute arbitrary pixel code. Vertices and pixels were processed by different units which had their own resources, with pixel shaders having tighter constraints (because they execute at higher frequencies than vertices). Pixel shading engines were actually more akin to a highly customizable function block and did not really "run" a program. Many of these disparities between vertex and pixel shading were not addressed until the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Shader_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Shader Model">Unified Shader Model</a>. </p><p>In October 2002, with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Radeon_9700_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Radeon 9700 core">Radeon 9700</a></i> (also known as R300), the world's first <a href="/wiki/Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D</a> 9.0 accelerator, pixel and vertex shaders could implement <a href="/wiki/Loop_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop (computing)">looping</a> and lengthy <a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">floating point</a> math, and were quickly becoming as flexible as CPUs, yet orders of magnitude faster for image-array operations. Pixel shading is often used for <a href="/wiki/Bump_mapping" title="Bump mapping">bump mapping</a>, which adds texture to make an object look shiny, dull, rough, or even round or extruded.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the introduction of the Nvidia <a href="/wiki/GeForce_8_series" title="GeForce 8 series">GeForce 8 series</a> and new generic stream processing units, GPUs became more generalized computing devices. <a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel</a> GPUs are making computational inroads against the CPU, and a subfield of research, dubbed GPU computing or <a href="/wiki/GPGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPGPU">GPGPU</a> for <i>general purpose computing on GPU</i>, has found applications in fields as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a>, scientific <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">linear algebra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/3D_reconstruction" title="3D reconstruction">3D reconstruction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stock_options" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock options">stock options</a> pricing. <a href="/wiki/GPGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPGPU">GPGPU</a> was the precursor to what is now called a compute shader (e.g. CUDA, OpenCL, DirectCompute) and actually abused the hardware to a degree by treating the data passed to algorithms as texture maps and executing algorithms by drawing a triangle or quad with an appropriate pixel shader.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This entails some overheads since units like the <a href="/wiki/Rasterization" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasterization">scan converter</a> are involved where they are not needed (nor are triangle manipulations even a concern—except to invoke the pixel shader).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nvidia's <a href="/wiki/CUDA" title="CUDA">CUDA</a> platform, first introduced in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the earliest widely adopted programming model for GPU computing. <a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a> is an open standard defined by the <a href="/wiki/Khronos_Group" title="Khronos Group">Khronos Group</a> that allows for the development of code for both GPUs and CPUs with an emphasis on portability.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenCL solutions are supported by Intel, AMD, Nvidia, and ARM, and according to a report in 2011 by Evans Data, OpenCL had become the second most popular HPC tool.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, Nvidia partnered with <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> to power their cars' dashboards, using the <a href="/wiki/Tegra" title="Tegra">Tegra</a> GPU to provide increased functionality to cars' navigation and entertainment systems.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advances in GPU technology in cars helped advance <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous car">self-driving technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AMD's <a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_6000_series" title="Radeon HD 6000 series">Radeon HD 6000 series</a> cards were released in 2010, and in 2011 AMD released its 6000M Series discrete GPUs for mobile devices.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kepler line of graphics cards by Nvidia were released in 2012 and were used in the Nvidia's 600 and 700 series cards. A feature in this GPU microarchitecture included GPU boost, a technology that adjusts the clock-speed of a video card to increase or decrease it according to its power draw.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(microarchitecture)" title="Kepler (microarchitecture)">Kepler microarchitecture</a> was manufactured <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">on the <a href="/wiki/28_nm_process" title="28 nm process">28 nm process</a></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4_technical_specifications" title="PlayStation 4 technical specifications">PS4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a> were released in 2013; they both use GPUs based on <a href="/wiki/Radeon_HD_7000_series" title="Radeon HD 7000 series">AMD's Radeon HD 7850 and 7790</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nvidia's Kepler line of GPUs was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_(microarchitecture)" title="Maxwell (microarchitecture)">Maxwell</a> line, manufactured on the same process. Nvidia's 28 nm chips were manufactured by <a href="/wiki/TSMC" title="TSMC">TSMC</a> in Taiwan using the 28 nm process. Compared to the 40 nm technology from the past, this manufacturing process allowed a 20 percent boost in performance while drawing less power.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headsets</a> have high system requirements; manufacturers recommended the GTX 970 and the R9 290X or better at the time of their release.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cards based on the <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(microarchitecture)" title="Pascal (microarchitecture)">Pascal</a> microarchitecture were released in 2016. The <a href="/wiki/GeForce_10_series" title="GeForce 10 series">GeForce 10 series</a> of cards are of this generation of graphics cards. They are made using the 16 nm manufacturing process which improves upon previous microarchitectures.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nvidia released one non-consumer card under the new <a href="/wiki/Volta_(microarchitecture)" title="Volta (microarchitecture)">Volta</a> architecture, the Titan V. Changes from the Titan XP, Pascal's high-end card, include an increase in the number of CUDA cores, the addition of tensor cores, and <a href="/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory" title="High Bandwidth Memory">HBM2</a>. Tensor cores are designed for deep learning, while high-bandwidth memory is on-die, stacked, lower-clocked memory that offers an extremely wide memory bus. To emphasize that the Titan V is not a gaming card, Nvidia removed the "GeForce GTX" suffix it adds to consumer gaming cards. </p><p>In 2018, Nvidia launched the RTX 20 series GPUs that added ray-tracing cores to GPUs, improving their performance on lighting effects.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polaris_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaris 11">Polaris 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polaris_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaris 10">Polaris 10</a> GPUs from AMD are fabricated by a 14 nm process. Their release resulted in a substantial increase in the performance per watt of AMD video cards.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AMD also released the Vega GPU series for the high end market as a competitor to Nvidia's high end Pascal cards, also featuring HBM2 like the Titan V. </p><p>In 2019, AMD released the successor to their <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Core_Next" title="Graphics Core Next">Graphics Core Next</a> (GCN) microarchitecture/instruction set. Dubbed RDNA, the first product featuring it was the <a href="/wiki/Radeon_RX_5000_series" title="Radeon RX 5000 series">Radeon RX 5000 series</a> of video cards.