CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Alessandro Volta - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8c052e63-7d19-4a54-b1c1-a6f3be161575","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Alessandro_Volta","wgTitle":"Alessandro Volta","wgCurRevisionId":1258651390,"wgRevisionId":1258651390,"wgArticleId":1923,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2010","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages","Use British English from February 2015","Use dmy dates from March 2023","Articles with hCards","Pages with Italian IPA", "Articles containing Italian-language text","CS1 Latin-language sources (la)","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Alessandro Volta","1745 births","1827 deaths","People from Como","19th-century Italian physicists","Battery inventors","Enlightenment scientists","Fellows of the Royal Society","Independent scientists","History of neuroscience","18th-century Italian inventors","18th-century Italian physicists","Italian Roman Catholics","Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","People associated with electricity","Recipients of the Copley Medal","Italian scientific instrument makers","Academic staff of the University of Pavia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Alessandro_Volta","wgRelevantArticleId":1923,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1258651390,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q680","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1477"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="985"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="788"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Alessandro Volta - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Alessandro_Volta rootpage-Alessandro_Volta skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alessandro+Volta" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alessandro+Volta" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Alessandro+Volta" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Alessandro+Volta" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volta_and_Galvani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volta_and_Galvani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Volta and Galvani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volta_and_Galvani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_battery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_battery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early battery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_battery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years_and_retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years_and_retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Last years and retirement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Last_years_and_retirement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Last years and retirement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Last_years_and_retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lesser_known_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lesser_known_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Lesser known collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lesser_known_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alessandro Volta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ألساندرو فولتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألساندرو فولتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="آلساندرو ولت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلساندرو ولت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="আলেসান্দ্রো ভোল্টা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেসান্দ্রো ভোল্টা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алессандро Вольта – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алессандро Вольта" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алесандра Вольта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алесандра Вольта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алесандра Вольта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алесандра Вольта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алесандро Волта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алесандро Волта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Вольта Алессандро – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вольта Алессандро" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%A4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="أليساندرو ڤولطا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أليساندرو ڤولطا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%92%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αλεσάντρο Βόλτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεσάντρο Βόλτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="آلساندرو ولتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلساندرو ولتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C_%EB%B3%BC%ED%83%80" title="알레산드로 볼타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알레산드로 볼타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8_%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Ալեսանդրո Վոլտա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեսանդրո Վոլտա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="वोल्टा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वोल्टा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%94" title="אלסנדרו וולטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלסנדרו וולטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ალესანდრო ვოლტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალესანდრო ვოლტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алессандро Вольта – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алессандро Вольта" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Volta" title="Alexander Volta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Volta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alesandro_Volta" title="Alesandro Volta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alesandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissander_Volta" title="Lissander Volta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lissander Volta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алесандро Волта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алесандро Волта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F" title="അലസ്സാൻഡ്രോ വോൾട്ട – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലസ്സാൻഡ്രോ വോൾട്ട" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="अलेस्सांद्रो व्होल्टा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेस्सांद्रो व्होल्टा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ალესანდრო ვოლტა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალესანდრო ვოლტა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="اليساندرو فولتا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليساندرو فولتا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9C%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="အလက်ဇန်ဒရို ဗို့လတာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလက်ဇန်ဒရို ဗို့လတာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="अलेसान्द्रो भोल्टा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अलेसान्द्रो भोल्टा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF" title="アレッサンドロ・ボルタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレッサンドロ・ボルタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆଲ୍‌ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରୋ ଭୋଲ୍‌ଟା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲ୍‌ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରୋ ଭୋଲ୍‌ଟା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਲੈਸਾਂਦਰੋ ਵੋਲਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲੈਸਾਂਦਰੋ ਵੋਲਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="الساندرو وولٹا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الساندرو وولٹا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Вольта, Алессандро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вольта, Алессандро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alissandru_Volta" title="Alissandru Volta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alissandru Volta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F" title="ඇලෙස්සැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වෝල්ටා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇලෙස්සැන්ඩ්‍රෝ වෝල්ටා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%86_%DA%A4%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ئەلیساندرۆ ڤۆڵتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلیساندرۆ ڤۆڵتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алесандро Волта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алесандро Волта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="அலெசான்றோ வோல்ட்டா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலெசான்றோ வோல்ட்டா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE" title="అలెస్సాండ్రో వోల్టా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలెస్సాండ్రో వోల్టా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="อาเลสซานโดร โวลตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาเลสซานโดร โวลตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алессандро Волта – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алессандро Волта" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алессандро Вольта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алессандро Вольта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="ایلیسینڈرو وولٹا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایلیسینڈرو وولٹا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93" title="亚历山德罗·伏打 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚历山德罗·伏打" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93" title="伏打 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伏打" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93" title="亞歷山德羅·伏打 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞歷山德羅·伏打" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Alessandro Volta" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q680#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Alessandro_Volta" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Alessandro_Volta" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Alessandro_Volta" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&oldid=1258651390" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Alessandro_Volta&id=1258651390&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlessandro_Volta"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlessandro_Volta"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Alessandro_Volta&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Giuseppe_Antonio_Anastasio_Volta" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Alessandro_Giuseppe_Antonio_Anastasio_Volta" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q680" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--stable"></span><b>Checked</b></indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on <i>20 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian physicist and chemist (1745–1827)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the concept car, see <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Alessandro_Volta" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Alessandro Volta">Toyota Alessandro Volta</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a></div><div class="fn">Alessandro Volta</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/220px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg/330px-Alessandro_Volta.