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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chemical reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical reactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selective_oxidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_oxidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Selective oxidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_oxidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acid–base_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acid–base_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Acid–base reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acid–base_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combustion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Combustion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methane_radical_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methane_radical_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Methane radical reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methane_radical_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rocket_propellant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocket_propellant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Rocket propellant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket_propellant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_feedstock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_feedstock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chemical feedstock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_feedstock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refrigerant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refrigerant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Refrigerant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refrigerant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Generation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Generation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Generation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geological_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Geological routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Biological routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wetlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Wetlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruminants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruminants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Ruminants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruminants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seafloor_sediments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seafloor_sediments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Seafloor sediments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seafloor_sediments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Industrial routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laboratory_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Laboratory synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_methane_and_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_methane_and_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Atmospheric methane and climate change</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Atmospheric_methane_and_climate_change-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Atmospheric methane and climate change subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_methane_and_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clathrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clathrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Clathrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clathrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_safety_and_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_safety_and_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Public safety and the environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_safety_and_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_methane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_methane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Extraterrestrial methane</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extraterrestrial_methane-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extraterrestrial methane subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_methane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interstellar_medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstellar_medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Interstellar medium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstellar_medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Mars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Titan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etymology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Methane</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaan" title="Metaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Metaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ميثان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميثان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanu" title="Metanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Metanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="متان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="متان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="মিথেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিথেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Methane" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мэтан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мэтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="मीथेन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मीथेन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C3%A0" title="Metà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methan" title="Methan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Methan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llosgnwy" title="Llosgnwy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llosgnwy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methan" title="Methan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Methan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaan" title="Metaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μεθάνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεθάνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Ведь тол – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ведь тол" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="متان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thane" title="Méthane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méthane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat%C3%A1n" title="Meatán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meatán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meetane" title="Meetane – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Meetane" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8" title="મિથેન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મિથેન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B8" title="메테인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메테인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Methane" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մեթան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեթան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="मिथेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिथेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metana" title="Metana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%9F" title="מתאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metana" title="Metana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Metana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೀಥೇನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೀಥೇನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მეთანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეთანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methani" title="Methani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Methani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanum" title="Methanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Methanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C4%81ns" title="Metāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methan" title="Methan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Methan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metanas" title="Metanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methaan" title="Methaan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Methaan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan_(chimega)" title="Metan (chimega) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Metan (chimega)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C3%A1n" title="Metán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BB" title="മീഥെയ്ൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മീഥെയ്ൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="मिथेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिथेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metana" title="Metana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မီသိန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီသိန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methaan" title="Methaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Methaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="मिथेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिथेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="メタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaan" title="Metaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Metaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteenii" title="Mitteenii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mitteenii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮੀਥੇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੀਥੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="میتھین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میتھین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မီသိန်း – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="မီသိန်း" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="میتان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="میتان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methan" title="Methan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Methan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methan" title="Methan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Methan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metani" title="Metani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitanu" title="Mitanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mitanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Methane" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C3%A1n" title="Metán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%94%D1%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Мєѳанъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Мєѳанъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met%C5%AFn" title="Metůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Metůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="میتان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میتان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaani" title="Metaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metano" title="Metano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Metano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="மீத்தேன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீத்தேன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitan" title="Amitan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amitan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="మీథేన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మీథేన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99" title="มีเทน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มีเทน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metan" title="Metan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Метан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="میتھین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میتھین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methan" title="Methan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Methan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="甲烷 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="甲烷" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Methane" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="甲烷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="甲烷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Methane" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">Ethane</a> or <a href="/wiki/ETHANE" title="ETHANE">ETHANE</a>.</span> <span>"CH4" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CH4_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="CH4 (disambiguation)">CH4 (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Methane </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methane-2D-dimensions.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stereo, skeletal formula of methane with some measurements added"><img alt="Stereo, skeletal formula of methane with some measurements added" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Methane-2D-dimensions.svg/170px-Methane-2D-dimensions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Methane-2D-dimensions.svg/255px-Methane-2D-dimensions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Methane-2D-dimensions.svg/340px-Methane-2D-dimensions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Stereo, skeletal formula of methane with some measurements added</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center bg-transparent" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methane-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball and stick model of methane"><img alt="Ball and stick model of methane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Methane-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png/110px-Methane-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Methane-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png/165px-Methane-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Methane-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png/220px-Methane-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Ball and stick model of methane</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center bg-transparent" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methane-3D-space-filling.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spacefill model of methane"><img alt="Spacefill model of methane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Methane-3D-space-filling.svg/110px-Methane-3D-space-filling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Methane-3D-space-filling.svg/165px-Methane-3D-space-filling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Methane-3D-space-filling.svg/220px-Methane-3D-space-filling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Spacefill model of methane</figcaption></figure><div style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Carbon, C</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Hydrogen, H</div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Methane<sup id="cite_ref-iupac2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Carbane (never recommended<sup id="cite_ref-iupac2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Carbon tetrahydride</li><li>Carburetted hydrogen</li><li>Hydrogen carbide</li><li>Marsh gas</li><li>Methyl hydride</li><li>Natural gas</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=74-82-8">74-82-8</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Beilstein_database" title="Beilstein database">Beilstein Reference</a></div> </td> <td>1718732 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=16183">CHEBI:16183</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL17564">ChEMBL17564</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.291.html">291</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.739">100.000.739</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>200-812-7</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C01438">C01438</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Methane">Methane</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/297">297</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>PA1490000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/OP0UW79H66">OP0UW79H66</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID8025545">DTXSID8025545</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/CH4/h1H4<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">C</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span title="Carbon">C</span><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>4</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001160430000000000♠"></span>16.043</span> g·mol<sup>−1</sup>   </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Colorless gas </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>Odorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>0.657 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (gas, 25 °C, 1 atm)</li><li>0.717 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (gas, 0 °C, 1 atm)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>422.8 g/L (liquid, −162 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-crc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>−182.456 °C (−296.421 °F; 90.694 K)<sup id="cite_ref-crc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>−161.49 °C (−258.68 °F; 111.66 K)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a> (<i>T</i>, <i>P</i>) </td> <td>190.56 K (−82.59 °C; −116.66 °F), 4.5992 MPa (45.391 atm) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>22.7 mg/L<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> </td> <td>Soluble in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> and insoluble in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">log <i>P</i></a> </td> <td>1.09 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_law" title="Henry's law">Henry's law<br />constant</a> (<i>k</i><sub>H</sub>)</div> </td> <td>14 nmol/(Pa·kg) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">Conjugate acid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methanium" title="Methanium">Methanium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate base">Conjugate base</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyl_anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl anion">Methyl anion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>−17.4<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry" title="Molecular symmetry">Point group</a></div> </td> <td>T<sub>d</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular shape</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">Tetrahedral</a> at <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atom </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoles" title="Dipole">Dipole moment</a></div> </td> <td>0<span class="nowrap"> </span>D </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">Heat capacity</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(<i>C</i>)</span></div> </td> <td>35.7 J/(K·mol) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar<br />entropy</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(<i>S</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>186.3 J/(K·mol) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of<br />formation</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>−74.6 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy#Standard_energy_change_of_formation" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>G</i><sup>⦵</sup>)</span></div> </td> <td>−50.5 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of combustion">Std enthalpy of<br />combustion</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>c</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>−891 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS02: Flammable"><img alt="GHS02: Flammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H220: Extremely flammable gas">H220</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P210: Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.">P210</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_9e54b0c6e25edf6c" /></span><map name="ImageMap_9e54b0c6e25edf6c"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane" title="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard SA: Simple asphyxiant gas. E.g. nitrogen, helium" title="Special hazard SA: Simple asphyxiant gas. E.g. nitrogen, helium" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 4: Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or is readily dispersed in air and will burn readily. Flash point below 23 °C (73 °F). E.g. propane" class="notheme mw-no-invert">4</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704"><span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors" title="Special hazard SA: Simple asphyxiant gas. E.g. nitrogen, helium">SA</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>−188 °C (−306.4 °F; 85.1 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">Autoignition<br />temperature</a></div> </td> <td>537 °C (999 °F; 810 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Explosive_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive limit">Explosive limits</a> </td> <td>4.4–17% </td></tr> <tr id="cite_ref-9" class="cite-bracket"> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related alkanes</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">Ethane</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Germane" title="Germane">Germane</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stannane" title="Stannane">Stannane</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbane" title="Plumbane">Plumbane</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Supplementary data page </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Methane_(data_page)" title="Methane (data page)">Methane (data page)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464371375&page2=Methane">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Methane</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">METH</span>-ayn</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">MEE</span>-thayn</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> (one <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atom bonded to four <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms). It is a <a href="/wiki/Group-14_hydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Group-14 hydride">group-14 hydride</a>, the simplest <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkane</a>, and the main constituent of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. The abundance of methane on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> makes it an economically attractive <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>, although capturing and storing it is difficult because it is a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>. In the Earth's atmosphere methane is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>. Methane is an <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">compound</a>, and among the simplest of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> compounds. Methane is also a <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a>. </p><p>Naturally occurring methane is found both below ground and under the <a href="/wiki/Seafloor" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafloor">seafloor</a> and is formed by both geological and biological processes. The largest <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> of methane is under the seafloor in the form of <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">methane clathrates</a>. When methane reaches the surface and the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">atmospheric methane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Khalil-1999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khalil-1999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Earth's atmospheric methane concentration <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">has increased</a> by about 160% since 1750, with the overwhelming percentage caused by human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It accounted for 20% of the total <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> from all of the long-lived and globally mixed <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>, according to the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> report.<sup id="cite_ref-Technical_summary2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technical_summary2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strong, rapid and sustained reductions in methane emissions could limit near-term warming and improve air quality by reducing global surface ozone.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methane has also been detected on other planets, including <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, which has implications for <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a> research.<sup id="cite_ref-Etiope-2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etiope-2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_and_bonding">Properties and bonding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties and bonding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covalent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Covalent.svg/220px-Covalent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Covalent.svg/330px-Covalent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Covalent.svg/440px-Covalent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Covalently_bonded" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalently bonded">Covalently bonded</a> hydrogen and carbon in a molecule of methane.</figcaption></figure><p>Methane is a <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">tetrahedral</a> molecule with four equivalent <a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93hydrogen_bond" title="Carbon–hydrogen bond">C–H bonds</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electronic structure</a> is described by four bonding molecular orbitals (MOs) resulting from the overlap of the valence orbitals on <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>. The lowest-energy MO is the result of the overlap of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">2s orbital</a> on carbon with the in-phase combination of the 1s orbitals on the four hydrogen atoms. Above this energy level is a triply degenerate set of MOs that involve overlap of the 2p orbitals on carbon with various linear combinations of the 1s orbitals on hydrogen. The resulting "three-over-one" bonding scheme is consistent with photoelectron spectroscopic measurements. </p><p>Methane is an odorless, colourless and transparent gas at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does absorb visible light, especially at the red end of the spectrum, due to <a href="/wiki/Overtone_band" title="Overtone band">overtone bands</a>, but the effect is only noticeable if the light path is very long. This is what gives <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> their blue or bluish-green colors, as light passes through their atmospheres containing methane and is then scattered back out.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The familiar smell of natural gas as used in homes is achieved by the addition of an <a href="/wiki/Odorizer" title="Odorizer">odorant</a>, usually blends containing <a href="/wiki/Tert-butylthiol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-butylthiol"><i>tert</i>-butylthiol</a>, as a safety measure. Methane has a boiling point of −161.5 <a href="/wiki/Degree_Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree Celsius">°C</a> at a pressure of one <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a gas, it is <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> over a range of concentrations (5.4%–17%) in air at <a href="/wiki/Standard_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard pressure">standard pressure</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Solid_methane"></span>Solid methane exists in several <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">modifications</a>, of which nine are known.<sup id="cite_ref-BiniPratesi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiniPratesi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooling methane at normal pressure results in the formation of methane I. This substance crystallizes in the cubic system (<a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> Fm<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m). The positions of the hydrogen atoms are not fixed in methane I, i.e. methane molecules may rotate freely. Therefore, it is a <a href="/wiki/Plastic_crystal" title="Plastic crystal">plastic crystal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_reactions">Chemical reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemical reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary chemical reactions of methane are <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">steam reforming</a> to <a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">syngas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halogenation" title="Halogenation">halogenation</a>. In general, methane reactions are difficult to control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selective_oxidation">Selective oxidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selective oxidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Partial <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> of methane to <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub>3</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>), a more convenient, liquid fuel, is challenging because the reaction typically progresses all the way to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> even with an insufficient supply of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> <a href="/wiki/Methane_monooxygenase" title="Methane monooxygenase">methane monooxygenase</a> produces methanol from methane, but cannot be used for industrial-scale reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some homogeneously <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyzed</a> systems and heterogeneous systems have been developed, but all have significant drawbacks. These generally operate by generating protected products which are shielded from overoxidation. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Methane_functionalization#The_Catalytica_system" title="Methane functionalization">Catalytica system</a>, copper <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolites</a>, and iron zeolites stabilizing the <a href="/wiki/Alpha-oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-oxygen">alpha-oxygen</a> active site.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One group of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> catalyze methane oxidation with <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidant</a> in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, giving rise to the so-called <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_oxidation_of_methane" title="Anaerobic oxidation of methane">anaerobic oxidation of methane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acid–base_reactions"><span id="Acid.E2.80.93base_reactions"></span>Acid–base reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Acid–base reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, methane is an extremely <a href="/wiki/Weak_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak acid">weak acid</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/PKa" class="mw-redirect" title="PKa">p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub></a> in <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">DMSO</a> is estimated to be 56.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It cannot be <a href="/wiki/Deprotonation" title="Deprotonation">deprotonated</a> in solution, but the <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate base">conjugate base</a> is known in forms such as <a href="/wiki/Methyllithium" title="Methyllithium">methyllithium</a>. </p><p>A variety of <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">positive ions</a> derived from methane have been observed, mostly as unstable species in low-pressure gas mixtures. These include <a href="/wiki/Methenium" title="Methenium">methenium</a> or methyl cation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>3</span></span></span>, methane cation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>4</span></span></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Methanium" title="Methanium">methanium</a> or protonated methane <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>5</span></span></span>. Some of these have been <a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">detected in outer space</a>. Methanium can also be produced as diluted solutions from methane with <a href="/wiki/Superacid" title="Superacid">superacids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">Cations</a> with higher charge, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2+</span><span>6</span></span></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>3+</span><span>7</span></span></span>, have been studied theoretically and conjectured to be stable.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasul_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasul-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the <a href="/wiki/Bond_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond strength">strength</a> of its C–H bonds, there is intense interest in <a href="/wiki/Catalysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalysts">catalysts</a> that facilitate <a href="/wiki/C%E2%80%93H_bond_activation" class="mw-redirect" title="C–H bond activation">C–H bond activation</a> in methane (and other lower numbered <a href="/wiki/Alkanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkanes">alkanes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combustion">Combustion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Combustion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_fire_within_her.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young woman holding a flame in her hands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/The_fire_within_her.jpg/220px-The_fire_within_her.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/The_fire_within_her.jpg/330px-The_fire_within_her.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/The_fire_within_her.jpg/440px-The_fire_within_her.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Methane bubbles can be burned on a wet hand without injury.