<sup id="cite_ref-amd-official-press-release-computex_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amd-official-press-release-computex-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company announced that the successor to the RDNA microarchitecture would be incremental (aka a refresh). AMD unveiled the <a href="/wiki/Radeon_RX_6000_series" title="Radeon RX 6000 series">Radeon RX 6000 series</a>, its RDNA 2 graphics cards with support for hardware-accelerated ray tracing.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The product series, launched in late 2020, consisted of the RX 6800, RX 6800 XT, and RX 6900 XT.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RDNA2InfinityCache_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDNA2InfinityCache-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RX 6700 XT, which is based on Navi 22, was launched in early 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X and Series S</a> were released in 2020; they both use GPUs based on the <a href="/wiki/RDNA_2" title="RDNA 2">RDNA 2</a> microarchitecture with incremental improvements and different GPU configurations in each system's implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-RDNA2PS5Console_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDNA2PS5Console-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RDNA2XboxConsoles_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDNA2XboxConsoles-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">entered the GPU market</a> in the late 1990s, but produced lackluster 3D accelerators compared to the competition at the time. Rather than attempting to compete with the high-end manufacturers Nvidia and ATI/AMD, they began integrating <a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">Intel Graphics Technology</a> GPUs into motherboard chipsets, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Intel_810" title="Intel 810">Intel 810</a> for the Pentium III, and later into CPUs. They began with the <a href="/wiki/Bonnell_(microarchitecture)#Pineview" title="Bonnell (microarchitecture)">Intel Atom 'Pineview'</a> laptop processor in 2009, continuing in 2010 with desktop processors in the first generation of the <a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Intel Core</a> line and with contemporary Pentiums and Celerons. This resulted in a large nominal market share, as the majority of computers with an Intel CPU also featured this embedded graphics processor. These generally lagged behind discrete processors in performance. Intel re-entered the discrete GPU market in 2022 with its <a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Arc</a> series, which competed with the then-current GeForce 30 series and Radeon 6000 series cards at competitive prices.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></div> <p>In the 2020s, GPUs have been increasingly used for calculations involving <a href="/wiki/Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">embarrassingly parallel</a> problems, such as training of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network#Training" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a> on enormous datasets that are needed for <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a>. Specialized processing cores on some modern workstation's GPUs are dedicated for <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a> since they have significant FLOPS performance increases, using 4×4 matrix multiplication and division, resulting in hardware performance up to 128 TFLOPS in some applications.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tensor cores are expected to appear in consumer cards, as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (April 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GPU_companies">GPU companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: GPU companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many companies have produced GPUs under a number of brand names. In 2009,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This claim was made in 2009, and updated statistics are available (October 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Intel_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Corporation">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a>/<a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a> were the market share leaders, with 49.4%, 27.8%, and 20.6% market share respectively. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produces GPUs. Modern smartphones use mostly <a href="/wiki/Adreno" title="Adreno">Adreno</a> GPUs from <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm" title="Qualcomm">Qualcomm</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerVR" title="PowerVR">PowerVR</a> GPUs from <a href="/wiki/Imagination_Technologies" title="Imagination Technologies">Imagination Technologies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mali_(GPU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mali (GPU)">Mali GPUs</a> from <a href="/wiki/ARM_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM Holdings">ARM</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computational_functions">Computational functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Computational functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern GPUs have traditionally used most of their <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> to do calculations related to <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a>. In addition to the 3D hardware, today's GPUs include basic 2D acceleration and <a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">framebuffer</a> capabilities (usually with a VGA compatibility mode). Newer cards such as AMD/ATI HD5000–HD7000 lack dedicated 2D acceleration; it is emulated by 3D hardware. GPUs were initially used to accelerate the memory-intensive work of <a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">texture mapping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendering</a> polygons. Later, <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">units</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> were added to accelerate <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometric</a> calculations such as the <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">rotation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Translation_(geometry)" title="Translation (geometry)">translation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(geometry)" title="Vertex (geometry)">vertices</a> into different <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">coordinate systems</a>. Recent developments in GPUs include support for <a href="/wiki/Programmable_shader" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable shader">programmable shaders</a> which can manipulate vertices and textures with many of the same operations that are supported by <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPUs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oversampling" title="Oversampling">oversampling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</a> techniques to reduce <a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">aliasing</a>, and very high-precision <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color spaces</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Compute_unit"></span><span class="anchor" id="Streaming_multiprocessor"></span>Several factors of GPU construction affect the performance of the card for real-time rendering, such as the size of the connector pathways in the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">semiconductor device fabrication</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clock_signal" title="Clock signal">clock signal</a> frequency, and the number and size of various on-chip memory <a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">caches</a>. Performance is also affected by the number of streaming multiprocessors (SM) for NVidia GPUs, or compute units (CU) for AMD GPUs, or Xe cores for Intel discrete GPUs, which describe the number of core on-silicon processor units within the GPU chip that perform the core calculations, typically working in parallel with other SM/CUs on the GPU. GPU performance is typically measured in floating point operations per second (<a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">FLOPS</a>); GPUs in the 2010s and 2020s typically deliver performance measured in teraflops (TFLOPS). This is an estimated performance measure, as other factors can affect the actual display rate.