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1745-02-18</span>)</span>18 February 1745<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a><br />(now Italy)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 March 1827<span style="display:none">(1827-03-05)</span> (aged 82)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Como, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy-Venetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a><br />(now Italy)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methane#History" title="Methane">Discovery of methane</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">Voltage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">Voltmeter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">Voltaic pile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Volta_potential" title="Volta potential">Volta potential</a></li><li>Electric <a href="/wiki/Eudiometer" title="Eudiometer">eudiometer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">Volt</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Teresa Peregrini</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1794)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> (1791)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1794)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (1805)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Iron_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Iron Crown">Order of the Iron Crown</a> (1806)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Articles about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solenoid"><img alt="Solenoid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/190px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/285px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/380px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">Optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electromagnetic_theory" title="History of electromagnetic theory">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_electromagnetics" title="Computational electromagnetics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_electromagnetism" title="List of textbooks in electromagnetism">Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electrical_phenomena" title="List of electrical phenomena">Phenomena</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">Electrostatics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charge_density" title="Charge density">Charge density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">Coulomb law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electret" title="Electret">Electret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment" title="Electric dipole moment">Electric dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">Electric field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_flux" title="Electric flux">Electric flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">Electric potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">Electrostatic discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_induction" title="Electrostatic induction">Electrostatic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law" title="Gauss's law">Gauss law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">Insulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity">Permittivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization_density" title="Polarization density">Polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential_energy" title="Electric potential energy">Potential energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">Static electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboelectric_effect" title="Triboelectric effect">Triboelectricity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Magnetostatics" title="Magnetostatics">Magnetostatics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s_circuital_law" title="Ampère's circuital law">Ampère law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biot%E2%80%93Savart_law" title="Biot–Savart law">Biot–Savart law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law_for_magnetism" title="Gauss's law for magnetism">Gauss magnetic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">Magnetic dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_flux" title="Magnetic flux">Magnetic flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_scalar_potential" title="Magnetic scalar potential">Magnetic scalar potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potential" title="Magnetic vector potential">Magnetic vector potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetization" title="Magnetization">Magnetization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-hand_rule#Electromagnetism" title="Right-hand rule">Right-hand rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">Electrodynamics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation" title="Cyclotron radiation">Cyclotron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_current" title="Displacement current">Displacement current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">Eddy current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">Electromagnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">Electromagnetic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefimenko%27s_equations" title="Jefimenko's equations">Jefimenko equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larmor_formula" title="Larmor formula">Larmor formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenz%27s_law" title="Lenz's law">Lenz law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A9nard%E2%80%93Wiechert_potential" title="Liénard–Wiechert potential">Liénard–Wiechert potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_equations" title="London equations">London equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_force" title="Lorentz force">Lorentz force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_stress_tensor" title="Maxwell stress tensor">Maxwell tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poynting_vector" title="Poynting vector">Poynting vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">Electrical network</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">Alternating current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">Capacitance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_density" title="Current density">Current density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">Direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">Electric current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">Electromotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">Impedance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">Inductance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws" title="Kirchhoff's circuit laws">Kirchhoff laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)" title="Network analysis (electrical circuits)">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Parallel circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetics" title="Resonator">Resonant cavities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Series_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Series circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">Voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveguide_(radio_frequency)" title="Waveguide (radio frequency)">Waveguides</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_circuit" title="Magnetic circuit">Magnetic circuit</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_motor" title="AC motor">AC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_motor" title="DC motor">DC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_machine" title="Electric machine">Electric machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrator%E2%80%93capacitor_model" title="Gyrator–capacitor model">Gyrator–capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Induction motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">Linear motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetomotive_force" title="Magnetomotive force">Magnetomotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeance" title="Permeance">Permeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_complex_reluctance" title="Magnetic complex reluctance">Reluctance (complex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reluctance" title="Magnetic reluctance">Reluctance (real)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">Rotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">Stator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Covariant_formulation_of_classical_electromagnetism" title="Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism">Covariant formulation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_tensor" title="Electromagnetic tensor">Electromagnetic tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism_and_special_relativity" title="Classical electromagnetism and special relativity">Electromagnetism and