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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_computer_display_list_functionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Home computer display list functionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_computer_display_list_functionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_OpenGL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_OpenGL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage in OpenGL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_OpenGL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_Direct3D_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_Direct3D_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usage in Direct3D 12</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_Direct3D_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deprecation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deprecation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Deprecation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deprecation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer graphics design system for retained mode command storage and execution</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Display_list&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Display_list" title="Talk:Display list">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>display list</b>, also called a <a href="/wiki/Command_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Command list">command list</a> in <a href="/wiki/Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D 12</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Command_buffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Command buffer">command buffer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan">Vulkan</a>, is a series of graphics commands so that they may be later run when the list is executed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systems that make use of display list functionality are called <a href="/wiki/Retained_mode" title="Retained mode">retained mode</a> systems, while systems that do not are as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Immediate_mode_(computer_graphics)" title="Immediate mode (computer graphics)">immediate mode</a> systems. In OpenGL, display lists are useful to redraw the same geometry or apply a set of state changes multiple times.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This benefit is also used with Direct3D 12's bundle command lists. In Direct3D 12 and Vulkan, display lists are regularly used for per-frame recording and execution. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_in_vector_displays">Origins in vector displays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Display_list&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins in vector displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vector_monitor" title="Vector monitor">vector monitors</a> or <i>calligraphic displays</i> of the 1960s and 1970s used <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray" title="Cathode ray">electron beam</a> deflection to draw <a href="/wiki/Line_segment" title="Line segment">line segments</a>, points, and sometimes curves directly on a <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRT screen</a>. Because the image would immediately fade, it needed to be redrawn many times a second (<a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">storage tube</a> CRTs retained the image until blanked, but they were unsuitable for interactive graphics). To refresh the display, a dedicated CPU called a Display Processor or Display Processing Unit (DPU) was used, which had a memory buffer for a "display list", "display file", or "display program" containing line segment coordinates and other information. Advanced Display Processors also supported <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> instructions, which were useful for drawing repetitive graphics such as text, and some could perform <a href="/wiki/Geometric_transformation" title="Geometric transformation">coordinate transformations</a> such as <a href="/wiki/3D_projection" title="3D projection">3D projection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_computer_display_list_functionality">Home computer display list functionality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Display_list&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Home computer display list functionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest systems with a true display list was the <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a>. The display list (actually called so in Atari terminology) is a series of instructions for <a href="/wiki/ANTIC" title="ANTIC">ANTIC</a>, the video co-processor used in these machines. This program, stored in the computer's memory and executed by ANTIC in real-time, can specify blank lines, any of six text modes and eight graphics modes, which sections of the screen can be horizontally or vertically fine-scrolled, and trigger Display List Interrupts (called <a href="/wiki/Raster_interrupt" title="Raster interrupt">raster interrupts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_blank_interrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal blank interrupt">HBI</a> on other systems).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_PCW" title="Amstrad PCW">Amstrad PCW family</a> contains a Display List function called the 'Roller RAM'. This is a 512-byte RAM area consisting of 256 16-bit pointers in RAM, one for each line of the 720 × 256 pixel display. Each pointer identifies the location of 90 bytes of monochrome pixels that hold the line's 720 pixel states. The 90 bytes of 8 pixel states are spaced at 8-byte intervals, so there are 7 unused bytes between each byte of pixel data. This suits how the text-orientated PCW constructs a typical screen buffer in RAM, where the first character's 8 rows are stored in the first 8 bytes, the second character's rows in the next 8 bytes, and so on. The Roller RAM was implemented to speed up display scrolling as it would have been unacceptably slow for its 3.4 MHz Z80 to move up the 23 KB display buffer 'by hand' i.e. in software. The Roller RAM starting entry used at the beginning of a screen refresh is controlled by a Z80-writable I/O register. Therefore, the screen can be scrolled simply by changing this I/O register.