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPU_accelerated_video_decoding_and_encoding">GPU accelerated video decoding and encoding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: GPU accelerated video decoding and encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMD_HD5470_GPU.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AMD_HD5470_GPU.JPG/220px-AMD_HD5470_GPU.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AMD_HD5470_GPU.JPG/330px-AMD_HD5470_GPU.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/AMD_HD5470_GPU.JPG/440px-AMD_HD5470_GPU.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The ATI HD5470 GPU (above, with copper <a href="/wiki/Heatpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Heatpipe">heatpipe</a> attached) features <a href="/wiki/UVD" class="mw-redirect" title="UVD">UVD</a> 2.1 which enables it to decode AVC and VC-1 video formats.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most GPUs made since 1995 support the <a href="/wiki/YUV" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV">YUV</a> <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardware_overlay" title="Hardware overlay">hardware overlays</a>, important for <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> playback, and many GPUs made since 2000 also support <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> primitives such as <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion compensation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverse_discrete_cosine_transform" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse discrete cosine transform">iDCT</a>. This hardware-accelerated video decoding, in which portions of the <a href="/wiki/Video_decoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Video decoding">video decoding</a> process and <a href="/wiki/Video_post-processing" title="Video post-processing">video post-processing</a> are offloaded to the GPU hardware, is commonly referred to as "GPU accelerated video decoding", "GPU assisted video decoding", "GPU hardware accelerated video decoding", or "GPU hardware assisted video decoding". </p><p>Recent graphics cards decode <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition video</a> on the card, offloading the central processing unit. The most common <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> for GPU accelerated video decoding are <a href="/wiki/DirectX_Video_Acceleration" title="DirectX Video Acceleration">DxVA</a> for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> operating systems and <a href="/wiki/VDPAU" title="VDPAU">VDPAU</a>, <a href="/wiki/VaAPI" class="mw-redirect" title="VaAPI">VAAPI</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-Video_Motion_Compensation" title="X-Video Motion Compensation">XvMC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/X-Video_Bitstream_Acceleration" title="X-Video Bitstream Acceleration">XvBA</a> for Linux-based and UNIX-like operating systems. All except XvMC are capable of decoding videos encoded with <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 ASP (MPEG-4 Part 2)</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 AVC">MPEG-4 AVC</a> (H.264 / DivX 6), <a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/WMV3" class="mw-redirect" title="WMV3">WMV3</a>/<a href="/wiki/WMV9" class="mw-redirect" title="WMV9">WMV9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xvid" title="Xvid">Xvid</a> / OpenDivX (DivX 4), and <a href="/wiki/DivX" title="DivX">DivX</a> 5 <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codecs</a>, while XvMC is only capable of decoding MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. </p><p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Category:Video_compression_and_decompression_ASIC" title="Category:Video compression and decompression ASIC">dedicated hardware video decoding and encoding solutions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video_decoding_processes_that_can_be_accelerated">Video decoding processes that can be accelerated</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Video decoding processes that can be accelerated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video decoding processes that can be accelerated by modern GPU hardware are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">Motion compensation (mocomp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_discrete_cosine_transform" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse discrete cosine transform">Inverse discrete cosine transform (iDCT)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_telecine" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse telecine">Inverse telecine</a> 3:2 and 2:2 pull-down correction</li></ul></li> <li>Inverse <a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">modified discrete cosine transform</a> (iMDCT)</li> <li>In-loop <a href="/wiki/Deblocking_filter_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deblocking filter (video)">deblocking filter</a></li> <li>Intra-frame prediction</li> <li>Inverse <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(image_processing)" title="Quantization (image processing)">quantization</a> (IQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Variable-length decoding (VLD)</a>, more commonly known as slice-level acceleration</li> <li>Spatial-temporal <a href="/wiki/Deinterlacing" title="Deinterlacing">deinterlacing</a> and automatic <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">progressive</a> source detection</li> <li>Bitstream processing (<a href="/wiki/Context-adaptive_variable-length_coding" title="Context-adaptive variable-length coding">Context-adaptive variable-length coding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Context-adaptive_binary_arithmetic_coding" title="Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding">Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding</a>) and perfect pixel positioning</li></ul> <p>These operations also have applications in video editing, encoding, and transcoding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2D_graphics_APIs">2D graphics APIs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2D graphics APIs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An earlier GPU may support one or more 2D graphics API for 2D acceleration, such as <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">GDI</a> and <a href="/wiki/DirectDraw" title="DirectDraw">DirectDraw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_graphics_APIs">3D graphics APIs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 3D graphics APIs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A GPU can support one or more 3D graphics API, such as <a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenGL_ES" title="OpenGL ES">OpenGL ES</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan">Vulkan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="GPU_forms">GPU forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: GPU forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, the term "GPU" originally stood for <i>graphics processor unit</i> and described a programmable processing unit working independently from the CPU that was responsible for graphics manipulation and output.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> used the term (now standing for <i>graphics processing unit</i>) in reference to the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> console's <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>-designed <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_technical_specifications#Graphics_processing_unit_(GPU)" title="PlayStation technical specifications">Sony GPU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gpu_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpu-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> in 1999, who marketed the <a href="/wiki/GeForce_256" title="GeForce 256">GeForce 256</a> as "the world's first GPU".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was presented as a "single-chip <a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processor</a> with integrated <a href="/wiki/Transform,_clipping,_and_lighting" title="Transform, clipping, and lighting">transform, lighting, triangle setup/clipping</a>, and rendering engines".