special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-current" title="Four-current">Four-current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_four-potential" title="Electromagnetic four-potential">Four-potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions_of_the_electromagnetic_field" title="Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field">Mathematical descriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations_in_curved_spacetime" title="Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime">Maxwell equations in curved spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_electromagnetism" title="Relativistic electromagnetism">Relativistic electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor" title="Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor">Stress–energy tensor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Biot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fizeau" title="Hippolyte Fizeau">Fizeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson">Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_D._Jefimenko" title="Oleg D. Jefimenko">Jefimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Larmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Lenz" title="Emil Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Marie_Li%C3%A9nard" title="Alfred-Marie Liénard">Liénard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Ohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Poynting" title="John Henry Poynting">Poynting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ritchie_(physicist)" title="William Ritchie (physicist)">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Savart" title="Félix Savart">Savart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Singer" title="George Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Steinmetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Wiechert" title="Emil Wiechert">Wiechert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetism" title="Template talk:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[alesˈsandro<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvɔlta]</a></span>; 18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> who was a pioneer of electricity and <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pancaldi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pancaldi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berzolari_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berzolari-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-edison_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edison-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is credited as the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">electric battery</a> and the discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>. He invented the <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a> in 1799, and reported the results of his experiments in a two-part letter to the president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ieeeghn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieeeghn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-royal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was published in 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-volta-1800-pht_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volta-1800-pht-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this invention, Volta proved that electricity could be generated chemically and debunked the prevalent theory that electricity was generated solely by living beings. Volta's invention sparked a great amount of scientific excitement and led others to conduct similar experiments, which eventually led to the development of the field of <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volta drew admiration from <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> for his invention, and was invited to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of France">Institute of France</a> to demonstrate his invention to the members of the institute. Throughout his life, Volta enjoyed a certain amount of closeness with the emperor who conferred upon him numerous honours.<sup id="cite_ref-munro_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volta held the chair of experimental physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a> for nearly 40 years and was widely idolised by his students.<sup id="cite_ref-munro_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his professional success, Volta was inclined towards domestic life and this was more apparent in his later years when he tended to live secluded from public life and more for the sake of his family. He died in 1827 from a series of illnesses which began in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-munro_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> unit of <a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">electric potential</a> is named the <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> in his honour. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_marriage">Early life and marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volta was born in <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a>, a town in northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, on 18 February 1745. His father, Filippo Volta, was of noble lineage. His mother, Donna Maddalena, came from the family of the Inzaghis.<sup id="cite_ref-lifeworks_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifeworks-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1794, Volta married an aristocratic lady also from Como, Teresa Peregrini, with whom he raised three sons: Zanino, Flaminio, and Luigi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1774, he became a professor of physics at the Royal School in Como. A year later, he improved and popularised the <a href="/wiki/Electrophorus" title="Electrophorus">electrophorus</a>, a device that produced <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a>. His promotion of it was so extensive that he is often credited with its invention, even though a machine operating on the same principle was described in 1762 by the Swedish experimenter <a href="/wiki/Johan_Wilcke" title="Johan Wilcke">Johan Wilcke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pancaldi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pancaldi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wilcke_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1777, he travelled through Switzerland, where he befriended <a href="/wiki/H._B._de_Saussure" class="mw-redirect" title="H. B. de Saussure">H. B. de Saussure</a>. </p><p>In the years between 1776 and 1778, Volta studied the <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> of gases. He researched and discovered <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> after reading a paper by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> of the United States on "flammable air". In November 1776, he found methane in the marshes of <a href="/wiki/Angera" title="Angera">Angera</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-marsh_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1778 he managed to isolate it.<sup id="cite_ref-methane_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methane-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He devised experiments such as the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">ignition</a> of methane by an electric <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">spark</a> in a closed vessel. </p><p>Volta also studied what we now call electrical <a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">capacitance</a>, developing separate means to study both electrical potential difference (<i>V</i>) and charge (<i>Q</i>), and discovering that for a given object, they are proportional.<sup id="cite_ref-williams_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is called Volta's Law of Capacitance, and for this work, the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt.<sup id="cite_ref-williams_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1779, he became a professor of experimental physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>, a chair that he occupied for almost 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-munro_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-munro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volta's lectures were so crowded with students that the subsequent emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> ordered the construction (based on a project by <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Pollack" title="Leopoldo Pollack">Leopold Pollack</a>) of a new "physical theatre", today the "Aula Volta".<sup id="cite_ref-Aula_Volta_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aula_Volta-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the emperor granted Volta substantial funding to equip the physics cabinet with instruments, purchased by Volta in England and France. At the <a href="/wiki/University_History_Museum,_University_of_Pavia" title="University History Museum, University of Pavia">University History Museum</a> of the University of Pavia there are 150 of them, used by Alessandro Volta.<sup id="cite_ref-Sala_Volta_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sala_Volta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volta_and_Galvani">Volta and Galvani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Volta and Galvani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VoltaBattery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/VoltaBattery.JPG/220px-VoltaBattery.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/VoltaBattery.JPG/330px-VoltaBattery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/VoltaBattery.JPG/440px-VoltaBattery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Volta battery at the <a href="/wiki/Tempio_Voltiano" title="Tempio Voltiano">Tempio Voltiano</a> museum, Como</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a>, an Italian physicist, discovered something he named "animal electricity" when two different metals were connected in series with a frog's leg and to one another. Volta realised that the frog's leg served as both a conductor of electricity (what we would now call an <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>) and as a detector of electricity. He also understood that the frog's legs were irrelevant to the <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>, which was caused by the two differing metals.