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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses in English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses_in_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses in English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_separator_and_the_serial_(Oxford)_comma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_separator_and_the_serial_(Oxford)_comma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>List separator and the serial (Oxford) comma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_separator_and_the_serial_(Oxford)_comma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Separation of clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Certain_adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certain_adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Certain adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certain_adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parenthetical_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenthetical_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Parenthetical phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenthetical_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Between adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Before quotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_dates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_dates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>In dates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_dates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Month_day,_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Month_day,_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Month day, year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Month_day,_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_month_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_month_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Day month year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_month_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_geographical_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_geographical_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>In geographical names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_geographical_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>In mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>In numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>In names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ellipsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ellipsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Ellipsis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ellipsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Vocative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_the_subject_and_predicate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_subject_and_predicate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Between the subject and predicate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_subject_and_predicate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_American_and_British_usage_in_placement_of_commas_and_quotation_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_American_and_British_usage_in_placement_of_commas_and_quotation_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Differences between American and British usage in placement of commas and quotation marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_American_and_British_usage_in_placement_of_commas_and_quotation_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_other_than_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_other_than_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Languages other than English</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages_other_than_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages other than English subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages_other_than_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comma_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comma_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Comma variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comma_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>West Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diacritical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diacritical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diacritical usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diacritical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Related history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Comma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9" title="فاصلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاصلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(puntuaci%C3%B3n)" title="Coma (puntuación) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Coma (puntuación)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(puntuaci%C3%B3n)" title="Coma (puntuación) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Coma (puntuación)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verg%C3%BCl" title="Vergül – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vergül" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="কমা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8D%CD%98-ti%C3%A1m" title="Tō͘-tiám – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tō͘-tiám" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Өтөр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Өтөр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Коска – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Коска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Коска – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Коска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Запетая – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Запетая" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skej" title="Skej – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skej" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(puntuaci%C3%B3)" title="Coma (puntuació) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coma (puntuació)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%BF%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%83" title="Хӳреллĕ пăнчă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хӳреллĕ пăнчă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%A1rka_(interpunkce)" title="Čárka (interpunkce) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čárka (interpunkce)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma" title="Koma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_(%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BE%CE%B7)" title="Κόμμα (στίξη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κόμμα (στίξη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_(puntuaci%C3%B3n)" title="Coma (puntuación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coma (puntuación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komo" title="Komo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma_(puntuazio-zeinua)" title="Koma (puntuazio-zeinua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koma (puntuazio-zeinua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="ویرگول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویرگول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgule" title="Virgule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Virgule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrapke" title="Skrapke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skrapke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%C3%B3g" title="Camóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Camóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma" title="Coma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="અલ્પ વિરામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અલ્પ વિરામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%87" title="Цеглегеч – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Цеглегеч" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%89%BC%ED%91%9C_(%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%A5_%EB%B6%80%ED%98%B8)" title="쉼표 (문장 부호) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쉼표 (문장 부호)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Ստորակետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստորակետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarez" title="Zarez – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zarez" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_koma" title="Tanda koma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanda koma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgola" title="Virgola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Virgola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7" title="פסיק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסיק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80" title="Үтір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үтір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma" title="Koma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Koma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komats" title="Komats – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Komats" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kablelis" title="Kablelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kablelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ma" title="Kóma – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kóma" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessz%C5%91_(%C3%ADr%C3%A1sjel)" title="Vessző (írásjel) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vessző (írásjel)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Запирка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Запирка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faingo" title="Faingo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Faingo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="അല്പവിരാമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അല്പവിരാമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%87" title="فاصله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاصله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanda_koma" title="Tanda koma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanda koma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="अल्पविराम चिह्न – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्पविराम चिह्न" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E" title="コンマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komma" title="Komma – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Komma" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgula" title="Virgula – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Virgula" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergul" title="Vergul – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vergul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przecinek" title="Przecinek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przecinek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrgula" title="Vírgula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vírgula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgul%C4%83" title="Virgulă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Virgulă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Запята – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Запята" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Запятая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Запятая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D9%81_%D8%AE%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%81_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%81" title="وقف خفیف یا سکتہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="وقف خفیف یا سکتہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presja" title="Presja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Presja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කොමාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොමාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_(diacritic)" title="Comma (diacritic) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Comma (diacritic)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ڪاما – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاما" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciarka_(interpunk%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_znamienko)" title="Čiarka (interpunkčné znamienko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čiarka (interpunkčné znamienko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejica" title="Vejica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vejica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1" title="بۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Запета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Запета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarez" title="Zarez – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zarez" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koma" title="Koma – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Koma" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkku" title="Pilkku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pilkku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommatecken" title="Kommatecken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kommatecken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="காற்புள்ளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காற்புள்ளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="จุลภาค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จุลภาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Вергул – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вергул" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virg%C3%BCl" title="Virgül – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Virgül" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA)" title="Кома (розділовий знак) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кома (розділовий знак)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%81_(%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81)" title="سکتہ (رموز اوقاف) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سکتہ (رموز اوقاف)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ACrgo%C5%82a" title="Vìrgoła – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vìrgoła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A5u_ph%E1%BA%A9y" title="Dấu phẩy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dấu phẩy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turook" title="Turook – Waray" 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Special:Badtitle/Message">reviewed</a> on <i>19 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Punctuation mark (,)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the punctuation mark. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Comma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Comma (disambiguation)">Comma (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">Coma</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">,</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Comma</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+002C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">,</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&comma;</span>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="background:#ebebeb;padding:0 0 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;"> <table align="center" style="display:table;padding:0;background:transparent;width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 300%; text-align: center; line-height: 0.01; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;"> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">、 </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em ;min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">، </th> <th style="padding:0.5em 0.1em; min-width:1.0em; text-align: center;">◌̦ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;">Ideographic comma (<a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK</a>) </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> comma </th> <th style="padding:0.2em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">combining</a> comma below </th></tr></tbody></table></div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>comma</b> <b><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">,</span></b> is a <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> mark that appears in several variants in different languages. Some <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> render it as a small line, slightly curved or straight, but inclined from the vertical, others give it the appearance of a miniature filled-in figure <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">9</span> placed on the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">baseline</a>. In many typefaces it is the same shape as an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> or single closing <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a> <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">’</span>. </p><p>The comma is used in many contexts and <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, mainly to separate parts of a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clauses</a>, and items in lists mainly when there are three or more items listed. The word <i>comma</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κόμμα">κόμμα</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>kómma</i></span>), which originally meant a cut-off piece, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, a short <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A comma-shaped mark is used as a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> in several writing systems and is considered distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantine</a> and modern copies of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathings</a>" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἁ, ἀ</span></span>) appear above the letter. In <a href="/wiki/Latvian_orthography" title="Latvian orthography">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian orthography">Romanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Livonian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian orthography">Livonian</a>, the <a href="#Diacritical_usage">comma diacritic</a> appears below the letter, as in <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">ș</span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a>, a common <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a> is that the function of a comma is generally performed by a <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)#Pause" title="Prosody (linguistics)">pause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>In this article,</i> <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span> <i>denotes a <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">grapheme</a> (writing) and</i> /x/ <i>denotes a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> (sound).</i> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punctuation#Western_Antiquity" title="Punctuation">Punctuation § Western Antiquity</a></div> <p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> is much more recent than the alphabet. </p><p>In the 3rd century BC, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Aristophanes of Byzantium">Aristophanes of Byzantium</a> invented a system of single <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">dots</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">théseis</i></span>) at varying levels, which separated verses and indicated the amount of breath needed to complete each fragment of the text when <a href="/wiki/Reading_(process)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading (process)">reading</a> aloud.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The different lengths were signified by a dot at the bottom, middle, or top of the line. For a short passage, a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">komma</i></span> in the form of a dot <span class="nowrap">⟨·⟩</span> was placed mid-level. This is the origin of the concept of a comma, although the name came to be used for the mark itself instead of the clause it separated. </p><p>The mark used today is descended from a <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">/</span>, a diagonal <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a> known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">virgula suspensiva</i></span>, used from the 13th to 17th centuries to represent a pause. The modern comma was first used by <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_in_English">Uses in English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the comma shows that the words immediately before the comma are less closely or exclusively linked <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatically</a> to those immediately after the comma than they might be otherwise. The comma performs a number of functions in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> writing. It is used in generally similar ways in other languages, particularly European ones, although the rules on comma usage – and their rigidity – vary from language to language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_separator_and_the_serial_(Oxford)_comma"><span id="List_separator_and_the_serial_.28Oxford.29_comma"></span>List separator and the serial (Oxford) comma <span class="anchor" id="Serial_comma"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oxford_comma"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List separator and the serial (Oxford) comma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Serial_comma" title="Serial comma">Serial comma</a></div> <p>Commas are placed between items in lists, as in <i>They own a cat, a dog, two rabbits, and seven mice.</i> </p><p>Whether the final conjunction, most frequently <i>and</i>, should be preceded by a comma, called the <i>serial comma</i>, is one of the most disputed linguistic or stylistic questions in English: </p> <ul><li>They served apples, peaches, and bananas. (serial comma used)</li> <li>They served apples, peaches and bananas. (serial comma omitted)</li></ul> <p>The serial comma is used much more often, usually routinely, in the United States. A majority of American style guides mandate its use, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/William_Strunk_Jr." title="William Strunk Jr.">Strunk</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._B._White" title="E. B. White">White</a>'s classic <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style" title="The Elements of Style">The Elements of Style</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Publishing Office</a>'s <i>Style Manual</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the <i><a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a></i> for journalistic writing advises against it. </p><p>The serial comma is also known as the Oxford comma, Harvard comma, or series comma. Although less common in British English, its usage occurs within both American and British English. It is called the Oxford comma because of its long history of use by Oxford University Press.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>New Hart's Rules</i>, "house style will dictate" whether to use the serial comma. "The general rule is that one style or the other should be used consistently." No association with region or dialect is suggested, other than that its use has been strongly advocated by Oxford University Press.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use is preferred by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Watson Fowler">Fowler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern English Usage">Modern English Usage</a></i>. It is recommended by the United States <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, and the classic <i>Elements of Style</i> of <a href="/wiki/Strunk_and_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Strunk and White">Strunk and White</a>. </p><p>Use of a comma may prevent ambiguity: </p> <ul><li>The sentence <i>I spoke to the boys, Sam and Tom</i> could mean either <i>I spoke to the boys and Sam and Tom</i> (I spoke to more than three people) or <i>I spoke to the boys, who are Sam and Tom</i> (I spoke to two people);</li> <li><i>I spoke to the boys, Sam, and Tom</i> – must be <i>the boys and Sam and Tom</i> (I spoke to more than three people).