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another system using a Display List-like feature in hardware is the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, which, not coincidentally, was also designed by some of the same people who developed the custom hardware for the Atari 8-bit computers. Once directed to produce a display mode, it would continue to do so automatically for every following scan line. The computer also included a dedicated co-processor, called "<a href="/wiki/Original_Amiga_chipset#Copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Amiga chipset">Copper</a>", which ran a simple program or 'Copper List' intended for modifying hardware registers in sync with the display. The Copper List instructions could direct the Copper to wait for the display to reach a specific position on the screen, and then change the contents of hardware registers. In effect, it was a processor dedicated to servicing <a href="/wiki/Raster_interrupt" title="Raster interrupt">raster interrupts</a>. The Copper was used by Workbench to mix multiple display modes (multiple resolutions and color palettes on the monitor at the same time), and by numerous programs to create rainbow and gradient effects on the screen. The Amiga Copper was also capable of reconfiguring the sprite engine mid-frame, with only one scanline of delay. This allowed the Amiga to draw more than its 8 hardware sprites, so long as the additional sprites did not share scanlines (or the one scanline gap) with more than 7 other sprites. i.e., so long as at least one sprite had finished drawing, another sprite could be added below it on the screen. Additionally, the later 32-bit AGA chipset allowed the drawing of bigger sprites (more pixels per row) while retaining the same multiplexing. The Amiga also had dedicated block-shifter ("blitter") hardware, which could draw larger objects into a framebuffer. This was often used in place of, or in addition to, sprites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In more primitive systems, the results of a display list can be simulated, though at the cost of CPU-intensive writes to certain display modes, color control, or other visual effect registers in the video device, rather than a series of rendering commands executed by the device. Thus, one must create the displayed image using some other rendering process, either before or while the CPU-driven display generation executes. In many cases, the image is also modified or re-rendered between <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frames</a>. The image is then displayed in various ways, depending on the exact way in which the CPU-driven display code is implemented.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examples of the results possible on these older machines requiring CPU-driven video include effects such as Commodore 64/128's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiostyle.sk/dmagic/gallery/gfxmodes.htm">FLI</a> mode, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainbow_Processing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainbow Processing (page does not exist)">Rainbow Processing</a> on the ZX Spectrum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_OpenGL">Usage in OpenGL</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Display_list&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage in OpenGL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To delimit a display list, the <code>glNewList</code> and <code>glEndList</code> functions are used, and to execute the list, the <code>glCallList</code> function is used. Almost all rendering commands that occur between the function calls are stored in the display list. Commands that affect the client state are not stored in display lists.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Display lists are named with an integer value, and creating a display list with the same name as one already created overrides the first.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <code>glNewList</code> function expects two arguments: an integer representing the name of the list, and an enumeration for the compilation mode. The two modes include <code>GL_COMPILE_AND_EXECUTE</code>, which compiles and immediately executes, and <code>GL_COMPILE</code>, which only compiles the list.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Display lists enable the use of the <a href="/wiki/Retained_mode" title="Retained mode">retained mode</a> rendering pattern, which is a system in which graphics commands are recorded (retained) to execute in succession at a later time. This is contrary to <a href="/wiki/Immediate_mode_(computer_graphics)" title="Immediate mode (computer graphics)">immediate mode</a>, where graphics commands are immediately executed on client calls.<sup id="cite_ref-rm_vs_im_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rm_vs_im-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_Direct3D_12">Usage in Direct3D 12</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Display_list&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage in Direct3D 12"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Command lists are created using the <code>ID3D12Device::CreateCommandList</code> function.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Command lists may be created in several types: direct, bundle, compute, copy, video decode, video process, and video encoding. Direct command lists specify that a command list the GPU can execute, and doesn't inherit any GPU state.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bundles, are best used for storing and executing small sets of commands any number of times. This is used differently than regular command lists, where commands stored in a command list are typically executed only once.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compute_Command_List&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compute Command List (page does not exist)">Compute command lists</a> are used for general computations, with a common use being calculating <a href="/wiki/Mipmap" title="Mipmap">mipmaps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A copy command list is strictly for copying and the video decode and video process command lists are for video decoding and processing respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon creation, command lists are in the recording state. Command lists may be re-used by calling the <code>ID3D12GraphicsCommandList::Reset</code> function. After recording commands, the command list must be transitioned out of the recording state by calling <code>ID3D12GraphicsCommandList::Close</code>. The command list is then executed by calling <code>ID3D12CommandQueue::ExecuteCommandLists</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deprecation">Deprecation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Display_list&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deprecation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Display lists have largely been deprecated in modern graphics architectures, as they represent a set of commands in the fixed function <a href="/wiki/Graphics_pipeline" title="Graphics pipeline">graphics pipeline</a>. Modern architectures use shaders and <a href="/wiki/Vertex_buffer_object" title="Vertex buffer object">vertex buffer objects</a>, to avoid tying graphics performance to the CPU. Due to the nature of the display list, it must copy every command and its data, which may be a problem for certain environments where memory is scarce, and can be overall inefficient.