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He replaced the frog's leg with brine-soaked paper and detected the flow of electricity by other means familiar to him from his previous studies. In this way, he discovered the <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical series">electrochemical series</a>, and the law that the <a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">electromotive force</a> (emf) of a <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic cell</a>, consisting of a pair of metal <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> separated by electrolyte, is the difference between their two electrode potentials (thus, two identical electrodes and a common electrolyte give zero net emf). This may be called Volta's Law of the electrochemical series. </p><p>In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Galvani, Volta invented the <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">electric battery</a>, which produced a steady electric current.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volta had determined that the most effective pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity was <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. Initially, he experimented with individual cells in series, each cell being a wine goblet filled with <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> into which the two dissimilar electrodes were dipped. The voltaic pile replaced the goblets with cardboard soaked in brine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_battery">Early battery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early battery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voltaic_pile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Voltaic_pile.svg/220px-Voltaic_pile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Voltaic_pile.svg/330px-Voltaic_pile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Voltaic_pile.svg/440px-Voltaic_pile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In announcing his discovery of the voltaic pile, Volta paid tribute to the influences of <a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_(chemist)" title="William Nicholson (chemist)">William Nicholson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Cavallo" title="Tiberius Cavallo">Tiberius Cavallo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bennet" title="Abraham Bennet">Abraham Bennet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-elliott_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elliott-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battery made by Volta is credited as one of the first electrochemical cells. It consists of two electrodes: one made of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, the other of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> is either <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> mixed with water or a form of saltwater <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>. The electrolyte exists in the form <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">2 H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>. Zinc metal, which is higher in the <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential_(data_page)" title="Standard electrode potential (data page)">electrochemical series</a> than both copper and hydrogen, is oxidized to zinc cations (Zn<sup>2+</sup>) and creates electrons that move to the copper electrode. The positively charged hydrogen ions (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>) capture <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> from the copper electrode, forming bubbles of hydrogen gas, H<sub>2</sub>. This makes the zinc rod the negative electrode and the copper rod the positive electrode. Thus, there are two terminals, and an electric current will flow if they are connected. The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a> in this voltaic cell are as follows: </p> <dl><dd>Zinc: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Zn → Zn<sup>2+</sup> + 2e<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Sulfuric acid: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + 2e<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup> → H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Copper metal does not react, but rather it functions as a <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a> for the hydrogen-gas formation and an electrode for the electric current. The sulfate anion (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span>) does not undergo any chemical reaction either, but migrates to the zinc anode to compensate for the charge of the zinc cations formed there. However, this cell also has some disadvantages. It is unsafe to handle, since sulfuric acid, even if diluted, can be hazardous. Also, the power of the cell diminishes over time because the hydrogen gas is not released. Instead, it accumulates on the surface of the copper electrode and forms a barrier between the metal and the electrolyte solution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_years_and_retirement">Last years and retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Last years and retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Volta_by_Bertini_(photo).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Painting_of_Volta_by_Bertini_%28photo%29.jpeg/220px-Painting_of_Volta_by_Bertini_%28photo%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Painting_of_Volta_by_Bertini_%28photo%29.jpeg/330px-Painting_of_Volta_by_Bertini_%28photo%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Painting_of_Volta_by_Bertini_%28photo%29.jpeg/440px-Painting_of_Volta_by_Bertini_%28photo%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Volta explains the principle of the <i>"electric column"</i> to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in 1801.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1809, Volta became an associated member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Institute of the Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dwc_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwc-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In honour of his work, Volta was made a count by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-pancaldi_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pancaldi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volta retired in 1819 to his estate in Camnago, a <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">frazione</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Como,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Como, Italy">Como, Italy</a>, now named "Camnago Volta" in his honour. He died there on 5 March 1827, just after his 82nd birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-huji_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huji-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volta's remains were buried in Camnago Volta.<sup id="cite_ref-grave_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grave-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Volta's legacy is celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Tempio_Voltiano" title="Tempio Voltiano">Tempio Voltiano</a> memorial located in the public gardens by the lake. There is also a museum that was built in his honour, which exhibits some of the equipment that Volta used to conduct experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-atlas_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlas-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby stands the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Olmo" title="Villa Olmo">Villa Olmo</a>, which houses the Voltian Foundation, an organization promoting scientific activities. Volta carried out his experimental studies and produced his first inventions near Como.<sup id="cite_ref-villa_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villa-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aula_volta_pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aula_volta_pavia.jpg/220px-Aula_volta_pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aula_volta_pavia.jpg/330px-Aula_volta_pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aula_volta_pavia.jpg/440px-Aula_volta_pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Pollack" title="Leopoldo Pollack">Leopoldo Pollack</a>, Aula Volta, 1787, <a href="/wiki/Old_Campus_of_the_University_of_Pavia" title="Old Campus of the University of Pavia">Old Campus of the University of Pavia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Campus_of_the_University_of_Pavia" title="Old Campus of the University of Pavia">Old Campus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>, there is the classroom (Aula Volta) commissioned by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> to <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Pollack" title="Leopoldo Pollack">Leopoldo Pollack</a> in 1787 for the lectures of Alessandro Volta,<sup id="cite_ref-Aula_Volta_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aula_Volta-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in the <a href="/wiki/University_History_Museum,_University_of_Pavia" title="University History Museum, University of Pavia">University History Museum</a> there are many scientific instruments that belonged to Volta and his chair and his blackboard.<sup id="cite_ref-Sala_Volta_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sala_Volta-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His image was depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian Lire 10,000 note</a> (1990–1997) along with a sketch of his voltaic pile.<sup id="cite_ref-desmond_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desmond-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2017, Nvidia announced a new workstation-focused <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a> <a href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">microarchitecture</a> called <a href="/wiki/Volta_(microarchitecture)" title="Volta (microarchitecture)">Volta</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electric_eel" title="Electric eel">electric eel</a> species <i><a href="/wiki/Electrophorus_voltai" title="Electrophorus voltai">Electrophorus voltai</a></i>, described in 2019 and the strongest bioelectricity producer in nature, was named after Volta.