</li></ul> <p>The serial comma does not eliminate all confusion. Consider the following sentence: </p> <ul><li><i>I thank my mother, Anne Smith, and Thomas.</i> This could mean either <i>my mother and Anne Smith and Thomas</i> (three people) or <i>my mother, who is Anne Smith; and Thomas</i> (two people). This sentence might be recast as "my mother (Anne Smith) and Thomas" for clarity.</li> <li><i>I thank my mother, Anne Smith and Thomas.</i> Because the comma after "mother" is conventionally used to prepare the reader for an <a href="/wiki/Apposition" title="Apposition">appositive phrase</a> – that is, a renaming of or further information about a noun – this construction formally suggests that my mother's name is "Anne Smith and Thomas". Because that is implausible, it is relatively clear that the construction refers to two separate people. Compare "I thank my friend, Smith and Wesson", in which the ambiguity is obvious to those who recognise <a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson" title="Smith & Wesson">Smith and Wesson</a> as a business name.</li></ul> <p>As a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thumb" title="Rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> Style Guide</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that straightforward lists (<i>he ate ham, eggs and chips</i>) do not need a comma before the final "and", but sometimes it can help the reader (<i>he ate cereal, kippers, bacon, eggs, toast and marmalade, and tea</i>). <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> and other academic writing guides require the serial comma: all lists must have a comma before the "and" prefacing the last item in a series (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Differences_between_American_and_British_usage">Differences between American and British usage</a> below</span>). </p><p>If the individual items of a list are long, complex, affixed with description, or themselves contain commas, <a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolons</a> may be preferred as separators, and the list may be introduced with a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/News_style#Headline" title="News style">news headlines</a>, a comma might replace the word "and", even if there are only two items, in order to save space, as in this headline from Reuters:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Trump, Macron engage in a little handshake diplomacy.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_clauses">Separation of clauses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Separation of clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commas are often used to separate <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clauses</a>. In English, a comma is often used to separate a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_clause" title="Dependent clause">dependent clause</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">independent clause</a> if the dependent clause comes first: <i>After I fed the cat, I brushed my clothes.</i> (Compare this with <i>I brushed my clothes after I fed the cat.</i>) A <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clause</a> takes commas if it is non-<a href="/wiki/Restrictiveness" title="Restrictiveness">restrictive</a>, as in <i>I cut down all the trees, which were over six feet tall.</i> (Without the comma, this would mean that only the trees more than six feet tall were cut down.) Some style guides prescribe that two <a href="/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">independent clauses</a> joined by a coordinating <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunction</a> (<i>for</i>, <i>and</i>, <i>nor</i>, <i>but</i>, <i>or</i>, <i>yet</i>, <i>so</i>) must be separated by a comma placed before the conjunction.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler3rev1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler3rev1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-getitwriteonline1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-getitwriteonline1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following sentences, where the second clause is independent (because it can stand alone as a sentence), the comma is considered by those guides to be necessary: </p> <ul><li><i>Mary walked to the party, but she was unable to walk home.</i></li> <li><i>Designer clothes are silly, and I can't afford them anyway.</i></li> <li><i>Don't push that button, or twelve tons of high explosives will go off right under our feet!</i></li></ul> <p>In the following sentences, where the second half of the sentence is a dependent clause (because it does not contain an explicit <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>), those guides prescribe that the comma be omitted: </p> <ul><li><i>Mary walked to the party but was unable to walk home.</i></li> <li><i>I think designer clothes are silly and can't afford them anyway.</i></li></ul> <p>However, such guides permit the comma to be omitted if the second independent clause is very short, typically when the second independent clause is an <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler3rev1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler3rev1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-getitwriteonline1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-getitwriteonline1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in: </p> <ul><li><i>Sit down and shut up.</i></li></ul> <p>The above guidance is not universally accepted or applied. Long <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinate clause">coordinate clauses</a>, particularly when separated by "but", are often separated by commas:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>She had very little to live on, but would never have dreamed of taking what was not hers.</i></li></ul> <p>In some languages, such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, stricter rules apply on comma use between clauses, with dependent clauses always being set off with commas, and commas being generally proscribed before certain coordinating conjunctions. </p><p>The joining of two independent sentences with a comma and no conjunction (as in <i>"It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark."</i>) is known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Comma_splice" title="Comma splice">comma splice</a></i> and is sometimes considered an error in English;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in most cases a semicolon should be used instead. A comma splice should not be confused, though, with the literary device called <i><a href="/wiki/Asyndeton" title="Asyndeton">asyndeton</a></i>, in which coordinating conjunctions are purposely omitted for a specific stylistic effect. </p><p>A much debated comma is the one in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which says <i>"A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."</i> but ratified by several states as <i>"A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed."</i> which has caused much debate on its interpretation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Certain_adverbs">Certain adverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Certain adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commas are always used to set off certain <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> at the beginning of a sentence, including <i>however</i>, <i>in fact</i>, <i>therefore</i>, <i>nevertheless</i>, <i>moreover</i>, <i>furthermore</i>, and <i>still</i>. </p> <ul><li><i>Therefore, a comma would be appropriate in this sentence.</i></li> <li><i>Nevertheless, I will not use one.</i></li></ul> <p>If these adverbs appear in the middle of a sentence, they are followed and preceded by a comma. As in the second of the two examples below, if a semicolon separates the two sentences and the second sentence starts with an adverb, this adverb is preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma. </p> <ul><li><i>In this sentence, furthermore, commas would also be called for.</i></li> <li><i>This sentence is a bit different; however, a comma is necessary as well.</i></li></ul> <p>Using commas to offset certain adverbs is optional, including <i>then</i>, <i>so</i>, <i>yet</i>, <i>instead</i>, and <i>too</i> (meaning <i>also</i>). </p> <ul><li><i>So, that's it for this rule.</i> or</li> <li><i>So that's it for this rule.</i></li> <li><i>A comma would be appropriate in this sentence, too.</i> or</li> <li><i>A comma would be appropriate in this sentence too.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parenthetical_phrases">Parenthetical phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Parenthetical phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Parenthetical_phrase"></span> Commas are often used to enclose <a href="/wiki/Parenthesis_(rhetoric)" title="Parenthesis (rhetoric)">parenthetical</a> words and phrases within a sentence (i.e., information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence). Such phrases are both preceded and followed by a comma, unless that would result in a doubling of punctuation marks or the parenthetical is at the start or end of the sentence. The following are examples of types of parenthetical phrases: </p> <ul><li>Introductory phrase: <i>Once upon a time, my father ate a muffin.</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Interjection: <i>My father ate the muffin, gosh darn it!</i></li> <li>Aside: <i>My father, if you don't mind me telling you this, ate the muffin.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apposition" title="Apposition">Appositive</a>: <i>My father, a jaded and bitter man, ate the muffin.</i></li> <li>Absolute phrase: <i>My father, his eyes flashing with rage, ate the muffin.</i></li> <li>Free modifier: <i>My father, chewing with unbridled fury, ate the muffin.</i></li> <li>Resumptive modifier: <i>My father ate the muffin, a muffin which no man had yet chewed.</i></li> <li>Summative modifier: <i>My father ate the muffin, a feat which no man had attempted.</i></li></ul> <p>The parenthesization of phrases may change the connotation, reducing or eliminating <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a>. In the following example, the thing in the first sentence that is relaxing is the cool day, whereas in the second sentence, it is the walk since the introduction of commas makes "on a cool day" parenthetical: </p> <dl><dd><i>They took a walk on a cool day that was relaxing.</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>They took a walk, on a cool day, that was relaxing.</i></dd></dl> <p>As more phrases are introduced, ambiguity accumulates, but when commas separate each phrase, the phrases clearly become modifiers of just one thing. In the second sentence below, that thing is <i>the walk</i>: </p> <dl><dd><i>They took a walk in the park on a cool day that was relaxing.</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>They took a walk, in the park, on a cool day, that was relaxing.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_adjectives">Between adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Between adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A comma is used to separate <i>coordinate adjectives</i> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Adjective#Order" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> that directly and equally modify the following noun). Adjectives are considered coordinate if the meaning would be the same if their order were reversed or if <i>and</i> were placed between them. For example: </p> <ul><li><i>The dull, incessant droning</i> but <i>the cute little cottage.</i></li> <li><i>The devious lazy red frog</i> suggests there are lazy red frogs (one of which is devious), while <i>the devious, lazy red frog</i> does not carry this connotation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_quotations">Before quotations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Before quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some writers precede quoted material that is the grammatical object of an active verb of speaking or writing with a comma, as in <i>Mr. Kershner says, "You should know how to use a comma."