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rival <a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI Technologies</a> coined the term "<b>visual processing unit</b>" or <b>VPU</b> with the release of the <a href="/wiki/R300" class="mw-redirect" title="R300">Radeon 9700</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">AMD Alveo MA35D</a> features dual VPU’s, each using the <a href="/wiki/5_nm_process" title="5 nm process">5 nm process</a> in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-AM_1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AM_1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In personal computers, there are two main forms of GPUs. Each has many synonyms:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="#Dedicated_graphics_processing_unit">Dedicated graphics</a></i> also called <i>discrete graphics</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="#Integrated_graphics">Integrated graphics</a></i> also called <i>shared graphics solutions</i>, <i>integrated graphics processors</i> (IGP), or <i>unified memory architecture</i> (UMA).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage-specific_GPU">Usage-specific GPU</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Usage-specific GPU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most GPUs are designed for a specific use, real-time 3D graphics, or other mass calculations: </p> <ol><li>Gaming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeForce" title="GeForce">GeForce GTX, RTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Titan" title="Nvidia Titan">Nvidia Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon" title="Radeon">Radeon HD, R5, R7, R9, RX, Vega and Navi series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Radeon VII">Radeon VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Intel Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cloud Gaming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_GRID" title="Nvidia GRID">Nvidia GRID</a></li> <li>Radeon Sky</li></ul></li> <li>Workstation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Quadro" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvidia Quadro">Nvidia Quadro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_RTX" title="Nvidia RTX">Nvidia RTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_FirePro" title="AMD FirePro">AMD FirePro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_Pro" title="Radeon Pro">AMD Radeon Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Intel Arc</a> Pro</li></ul></li> <li>Cloud Workstation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla" title="Nvidia Tesla">Nvidia Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_FireStream" title="AMD FireStream">AMD FireStream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Artificial Intelligence training and Cloud <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla" title="Nvidia Tesla">Nvidia Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_Instinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Radeon Instinct">AMD Radeon Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li>Automated/Driverless car <ul><li>Nvidia <a href="/wiki/Drive_PX-series" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive PX-series">Drive PX</a></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedicated_graphics_processing_unit">Dedicated graphics processing unit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dedicated graphics processing unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">Video card</a></div> <p><i>Dedicated graphics processing units</i> uses <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> that is dedicated to the GPU rather than relying on the computer’s main system memory. This RAM is usually specially selected for the expected serial workload of the graphics card (see <a href="/wiki/GDDR_SDRAM" title="GDDR SDRAM">GDDR</a>). Sometimes systems with dedicated <i>discrete</i> GPUs were called "DIS" systems as opposed to "UMA" systems (see next section).<sup id="cite_ref-NO_1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NO_1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dedicated GPUs are not necessarily removable, nor does it necessarily interface with the motherboard in a standard fashion. The term "dedicated" refers to the fact that <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">graphics cards</a> have RAM that is dedicated to the card's use, not to the fact that <i>most</i> dedicated GPUs are removable. Dedicated GPUs for portable computers are most commonly interfaced through a non-standard and often proprietary slot due to size and weight constraints. Such ports may still be considered PCIe or AGP in terms of their logical host interface, even if they are not physically interchangeable with their counterparts. </p><p>Graphics cards with dedicated GPUs typically interface with the <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a> by means of an <a href="/wiki/Expansion_slot" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansion slot">expansion slot</a> such as <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe) or <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">Accelerated Graphics Port</a> (AGP). They can usually be replaced or upgraded with relative ease, assuming the motherboard is capable of supporting the upgrade. A few graphics cards still use <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">Peripheral Component Interconnect</a> (PCI) slots, but their bandwidth is so limited that they are generally used only when a PCIe or AGP slot is not available. </p><p>Technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Scan-Line_Interleave" title="Scan-Line Interleave">Scan-Line Interleave</a> by 3dfx, <a href="/wiki/Scalable_Link_Interface" title="Scalable Link Interface">SLI</a> and <a href="/wiki/NVLink" title="NVLink">NVLink</a> by Nvidia and <a href="/wiki/ATI_CrossFire" class="mw-redirect" title="ATI CrossFire">CrossFire</a> by AMD allow multiple GPUs to draw images simultaneously for a single screen, increasing the processing power available for graphics. These technologies, however, are increasingly uncommon; most games do not fully use multiple GPUs, as most users cannot afford them.<sup id="cite_ref-CSL_1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSL_1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple GPUs are still used on supercomputers (like in <a href="/wiki/Summit_(supercomputer)" title="Summit (supercomputer)">Summit</a>), on workstations to accelerate video (processing multiple videos at once)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 3D rendering,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/VFX" class="mw-redirect" title="VFX">VFX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GPGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPGPU">GPGPU</a> workloads and for simulations,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in AI to expedite training, as is the case with Nvidia's lineup of DGX workstations and servers, Tesla GPUs, and Intel's Ponte Vecchio GPUs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_graphics_processing_unit"><span class="anchor" id="INTEGRATED"></span><span class="anchor" id="Integrated_graphics"></span><span class="anchor" id="iGPU"></span>Integrated graphics processing unit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Integrated graphics processing unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motherboard_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Motherboard_diagram.svg/400px-Motherboard_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="616" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Motherboard_diagram.svg/600px-Motherboard_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Motherboard_diagram.svg/800px-Motherboard_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The position of an integrated GPU in a northbridge/southbridge system layout</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A790GXH-128M-Motherboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/A790GXH-128M-Motherboard.jpg/400px-A790GXH-128M-Motherboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/A790GXH-128M-Motherboard.jpg/600px-A790GXH-128M-Motherboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/A790GXH-128M-Motherboard.jpg/800px-A790GXH-128M-Motherboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/ASRock" title="ASRock">ASRock</a> motherboard with integrated graphics, which has HDMI, VGA and DVI-out ports</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Integrated graphics processing units</i> (IGPU), <i>integrated graphics</i>, <i>shared graphics solutions</i>, <i>integrated graphics processors</i> (IGP), or <i>unified memory architectures</i> (UMA) use a portion of a computer's system RAM rather than dedicated graphics memory. IGPs can be integrated onto a motherboard as part of its <a href="/wiki/Northbridge_(computing)" title="Northbridge (computing)">northbridge</a> chipset,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or on the same <a href="/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)" title="Die (integrated circuit)">die (integrated circuit)</a> with the CPU (like <a href="/wiki/AMD_APU" title="AMD APU">AMD APU</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intel_HD_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel HD Graphics">Intel HD Graphics</a>). On certain motherboards,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AMD's IGPs can use dedicated sideport memory: a separate fixed block of high performance memory that is dedicated for use by the GPU. As of early 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> computers with integrated graphics account for about 90% of all PC shipments.