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volta was raised as a Catholic and for all of his life continued to maintain his belief.<sup id="cite_ref-zenit_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zenit-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because he was not ordained a clergyman as his family expected, he was sometimes accused of being irreligious and some people have speculated about his possible unbelief, stressing that "he did not join the Church",<sup id="cite_ref-davis_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that he virtually "ignored the church's call".<sup id="cite_ref-schiffer_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schiffer-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he cast out doubts in a declaration of faith in which he said: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattedra_di_alessandro_Volta_museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cattedra_di_alessandro_Volta_museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_pavia.jpg/220px-Cattedra_di_alessandro_Volta_museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cattedra_di_alessandro_Volta_museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_pavia.jpg/330px-Cattedra_di_alessandro_Volta_museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Cattedra_di_alessandro_Volta_museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_pavia.jpg/440px-Cattedra_di_alessandro_Volta_museo_per_la_storia_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>The chair and the blackboard of Alessandro Volta, <a href="/wiki/University_History_Museum,_University_of_Pavia" title="University History Museum, University of Pavia">University History Museum</a> of the University of Pavia</figcaption></figure> <blockquote> <p>I do not understand how anyone can doubt the sincerity and constancy of my attachment to the religion which I profess, the Roman, Catholic and Apostolic religion in which I was born and brought up, and of which I have always made confession, externally and internally. I have, indeed, and only too often, failed in the performance of those good works which are the mark of a Catholic Christian, and I have been guilty of many sins: but through the special mercy of God I have never, as far as I know, wavered in my faith... In this faith I recognise a pure gift of God, a supernatural grace; but I have not neglected those human means which confirm belief, and overthrow the doubts which at times arise. I studied attentively the grounds and basis of religion, the works of apologists and assailants, the reasons for and against, and I can say that the result of such study is to clothe religion with such a degree of probability, even for the merely natural reason, that every spirit unperverted by sin and passion, every naturally noble spirit must love and accept it. May this confession which has been asked from me and which I willingly give, written and subscribed by my own hand, with authority to show it to whomsoever you will, for I am not ashamed of the Gospel, may it produce some good fruit!<sup id="cite_ref-kneller_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kneller-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epist_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volta_eerste_publicatie.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Volta_eerste_publicatie.gif/150px-Volta_eerste_publicatie.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Volta_eerste_publicatie.gif/225px-Volta_eerste_publicatie.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Volta_eerste_publicatie.gif/300px-Volta_eerste_publicatie.gif 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Front page of <i>De vi attractiva ignis electrici</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Ha9gAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP10"><i>De vi attractiva ignis electrici, ac phaenomenis inde pendentibus</i></a> [<i>The attractive force of an electric fire and the resulting phenomena</i>] (in Latin). Novo Comi: Typis Octavii Staurenghi. 1769. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1419897">1419897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+vi+attractiva+ignis+electrici%2C+ac+phaenomenis+inde+pendentibus&rft.place=Novo+Comi&rft.pub=Typis+Octavii+Staurenghi&rft.date=1769&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1419897&rft.aulast=Voltae&rft.aufirst=Alexandri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DHa9gAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PP10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lesser_known_collections">Lesser known collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lesser known collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Briefe über thierische elektricität</i> (1900) (<i>Letters about thieric electricity</i>, Available through Worldcat.org libraries, Leipzig, W. Engelmann, publisher)</li> <li><i>Untersuchungen über den Galvanismus</i>, 1796 bis 1800 (<i>Studies on Galvanism</i>, Available through Worldcat.org libraries)</li> <li><i>Del modo di render sensibilissima la più debole elettricità sia naturale, sia artificiale</i> (<i>Of the method of rendering very sensible the weakest natural or artificial electricity</i> By Alexander Volta, Professor Of Experimental Philosophy In Como, &c. Read at the Royal Society, 14 March 1782, Held in WorldCat libraries)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_effect" title="Armstrong effect">Armstrong effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrophorus" title="Electrophorus">Electrophorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_battery" title="History of the battery">History of the battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine" title="History of the internal combustion engine">History of the internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_battery" title="Lemon battery">Lemon battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_beating_heart" title="Mercury beating heart">Mercury beating heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect" title="Thermoelectric effect">Thermoelectric effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta_(crater)" title="Volta (crater)">Volta (lunar crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta_Prize" title="Volta Prize">Volta Prize</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pancaldi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pancaldi_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pancaldi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pancaldi_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPancaldi2003" class="citation book cs1">Pancaldi, Giuliano (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGoYB1Twx4sC"><i>Volta, Science and Culture in the Age of Enlightenment</i></a>. Princeton Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12226-7"><bdi>978-0-691-12226-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volta%2C+Science+and+Culture+in+the+Age+of+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12226-7&rft.aulast=Pancaldi&rft.aufirst=Giuliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGoYB1Twx4sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berzolari-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berzolari_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alberto Gigli Berzolari, <i>"Volta's Teaching in Como and Pavia"</i> - Nuova voltiana</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edison-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edison_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edisontechcenter.org/HallofFame.html">Hall of Fame</a>, Edison.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ieeeghn-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ieeeghn_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/Milestones:Volta's_Electrical_Battery_Invention,_1799">"Milestones:Volta's Electrical Battery Invention, 1799"</a>. <i>ETHW</i>. 12 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ETHW&rft.atitle=Milestones%3AVolta%27s+Electrical+Battery+Invention%2C+1799&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FMilestones%3AVolta%27s_Electrical_Battery_Invention%2C_1799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-royal-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royal_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-royal_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/August/electrolysis.asp">"Enterprise and electrolysis"</a>. <i>rsc.org</i>. Royal Society of Chemistry<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsc.org&rft.atitle=Enterprise+and+electrolysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fchemistryworld%2FIssues%2F2003%2FAugust%2Felectrolysis.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-volta-1800-pht-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-volta-1800-pht_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolta1800" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Volta, Alessandro</a> (20 March 1800). <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Banks, Joseph</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432304">"On the Electricity excited by the mere Contact of conducting Substances of different kinds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i> (in French). <b>90</b>: 403–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1800.0018">10.1098/rstl.1800.0018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Electricity+excited+by+the+mere+Contact+of+conducting+Substances+of+different+kinds.&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=403-431&rft.date=1800-03-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1800.0018&rft.aulast=Volta&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-munro-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-munro_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-munro_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-munro_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-munro_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro,_John1902" class="citation book cs1">Munro, John (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pioneerselectri00munrgoog"><i>Pioneers of Electricity; Or, Short Lives of the Great Electricians</i></a>. London: The Religious Tract Society. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pioneerselectri00munrgoog/page/n102">89</a>–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Electricity%3B+Or%2C+Short+Lives+of+the+Great+Electricians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=89-102&rft.pub=The+Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Munro%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpioneerselectri00munrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lifeworks-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lifeworks_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221032105/http://www.alessandrovolta.info/life_and_works_8.html">"Life and works"</a>. <i>Alessandrovolta.info</i>. Como, Italy: Editoriale srl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alessandrovolta.info/life_and_works_8.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alessandrovolta.info&rft.atitle=Life+and+works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alessandrovolta.info%2Flife_and_works_8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilcke-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wilcke_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joh. Carl Wilcke (1762) "Ytterligare rön och försök om <i>contraira electriciteterne</i> vid laddningen och därtil hörande delar" (Additional findings and experiments on the opposing electric charges [that are created] during charging, and parts related thereto) <i>Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar</i> (Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Science Academy), vol. 23, pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHRJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA202">206–229</a>, 245–266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marsh-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marsh_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alessandro Volta, <i>Lettere del Signor Don Alessandro Volta ... Sull' Aria Inflammabile Nativa delle Paludi</i> [Letters of Signor Don Alessandro Volta ... on the flammable native air of the marshes] (Milan, (Italy): Giuseppe Marelli, 1777).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-methane-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-methane_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/research/methane-woc/"><i>Methane</i></a>. BookRags<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methane&rft.pub=BookRags&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fresearch%2Fmethane-woc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williams_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Jeffrey_Huw2014" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Jeffrey Huw (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iPO9BAAAQBAJ&q=volta%27s+law+of+capacitance&pg=PT76"><i>Defining and Measuring Nature: The Make of All Things</i></a>. Morgan & Claypool. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-627-05278-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-627-05278-8"><bdi>978-1-627-05278-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+and+Measuring+Nature%3A+The+Make+of+All+Things&rft.pub=Morgan+%26+Claypool&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-627-05278-8&rft.au=Williams%2C+Jeffrey+Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPO9BAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dvolta%2527s%2Blaw%2Bof%2Bcapacitance%26pg%3DPT76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aula_Volta-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aula_Volta_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aula_Volta_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alessandrovolta.it/luoghi-voltiani/pavia/aula-volta/">"Aula Volta"</a>. <i>Luoghi Voltiani</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Luoghi+Voltiani&rft.atitle=Aula+Volta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falessandrovolta.it%2Fluoghi-voltiani%2Fpavia%2Faula-volta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sala_Volta-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sala_Volta_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sala_Volta_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musei.unipv.eu/msu/il-museo/sale/sala-volta/">"Sala Volta"</a>. <i>Musei Unipv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musei+Unipv&rft.atitle=Sala+Volta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusei.unipv.eu%2Fmsu%2Fil-museo%2Fsale%2Fsala-volta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alessandrovolta.it/luoghi-voltiani/pavia/gabinetto-fisico/">"Gabinetto Fisico"</a>. <i>Luoghi Voltiani</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Luoghi+Voltiani&rft.atitle=Gabinetto+Fisico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falessandrovolta.it%2Fluoghi-voltiani%2Fpavia%2Fgabinetto-fisico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1982" class="citation book cs1">Price, Derek deSolla (1982). <i>On the Brink of Tomorrow: Frontiers of Science</i>. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. pp. 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Brink+of+Tomorrow%3A+Frontiers+of+Science&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Derek+deSolla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-routledge-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-routledge_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Routledge1881" class="citation book cs1">Robert Routledge (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b24869880"><i>A popular history of science</i></a> (2nd ed.). G. Routledge and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b24869880/page/553">553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+popular+history+of+science&rft.pages=553&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=G.+Routledge+and+Sons&rft.date=1881&rft.au=Robert+Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb24869880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elliott-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elliott_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott,_P.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott, P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/klgdd0umcmvjqnpr/fulltext.pdf">"Abraham Bennet F.R.S. (1749–1799): a provincial electrician in eighteenth-century England"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>53</b> (1): 59–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1999.0063">10.1098/rsnr.1999.0063</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144062032">144062032</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/klgdd0umcmvjqnpr/fulltext.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Abraham+Bennet+F.R.S.+%281749%E2%80%931799%29%3A+a+provincial+electrician+in+eighteenth-century+England&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-78&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1999.0063&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144062032%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Elliott%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Fklgdd0umcmvjqnpr%2Ffulltext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwc-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dwc_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903182941/http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00003610">"Alessandro G.A.A. Volta (1745–1827)"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00003610">the original</a> on 3 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alessandro+G.A.A.+Volta+%281745%E2%80%931827%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00003610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huji-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huji_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/volta.htm#end">"Volta"</a>. Institute of Chemistry – Jerusalem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408220853/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/volta.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volta&rft.pub=Institute+of+Chemistry+%E2%80%93+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchem.ch.huji.ac.il%2Fhistory%2Fvolta.htm%23end&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grave-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grave_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a photograph of his gravesite, and other Volta locales, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corrieredicomo.it/pg_interna.cfm?IndiceID=526&MenuID=2">"Volta's localities"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volta%27s+localities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corrieredicomo.it%2Fpg_interna.cfm%3FIndiceID%3D526%26MenuID%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlas-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atlas_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Cumming2009" class="citation book cs1">Graham-Cumming, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HhEC0q-O1ewC&pg=PA95">"Tempio Voltiano, Como, Italy"</a>. <i>The Geek Atlas: 128 Places Where Science and Technology Come Alive</i>. O'Reilly Media. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596523206" title="Special:BookSources/9780596523206"><bdi>9780596523206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tempio+Voltiano%2C+Como%2C+Italy&rft.btitle=The+Geek+Atlas%3A+128+Places+Where+Science+and+Technology+Come+Alive&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780596523206&rft.aulast=Graham-Cumming&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHhEC0q-O1ewC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-villa-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-villa_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210083231/http://www.centrovolta.it/volta-en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63">"Villa Olmo"</a>. <i>centrovolta.