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Vulkan_(API)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkan (API)">Vulkan</a> and Direct3D 12 still practice display list-like functionality in the form of command buffers and command lists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Display_list&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_home_computers_by_video_hardware" title="List of home computers by video hardware">List of home computers by video hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanline_rendering" title="Scanline rendering">Scanline rendering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Display_list&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>White, Steven; Danielsson, David; Jenks, Alma; Satran, Michael (2023-03-08). "Design Philosophy of Command Queues and Command Lists - Win32 apps". <i>learn.microsoft.com</i>. Retrieved 2024-01-26.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Display_list&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glprogramming.com/red/chapter07.html">"Chapter 7 - OpenGL Programming Guide"</a>. <i>www.glprogramming.com</i>. Addison-Wesely<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.glprogramming.com&rft.atitle=Chapter+7+-+OpenGL+Programming+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glprogramming.com%2Fred%2Fchapter07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplay+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>OpenGL programming guide: the official guide to learning OpenGL, version 1.1</i> (2nd ed.). Addison Wesley. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201461381" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201461381"><bdi>978-0201461381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OpenGL+programming+guide%3A+the+official+guide+to+learning+OpenGL%2C+version+1.1&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0201461381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplay+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Segal, Kurt Akeley, <i>The Design of the OpenGL Graphics Interface.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs448a-01-fall/design_opengl.pdf">http://www.graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs448a-01-fall/design_opengl.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDersch2013" class="citation web cs1">Dersch, Josh (10 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rottedbits.blogspot.com/2013/05/an-introduction-to-imlac-pds-1.html">"An introduction to the Imlac PDS-1"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+Imlac+PDS-1&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft.aulast=Dersch&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frottedbits.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F05%2Fan-introduction-to-imlac-pds-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplay+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoleyVan_Dam1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Foley" title="James D. Foley">Foley, James D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andries_van_Dam" title="Andries van Dam">Van Dam, Andries</a> (1982). <i>Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics</i>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 19, <span class="nowrap">93–</span>94, 394, <span class="nowrap">400–</span>404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-14468-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-14468-9"><bdi>0-201-14468-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Interactive+Computer+Graphics&rft.pages=19%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E94%2C+394%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E400-%3C%2Fspan%3E404&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-201-14468-9&rft.aulast=Foley&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft.au=Van+Dam%2C+Andries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplay+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmallSmallBlank1983" class="citation book cs1">Small, David; Small, Sandy; Blank, George (1983). <i>The Creative Atari</i>. Creative Computing Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916688-34-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916688-34-9"><bdi>978-0-916688-34-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creative+Atari&rft.pub=Creative+Computing+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-916688-34-9&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Small%2C+Sandy&rft.au=Blank%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplay+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartz2006" class="citation book cs1">Martz, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckpNmNlLE_sC&q=display+list&pg=PR7"><i>OpenGL Distilled</i></a> (1st ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional PTG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132701785" title="Special:BookSources/9780132701785"><bdi>9780132701785</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OpenGL+Distilled&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional+PTG&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780132701785&rft.aulast=Martz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DckpNmNlLE_sC%26q%3Ddisplay%2Blist%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplay+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightHaemelSellersLipchak2010" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Richard S.; Haemel, Nicholas; Sellers, Graham; Lipchak, Benjamin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1895026"><i>OpenGL SuperBible: Comprehensive Tutorial and Reference</i></a> (5th ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-71261-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-71261-5"><bdi>978-0-321-71261-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OpenGL+SuperBible%3A+Comprehensive+Tutorial+and+Reference&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-321-71261-5&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft.au=Haemel%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Sellers%2C+Graham&rft.au=Lipchak%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5555%2F1895026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisplay+list" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2021" class="citation web cs1">White, Steve (2021-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/opengl/glnewlist">"glNewList function (Gl.h) - Win32 apps"</a>. <i>learn.microsoft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Microsoft<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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