</i> Quotations that follow and support an assertion are often preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> rather than a comma. </p><p>Other writers do not put a comma before quotations unless one would occur anyway. Thus, they would write <i>Mr. Kershner says "You should know how to use a comma."</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_dates">In dates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Month_day,_year"><span id="Month_day.2C_year"></span>Month day, year</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Month day, year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a date is written as a month followed by a day followed by a year, a comma separates the day from the year: December 19, 1941. This style is common in American English. The comma is used to avoid confusing consecutive numbers: December 19 1941. Most style manuals, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also recommend that the year be treated as a parenthetical, requiring a second comma after it: <i>"Feb. 14, 1987, was the target date."</i> </p><p>If just the month and year are given, no commas are used:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Her daughter may return in June 2009 for the reunion." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Day_month_year">Day month year</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Day month year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the day precedes the month, the month name separates the numeric day and year, so commas are not necessary to separate them: "The <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria</a> was carried out on 19 December 1941." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_geographical_names">In geographical names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In geographical names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commas are used to separate parts of geographical references, such as city and state (<i>Dallas, Texas</i>) or city and country (<i>Kampala, Uganda</i>). Additionally, most style manuals, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>AP Stylebook</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recommend that the second element be treated as a parenthetical, requiring a second comma after: <i>"The plane landed in Kampala, Uganda, that evening."</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recommend leaving out punctuation when writing addresses on actual letters and packages, as the marks hinder <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> has similar guidelines, only making very limited use of hyphens.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_mathematics">In mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to the case in natural languages, commas are often used to delineate the boundary between multiple <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_object" title="Mathematical object">mathematical objects</a> in a list (e.g., <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (3,5,12)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>12</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (3,5,12)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/00a5215626d258ab9f47fa3b4a711d724fd48e62" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.527ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (3,5,12)}"></span>). Commas are also used to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Comma_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma derivative">comma derivative</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Tensor" title="Tensor">tensor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_numbers">In numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">Decimal separator</a></div> <p>In representing large numbers, from the right side to the left, English texts usually use commas to separate each group of three digits in front of the decimal.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is almost always done for numbers of six or more digits, and often for four or five digits but not in front of the number itself. However, in much of Europe, Southern Africa and Latin America, <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">periods</a> or spaces are used instead; the comma is used as a <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separator</a>, equivalent to the use in English of the <a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, the groups are two digits, except for the rightmost group, which is of three digits. In some styles, the comma may not be used for this purpose at all (e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units#Unit_symbols_and_the_values_of_quantities" title="International System of Units">SI writing style</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); a space may be used to separate groups of three digits instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_names">In names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commas are used when rewriting names to present the surname first, generally in instances of alphabetization by surname: <i>Smith, John</i>. They are also used before many titles that follow a name: <i>John Smith, Ph.D.</i> </p><p>It can also be used in regnal names followed by their occupation: <i>Louis XIII, king of France and Navarre</i>. </p><p>Similarly in lists that are presented with an inversion: <i>socks, green: 3 pairs; socks, red: 2 pairs; tie, regimental: 1</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ellipsis">Ellipsis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ellipsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commas may be used to indicate that a word, or a group of words, has been omitted,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in <i>The cat was white; the dog, brown.</i> (Here the comma replaces <i>was</i>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocative">Vocative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vocative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commas are placed before, after, or around a noun or pronoun used independently in speaking to some person, place, or thing: </p> <ul><li><i>I hope, John, that you will read this.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_subject_and_predicate">Between the subject and predicate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Between the subject and predicate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1785 essay <i>An Essay on Punctuation</i>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Robertson_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Robertson (clergyman)">Joseph Robertson</a> advocated a comma between the subject and predicate of long sentences for clarity; however, this usage is regarded as an error in modern times. </p> <ul><li><i>The good taste of the present age, has not allowed us to neglect the cultivation of the English language.</i></li> <li><i>Whoever is capable of forgetting a benefit, is an enemy to society.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_between_American_and_British_usage_in_placement_of_commas_and_quotation_marks">Differences between American and British usage in placement of commas and quotation marks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Differences between American and British usage in placement of commas and quotation marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quotation_marks_in_English#Order_of_punctuation" title="Quotation marks in English">Quotation marks in English § Order of punctuation</a></div> <p>The comma and the <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a> can be paired in several ways. </p><p>In Great Britain and many other parts of the world, punctuation is usually placed within quotation marks only if it is part of what is being quoted or referred to:<sup id="cite_ref-APA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WilbersonChicago14_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilbersonChicago14-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>My mother gave me the nickname "Bobby Bobby Bob Bob Boy", which really made me angry.</li></ul> <p>In American English, the comma was commonly included inside a quotation mark:<sup id="cite_ref-APA_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WilbersonChicago14_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilbersonChicago14-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>My mother gave me the nickname "Bobby Bobby Bob Bob Boy," which really made me angry.</li></ul> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the British carried the comma over into abbreviations. Specifically, "Special Operations, Executive" was written "S.O.,E.". Nowadays, even the <a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stops</a> are frequently discarded in British usage.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_other_than_English">Languages other than English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Languages other than English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western European languages like German, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese use the same comma as English, with similar spacing, though usage may be somewhat different. For instance, in Standard German, subordinate clauses are always preceded by commas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comma_variants">Comma variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comma variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This section contains uncommon <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended characters.</div></div> </div> <p>The basic comma is defined in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> as <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">,</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&comma;</span>), and many variants by typography or language are also defined. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Character </th> <th scope="col">Unicode point </th> <th scope="col">Unicode name </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ,</span> </td> <td>U+002C </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td>Prose in European languages<br /><a href="/wiki/Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">Decimal separator</a> in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and most other <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ،</span> </td> <td>U+060C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ARABIC</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td>Used in all languages using <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a><br />Also used in other languages, including <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ⸲</span> </td> <td>U+2E32 </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TURNED COMMA</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palaeotype_alphabet" title="Palaeotype alphabet">Palaeotype</a> transliteration symbol – indicates <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ⸴</span> </td> <td>U+2E34 </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">RAISED COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ⹁</span> </td> <td>U+2E41 </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">REVERSED COMMA</span></span> </td> <td>Used in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, among other languages </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ⹉</span> </td> <td>U+2E49 </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DOUBLE STACKED COMMA</span></span> </td> <td>Used in the Eastern Orthodox liturgical book <a href="/wiki/Typikon" title="Typikon">Typikon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> 、</span> </td> <td>U+3001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td>Used in <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese</a> writing systems (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">see <a href="#East_Asia">§ East Asia</a>, below</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ︐</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Forms" title="Vertical Forms">U+FE10</a> </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL COMMA</span></span> </td> <td>Used in vertical writing </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ︑</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Forms" title="Vertical Forms">U+FE11</a> </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td>Used in vertical writing </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ﹐</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Variants" title="Small Form Variants">U+FE50</a> </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SMALL COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ﹑</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Variants" title="Small Form Variants">U+FE51</a> </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SMALL</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ，</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)">U+FF0C</a> </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ､</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_Fullwidth_Forms_(Unicode_block)" title="Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms (Unicode block)">U+FF64</a> </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HALFWIDTH</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>Some languages use a completely different sort of character for the purpose of the comma. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Character </th> <th scope="col">Unicode point </th> <th scope="col">Unicode name </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ·</span> </td> <td>U+00B7 </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MIDDLE DOT</span></span> </td> <td>Used as a comma in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ∘</span> </td> <td>U+2218 </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">RING OPERATOR</span></span> </td> <td>Used as a comma in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ՝</span> </td> <td>U+055D </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ARMENIAN</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ߸</span> </td> <td>U+07F8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="N'Ko alphabet"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NKO</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ፣</span> </td> <td>U+1363 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ETHIOPIC</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ᠂</span> </td> <td>U+1802 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MONGOLIAN</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ᠈</span> </td> <td>U+1808 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MONGOLIAN MANCHU</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ⹌</span> </td> <td>U+2E4C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MEDIEVAL</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ꓾</span> </td> <td>U+A4FE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LISU</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PUNCTUATION COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ꘍</span> </td> <td>U+A60D </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">VAI</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ꛵</span> </td> <td>U+A6F5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BAMUM</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> 𑑍</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="U+X1144D">U+1144D </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prachalit_Nepal_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachalit Nepal alphabet"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NEWA</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> 𑑚</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="U+X1145A">U+1145A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prachalit_Nepal_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachalit Nepal alphabet"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NEWA</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DOUBLE COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> 𖺗</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="U+X16E97">U+16E97 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MEDEFAIDRIN</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> 𝪇</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="U+X1DA87">U+1DA87 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SIGNWRITING</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>There are also a number of comma-like <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> with "<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA</span></span>" in their Unicode names that are not intended for use as <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>. A comma-like low quotation mark is also available (shown below; corresponding sets of raised single quotation marks and double-quotation marks are not shown). </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Character </th> <th scope="col">Unicode point </th> <th scope="col">Unicode name </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ʻ</span> </td> <td>U+02BB </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER TURNED COMMA</span></span> </td> <td>Used as <i><span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a></i></span></i> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ʽ</span> </td> <td>U+02BD </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED COMMA</span></span> </td> <td>Indicates weak aspiration </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%">   ‍̒</span> </td> <td>U+0312 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">TURNED COMMA ABOVE</span></span> </td> <td>Latvian diacritic <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> above </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%">   ‍̓</span> </td> <td>U+0313 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA ABOVE</span></span> </td> <td>Greek <i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">psili</i></span></i> (smooth breathing mark) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%">   ‍̔</span> </td> <td>U+0314 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">REVERSED COMMA ABOVE</span></span> </td> <td>Greek <i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">dasia</i></span></i> (rough breathing mark) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%">   ‍̕</span> </td> <td>U+0315 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA ABOVE RIGHT</span></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%">   ‍̦</span> </td> <td>U+0326 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING</span></span></a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMMA BELOW</span></span> </td> <td>Diacritical mark in Romanian, Latvian, Livonian </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size:120%"> ‚</span> </td> <td>U+201A </td> <td><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK</span></span> </td> <td>Opening single quotation mark in some languages </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>There are various other Unicode characters that include commas or comma-like figures with other characters or marks, that are not shown in these tables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Greek_comma"></span><span id="komma"></span><span class="vanchor-text"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Modern Greek</a> uses the same <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> comma for its <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">kómma</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">κόμμα</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-nicky_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicky-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is officially <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a> as a Latin comma,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has additional roles owing to its conflation with the former <a href="/wiki/Hypodiastole" title="Hypodiastole">hypodiastole</a>, a curved <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a> used to disambiguate certain homonyms. As such, the comma functions as a <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent letter</a> in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%8C,%CF%84%CE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:ό,τι">ό,τι</a></span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">ó,ti</i></span>, 'whatever') from <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:ότι">ότι</a></span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">óti</i></span>, 'that').<sup id="cite_ref-nicky_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicky-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Enumeration_comma"></span><span id="Ideographic_comma"></span><span class="vanchor-text">The <b>enumeration</b> or <b>ideographic comma</b></span></span> (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+3001</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">、</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA</span>) is used in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Chinese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:Reinders_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Reinders-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 20">: 20 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a>, and somewhat in <a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a>. In China and Korea, this comma (<span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A1%BF%E5%8F%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:顿号">顿号</a></span>; <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A0%93%E8%99%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:頓號">頓號</a></span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dùnhào</span></i>) is usually only used to separate items in lists, while it is the more common form of comma in Japan (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AA%AD%E7%82%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:読点">読点</a></span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tōten</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">clause mark</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). </p><p>In documents that mix <a href="/wiki/Japanese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese script">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin scripts</a>, the <b>full-width comma</b> (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FF0C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">，</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FULLWIDTH COMMA</span>) is used; this is the standard form of comma (<span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%97%E5%8F%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:逗号">逗号</a></span>; <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%80%97%E8%99%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:逗號">逗號</a></span>) in China. Since East Asian typography permits commas to join dependent clauses dealing with certain topics or lines of thought, commas may be used in ways that would be considered <a href="/wiki/Comma_splice" title="Comma splice">comma splices</a> in English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Comma splices join independent clauses, not dependent clauses. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a> uses both commas and <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpuncts</a> for lists. </p><p>In Unicode 5.2.0, "numbers with commas" (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1F101</span> </span><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1em">🄁</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DIGIT ZERO COMMA</span> through <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1F10A</span> </span><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1em">🄊</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">DIGIT NINE COMMA</span>) were added to the <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement" title="Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement">Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement</a> block for compatibility with the <a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD B24 character set</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: West Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Arabic"></span><span class="vanchor-text">The comma in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> used by languages including <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, is "upside-down" <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar">،</span></span>⟩</span> (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+060C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">،</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ARABIC COMMA</span>), in order to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic diacritic">Arabic diacritic</a> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḍammah</i></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar">ُ</span></span>⟩</span> representing the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, which is similarly shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Arabic texts, the Western-styled comma (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">٫</span></span>) is used as a <a href="/wiki/Decimal_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Decimal point">decimal point</a>.