</figcaption></figure> <p>Methane's <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">heat of combustion</a> is 55.5 MJ/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a> of methane is a multiple step reaction summarized as follows: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + 2 O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd> <dd>(Δ<i>H</i> = −891 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule">kJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mol</a>, at standard conditions)</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Peters_four-step_chemistry" title="Peters four-step chemistry">Peters four-step chemistry</a> is a systematically reduced four-step chemistry that explains the burning of methane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methane_radical_reactions">Methane radical reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Methane radical reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given appropriate conditions, methane reacts with <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radicals</a> as follows: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">•X + CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> → HX + •CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">•CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + X<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>X + •X</span></dd></dl> <p>where X is a <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> (F), <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> (Cl), <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> (Br), or <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> (I). This mechanism for this process is called <a href="/wiki/Free_radical_halogenation" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical halogenation">free radical halogenation</a>. It is initiated when <a href="/wiki/UV_light" class="mw-redirect" title="UV light">UV light</a> or some other <a href="/wiki/Radical_initiator" title="Radical initiator">radical initiator</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Peroxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroxides">peroxides</a>) produces a halogen <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>. A two-step <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a> ensues in which the halogen atom abstracts a hydrogen atom from a methane molecule, resulting in the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_halide" title="Hydrogen halide">hydrogen halide</a> molecule and a <a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">methyl radical</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">•CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>). The methyl radical then reacts with a molecule of the halogen to form a molecule of the halomethane, with a new halogen atom as byproduct.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar reactions can occur on the halogenated product, leading to replacement of additional hydrogen atoms by halogen atoms with <a href="/wiki/Dihalomethane" title="Dihalomethane">dihalomethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trihalomethane" title="Trihalomethane">trihalomethane</a>, and ultimately, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahalomethane" title="Tetrahalomethane">tetrahalomethane</a> structures, depending upon reaction conditions and the halogen-to-methane ratio. </p><p>This reaction is commonly used with chlorine to produce <a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">dichloromethane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a> via <a href="/wiki/Chloromethane" title="Chloromethane">chloromethane</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">Carbon tetrachloride</a> can be made with excess chlorine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methane may be transported as a refrigerated liquid (liquefied natural gas, or <a href="/wiki/LNG" class="mw-redirect" title="LNG">LNG</a>). While leaks from a refrigerated liquid container are initially heavier than air due to the increased density of the cold gas, the gas at ambient temperature is lighter than air. <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Gas pipelines</a> distribute large amounts of natural gas, of which methane is the principal component. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel">Fuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methane is used as a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> for ovens, homes, water heaters, kilns, automobiles,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cornell-2008_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-2008-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> turbines, etc. </p><p>As the major constituent of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, methane is important for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> by burning it as a fuel in a <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boiler_(power_generation)" title="Boiler (power generation)">steam generator</a>. Compared to other <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">hydrocarbon fuels</a>, methane produces less <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> for each unit of heat released. At about 891 kJ/mol, methane's <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">heat of combustion</a> is lower than that of any other hydrocarbon, but the ratio of the heat of combustion (891 kJ/mol) to the molecular mass (16.0 g/mol, of which 12.0 g/mol is carbon) shows that methane, being the simplest hydrocarbon, produces more heat per mass unit (55.7 kJ/g) than other complex hydrocarbons. In many areas with a dense enough population, methane is piped into homes and businesses for <a href="/wiki/Heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating">heating</a>, cooking, and industrial uses. In this context it is usually known as <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, which is considered to have an energy content of 39 <a href="/wiki/Megajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoule">megajoules</a> per cubic meter, or 1,000 <a href="/wiki/British_thermal_unit" title="British thermal unit">BTU</a> per <a href="/wiki/Standard_cubic_foot" title="Standard cubic foot">standard cubic foot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">Liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG) is predominantly methane (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) converted into liquid form for ease of storage or transport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rocket_propellant">Rocket propellant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rocket propellant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liquid_rocket_propellant#Methane" title="Liquid rocket propellant">Liquid rocket propellant § Methane</a></div> <p>Refined <b>liquid methane</b> as well as LNG is <a href="/wiki/Liquid_rocket_propellants#Bipropellants" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid rocket propellants">used as</a> a <a href="/wiki/Rocket_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket fuel">rocket fuel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-aiaa2004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiaa2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when combined with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/TQ-12" title="TQ-12">TQ-12</a>, <a href="/wiki/BE-4" title="BE-4">BE-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raptor_(rocket_engine_family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor (rocket engine family)">Raptor</a>, <a href="/wiki/YF-215" title="YF-215">YF-215</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Relativity_Space#Rocket_engines" title="Relativity Space">Aeon</a> engines.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the similarities between methane and LNG such engines are commonly grouped together under the term <i>methalox</i>. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_rocket_propellant" title="Liquid rocket propellant">liquid rocket propellant</a>, a methane/<a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> combination offers the advantage over <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>/<a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> combination, or kerolox, of producing small exhaust molecules, reducing coking or deposition of <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> on engine components. Methane is easier to store than hydrogen due to its higher boiling point and density, as well as its lack of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_embrittlement" title="Hydrogen embrittlement">hydrogen embrittlement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pbt20140219_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbt20140219-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsf20140307_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf20140307-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower <a href="/wiki/Molecular_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular weight">molecular weight</a> of the exhaust also increases the fraction of the heat energy which is in the form of kinetic energy available for propulsion, increasing the <a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">specific impulse</a> of the rocket. Compared to <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Specific_energy" title="Specific energy">specific energy</a> of methane is lower but this disadvantage is offset by methane's greater density and temperature range, allowing for smaller and lighter tankage for a given fuel mass. Liquid methane has a temperature range (91–112 K) nearly compatible with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> (54–90 K). The fuel currently sees use in operational launch vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Zhuque-2" title="Zhuque-2">Zhuque-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a> as well as in-development launchers such as <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Neutron" title="Rocket Lab Neutron">Neutron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Nova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">Long March 9</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_feedstock">Chemical feedstock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chemical feedstock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a>, which is mostly composed of methane, is used to produce hydrogen gas on an industrial scale. <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">Steam methane reforming</a> (SMR), or simply known as steam reforming, is the standard industrial method of producing commercial bulk hydrogen gas. More than 50 million metric tons are produced annually worldwide (2013), principally from the SMR of natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this hydrogen is used in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> <a href="/wiki/Refinery" title="Refinery">refineries</a>, in the production of chemicals and in food processing. Very large quantities of hydrogen are used in the <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">industrial synthesis of ammonia</a>. </p><p>At high temperatures (700–1100 °C) and in the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>), steam reacts with methane to yield a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrogen"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a>, known as "water gas" or "<a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">syngas</a>": </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O ⇌ CO + 3 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>This reaction is strongly <a href="/wiki/Endothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermic">endothermic</a> (consumes heat, <span class="texhtml">Δ<i>H</i><sub>r</sub> =</span> 206 kJ/mol). Additional hydrogen is obtained by the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a> with water via the <a href="/wiki/Water-gas_shift_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-gas shift reaction">water-gas shift reaction</a>: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O ⇌ CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>This reaction is mildly <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> (produces heat, <span class="texhtml">Δ<i>H</i><sub>r</sub> =</span> −41 kJ/mol). </p><p>Methane is also subjected to free-radical <a href="/wiki/Chlorination_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorination reaction">chlorination</a> in the production of chloromethanes, although <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> is a more typical precursor.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hydrogen can also be produced via the direct decomposition of methane, also known as methane <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a>, which, unlike steam reforming, produces no <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> (GHG). The heat needed for the reaction can also be GHG emission free, e.g. from concentrated sunlight, renewable electricity, or burning some of the produced hydrogen. If the methane is from <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> then the process can be a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a>. Temperatures in excess of 1200 °C are required to break the bonds of methane to produce hydrogen gas and solid carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, through the use of a suitable catalyst the reaction temperature can be reduced to between 550 and 900 °C depending on the chosen catalyst. Dozens of catalysts have been tested, including unsupported and supported metal catalysts, carbonaceous and metal-carbon catalysts.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reaction is moderately endothermic as shown in the reaction equation below.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(g) → C(s) + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(g)</span></dd> <dd>(<span class="texhtml">ΔH° =</span> 74.8 <a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mole" title="Joule per mole">kJ/mol</a>)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Refrigerant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerant</a>, methane has the <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a> designation <a href="/wiki/List_of_refrigerants#:~:text=R-50" title="List of refrigerants">R-50</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generation">Generation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Methane_Budget_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Global_Methane_Budget_2017.jpg/220px-Global_Methane_Budget_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Global_Methane_Budget_2017.jpg/330px-Global_Methane_Budget_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Global_Methane_Budget_2017.jpg/440px-Global_Methane_Budget_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1725" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Global methane budget (2017). Shows natural sources and sinks (green), anthropogenic sources (orange), and mixed natural and anthropogenic sources (hatched orange-green for 'biomass and biofuel burning').</figcaption></figure> <p>Methane can be generated through geological, biological or industrial routes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_routes">Geological routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geological routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origins_of_Biotic_and_Abiotic_Methane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Origins_of_Biotic_and_Abiotic_Methane.jpg/300px-Origins_of_Biotic_and_Abiotic_Methane.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Origins_of_Biotic_and_Abiotic_Methane.jpg/450px-Origins_of_Biotic_and_Abiotic_Methane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Origins_of_Biotic_and_Abiotic_Methane.jpg/600px-Origins_of_Biotic_and_Abiotic_Methane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>Abiotic sources of methane<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (June 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> have been found in more than 20 countries and in several deep ocean regions so far.</figcaption></figure><p>The two main routes for geological methane generation are (i) organic (thermally generated, or thermogenic) and (ii) inorganic (<a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Etiope-2013_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etiope-2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thermogenic methane occurs due to the breakup of organic matter at elevated temperatures and pressures in deep sedimentary <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>. Most methane in sedimentary basins is thermogenic; therefore, thermogenic methane is the most important source of natural gas. Thermogenic methane components are typically considered to be relic (from an earlier time). Generally, formation of thermogenic methane (at depth) can occur through organic matter breakup, or organic synthesis. Both ways can involve microorganisms (<a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a>), but may also occur inorganically. The processes involved can also consume methane, with and without microorganisms. </p><p>The more important source of methane at depth (crystalline bedrock) is abiotic. Abiotic means that methane is created from inorganic compounds, without biological activity, either through magmatic processes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (June 2024)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or via water-rock reactions that occur at low temperatures and pressures, like <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kietäväinen-2015_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kietäväinen-2015-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cramer-2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cramer-2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_routes">Biological routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biological routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">Methanogenesis</a></div> <p>Most of Earth's methane is <a href="/wiki/Biogenic_substance" title="Biogenic substance">biogenic</a> and is produced by <a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lessner-2009_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lessner-2009-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thiel-2018_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiel-2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a form of anaerobic respiration only known to be conducted by some members of the domain <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean-2018-2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean-2018-2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methanogens occur in <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_gas" title="Soil gas">soils</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Serrano-Silva-2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serrano-Silva-2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminants">ruminants</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Sirohi-2010_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sirohi-2010-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the guts of termites, and the <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> sediments below the seafloor and the bottom of lakes. </p><p>This multistep process is used by these microorganisms for energy. The net reaction of methanogenesis is: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 4 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl><p> The final step in the process is catalyzed by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Coenzyme-B_sulfoethylthiotransferase" title="Coenzyme-B sulfoethylthiotransferase">methyl coenzyme M reductase</a> (MCR).