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (February 2013)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> They are less costly to implement than dedicated graphics processing, but tend to be less capable. Historically, integrated processing was considered unfit for 3D games or graphically intensive programs but could run less intensive programs such as Adobe Flash. Examples of such IGPs would be offerings from SiS and VIA circa 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, modern integrated graphics processors such as <a href="/wiki/AMD_Accelerated_Processing_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="AMD Accelerated Processing Unit">AMD Accelerated Processing Unit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">Intel Graphics Technology</a> (HD, UHD, Iris, Iris Pro, Iris Plus, and <a href="/wiki/Intel_Xe#Xe-LP_(Low_Power)" title="Intel Xe">Xe-LP</a>) can handle 2D graphics or low-stress 3D graphics. </p><p>Since GPU computations are memory-intensive, integrated processing may compete with the CPU for relatively slow system RAM, as it has minimal or no dedicated video memory. IGPs use system memory with bandwidth up to a current maximum of 128 GB/s, whereas a discrete graphics card may have a bandwidth of more than 1000 GB/s between its <a href="/wiki/Video_random_access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Video random access memory">VRAM</a> and GPU core. This <a href="/wiki/Memory_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory bus">memory bus</a> bandwidth can limit the performance of the GPU, though <a href="/wiki/Multi-channel_memory_architecture" title="Multi-channel memory architecture">multi-channel memory</a> can mitigate this deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Coelho_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coelho-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older integrated graphics chipsets lacked hardware <a href="/wiki/Transform,_clipping,_and_lighting" title="Transform, clipping, and lighting">transform and lighting</a>, but newer ones include it.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On systems with "Unified Memory Architecture" (UMA), including modern AMD processors with integrated graphics,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modern Intel processors with integrated graphics,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple processors, the PS5 and Xbox Series (among others), the CPU cores and the GPU block share the same pool of RAM and memory address space. This allows the system to dynamically allocate memory between the CPU cores and the GPU block based on memory needs (without needing a large static split of the RAM) and thanks to zero copy transfers, removes the need for either copying data over a <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus (computing)</a> between physically separate RAM pools or copying between separate address spaces on a single physical pool of RAM, allowing more efficient transfer of data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_graphics_processing"><span class="anchor" id="HYBRID"></span>Hybrid graphics processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hybrid graphics processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hybrid GPUs compete with integrated graphics in the low-end desktop and notebook markets. The most common implementations of this are ATI's <a href="/wiki/HyperMemory" title="HyperMemory">HyperMemory</a> and Nvidia's <a href="/wiki/TurboCache" title="TurboCache">TurboCache</a>. </p><p>Hybrid graphics cards are somewhat more expensive than integrated graphics, but much less expensive than dedicated graphics cards. They share memory with the system and have a small dedicated memory cache, to make up for the high <a href="/wiki/Memory_latency" title="Memory latency">latency</a> of the system RAM. Technologies within PCI Express make this possible. While these solutions are sometimes advertised as having as much as 768 MB of RAM, this refers to how much can be shared with the system memory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stream_processing_and_general_purpose_GPUs_(GPGPU)"><span id="Stream_processing_and_general_purpose_GPUs_.28GPGPU.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="SP-GPGPU"></span>Stream processing and general purpose GPUs (GPGPU)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stream processing and general purpose GPUs (GPGPU)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/GPGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPGPU">GPGPU</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processing</a></div> <p>It is common to use a <a href="/wiki/GPGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPGPU">general purpose graphics processing unit (GPGPU)</a> as a modified form of <a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">stream processor</a> (or a <a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">vector processor</a>), running <a href="/wiki/Compute_kernel" title="Compute kernel">compute kernels</a>. This turns the massive computational power of a modern graphics accelerator's shader pipeline into general-purpose computing power. In certain applications requiring massive vector operations, this can yield several orders of magnitude higher performance than a conventional CPU. The two largest discrete (see "<a href="#Dedicated_graphics_processing_unit">Dedicated graphics processing unit</a>" above) GPU designers, <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a>, are pursuing this approach with an array of applications. Both Nvidia and AMD teamed with <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> to create a GPU-based client for the <a href="/wiki/Folding@home" title="Folding@home">Folding@home</a> distributed computing project for protein folding calculations. In certain circumstances, the GPU calculates forty times faster than the CPUs traditionally used by such applications.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GPGPUs can be used for many types of <a href="/wiki/Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">embarrassingly parallel</a> tasks including <a href="/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">ray tracing</a>. They are generally suited to high-throughput computations that exhibit <a href="/wiki/Data-parallelism" class="mw-redirect" title="Data-parallelism">data-parallelism</a> to exploit the wide vector width <a href="/wiki/SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD">SIMD</a> architecture of the GPU. </p><p>GPU-based high performance computers play a significant role in large-scale modelling. Three of the ten most powerful supercomputers in the world take advantage of GPU acceleration.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GPUs support API extensions to the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> programming language such as <a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenMP" title="OpenMP">OpenMP</a>. Furthermore, each GPU vendor introduced its own API which only works with their cards: <a href="/wiki/AMD_APP_SDK" title="AMD APP SDK">AMD APP SDK</a> from AMD, and <a href="/wiki/CUDA" title="CUDA">CUDA</a> from Nvidia. These allow functions called <a href="/wiki/Compute_kernel" title="Compute kernel">compute kernels</a> to run on the GPU's stream processors. This makes it possible for C programs to take advantage of a GPU's ability to operate on large buffers in parallel, while still using the CPU when appropriate. CUDA was the first API to allow CPU-based applications to directly access the resources of a GPU for more general purpose computing without the limitations of using a graphics API.