</span></span> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew script</a> is also written from right to left. However, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation</a> includes only a regular comma <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he">,</span></span>⟩</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Sindhi"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Reversed comma (<span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2E41</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">⹁</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">REVERSED COMMA</span>) is used in <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> when written in Arabic script. It is distinct from the standard Arabic comma.</span></span> </p><p><br /> <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> also use the punctuation mark in similar usage to that of European languages with similar spacing.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (March 2024)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computing">Computing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the common <a href="/wiki/Character_(computing)" title="Character (computing)">character</a> encoding systems <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, character 44 (<a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">0x2C</a>) corresponds to the comma symbol. The <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric character reference</a> is <code>&#44;</code>. </p><p>In many computer languages commas are used as a field delimiter to separate arguments to a <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">function</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to separate elements in a <a href="/wiki/Array_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">list</a>, and to perform data designation on multiple variables at once. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C programming language</a> the comma symbol is an <a href="/wiki/Comma_operator" title="Comma operator">operator</a> which evaluates its first <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">argument</a> (which may have side-effects) and then returns the value of its evaluated second argument. This is useful in <i>for</i> <a href="/wiki/Statement_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (programming)">statements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> and <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comma_operator" title="Comma operator">comma operator</a> is used to <a href="/wiki/Concatenation" title="Concatenation">concatenate</a> collections, including strings. In APL, it is also used <a href="/wiki/Unary_operation" title="Unary operation">monadically</a> to rearrange the items of an array into a list. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>, the comma is used to denote <a href="/wiki/Logical_Conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical Conjunction">Logical Conjunction</a> ("and"). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">comma-separated values</a> (CSV) format is very commonly used in exchanging text data between database and spreadsheet formats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diacritical_usage">Diacritical usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Diacritical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">◌̦</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Combining comma below</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0326</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̦</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING COMMA BELOW</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/D-comma" title="D-comma">D-comma</a>, <a href="/wiki/S-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="S-comma">S-comma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="T-comma">T-comma</a></div> <p>The comma is used as a <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> mark in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> under <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> (<span class="nowrap">⟨Ș⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ș⟩</span>), and under <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> (<span class="nowrap">⟨Ț⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ț⟩</span>). A <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> is occasionally used instead of it, but this is technically incorrect. The symbol <span class="nowrap">⟨d̦⟩</span> ('<a href="/wiki/D-comma" title="D-comma">d with comma below</a>') was used as part of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_transitional_alphabet" title="Romanian transitional alphabet">Romanian transitional alphabet</a> (19th century) to indicate the sounds denoted by the Latin letter <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> or letters <span class="nowrap">⟨dz⟩</span>, where derived from a <a href="/wiki/Dze" title="Dze">Cyrillic ѕ</a> (<span class="nowrap">⟨ѕ⟩</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dz/</span>). The comma and the cedilla are both derivative of <span class="nowrap">⟨ʒ⟩</span> (a small cursive <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span>) placed below the letter. From this standpoint alone, <span class="nowrap">⟨ș⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ț⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨d̦⟩</span> could potentially be regarded as stand-ins for /sz/, /tz/, and /dz/ respectively. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, the comma is used on the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨ģ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ķ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ļ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ņ⟩</span>, and historically also <span class="nowrap">⟨ŗ⟩</span>, to indicate <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a>. Because the lowercase letter <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> has a <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descender</a>, the comma is rotated 180° and placed over the letter. Although their <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe</a> <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> names are 'letter with comma', their names in the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard are 'letter with a cedilla'. They were introduced to the Unicode standard before 1992 and, per Unicode Consortium policy, their names cannot be altered. In the late 1920s and 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a> orthography used in Siberia used additional letters with comma <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Latgalian-language text"><span lang="ltg">ç</span></span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Latgalian-language text"><span lang="ltg">ḑ</span></span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Latgalian-language text"><span lang="ltg">m̧</span></span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Latgalian-language text"><span lang="ltg">p̧</span></span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Latgalian-language text"><span lang="ltg">ş</span></span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Latgalian-language text"><span lang="ltg">ţ</span></span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Latgalian-language text"><span lang="ltg">v̧</span></span>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Latgalian-language text"><span lang="ltg">z̧</span></span>⟩</span><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>, whose alphabet is based on a mixture of Latvian and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> alphabets, the comma is used on the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨ḑ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ļ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ņ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ŗ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ț⟩</span> to indicate palatalization in the same fashion as Latvian, except that Livonian uses <span class="nowrap">⟨ḑ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ț⟩</span> to represent the same <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">plosive</a> phonemes which Latvian writes as <span class="nowrap">⟨ģ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ķ⟩</span> respectively. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, the diacritic in the characters <span class="nowrap">⟨ď⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ť⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ľ⟩</span> resembles a superscript comma, but it is used instead of a <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> because the letter has an <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascender</a>. Other ascender letters with carons, such as letters <span class="nowrap">⟨ȟ⟩</span> (used in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kalo_language" title="Finnish Kalo language">Finnish Romani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>) and <span class="nowrap">⟨ǩ⟩</span> (used in <a href="/wiki/Skolt_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolt Sami language">Skolt Sami</a>), did not modify their carons to superscript commas. </p><p>In 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, the archaic letter <a href="/wiki/Cuatrillo" title="Cuatrillo">cuatrillo</a> with a comma (<span class="nowrap">⟨Ꜯ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ꜯ⟩</span>) was used to write Mayan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_punctuation" title="English punctuation">English punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Latin-script alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">Ogonek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Part of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_clause_structure" title="Sentence clause structure">Sentence clause structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_grammar" title="Traditional grammar">Traditional grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_history">Related history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Related history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_spread_of_the_printing_press" title="Global spread of the printing press">Global spread of the printing press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">History of printing in East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sentence_spacing" title="History of sentence spacing">History of sentence spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-comma" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/36944">"comma"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=comma&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F36944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Comma"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Comma">"Comma" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 765.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comma&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=765&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://site.uit.no/english/punctuation/rules-for-comma-usage/">"Rules for comma usage | English Language Help Desk"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rules+for+comma+usage+%7C+English+Language+Help+Desk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsite.uit.no%2Fenglish%2Fpunctuation%2Frules-for-comma-usage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruss2004" class="citation book cs1">Truss, Lynn (2004). <i>Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation</i>. New York: Gotham Books. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6"><bdi>1-59240-087-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eats%2C+Shoot+%26+Leaves%3A+The+Zero+Tolerance+Approach+to+Punctuation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Gotham+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59240-087-6&rft.aulast=Truss&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902185038/http://www.haverford.edu/classics/courses/2006S/lat101/handouts/no_spaces_aeneid.pdf">"Reading Before Punctuation – <i>Introduction to Latin Literature</i> pamphlet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haverford.edu/classics/courses/2006S/lat101/handouts/no_spaces_aeneid.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reading+Before+Punctuation+%E2%80%93+Introduction+to+Latin+Literature+pamphlet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haverford.edu%2Fclassics%2Fcourses%2F2006S%2Flat101%2Fhandouts%2Fno_spaces_aeneid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/Haverford_College" title="Haverford College">Haverford College</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/punc.htm#mtop">Manuscript Studies, Medieval and Early Modern</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203023/http://www.ualberta.ca/~sreimer/ms-course/course/punc.htm#mtop">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a>: Punctuation glossary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016.pdf">"U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Government Publishing Office. p. 202<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office+Style+Manual&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016%2Fpdf%2FGPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006162613/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/what-is-the-oxford-comma?q=oxford+comma">"What is the 'Oxford comma'?"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/words/what-is-the-oxford-comma?q=oxford+comma">the original</a> on 6 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+the+%27Oxford+comma%27%3F&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fwords%2Fwhat-is-the-oxford-comma%3Fq%3Doxford%2Bcomma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2005" class="citation book cs1">Ritter, R. M. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhartsrules00rmri"><i>New Hart's Rules</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhartsrules00rmri/page/77">77</a>, 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198610410" title="Special:BookSources/9780198610410"><bdi>9780198610410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Hart%27s+Rules&rft.pages=77%2C+300&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780198610410&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhartsrules00rmri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/o">"Guardian and Observer style guide: O"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. 19 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109084838/http://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/o">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Guardian+and+Observer+style+guide%3A+O&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstyleguide%2Fo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-handshake-idUSKBN18L1OB">"Trump, Macron engage in a little handshake diplomacy"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 25 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702183243/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-handshake-idUSKBN18L1OB">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Trump%2C+Macron+engage+in+a+little+handshake+diplomacy&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-trump-handshake-idUSKBN18L1OB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler3rev1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler3rev1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler3rev1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerBurchfield2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Watson Fowler">Fowler, Henry Wwatson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burchfield" title="Robert Burchfield">Burchfield, Robert W.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newfowlersmodern0000fowl_2000/page/162"><i>The New Fowler's Modern English Usage</i></a> (Third, revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newfowlersmodern0000fowl_2000/page/162">162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860263-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860263-4"><bdi>0-19-860263-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Fowler%27s+Modern+English+Usage&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=162&rft.edition=Third%2C+revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-860263-4&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Henry+Wwatson&rft.au=Burchfield%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewfowlersmodern0000fowl_2000%2Fpage%2F162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-getitwriteonline1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-getitwriteonline1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-getitwriteonline1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuten" class="citation web cs1">Tuten, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getitwriteonline.com/articles/when-to-use-comma-before-and/">"When to Use a Comma before "And"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Getitwriteonline.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112211303/https://getitwriteonline.com/articles/when-to-use-comma-before-and/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Getitwriteonline.com&rft.atitle=When+to+Use+a+Comma+before+%22And%22&rft.aulast=Tuten&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgetitwriteonline.com%2Farticles%2Fwhen-to-use-comma-before-and%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan2006" class="citation book cs1">Swan, Michael (2006). <i>Practical English Usage</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+English+Usage&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrunk2007" class="citation book cs1">Strunk, William (May 2007). <i>The Elements of Style</i>. Filiquarian Publishing. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59986-933-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59986-933-9"><bdi>978-1-59986-933-9</bdi></a>. <q>Do not join independent clauses by a comma.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Style&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Filiquarian+Publishing&rft.date=2007-05&rft.isbn=978-1-59986-933-9&rft.aulast=Strunk&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Garner's Modern American Usage</i>, (Oxford: 2003, p. 655)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chicago Manual of Style: "It's conventional to put a comma after the year. The commas are like parentheses here, so it doesn't make sense to have only one."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204072022/https://www.apstylebook.com/ask_editor.php">"Ask the Editor"</a>. <i>AP Stylebook</i>. 3 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apstylebook.com/ask_editor.php">the original</a> on 4 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>When a phrase refers to a month, day and year, set off the year with commas... <i>Feb. 14, 1987, was the target date</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+Stylebook&rft.atitle=Ask+the+Editor&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apstylebook.com%2Fask_editor.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terriblywrite.wordpress.com/terribly-right-writing-for-the-web/top-5-comma-errors/">"Top 5 Comma Errors"</a>. 30 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728174136/https://terriblywrite.wordpress.com/terribly-right-writing-for-the-web/top-5-comma-errors/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+5+Comma+Errors&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterriblywrite.wordpress.com%2Fterribly-right-writing-for-the-web%2Ftop-5-comma-errors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mary traveled to Seattle, Washington, before going on to California." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Commas/faq0041.html">"FAQ item: Commas"</a>. <i>The Chicago Manual of Style Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520224116/https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Commas/faq0041.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style+Online&rft.atitle=FAQ+item%3A+Commas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomanualofstyle.org%2Fqanda%2Fdata%2Ffaq%2Ftopics%2FCommas%2Ffaq0041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Acme Pens was founded in Padua, Italy, in 2004." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204072022/http://www.apstylebook.com/ask_editor.php">"Ask the Editor"</a>. <i>AP Stylebook</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apstylebook.com/ask_editor.php">the original</a> on 4 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+Stylebook&rft.atitle=Ask+the+Editor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apstylebook.com%2Fask_editor.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i>, 14th ed., §5.67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usps.com/ship/preparing-domestic-shipments.htm">"Preparing Shipments"</a>. The United States Postal Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143533/https://www.usps.com/ship/preparing-domestic-shipments.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preparing+Shipments&rft.pub=The+United+States+Postal+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usps.com%2Fship%2Fpreparing-domestic-shipments.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://personal.help.royalmail.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/81">"How to address your mail"</a>. Royal Mail (UK). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230812135834/https://personal.help.royalmail.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/81">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+address+your+mail&rft.pub=Royal+Mail+%28UK%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.help.royalmail.com%2Fapp%2Fanswers%2Fdetail%2Fa_id%2F81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadapost-postescanada.ca/cpc/en/support/kb/sending/general-information/how-to-address-mail-and-parcels">"How to address mail and parcels"</a>. <i>Canada Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013231522/https://www.canadapost-postescanada.ca/cpc/en/support/kb/sending/general-information/how-to-address-mail-and-parcels">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+Post&rft.atitle=How+to+address+mail+and+parcels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadapost-postescanada.ca%2Fcpc%2Fen%2Fsupport%2Fkb%2Fsending%2Fgeneral-information%2Fhow-to-address-mail-and-parcels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Comma.html">"Comma"</a>. <i>Wolfram MathWorld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003015218/https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Comma.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolfram+MathWorld&rft.atitle=Comma&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FComma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/common-symbols.html">"Common Mathematical Symbols and Terminology"</a>. <i>SkillsYouNeed</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002225233/https://www.skillsyouneed.com/num/common-symbols.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SkillsYouNeed&rft.atitle=Common+Mathematical+Symbols+and+Terminology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skillsyouneed.com%2Fnum%2Fcommon-symbols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisstein" class="citation web cs1">Weisstein, Eric W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/DecimalPoint.html">"Decimal Point"</a>. <i>Wolfram MathWorld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321195047/https://mathworld.wolfram.com/DecimalPoint.