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_1898_Testing_Sheep_for_Methane_Production.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1898_Testing_Sheep_for_Methane_Production.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_1898_Testing_Sheep_for_Methane_Production.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1898_Testing_Sheep_for_Methane_Production.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_1898_Testing_Sheep_for_Methane_Production.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CSIRO_ScienceImage_1898_Testing_Sheep_for_Methane_Production.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_1898_Testing_Sheep_for_Methane_Production.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Testing Australian sheep for exhaled methane production (2001), <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Creation_of_Methane_Within_a_Ruminant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Creation_of_Methane_Within_a_Ruminant.svg/220px-The_Creation_of_Methane_Within_a_Ruminant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Creation_of_Methane_Within_a_Ruminant.svg/330px-The_Creation_of_Methane_Within_a_Ruminant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_Creation_of_Methane_Within_a_Ruminant.svg/440px-The_Creation_of_Methane_Within_a_Ruminant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>This image represents a ruminant, specifically a sheep, producing methane in the four stages of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wetlands">Wetlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wetlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></div> <p>Wetlands are the largest natural sources of methane to the atmosphere,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accounting for approximately 20 – 30% of atmospheric methane.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change is increasing the amount of methane released from wetlands due to increased temperatures and altered rainfall patterns. This phenomenon is called <i>wetland methane feedback</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> cultivation generates as much as 12% of total global methane emissions due to the long-term flooding of rice fields.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ruminants">Ruminants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ruminants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruminants such as cattle belch out methane, accounting for about 22% of the U.S. annual methane emissions to the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Inventory_of_U.S._Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_and_Sinks:_1990-20142_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inventory_of_U.S._Greenhouse_Gas_Emissions_and_Sinks:_1990-20142-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study reported that the livestock sector in general (primarily cattle, chickens, and pigs) produces 37% of all human-induced methane.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO-2006_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 study estimated that livestock accounted for 44% of human-induced methane and about 15% of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-Tempio-2013_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tempio-2013-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many efforts are underway to reduce livestock methane production, such as medical treatments and dietary adjustments,<sup id="cite_ref-Roach-2002_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roach-2002-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to trap the gas to use its combustion energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverman-2007_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverman-2007-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seafloor_sediments">Seafloor sediments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Seafloor sediments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the subseafloor is <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> because oxygen is removed by <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_respiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic respiration">aerobic</a> microorganisms within the first few centimeters of the <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafloor sediment">sediment</a>. Below the oxygen-replete seafloor, <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogens</a> produce methane that is either used by other organisms or becomes trapped in <a href="/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate" title="Clathrate hydrate">gas hydrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean-2018-2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean-2018-2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These other organisms that utilize methane for energy are known as <a href="/wiki/Methanotroph" title="Methanotroph">methanotrophs</a> ('methane-eating'), and are the main reason why little methane generated at depth reaches the sea surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean-2018-2_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean-2018-2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consortia of Archaea and Bacteria have been found to oxidize methane via <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_oxidation_of_methane" title="Anaerobic oxidation of methane">anaerobic oxidation of methane</a> (AOM); the organisms responsible for this are anaerobic <a href="/wiki/Methanotroph" title="Methanotroph">methanotrophic</a> Archaea (ANME) and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate-reducing_microorganism" title="Sulfate-reducing microorganism">sulfate-reducing bacteria</a> (SRB).<sup id="cite_ref-Knittel-2019_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knittel-2019-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_routes">Industrial routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Industrial routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_sustainable_methane_fuel_production-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Diagram_of_sustainable_methane_fuel_production-en.svg/300px-Diagram_of_sustainable_methane_fuel_production-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Diagram_of_sustainable_methane_fuel_production-en.svg/450px-Diagram_of_sustainable_methane_fuel_production-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Diagram_of_sustainable_methane_fuel_production-en.svg/600px-Diagram_of_sustainable_methane_fuel_production-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>This diagram shows a method for producing methane sustainably. See: <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Given its cheap abundance in natural gas, there is little incentive to produce methane industrially. Methane can be produced by <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenating</a> carbon dioxide through the <a href="/wiki/Sabatier_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabatier process">Sabatier process</a>. Methane is also a side product of the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide in the <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a>, which is practiced on a large scale to produce longer-chain molecules than methane. </p><p>An example of large-scale coal-to-methane gasification is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_Synfuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Plains Synfuels">Great Plains Synfuels</a> plant, started in 1984 in <a href="/wiki/Beulah,_North_Dakota" title="Beulah, North Dakota">Beulah, North Dakota</a> as a way to develop abundant local resources of low-grade <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>, a resource that is otherwise difficult to transport for its weight, <a href="/wiki/Coal_assay#Ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal assay">ash</a> content, low calorific value and propensity to <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">spontaneous combustion</a> during storage and transport. A number of similar plants exist around the world, although mostly these plants are targeted towards the production of long chain alkanes for use as <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, or feedstock to other processes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Power_to_gas#Power_to_methane" class="mw-redirect" title="Power to gas">Power to methane</a> is a technology that uses <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electrical power</a> to produce hydrogen from water by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> and uses the <a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier reaction</a> to combine hydrogen with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> to produce methane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laboratory_synthesis">Laboratory synthesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Laboratory synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methane can be produced by <a href="/wiki/Protonation" title="Protonation">protonation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Methyl_lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl lithium">methyl lithium</a> or a methyl <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagent</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Methylmagnesium_chloride" title="Methylmagnesium chloride">methylmagnesium chloride</a>. It can also be made from anhydrous <a href="/wiki/Sodium_acetate" title="Sodium acetate">sodium acetate</a> and dry <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>, mixed and heated above 300 °C (with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> as byproduct).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In practice, a requirement for pure methane can easily be fulfilled by steel gas bottle from standard gas suppliers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methane is the major component of natural gas, about 87% by volume. The major source of methane is extraction from geological deposits known as <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas fields">natural gas fields</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Coal_seam_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal seam gas">coal seam gas</a> extraction becoming a major source (see <a href="/wiki/Coal_bed_methane_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal bed methane extraction">coal bed methane extraction</a>, a method for extracting methane from a <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> deposit, while <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_coal_bed_methane_recovery" title="Enhanced coal bed methane recovery">enhanced coal bed methane recovery</a> is a method of recovering methane from non-mineable coal seams). It is associated with other <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> fuels, and sometimes accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>. Methane is produced at shallow levels (low pressure) by <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decay</a> of <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a> and reworked methane from deep under the Earth's surface. In general, the <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> that generate natural gas are buried deeper and at higher temperatures than those that contain <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>. </p><p>Methane is generally transported in bulk by <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline</a> in its natural gas form, or by LNG carriers in its liquefied form; few countries transport it by truck. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmospheric_methane_and_climate_change">Atmospheric methane and climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Atmospheric methane and climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Methane_in_Earth.27s_atmosphere"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Methane_as_a_greenhouse_gas"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">Atmospheric methane</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CH4_mm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CH4_mm.png/260px-CH4_mm.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CH4_mm.png/390px-CH4_mm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/CH4_mm.png/520px-CH4_mm.png 2x" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>Methane (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) measured by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agage.mit.edu/">AGAGE</a>) in the lower atmosphere (<a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>) at stations around the world. Abundances are given as pollution free monthly mean mole fractions in <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">parts-per-billion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Methane is an important <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>, responsible for around 30% of the rise in global temperatures since the industrial revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methane has a <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> (GWP) of 29.8 ± 11 compared to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 82.5 ± 25.8 over a 20-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-ar6_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar6-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_gas_emissions" title="Fugitive gas emissions">leak</a> of one tonne of methane is equivalent to emitting 82.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide. Burning methane and producing carbon dioxide also reduces the greenhouse gas impact compared to simply venting methane to the atmosphere. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sources_of_methane_emissions,_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sources_of_methane_emissions%2C_2021.jpg/246px-Sources_of_methane_emissions%2C_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sources_of_methane_emissions%2C_2021.jpg/369px-Sources_of_methane_emissions%2C_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sources_of_methane_emissions%2C_2021.jpg/492px-Sources_of_methane_emissions%2C_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Sources of global methane emissions</figcaption></figure> <p>As methane is gradually converted into carbon dioxide (and water) in the atmosphere, these values include the climate forcing from the carbon dioxide produced from methane over these timescales. </p><p>Annual global methane emissions are currently approximately 580 Mt,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 40% of which is from natural sources and the remaining 60% originating from human activity, known as anthropogenic emissions. The largest anthropogenic source is <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, responsible for around one quarter of emissions, closely followed by the <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">energy sector</a>, which includes emissions from coal, oil, natural gas and biofuels.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Keeling_Curve" title="Keeling Curve">Historic methane concentrations</a> in the world's atmosphere have ranged between 300 and 400 nmol/mol during glacial periods commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Ice_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice ages">ice ages</a>, and between 600 and 700 nmol/mol during the warm <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> periods. A 2012 NASA website said the oceans were a potential important source of Arctic methane,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_2012_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_2012-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but more recent studies associate increasing methane levels as caused by human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_2022_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Global monitoring of atmospheric methane concentrations began in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_2022_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased 160% since preindustrial levels in the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_2022_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, atmospheric methane accounted for 20% of the total <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> from all of the long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2011 and 2019 the annual average increase of methane in the atmosphere was 1866 ppb.