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="CUDA as first API (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since 2005 there has been interest in using the performance offered by GPUs for <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">evolutionary computation</a> in general, and for accelerating the <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(genetic_algorithm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitness (genetic algorithm)">fitness</a> evaluation in <a href="/wiki/Genetic_programming" title="Genetic programming">genetic programming</a> in particular. Most approaches compile <a href="/wiki/Linear_genetic_programming" title="Linear genetic programming">linear</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genetic_programming" title="Genetic programming">tree programs</a> on the host PC and transfer the executable to the GPU to be run. Typically a performance advantage is only obtained by running the single active program simultaneously on many example problems in parallel, using the GPU's <a href="/wiki/SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD">SIMD</a> architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, substantial acceleration can also be obtained by not compiling the programs, and instead transferring them to the GPU, to be interpreted there.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acceleration can then be obtained by either interpreting multiple programs simultaneously, simultaneously running multiple example problems, or combinations of both. A modern GPU can simultaneously interpret hundreds of thousands of very small programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_GPU_(eGPU)"><span id="External_GPU_.28eGPU.29"></span>External GPU (eGPU)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External GPU (eGPU)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An external GPU is a graphics processor located outside of the housing of the computer, similar to a large external hard drive. External graphics processors are sometimes used with laptop computers. Laptops might have a substantial amount of RAM and a sufficiently powerful central processing unit (CPU), but often lack a powerful graphics processor, and instead have a less powerful but more energy-efficient on-board graphics chip. On-board graphics chips are often not powerful enough for playing video games, or for other graphically intensive tasks, such as editing video or 3D animation/rendering. </p><p>Therefore, it is desirable to attach a GPU to some external bus of a notebook. <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> is the only bus used for this purpose. The port may be, for example, an <a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a> or <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express#PCI_Express_Mini_Card" title="PCI Express">mPCIe</a> port (PCIe ×1, up to 5 or 2.5 Gbit/s respectively), a <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> 1, 2, or 3 port (PCIe ×4, up to 10, 20, or 40 Gbit/s respectively), a <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)#USB4" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">USB4 port with Thunderbolt compatibility</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/OCuLink" class="mw-redirect" title="OCuLink">OCuLink</a> port. Those ports are only available on certain notebook systems.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eGPU enclosures include their own power supply (PSU), because powerful GPUs can consume hundreds of watts.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official vendor support for external GPUs has gained traction. A milestone was Apple's decision to support external GPUs with MacOS High Sierra 10.13.4.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several major hardware vendors (HP, Razer) released Thunderbolt 3 eGPU enclosures.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This support fuels eGPU implementations by enthusiasts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt#GPU_efficiency" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt § GPU efficiency</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Performance_per_watt&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Graphics processing units (GPU) have continued to increase in energy usage, while CPUs designers have recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> focused on improving performance per watt. High performance GPUs may draw large amount of power, therefore intelligent techniques are required to manage GPU power consumption. Measures like <a href="/wiki/3DMark" title="3DMark">3DMark2006 score</a> per watt can help identify more efficient GPUs.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However that may not adequately incorporate efficiency in typical use, where much time is spent doing less demanding tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With modern GPUs, energy usage is an important constraint on the maximum computational capabilities that can be achieved. GPU designs are usually highly scalable, allowing the manufacturer to put multiple chips on the same video card, or to use multiple video cards that work in parallel. Peak performance of any system is essentially limited by the amount of power it can draw and the amount of heat it can dissipate. Consequently, performance per watt of a GPU design translates directly into peak performance of a system that uses that design. </p> Since GPUs may also be used for some <a href="/wiki/GPGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPGPU">general purpose computation</a>, sometimes their performance is measured in terms also applied to CPUs, such as FLOPS per watt.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sales">Sales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, 438.3 million GPUs were shipped globally and the forecast for 2014 was 414.2 million. However, by the third quarter of 2022, shipments of integrated GPUs totaled around 75.5 million units, down 19% year-over-year.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (April 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UALink" title="UALink">UALink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping_unit" title="Texture mapping unit">Texture mapping unit</a> (TMU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_output_unit" title="Render output unit">Render output unit</a> (ROP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brute_force_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Brute force attack">Brute force attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Computer monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPU_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU cache">GPU cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPU_virtualization" title="GPU virtualization">GPU virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore_processor" title="Manycore processor">Manycore processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_processing_unit" title="Physics processing unit">Physics processing unit</a> (PPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_processing_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor processing unit">Tensor processing unit</a> (TPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray-tracing_hardware" title="Ray-tracing hardware">Ray-tracing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_rendering" title="Software rendering">Software rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Vision processing unit</a> (VPU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">Video card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_display_controller" title="Video display controller">Video display controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor#GPU_vector_processing_features" title="Vector processor">GPU Vector Processor internal features</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware">Hardware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units" title="List of AMD graphics processing units">List of AMD graphics processing units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nvidia_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Nvidia graphics processing units">List of Nvidia graphics processing units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">List of Intel graphics processing units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discrete_and_integrated_graphics_processing_units" title="List of discrete and integrated graphics processing units">List of discrete and integrated graphics processing units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_GMA" title="Intel GMA">Intel GMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larrabee_(microarchitecture)" title="Larrabee (microarchitecture)">Larrabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_PureVideo" title="Nvidia