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centrovolta.it/volta-en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63">the original</a> on 10 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=centrovolta.it&rft.atitle=Villa+Olmo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centrovolta.it%2Fvolta-en%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-desmond-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-desmond_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond2016" class="citation book cs1">Desmond, Kevin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gliiDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA235"><i>Innovators in Battery Technology: Profiles of 95 Influential Electrochemists</i></a>. McFarland. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476622781" title="Special:BookSources/9781476622781"><bdi>9781476622781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Innovators+in+Battery+Technology%3A+Profiles+of+95+Influential+Electrochemists&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781476622781&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgliiDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_SantanaCramptonDillmanFrederico2019" class="citation journal cs1">de Santana, C. David; Crampton, William G. R.; et al. (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6736962">"Unexpected species diversity in electric eels with a description of the strongest living bioelectricity generator"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 4000. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10.4000D">2019NatCo..10.4000D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-11690-z">10.1038/s41467-019-11690-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6736962">6736962</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31506444">31506444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Unexpected+species+diversity+in+electric+eels+with+a+description+of+the+strongest+living+bioelectricity+generator&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4000&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6736962%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatCo..10.4000D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31506444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-019-11690-z&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=de+Santana&rft.aufirst=C.+David&rft.au=Crampton%2C+William+G.+R.&rft.au=Dillman%2C+Casey+B.&rft.au=Frederico%2C+Renata+G.&rft.au=Sabaj%2C+Mark+H.&rft.au=Covain%2C+Rapha%C3%ABl&rft.au=Ready%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Zuanon%2C+Jansen&rft.au=de+Oliveira%2C+Renildo+R.&rft.au=Mendes-J%C3%BAnior%2C+Raimundo+N.&rft.au=Bastos%2C+Douglas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6736962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zenit-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zenit_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416082708/http://www.zenit.org/article-29971?l=italian">"Gli scienziati cattolici che hanno fatto lItalia (Catholic scientists who made Italy)"</a>. Zenit. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/article-29971?l=italian">the original</a> on 16 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gli+scienziati+cattolici+che+hanno+fatto+lItalia+%28Catholic+scientists+who+made+Italy%29&rft.pub=Zenit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Farticle-29971%3Fl%3Ditalian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davis_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Adam-Hart Davis. (2012). <i>Engineers</i>. Penguin. p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schiffer-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schiffer_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Brian Schiffer (2003), <i>Draw the Lightning Down: Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment</i>. University of California Press. p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kneller-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kneller_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kneller, Karl Alois, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/christianitylead00knelrich#page/118/mode/2up">Christianity and the leaders of modern science; a contribution to the history of culture in the nineteenth century</a></i> (1911), p. 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epist-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epist_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alessandro Volta. 1955. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eJPnAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:Lg-BQ9M7x6IC">Epistolario, Volume 5</a></i>. Zanichelli. p. 29</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alessandro_Volta" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Alessandro Volta"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Alessandro_Volta">"Alessandro Volta" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alessandro+Volta&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716205546/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-v01-volta.htm">Volta and the "Pile"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/volta.htm">Alessandro Volta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102131114/http://ideafinder.com/history/inventors/volta.htm">Archived</a> 2 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030624/http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/scientists/volta.html">Count Alessandro Volta</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Volta, Alessandro"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volta,_Alessandro">"Volta, Alessandro" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volta%2C+Alessandro&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Volta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histoires-de-sciences.over-blog.fr/2013/11/electrical-units-history.html">Electrical units history.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/history/pioneers/alessandro-volta-biography.php">Life of Alessandro Volta: Biography; Inventions; Facts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Volta">Alessandro Volta | Biography, Facts, Battery, & Invention | Britannica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1751–1800)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1751–1800"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1751–1800"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1751–1800"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1751–1800)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1751–1800)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a> (1751)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Pringle,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet">John Pringle</a> (1752)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (1753)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_(scientist)" title="William Lewis (scientist)">William Lewis</a> (1754)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Huxham" title="John Huxham">John Huxham</a> (1755)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Cavendish" title="Lord Charles Cavendish">Charles Cavendish</a> (1757)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Dollond" title="John Dollond">John Dollond</a> (1758)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a> (1759)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wilson_(painter)" title="Benjamin Wilson (painter)">Benjamin Wilson</a> (1760)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Canton" title="John Canton">John Canton</a> (1764)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Brownrigg" title="William Brownrigg">William Brownrigg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Delaval" title="Edward Delaval">Edward Delaval</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> (1766)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ellis_(naturalist)" title="John Ellis (naturalist)">John Ellis</a> (1767)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Woulfe" title="Peter Woulfe">Peter Woulfe</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hewson_(surgeon)" title="William Hewson (surgeon)">William Hewson</a> (1769)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">William Hamilton</a> (1770)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Raper" title="Matthew Raper">Matthew Raper</a> (1771)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Walsh_(scientist)" title="John Walsh (scientist)">John Walsh</a> (1773)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Maskelyne">Nevil Maskelyne</a> (1775)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> (1776)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Mudge" title="John Mudge">John Mudge</a> (1777)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hutton" title="Charles Hutton">Charles Hutton</a> (1778)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Vince" title="Samuel Vince">Samuel Vince</a> (1780)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> (1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kirwan" title="Richard Kirwan">Richard Kirwan</a> (1782)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Goodricke" title="John Goodricke">John Goodricke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchins_(naturalist)" title="Thomas Hutchins (naturalist)">Thomas Hutchins</a> (1783)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Waring" title="Edward Waring">Edward Waring</a> (1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">William Roy</a> (1785)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" title="John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter</a> (1787)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Blagden" title="Charles Blagden">Charles Blagden</a> (1788)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(actuary)" title="William Morgan (actuary)">William Morgan</a> (1789)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Rennell" title="James Rennell">James Rennell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Deluc" title="Jean-André Deluc">Jean-André Deluc</a> (1791)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson</a> (1792)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alessandro Volta</a> (1794)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ramsden" title="Jesse Ramsden">Jesse Ramsden</a> (1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Atwood" title="George Atwood">George Atwood</a> (1796)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Shuckburgh-Evelyn" title="George Shuckburgh-Evelyn">George