<sup id="cite_ref-Technical_summary2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technical_summary2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2015 to 2019 sharp rises in levels of atmospheric methane were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the atmospheric methane concentration was higher than at any time in the last 800,000 years. As stated in the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">AR6</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a>, "Since 1750, increases in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> (47%) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> (156%) concentrations far exceed, and increases in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">N<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> (23%) are similar to, the natural multi-millennial changes between glacial and interglacial periods over at least the past 800,000 years (very high confidence)".<sup id="cite_ref-Technical_summary2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technical_summary2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPCC_2013_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC_2013-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2020, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive emissions">fugitive emissions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas_venting" title="Gas venting">gas venting</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel industry">fossil fuel industry</a> may have been significantly underestimated.<sup id="cite_ref-Hmiel_2020_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hmiel_2020-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Harvey_2020_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey_2020-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest annual increase occurred in 2021 with the overwhelming percentage caused by human activity.<sup id="cite_ref-UNEP_2022_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNEP_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change feedback">climate change feedback</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean-2018-2_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean-2018-2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another explanation for the rise in methane emissions could be a slowdown of the chemical reaction that removes methane from the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 100 countries have signed the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalmethanepledge.org/">Global Methane Pledge</a>, launched in 2021, promising to cut their methane emissions by 30% by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could avoid 0.2˚C of warming globally by 2050, although there have been calls for higher commitments in order to reach this target.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a>'s 2022 report states "the most cost-effective opportunities for methane abatement are in the energy sector, especially in oil and gas operations".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clathrates">Clathrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Clathrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">Methane clathrates</a> (also known as methane hydrates) are solid cages of water molecules that trap single molecules of methane. Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margins</a> beneath the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">ocean floor</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Gas_hydrate_stability_zone" title="Gas hydrate stability zone">gas clathrate stability zone</a>, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).<sup id="cite_ref-Bohrmann-2006_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohrmann-2006-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methane clathrates can form from biogenic methane, thermogenic methane, or a mix of the two. These deposits are both a potential source of methane fuel as well as a potential contributor to global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller-2007_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-2007-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dean-2018_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean-2018-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global mass of carbon stored in gas clathrates is still uncertain and has been estimated as high as 12,500 <a href="/wiki/Gigaton" title="Gigaton">Gt</a> carbon and as low as 500 Gt carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimate has declined over time with a most recent estimate of ≈1800 Gt carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppel-2017_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppel-2017-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large part of this uncertainty is due to our knowledge gap in sources and sinks of methane and the distribution of methane clathrates at the global scale. For example, a source of methane was discovered relatively recently in an <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">ultraslow spreading ridge</a> in the Arctic.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some climate models suggest that today's methane emission regime from the ocean floor is potentially similar to that during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene%E2%80%93Eocene_Thermal_Maximum" title="Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum">Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum</a> (<a href="/wiki/PETM" class="mw-redirect" title="PETM">PETM</a>) around 55.5 million years ago, although there are no data indicating that methane from clathrate dissociation currently reaches the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppel-2017_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppel-2017-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic methane release">Arctic methane release</a> from <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> and seafloor methane clathrates is a potential consequence and further cause of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>; this is known as the <a href="/wiki/Clathrate_gun_hypothesis" title="Clathrate gun hypothesis">clathrate gun hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSF-2010_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF-2010-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Connor-2011_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connor-2011-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSIDC-2012_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSIDC-2012-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_Environment_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Environment-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from 2016 indicate that Arctic permafrost thaws faster than predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_safety_and_the_environment">Public safety and the environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Public safety and the environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abatement_potential_of_policy_measures,_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Abatement_potential_of_policy_measures%2C_2021.jpg/220px-Abatement_potential_of_policy_measures%2C_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Abatement_potential_of_policy_measures%2C_2021.jpg/330px-Abatement_potential_of_policy_measures%2C_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Abatement_potential_of_policy_measures%2C_2021.jpg/440px-Abatement_potential_of_policy_measures%2C_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>An International Energy Agency graphic showing the potential of various emission reduction policies for addressing global methane emissions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Methane "degrades air quality and adversely impacts human health, agricultural yields, and ecosystem productivity".<sup id="cite_ref-Schindell_2012_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindell_2012-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methane is extremely flammable and may form <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> mixtures with air. Methane gas explosions are responsible for many deadly mining disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A methane gas explosion was the cause of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Big_Branch_Mine_disaster" title="Upper Big Branch Mine disaster">Upper Big Branch coal mine disaster</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> on April 5, 2010, killing 29.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_accidental_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas accidental release">Natural gas accidental release</a> has also been a major focus in the field of <a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">safety engineering</a>, due to past accidental releases that concluded in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Jet_fire" title="Jet fire">jet fire</a> disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2015–2016 <a href="/wiki/Aliso_Canyon_gas_leak" title="Aliso Canyon gas leak">methane gas leak in Aliso Canyon, California</a> was considered to be the worst in terms of its environmental effect in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes_2016_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes_2016-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also described as more damaging to the environment than <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill" title="Deepwater Horizon oil spill">Deepwater Horizon</a>'s leak in the Gulf of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2023 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> published a report blaming <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> as the worst in the world for methane <i>super emitting</i>. The data collected by Kayrros researchers indicate that two large Turkmen fossil fuel fields leaked 2.6 million and 1.8 million <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonne">metric tonnes</a> of methane in 2022 alone, pumping the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a> equivalent of 366 million tonnes into the atmosphere, surpassing the annual CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methane is also an <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiant_gas" title="Asphyxiant gas">asphyxiant</a> if the oxygen concentration is reduced to below about 16% by displacement, as most people can <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization#Need_for_cabin_pressurization" title="Cabin pressurization">tolerate a reduction from 21% to 16% without ill effects</a>. The concentration of methane at which asphyxiation risk becomes significant is much higher than the 5–15% concentration in a flammable or explosive mixture. Methane off-gas can penetrate the interiors of buildings near <a href="/wiki/Landfills" class="mw-redirect" title="Landfills">landfills</a> and expose occupants to significant levels of methane. Some buildings have specially engineered recovery systems below their basements to actively capture this gas and vent it away from the building.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial_methane">Extraterrestrial methane</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial methane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interstellar_medium">Interstellar medium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Interstellar medium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about where extraterrestrial abiotic methane comes from (Big Bang? supernova? mineral deposits reacting?).<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Methane" title="Talk:Methane">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Methane is abundant in many parts of the Solar System and potentially could be harvested on the surface of another Solar System body (in particular, using <a href="/wiki/In_situ_resource_utilization" title="In situ resource utilization">methane production from local materials</a> found on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a><sup id="cite_ref-zubrin20121215_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zubrin20121215-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>), providing fuel for a return journey.<sup id="cite_ref-aiaa2004_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aiaa2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20070504_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20070504-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars">Mars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methane has been detected on all planets of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> and most of the larger moons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With the possible exception of <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Mars</a>, it is believed to have come from <a href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin" title="Abiogenic petroleum origin">abiotic</a> processes.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20121102_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20121102-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png/220px-PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png/330px-PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png/440px-PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars#Methane" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Methane</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) on Mars –  potential sources and sinks</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> has documented seasonal fluctuations of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmospheric methane</a> levels on Mars. These fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20180607_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20180607-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20180607vid_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20180607vid-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SPC-20180607_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPC-20180607-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180607_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180607-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20180607_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180607-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20180608a_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180608a-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20180608b_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180608b-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20180608c_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180608c-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methane has been proposed as a possible <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket propellant</a> on future <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Mars missions</a> due in part to the possibility of synthesizing it on the planet by <a href="/wiki/In_situ_resource_utilization#Mars" title="In situ resource utilization">in situ resource utilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Sabatier_reaction" title="Sabatier reaction">Sabatier methanation reaction</a> may be used with a mixed catalyst bed and a <a href="/wiki/Water-gas_shift_reaction#Reverse_water-gas_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-gas shift reaction">reverse water-gas shift</a> in a single reactor to produce methane and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> from the raw materials available on Mars, utilizing water from the <a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian subsoil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Martian atmosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zubrin20121215_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zubrin20121215-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methane could be produced by a non-biological process called <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">serpentinization</a><sup id="cite_ref-serpentinization_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serpentinization-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, which is known to be common on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-olivine_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olivine-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titan">Titan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Titan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22481-SaturnMoon-Titan-Lakes-20170911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PIA22481-SaturnMoon-Titan-Lakes-20170911.jpg/220px-PIA22481-SaturnMoon-Titan-Lakes-20170911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PIA22481-SaturnMoon-Titan-Lakes-20170911.jpg/330px-PIA22481-SaturnMoon-Titan-Lakes-20170911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/PIA22481-SaturnMoon-Titan-Lakes-20170911.jpg/440px-PIA22481-SaturnMoon-Titan-Lakes-20170911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1691" data-file-height="1265" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Titan lakes (September 11, 2017)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Methane has been detected in vast abundance on <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, the largest moon of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>. It comprises a significant portion of its <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Titan" title="Atmosphere of Titan">atmosphere</a> and also exists in a liquid form on its surface, where it comprises the majority of the liquid in Titan's vast <a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Titan" title="Lakes of Titan">lakes</a> of hydrocarbons, the <a href="/wiki/Ligeia_Mare" title="Ligeia Mare">second largest</a> of which is believed to be almost pure methane in composition.