PureVideo">Nvidia PureVideo</a> – the bit-stream technology from <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> used in their graphics chips to accelerate video decoding on hardware GPU with DXVA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Video_Decoder" title="Unified Video Decoder">UVD (Unified Video Decoder)</a> – the video decoding bit-stream technology from ATI to support hardware (GPU) decode with DXVA</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="APIs">APIs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: APIs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Video_Acceleration" title="DirectX Video Acceleration">DirectX Video Acceleration (DxVA) API</a> for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> operating-system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(API)" title="Mantle (API)">Mantle (API)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulkan_(API)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkan (API)">Vulkan (API)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Acceleration_API" title="Video Acceleration API">Video Acceleration API (VA API)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDPAU" title="VDPAU">VDPAU (Video Decode and Presentation API for Unix)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Video_Bitstream_Acceleration" title="X-Video Bitstream Acceleration">X-Video Bitstream Acceleration (XvBA)</a>, the X11 equivalent of DXVA for MPEG-2, H.264, and VC-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Video_Motion_Compensation" title="X-Video Motion Compensation">X-Video Motion Compensation</a> – the X11 equivalent for MPEG-2 video codec only</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPU_cluster" title="GPU cluster">GPU cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a> – includes built-in support for CUDA and OpenCL GPU execution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modeling_on_GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular modeling on GPU">Molecular modeling on GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeplearning4j" title="Deeplearning4j">Deeplearning4j</a> – open-source, distributed deep learning for Java</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphics_processing_unit&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.atitle=GPU+History%3A+Hitachi+ARTC+HD63484&rft.date=2018-10-07&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fpublications%2Ftech-news%2Fchasing-pixels%2Fgpu-history-hitachi-artc-hd63484%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphics+processing+unit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/chasing-pixels/Famous-Graphics-Chips-IBMs-professional-graphics-the-PGC-and-8514A/Famous-Graphics-Chips-TI-TMS34010-and-VRAM">"Famous Graphics Chips: TI TMS34010 and VRAM. 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Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03-114047-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03-114047-1"><bdi>978-3-03-114047-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1356877844">1356877844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+GPU+%E2%80%93+New+Developments&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1356877844&rft.isbn=978-3-03-114047-1&rft.aulast=Peddie&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvfKkEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGraphics+processing+unit" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4582114-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="grafické procesory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph753450&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007572552505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Graphics_processing_unit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Template:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Template talk:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics_Processing_Unit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Graphics Processing Unit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Graphics_processing_unit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Graphics processing unit</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GPU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">Intel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">GT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Xe" title="Intel Xe">Xe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nvidia_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Nvidia graphics processing units">Nvidia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeForce" title="GeForce">GeForce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadro" title="Quadro">Quadro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla" title="Nvidia Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia_Tegra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvidia Tegra">Tegra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units" title="List of AMD graphics processing units">AMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radeon" title="Radeon">Radeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radeon_Pro" title="Radeon Pro">Radeon Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Instinct" title="AMD Instinct">Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniteReality" title="InfiniteReality">InfiniteReality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_%C2%B5PD7220" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC µPD7220">NEC µPD7220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_3dfx_graphics_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of 3dfx graphics processing units">3dfx Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S3_Graphics" title="S3 Graphics">S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaze3D" title="Glaze3D">Glaze3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adreno" title="Adreno">Adreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_(GPU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mali (GPU)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerVR" title="PowerVR">PowerVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoCore" title="VideoCore">VideoCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivante_Corporation" title="Vivante Corporation">Vivante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageon" title="Imageon">Imageon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_2700G" title="Intel 2700G">Intel 2700G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compute_kernel" title="Compute kernel">Compute kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Fabrication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">FinFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_pipeline" title="Graphics pipeline">Graphics pipeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_pipelines" title="Geometry pipelines">Geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_pipeline" title="Vertex pipeline">Vertex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-dynamic-range_rendering" title="High-dynamic-range rendering">HDR rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiply%E2%80%93accumulate_operation" title="Multiply–accumulate operation">MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasterisation" title="Rasterisation">Rasterisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shading" title="Shading">Shading</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray-tracing_hardware" title="Ray-tracing hardware">Ray-tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_data" title="Single instruction, multiple data">SIMD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_instruction,_multiple_threads" title="Single instruction, multiple threads">SIMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessellation_(computer_graphics)" title="Tessellation (computer graphics)">Tessellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform,_clipping,_and_lighting" title="Transform, clipping, and lighting">T&L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiled_rendering" title="Tiled rendering">Tiled rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_shader_model" title="Unified shader model">Unified shader model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blitter" title="Blitter">Blitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometry_processing" title="Geometry processing">Geometry processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit" title="Input–output memory management unit">Input–output memory management unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_output_unit" title="Render output unit">Render output unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shader" title="Shader">Shader unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">Tensor unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping_unit" title="Texture mapping unit">Texture mapping unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_display_controller" title="Video display controller">Video display controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Video processing unit">Video processing unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">Framebuffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="SGRAM">SGRAM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GDDR_SDRAM" title="GDDR SDRAM">GDDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR2" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR2">GDDR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR3" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR3">GDDR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR4" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR4">GDDR4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR5" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR5">GDDR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR6" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR6">GDDR6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GDDR7" class="mw-redirect" title="GDDR7">GDDR7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Bandwidth_Memory" title="High Bandwidth Memory">HBM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HBM2" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM2">HBM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM2E" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM2E">HBM2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM3" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM3">HBM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM-PIM" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM-PIM">HBM-PIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBM3E" class="mw-redirect" title="HBM3E">HBM3E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_bandwidth" title="Memory bandwidth">Memory bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">Memory controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_graphics_memory" title="Shared graphics memory">Shared graphics memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_memory" title="Texture memory">Texture memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_RAM_(dual-ported_DRAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)">VRAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form factor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core" title="Semiconductor intellectual property core">IP core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">Discrete graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPU_cluster" title="GPU cluster">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPU_switching" title="GPU switching">Switching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="External GPU">External graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated graphics">Integrated graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">Clock rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">Display resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillrate" title="Fillrate">Fillrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gigapixel_image" title="Gigapixel image">Pixel/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texel_(graphics)" title="Texel (graphics)">Texel/s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLOPS" class="mw-redirect" title="FLOPS">FLOP/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">Frame rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_per_watt" title="Performance per watt">Performance per watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrolling" title="Scrolling">Scrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">Sprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile-based_video_game" title="Tile-based video game">Tile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_illumination" title="Global illumination">GI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">Texture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_library" title="Graphics library">Graphics library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Image processing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Compression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_processor" title="Vector processor">Vector processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">Video coding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Codec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_long_instruction_word" title="Very long instruction word">VLIW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hardware_acceleration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hardware_acceleration" title="Template:Hardware acceleration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hardware_acceleration" title="Template talk:Hardware acceleration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hardware_acceleration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hardware acceleration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hardware_acceleration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Models_of_computation" class="mw-redirect" title="Models of computation">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">Universal Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GPU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General-purpose_computing_on_graphics_processing_units" title="General-purpose computing on graphics processing units">GPGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Video_Acceleration" title="DirectX Video Acceleration">DirectX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">Digital signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_random_number_generator" title="Hardware random number generator">Hardware random number generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_accelerator" title="AI accelerator">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_accelerator" title="Cryptographic accelerator">Cryptography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TLS_acceleration" title="TLS acceleration">TLS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">Machine vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_hardware_attack" title="Custom hardware attack">Custom hardware attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrypt" title="Scrypt">scrypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_processor" title="Network processor">Networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_processing_unit" title="Data processing unit">Data</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-level_synthesis" title="High-level synthesis">High-level synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_to_HDL" title="C to HDL">C to HDL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device" title="Complex programmable logic device">CPLD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_architecture" title="Dataflow architecture">Dataflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_triggered_architecture" title="Transport triggered architecture">Transport triggered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicore" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicore">Multicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manycore" class="mw-redirect" title="Manycore">Manycore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_computing" title="Heterogeneous computing">Heterogeneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-memory_processing" title="In-memory processing">In-memory computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systolic_array" title="Systolic array">Systolic array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable logic">Programmable logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Processor_design" title="Processor design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">chronology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_electronics" title="Digital electronics">Digital electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">Virtualization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_emulation" title="Hardware emulation">Hardware emulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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