Shuckburgh-Evelyn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> (1798)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hellins" title="John Hellins">John Hellins</a> (1799)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Howard" title="Edward Charles Howard">Edward Charles Howard</a> (1800)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template talk:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scientists whose names are used as units</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI base units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI derived units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Harold_Gray" title="Louis Harold Gray">Louis Harold Gray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alessandro Volta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-SI metric (<a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">cgs</a>) units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">debye</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Loránd Eötvös">Loránd Eötvös</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eotvos_(unit)" title="Eotvos (unit)">eotvos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">gal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(physicist)" title="William Gilbert (physicist)">William Gilbert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(unit)" title="Gilbert (unit)">gilbert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser" title="Heinrich Kayser">Heinrich Kayser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kayser_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayser (unit)">kayser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lambert_(unit)" title="Lambert (unit)">lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Langley" title="Samuel Langley">Samuel Langley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langley_(unit)" title="Langley (unit)">langley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)" title="Maxwell (unit)">maxwell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oersted" title="Oersted">oersted</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9onard_Marie_Poiseuille" title="Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille">Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stokes_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes (unit)">stokes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rayl" title="Rayl">rayl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US<br /> customary</a> units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foot-lambert" title="Foot-lambert">foot-lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquorn_Rankine" class="mw-redirect" title="Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">degree Rankine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bel_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel (unit)">bel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faraday_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday (unit)">faraday</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mache" title="Heinrich Mache">Heinrich Mache</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mache_(unit)" title="Mache (unit)">Mache</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur">René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale" title="Réaumur scale">degree Réaumur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">roentgen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomson_(unit)" title="Thomson (unit)">thomson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">torr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">List of scientists whose names are used as units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Scientists whose names are used in physical constants</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">People whose names are used in chemical element names</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110209463">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9950567">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/64096/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMk8c4qp8qKfkyGVfcyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119292556">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80149535">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12486203t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12486203t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Volta, Alessandro <1745-1827>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV026039">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35684478">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000091239&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1269671">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071424415">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90343106">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000158406">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=252992">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl0243560wwf86l">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810548170205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/121335">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269640905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517737006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01606327?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1041488">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119292556.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119292556">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034068295">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/024167">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vh5sks">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&oldid=1258651390">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&oldid=1258651390</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alessandro_Volta" title="Category:Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1745_births" title="Category:1745 births">1745 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1827_deaths" title="Category:1827 deaths">1827 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Como" title="Category:People from Como">People from Como</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Italian_physicists" title="Category:19th-century Italian physicists">19th-century Italian physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battery_inventors" title="Category:Battery inventors">Battery inventors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Enlightenment_scientists" title="Category:Enlightenment scientists">Enlightenment scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Category:Fellows of the Royal Society">Fellows of the Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Independent_scientists" title="Category:Independent scientists">Independent scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_neuroscience" title="Category:History of neuroscience">History of neuroscience</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Italian_inventors" title="Category:18th-century Italian inventors">18th-century Italian inventors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Italian_physicists" title="Category:18th-century Italian physicists">18th-century Italian physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Italian Roman Catholics">Italian Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_electricity" title="Category:People associated with electricity">People associated with electricity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Copley_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal">Recipients of the Copley Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_scientific_instrument_makers" title="Category:Italian scientific instrument makers">Italian scientific instrument makers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Pavia" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Pavia">Academic staff of the University of Pavia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2017">Articles with dead external links from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2010" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2010">Articles with dead external links from September 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_February_2015" title="Category:Use British English from February 2015">Use British English from February 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2023">Use dmy dates from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Italian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Italian-language text">Articles containing Italian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 21:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Volta&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qjjsx","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.994","walltime":"1.274","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6206,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":136318,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8508,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":129728,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1135.750 1 -total"," 22.75% 258.428 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 15.38% 174.717 1 Template:Reflist"," 10.87% 123.434 9 Template:Cite_book"," 8.73% 99.118 1 Template:IPA"," 7.86% 89.245 1 Template:Electromagnetism"," 7.69% 87.298 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.21% 70.536 1 Template:IPAc-en"," 5.25% 59.677 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.19% 58.955 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.672","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26779596,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-txx8l","timestamp":"20241122140514","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alessandro Volta","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alessandro_Volta","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q680","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q680","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-16T03:04:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/52\/Alessandro_Volta.jpeg","headline":"Italian physicist, chemist, and pioneer of electricity and power (1745-1827)"}</script> </body> </html>