<sup id="cite_ref-MethaneJPL2016_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MethaneJPL2016-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of stable lakes of liquid methane on Titan, as well as the surface of Titan being highly chemically active and rich in organic compounds, has led scientists to consider the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Titan#Hydrocarbons_as_solvents" title="Life on Titan">life</a> existing within Titan's lakes, using methane as a solvent in the place of water for Earth-based life<sup id="cite_ref-methanesolvent_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methanesolvent-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and using hydrogen in the atmosphere to derive energy with <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, in much the same way that Earth-based life uses <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mckay_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckay-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Volta,_Alessandro_(1745-1827)-Portrait-Portr_02303.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ETH-BIB-Volta%2C_Alessandro_%281745-1827%29-Portrait-Portr_02303.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ETH-BIB-Volta%2C_Alessandro_%281745-1827%29-Portrait-Portr_02303.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ETH-BIB-Volta%2C_Alessandro_%281745-1827%29-Portrait-Portr_02303.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ETH-BIB-Volta%2C_Alessandro_%281745-1827%29-Portrait-Portr_02303.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ETH-BIB-Volta%2C_Alessandro_%281745-1827%29-Portrait-Portr_02303.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ETH-BIB-Volta%2C_Alessandro_%281745-1827%29-Portrait-Portr_02303.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="2111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The discovery of methane is credited to <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> physicist <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a>, who characterized numerous properties including its <a href="/wiki/Flammability_limit" title="Flammability limit">flammability limit</a> and origin from decaying organic matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Volta_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volta-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volta was initially motivated by reports of inflammable air present in marshes by his friend Father Carlo Guiseppe Campi. While on a fishing trip to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a> straddling <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in November 1776, he noticed the presence of bubbles in the nearby marshes and decided to investigate. Volta collected the gas rising from the marsh and demonstrated that the gas was inflammable.<sup id="cite_ref-Volta_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volta-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volta notes similar observations of inflammable air were present previously in scientific literature, including a letter written by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Felling_mine_disasters#1812_disaster" title="Felling mine disasters">Felling mine disaster</a> of 1812 in which 92 men perished, Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> established that the feared <a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">firedamp</a> was in fact largely methane.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "methane" was coined in 1866 by the German chemist <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was derived from <a href="/wiki/Methanol#History" title="Methanol">methanol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Etymologically, the word <i>methane</i> is coined from the chemical suffix "<i><a href="/wiki/-ane" title="-ane">-ane</a></i>", which denotes substances belonging to the alkane family; and the word <i>methyl</i>, which is derived from the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Methyl</i></span> (1840) or directly from the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthyle</i></span>, which is a back-formation from the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthylène</i></span> (corresponding to English "methylene"), the root of which was coined by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_P%C3%A9ligot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène Péligot (page does not exist)">Eugène Péligot</a> in 1834 from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μέθυ</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">methy</i></span> (wine) (related to English "mead") and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὕλη</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hyle</i></span> (meaning "wood"). The radical is named after this because it was first detected in <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, an alcohol first isolated by distillation of wood. The chemical suffix <i>-ane</i> is from the coordinating chemical suffix <i>-ine</i> which is from Latin feminine suffix <i>-ina</i> which is applied to represent abstracts. The coordination of "-ane", "<a href="/wiki/-ene" title="-ene">-ene</a>", "<a href="/wiki/-one" title="-one">-one</a>", etc. was proposed in 1866 by German chemist <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviations">Abbreviations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abbreviation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>-C can mean the mass of carbon contained in a mass of methane, and the mass of methane is always 1.33 times the mass of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>-C.<sup id="cite_ref-methane-c_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methane-c-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epa-ag_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa-ag-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>-C can also mean the methane-carbon ratio, which is 1.33 by mass.<sup id="cite_ref-mcratio_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcratio-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methane at scales of the atmosphere is commonly measured in teragrams (Tg <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>) or millions of metric tons (MMT <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>), which mean the same thing.<sup id="cite_ref-epa90-20_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epa90-20-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other standard units are also used, such as nanomole (nmol, one billionth of a mole), <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> (mol), <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Zasyadko_mine_disaster" title="2007 Zasyadko mine disaster">2007 Zasyadko mine disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin" title="Abiogenic petroleum origin">Abiogenic petroleum origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_methane_production" title="Aerobic methane production">Aerobic methane production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_respiration" title="Anaerobic respiration">Anaerobic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">Atmospheric methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Oil_Point_seep_field" title="Coal Oil Point seep field">Coal Oil Point seep field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">Energy density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_gas_emissions" title="Fugitive gas emissions">Fugitive gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Methane_Initiative" title="Global Methane Initiative">Global Methane Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold" title="Thomas Gold">Thomas Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halomethane" title="Halomethane">Halomethane</a>, halogenated methane derivatives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cycle" title="Hydrogen cycle">Hydrogen Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_gas" title="Industrial gas">Industrial gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kivu" title="Lake Kivu">Lake Kivu</a> (more general: <a href="/wiki/Limnic_eruption" title="Limnic eruption">limnic eruption</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_straight-chain_alkanes" title="List of straight-chain alkanes">List of straight-chain alkanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanation" title="Methanation">Methanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions</a></li> <li>Methane on Mars: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars#Methane" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars#Methane_presence" title="Climate of Mars">climate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">Methanogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> that produce methane.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">Methanogenesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbes">microbes</a> that produce methane.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanotroph" title="Methanotroph">Methanotroph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> that grow with methane.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">Methyl group</a>, a functional group related to methane.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2013 <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC) scientists warned atmospheric concentrations of methane had "exceeded the pre-industrial levels by about 150% which represented "levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-serpentinization-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-serpentinization_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are many <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite"><i>serpentinization</i></a> reactions. <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">Olivine</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">solid solution</a> between <a href="/wiki/Forsterite" title="Forsterite">forsterite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fayalite" title="Fayalite">fayalite</a> whose general formula is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(Fe,Mg)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>. The reaction producing methane from olivine can be written as: <i>Forsterite + Fayalite + Water + Carbonic acid → Serpentine + Magnetite + Methane </i>, or (in balanced form): <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">18 Mg<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + 6 Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SiO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + 26 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → 12 Mg<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>Si<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + 4 Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span> </dd></dl> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iupac2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iupac2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iupac2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">"General Principles, Rules, and Conventions". <i>Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book)</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">The Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. 2014. P-12.1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2F9781849733069-00001">10.1039/9781849733069-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-182-4"><bdi>978-0-85404-182-4</bdi></a>. <q>Methane is a retained name (see P-12.3) that is preferred to the systematic name 'carbane', a name never recommended to replace methane, but used to derive the names 'carbene' and 'carbyne' for the radicals H<sub>2</sub>C<sup>2•</sup> and HC<sup>3•</sup>, respectively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Principles%2C+Rules%2C+and+Conventions&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Organic+Chemistry.+IUPAC+Recommendations+and+Preferred+Names+2013+%28Blue+Book%29&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=P-12.1&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2F9781849733069-00001&rft.isbn=978-0-85404-182-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/Encyclopedia.asp?GasID=41">"Gas Encyclopedia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226083050/https://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/methane?GasID=41">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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April 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory+News&rft.atitle=Cassini+Explores+a+Methane+Sea+on+Titan&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Ffeature%3D6440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-methanesolvent-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-methanesolvent_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_the_Limits_of_Organic_Life_in_Planetary_SystemsCommittee_on_the_Origins_and_Evolution_of_LifeNational_Research_Council2007" class="citation book cs1">Committee on the Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems; Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life; National Research Council (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11919&page=74"><i>The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+EPA&rft.atitle=User%27s+Guide+For+Estimating+Carbon+Dioxide%2C+Methane%2C+And+Nitrous+Oxide+Emissions+From+Agriculture+Using+The+State+Inventory+Tool&rft.date=2019-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2017-12%2Fdocuments%2Fag_module_users_guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcratio-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcratio_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acronymsandslang.com/definition/7726964/CH4_C-meaning.html">"What does CH4-C mean? – Definition of CH4-C – CH4-C stands for Methane-carbon ratio"</a>. <i>acronymsandslang.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411192614/http://acronymsandslang.com/definition/7726964/CH4_C-meaning.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acronymsandslang.com&rft.atitle=What+does+CH4-C+mean%3F+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+CH4-C+%E2%80%93+CH4-C+stands+for+Methane-carbon+ratio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facronymsandslang.com%2Fdefinition%2F7726964%2FCH4_C-meaning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epa90-20-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epa90-20_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Air_and_Radiation,_US_EPA1999" class="citation web cs1">Office of Air and Radiation, US EPA (October 7, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourenergypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/EPA-Methane-Emissions-1990-2020.pdf">"U.S. Methane Emissions 1990–2020: Inventories, Projections, and Opportunities for Reductions (EPA 430-R-99-013)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ourenergypolicy.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026213938/https://www.ourenergypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/EPA-Methane-Emissions-1990-2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ourenergypolicy.org&rft.atitle=U.S.+Methane+Emissions+1990%E2%80%932020%3A+Inventories%2C+Projections%2C+and+Opportunities+for+Reductions+%28EPA+430-R-99-013%29&rft.date=1999-10-07&rft.au=Office+of+Air+and+Radiation%2C+US+EPA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourenergypolicy.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F07%2FEPA-Methane-Emissions-1990-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethane" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Haynes" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). <i><a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (97th ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498754293" title="Special:BookSources/9781498754293"><bdi>9781498754293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=97th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781498754293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethane" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Methane" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Methane"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Methane</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/methane" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:methane">methane</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_methane.htm">Methane</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a></i> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0291.htm">International Chemical Safety Card 0291</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040206225737/https://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/gas-hydrates/title.html">Gas (Methane) Hydrates – A New Frontier</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (archived 6 February 2004)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunsford2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lunsford, Jack H. (2000). "Catalytic conversion of methane to more useful chemicals and fuels: A challenge for the 21st century". <i>Catalysis Today</i>. <b>63</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">165–</span>174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0920-5861%2800%2900456-9">10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00456-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalysis+Today&rft.atitle=Catalytic+conversion+of+methane+to+more+useful+chemicals+and+fuels%3A+A+challenge+for+the+21st+century&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E174&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0920-5861%2800%2900456-9&rft.aulast=Lunsford&rft.aufirst=Jack+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethane" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/UserFiles/works/pdfs/2006-127.pdf">CDC – Handbook for Methane Control in Mining</a> (PDF)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alkanes" title="Template:Alkanes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alkanes" title="Template talk:Alkanes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alkanes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alkanes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alkanes84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">Alkanes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">Ethane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentane" title="Pentane">Pentane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">Hexane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">14</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptane" title="Heptane">Heptane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">16</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octane" title="Octane">Octane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">8</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">18</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonane" title="Nonane">Nonane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">9</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">20</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decane" title="Decane">Decane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">10</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">22</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undecane" title="Undecane">Undecane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">24</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecane" title="Dodecane">Dodecane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">26</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridecane" title="Tridecane">Tridecane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">13</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">28</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetradecane" title="Tetradecane">Tetradecane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">14</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">30</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadecane" title="Pentadecane">Pentadecane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">15</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">32</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecane" title="Hexadecane">Hexadecane / Cetane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">16</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">34</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptadecane" title="Heptadecane">Heptadecane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">17</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">36</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octadecane" title="Octadecane">Octadecane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">18</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">38</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonadecane" title="Nonadecane">Nonadecane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">19</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">40</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icosane" title="Icosane">Icosane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">20</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">42</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heneicosane" title="Heneicosane">Heneicosane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">21</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">44</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracosane" title="Tetracosane">Tetracosane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">24</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">50</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonacosane" title="Nonacosane">Nonacosane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">29</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">60</sub></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentriacontane" title="Hentriacontane">Hentriacontane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">31</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">64</sub></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_alkanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher alkanes">Higher alkanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_straight-chain_alkanes" title="List of straight-chain alkanes">List of alkanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fuel_gas35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fuel_gas" title="Template:Fuel gas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fuel_gas" title="Template talk:Fuel gas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fuel_gas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fuel gas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fuel_gas35" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufactured fuel gas<br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_manufactured_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of manufactured gas">History</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">Coal gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">Coal gasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_coal_gasification" title="Underground coal gasification">Underground coal gasification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace_gas" title="Blast furnace gas">Blast furnace gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blau_gas" title="Blau gas">Blau gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasification" title="Gasification">Gasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_gas" title="Landfill gas">Landfill gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mond_gas" title="Mond gas">Mond gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pintsch_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintsch gas">Pintsch gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Producer_gas" title="Producer gas">Producer gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regasification" title="Regasification">Regasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">Syngas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gas" title="Water gas">Water gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_petroleum_gas" title="Associated petroleum gas">APG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalbed_methane" title="Coalbed methane">CBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">CNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCNG" title="HCNG">HCNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">LNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_condensate" title="Natural-gas condensate">NGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitute_natural_gas" title="Substitute natural gas">SNG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_natural_gas" title="Renewable natural gas">Bio-SNG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">LPG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gas_flame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gas flame"><img alt="Gas flame" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gas_flame.jpg/90px-Gas_flame.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gas_flame.jpg/135px-Gas_flame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gas_flame.jpg/180px-Gas_flame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_station" title="Compressor station">Compressor station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_holder" title="Gas holder">Gas holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_meter" title="Gas meter">Gas meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasworks" title="Gasworks">Gasworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_processing" title="Natural-gas processing">Natural-gas processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_storage" title="Natural gas storage">Natural gas storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odorizer" title="Odorizer">Odorizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_burner" title="Gas burner">Gas burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_engine" title="Gas engine">Gas engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_mantle" title="Gas mantle">Gas mantle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_stove" title="Gas stove">Gas stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_light" title="Pilot light">Pilot light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space800" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space800" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_cyanide" title="Iron(II) cyanide">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrochemistry" title="Category:Astrochemistry">Category:Astrochemistry</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/16px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/24px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/16px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/24px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/32px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen571" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydrides_by_group" title="Template:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydrides_by_group" title="Template talk:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrides_by_group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen571" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen" title="Binary compounds of hydrogen">Binary compounds of hydrogen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydride#Ionic_hydrides" title="Hydride">Alkali metal <br />(Group 1) hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hydride" title="Lithium hydride">LiH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">NaH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydride" title="Potassium hydride">KH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_hydride" title="Rubidium hydride">RbH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydride" title="Caesium hydride">CsH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydride#Ionic_hydrides" title="Hydride">Alkaline (Group 2) <br />earth hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monohydrides12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monohydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_monohydride" title="Beryllium monohydride">BeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">MgH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_monohydride" title="Calcium monohydride">CaH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium monohydride (page does not exist)">SrH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium monohydride (page does not exist)">BaH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dihydrides10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dihydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_hydride" title="Beryllium hydride">BeH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydride" title="Magnesium hydride">MgH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydride" title="Calcium hydride">CaH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_hydride" title="Strontium hydride">SrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_hydride" title="Barium hydride">BaH<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_13_hydride" title="Group 13 hydride">Group 13 <br />hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Boranes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boranes" title="Boranes">Boranes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borane" title="Borane">BH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_monohydride" title="Boron monohydride">BH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane" title="Diborane">B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane(2)" title="Diborane(2)">B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane(4)" title="Diborane(4)">B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraborane" title="Tetraborane">B<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaborane(9)" title="Pentaborane(9)">B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaborane(11)" title="Pentaborane(11)">B<sub>5</sub>H<sub>11</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaborane(10)" title="Hexaborane(10)">B<sub>6</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaborane(12)" title="Hexaborane(12)">B<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decaborane" title="Decaborane">B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>14</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octadecaborane" title="Octadecaborane">B<sub>18</sub>H<sub>22</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alanes6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydride" title="Aluminium hydride">AlH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialane" title="Dialane">Al<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gallanes8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallane" title="Gallane">GaH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digallane" title="Digallane">Ga<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Indiganes9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indiganes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indium_trihydride" title="Indium trihydride">InH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diindigane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diindigane (page does not exist)">In<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Thallanes9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thallanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thallane" title="Thallane">TlH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dithallane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dithallane (page does not exist)">Tl<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nihonanes_(predicted)38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonanes</a> (<i>predicted</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>NhH</i></li> <li><i>NhH<sub>3</sub></i></li> <li><i>Nh<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></i></li> <li><i>NhH<sub>5</sub></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_14_hydride" title="Group 14 hydride">Group 14 hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hydrocarbons28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">Hydrocarbons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyne" title="Alkyne">alkynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkane" title="Cycloalkane">Cycloalkanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkene" title="Cycloalkene">Cycloalkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkyne" title="Cycloalkyne">Cycloalkynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulenes">Annulenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">CH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">CH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">CH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">C<sub>2</sub>H</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silanes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silanes" title="Silanes">Silanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">SiH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disilane" title="Disilane">Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisilane" title="Trisilane">Si<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasilane" title="Tetrasilane">Si<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentasilane" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentasilane">Si<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexasilane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexasilane">Si<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>7</sub>H<sub>16</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>8</sub>H<sub>18</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>9</sub>H<sub>20</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decasilane (page does not exist)">Si<sub>10</sub>H<sub>22</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silanes" title="Silanes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silenes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silenes" title="Silenes">Silenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disilene" title="Disilene">Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silynes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silynes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silynes (page does not exist)">Silynes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disilyne" title="Disilyne">Si<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monohydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon monohydride">SiH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Germanes12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanes (page does not exist)">Germanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germane" title="Germane">GeH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digermane" title="Digermane">Ge<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigermane (page does not exist)">Ge<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetragermane (page does not exist)">Ge<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentagermane (page does not exist)">Ge<sub>5</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stannanes13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stannanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stannanes">Stannanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stannane" title="Stannane">SnH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distannane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distannane (page does not exist)">Sn<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Plumbanes9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plumbanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbane" title="Plumbane">PbH<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Flerovanes_(predicted)40" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovanes</a> (<i>predicted</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>FlH</i></li> <li><i>FlH<sub>2</sub></i></li> <li><i>FlH<sub>4</sub></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen_hydride" title="Pnictogen hydride">Pnictogen <br />(Group 15) hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azanes16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azane" title="Azane">Azanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">NH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazane" title="Triazane">N<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>5</sub>H<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>7</sub>H<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>9</sub>H<sub>11</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decazane (page does not exist)">N<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azane" title="Azane">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azenes23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azo_compound" title="Azo compound">Azenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diazene" class="mw-redirect" title="Diazene">N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazene" title="Triazene">N<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazene" title="Tetrazene">N<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phosphanes14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphanes (page does not exist)">Phosphanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">PH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphane" title="Diphosphane">P<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphosphane" title="Triphosphane">P<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>5</sub>H<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>6</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>7</sub>H<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>9</sub>H<sub>11</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decaphosphane (page does not exist)">P<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphanes (page does not exist)">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phosphenes27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diphosphenes" title="Diphosphenes">Phosphenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphene" title="Diphosphene">P<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triphosphene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triphosphene (page does not exist)">P<sub>3</sub>H<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraphosphene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraphosphene (page does not exist)">P<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arsanes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsane" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsane">Arsanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">AsH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarsine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarsine">As<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stibanes8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stibanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">SbH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bismuthanes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bismuthanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismuthine" title="Bismuthine">BiH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moscovanes10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moscovanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">McH<sub>3</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid" title="Hydrazoic acid">HN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazole" title="Pentazole">HN<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentahydride" title="Nitrogen pentahydride">NH<sub>5</sub></a> <i>(hypothetical)</i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">Hydrogen <br />chalcogenides <br />(Group 16 hydrides)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polyoxidanes35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_polyoxide" title="Hydrogen polyoxide">Polyoxidanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxidane" title="Tetraoxidane">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxidane" title="Pentaoxidane">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_polyoxide" title="Hydrogen polyoxide">more...</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polysulfanes28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysulfane" title="Polysulfane">Polysulfanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H<sub>2</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_disulfide" title="Hydrogen disulfide">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisulfane" title="Trisulfane">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_tetrasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen tetrasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_pentasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen pentasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_hexasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen hexasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_heptasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen heptasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_octasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen octasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_nonasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen nonasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_decasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen decasulfide (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfane" title="Polysulfane">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Selanes11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Selanes">Selanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">H<sub>2</sub>Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_diselenide" title="Hydrogen diselenide">H<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tellanes8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tellanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_telluride" title="Hydrogen telluride">H<sub>2</sub>Te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ditelluride" title="Hydrogen ditelluride">H<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polanes7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride">PoH<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Livermoranes12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Livermoranes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">LvH<sub>2</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">HO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">HO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ozonide" title="Hydrogen ozonide">HO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxywater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxywater (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>O<sup>+</sup>–O<sup>–</sup></a> <i>(hypothetical)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">HDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">D<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">T<sub>2</sub>O</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_halide" title="Hydrogen halide">Hydrogen halides <br />(Group 17 hydrides)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">HCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">HBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_iodide" title="Hydrogen iodide">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_astatide" title="Hydrogen astatide">HAt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">HTs</a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_hydrides" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metal hydrides">Transition <br />metal hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandium_hydride" title="Scandium hydride">ScH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_hydride" title="Yttrium hydride">YH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium trihydride (page does not exist)">YH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_hexahydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium hexahydride (page does not exist)">YH<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_nonahydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium nonahydride (page does not exist)">YH<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium dihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium trihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_hydride" title="Titanium hydride">TiH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(IV)_hydride" title="Titanium(IV) hydride">TiH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_hydride" title="Zirconium(II) hydride">ZrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_hydride" title="Zirconium hydride">ZrH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnium(II)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnium(II) hydride (page does not exist)">HfH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnium hydride (page does not exist)">HfH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(I)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(I) hydride (page does not exist)">VH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(II)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(II) hydride (page does not exist)">VH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium monohydride (page does not exist)">NbH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium dihydride (page does not exist)">NbH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum monohydride (page does not exist)">TaH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum dihydride (page does not exist)">TaH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(I)_hydride" title="Chromium(I) hydride">CrH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_hydride" title="Chromium(II) hydride">CrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_hydride" title="Chromium hydride">CrH<sub>x</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(I)_hydride" title="Iron(I) hydride">FeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_hydride" title="Iron(II) hydride">FeH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_pentahydride" title="Iron pentahydride">FeH<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_hydride" title="Cobalt(II) hydride">CoH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodium hydride (page does not exist)">RhH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_trihydride" title="Iridium trihydride">IrH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_hydride" title="Nickel hydride">NiH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_hydride" title="Palladium hydride">PdH<sub><i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i> < 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platinum_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platinum hydride (page does not exist)">PtH<sub><i>x</i></sub> (<i>x</i>< 1) </a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">DsH<sub>2</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_hydride" title="Copper hydride">CuH</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">RgH</a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_hydride" title="Zinc hydride">ZnH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_hydride" title="Cadmium hydride">CdH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_hydride" title="Mercury(I) hydride">HgH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_hydride" title="Mercury(I) hydride">Hg<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_hydride" title="Mercury(II) hydride">HgH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">CnH<sub>2</sub></a></i> (<i>predicted</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanide_hydrides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanide hydrides (page does not exist)">Lanthanide hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum dihydride (page does not exist)">LaH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum trihydride (page does not exist)">LaH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_decahydride" title="Lanthanum decahydride">LaH<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium dihydride (page does not exist)">CeH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium trihydride (page does not exist)">CeH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium dihydride (page does not exist)">PrH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium hydride (page does not exist)">PrH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(II)_hydride" title="Neodymium(II) hydride">NdH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_hydride" title="Neodymium(III) hydride">NdH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium dihydride (page does not exist)">SmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium trihydride (page does not exist)">SmH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium_hydride" title="Europium hydride">EuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium dihydride (page does not exist)">GdH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium trihydride (page does not exist)">GdH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium dihydride (page does not exist)">TbH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium trihydride (page does not exist)">TbH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium dihydride (page does not exist)">DyH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium trihydride (page does not exist)">DyH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium dihydride (page does not exist)">HoH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium trihydride (page does not exist)">HoH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium dihydride (page does not exist)">ErH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium trihydride (page does not exist)">ErH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium dihydride (page does not exist)">TmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium trihydride (page does not exist)">TmH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_hydride" title="Ytterbium(II) hydride">YbH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium dihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium trihydride (page does not exist)">LuH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinide_hydrides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinide hydrides (page does not exist)">Actinide hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium dihydride (page does not exist)">AcH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium hydride (page does not exist)">ThH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium(IV)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium(IV) hydride (page does not exist)">ThH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li>Th<sub>4</sub>H<sub>15</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium_trihydride" title="Protactinium trihydride">PaH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_hydride" title="Uranium(III) hydride">UH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_hydride" title="Uranium(IV) hydride">UH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium dihydride (page does not exist)">NpH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium trihydride (page does not exist)">NpH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_hydride" title="Plutonium hydride">PuH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_hydride" title="Plutonium hydride">PuH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Americium dihydride (page does not exist)">AmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium_trihydride" title="Americium trihydride">AmH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curium hydride (page does not exist)">CmH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkelium dihydride (page does not exist)">BkH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkelium trihydride (page does not exist)">BkH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium dihydride (page does not exist)">CfH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium trihydride (page does not exist)">CfH<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exotic_atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic atoms">Exotic matter hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium_hydride" title="Positronium hydride">PsH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1700" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4169678-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span 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