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolfram+MathWorld&rft.atitle=Decimal+Point&rft.aulast=Weisstein&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathworld.wolfram.com%2FDecimalPoint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041028103201/http://standards.ieee.org/guides/style/section6.html#695">"IEEE Standards Style Manual"</a>. <i>Standards.IEEE.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>. May 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.ieee.org/guides/style/section6.html#695">the original</a> on 28 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Standards.IEEE.org&rft.atitle=IEEE+Standards+Style+Manual&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fguides%2Fstyle%2Fsection6.html%23695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504203221/http://www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/tips/commas/">"Writing Tips: Comma Use"</a>. <i>Center for Writing Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a>. Archived from the original on 4 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>. <q>A comma is sometimes used to indicate the omission of one or more words</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Writing+Studies&rft.atitle=Writing+Tips%3A+Comma+Use&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cws.illinois.edu%2Fworkshop%2Fwriters%2Ftips%2Fcommas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APA-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APA_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2011" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Chelsea (11 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/08/punctuating-around-quotation-marks.html">"Punctuating around quotation marks"</a>. APA Style Blog. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009062705/https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/08/punctuating-around-quotation-marks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punctuating+around+quotation+marks&rft.series=APA+Style+Blog&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Chelsea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.apastyle.org%2Fapastyle%2F2011%2F08%2Fpunctuating-around-quotation-marks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilbersonChicago14-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WilbersonChicago14_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilbersonChicago14_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilbers" class="citation web cs1">Wilbers, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilbers.com/FAQPunctuation.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions concerning punctuation"</a> (web site). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613040839/http://www.wilbers.com/FAQPunctuation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+concerning+punctuation&rft.aulast=Wilbers&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilbers.com%2FFAQPunctuation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoFJ-OhE63UC&q=%22quotation+marks%22+%22according+to+sense%22+British&pg=PA180"><i>Scientific Style and Format: The CBE manual for authors, editors and publishers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521471541" title="Special:BookSources/9780521471541"><bdi>9780521471541</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>In the British style (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">OUP</a>, 1983), all signs of punctuation used with words and quotation marks must be placed <i>according to the sense</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Style+and+Format%3A+The+CBE+manual+for+authors%2C+editors+and+publishers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521471541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoFJ-OhE63UC%26q%3D%2522quotation%2Bmarks%2522%2B%2522according%2Bto%2Bsense%2522%2BBritish%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell1963" class="citation book cs1">Lovell, Stanley P. (1963). <i>Of Spies and Stratagems</i>. <a href="/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey">Englewood Cliffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000LBAQYS">B000LBAQYS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Spies+and+Stratagems&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000LBAQYS%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Stanley+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nicky-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nicky_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nicky_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolas, Nick. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">Greek Unicode Issues: Punctuation</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120806003722/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/punctuation.html">Archived</a> 6 August 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. 2005. Accessed 7 October 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ελληνικός Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης</span></span> [<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Ellīnikós Organismós Typopoíīsīs</i></span>, '<a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Organization_for_Standardization" title="Hellenic Organization for Standardization">Hellenic Organization for Standardization</a>']. <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ΕΛΟΤ 743, 2η Έκδοση</span></span> [<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">ELOT 743, 2ī Ekdosī</i></span>, "ELOT 743, <span class="nowrap">2nd ed.</span>"]. ELOT (Athens), 2001. <span class="languageicon">(in Greek)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Reinders-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Reinders_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinders2024" class="citation book cs1">Reinders, Eric (2024). <i>Reading Tolkien in Chinese: Religion, Fantasy, and Translation</i>. Perspectives on Fantasy series. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a> Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350374645" title="Special:BookSources/9781350374645"><bdi>9781350374645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Tolkien+in+Chinese%3A+Religion%2C+Fantasy%2C+and+Translation&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=Perspectives+on+Fantasy+series&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781350374645&rft.aulast=Reinders&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuignard2008" class="citation web cs1">Suignard, Michel (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3397.pdf">"Japanese TV Symbols – ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N 33 97 – UTC L2/08 - 077 R 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_Unicode_Consortium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Unicode Consortium">The Unicode Consortium</a>. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121022050/http://unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3397.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+TV+Symbols+%E2%80%93+ISO%2FIEC+JTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2+N+33+97+%E2%80%93+UTC+L2%2F08+-+077+R+2&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.aulast=Suignard&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn3397.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.2.0/ch15.pdf#G37643"><i>The Unicode Standard, Version 5.2: Chapter 15.9 – Symbols – Enclosed and Square</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/The_Unicode_Consortium" class="mw-redirect" title="The Unicode Consortium">The Unicode Consortium</a>. December 2009. p. 490 (PDF: 33). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781936213009" title="Special:BookSources/9781936213009"><bdi>9781936213009</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109195919/http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.2.0/ch15.pdf#G37643">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard%2C+Version+5.2%3A+Chapter+15.9+%E2%80%93+Symbols+%E2%80%93+Enclosed+and+Square&rft.pages=490+%28PDF%3A+33%29&rft.pub=The+Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2009-12&rft.isbn=9781936213009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode5.2.0%2Fch15.pdf%23G37643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbiFarès2001" class="citation book cs1">AbiFarès, Huda Smitshuijzen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UacVAQAAIAAJ"><i>Arabic Typography: A Comprehensive Sourcebook</i></a>. London: Saqi Books. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-347-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-347-8"><bdi>978-0-86356-347-8</bdi></a>. <q>The comma used in Arabic script is not only a mirror image of its Latin counterpart, but its tail is also turned upwards in order to avoid any possibility of confusing it with the <i>Dammah</i>, the <i>u</i> short vowel mark.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Typography%3A+A+Comprehensive+Sourcebook&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-347-8&rft.aulast=AbiFar%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Huda+Smitshuijzen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUacVAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88)" class="extiw" title="ta:கால்புள்ளி (தமிழ் நடை)">ta:கால்புள்ளி (தமிழ் நடை)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlingScholzShepherd2019" class="citation web cs1">Kling, Felix; Scholz, Florian; Shepherd, Eric (23 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405084616/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Trailing_commas">"Trailing commas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla Blog</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Trailing_commas#Trailing_commas_in_functions">the original</a> on 5 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Blog&rft.atitle=Trailing+commas&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft.aulast=Kling&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft.au=Scholz%2C+Florian&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FJavaScript%2FReference%2FTrailing_commas%23Trailing_commas_in_functions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndronovsLeikuma2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andronovs, Aleksejs; Leikuma, Lidija (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/lu_portal/apgads/PDF/Baltu-filologija_XVIII-1-2_2009.pdf">"Par latgaliešu rakstu jeb literārās valodas pareizrunas kopšanu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Baltu filoloģija</i> (in Latvian). <b>18</b> (1/2): 5–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltu+filolo%C4%A3ija&rft.atitle=Par+latgalie%C5%A1u+rakstu+jeb+liter%C4%81r%C4%81s+valodas+pareizrunas+kop%C5%A1anu&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=5-14&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Andronovs&rft.aufirst=Aleksejs&rft.au=Leikuma%2C+Lidija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lu.lv%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Flu_portal%2Fapgads%2FPDF%2FBaltu-filologija_XVIII-1-2_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a> (30 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06028-n3028-tresillo.pdf">"N3028: Proposal to add Mayanist Latin letters to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706090302/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06028-n3028-tresillo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=N3028%3A+Proposal+to+add+Mayanist+Latin+letters+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2006%2F06028-n3028-tresillo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comma&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comma" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:comma">comma</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Commas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Commas">commas</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327041029/http://www.sti.nasa.gov/publish/sp7084.pdf"><i>Grammar, Punctuation, and Capitalization</i> – a comprehensive online guide by NASA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://specgram.com/CL.2/03.doolittle.odcom.html">The Oxford Comma: A Solution</a> – a satirical suggestion to settle the problem of the Oxford Comma once and for all</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://specgram.com/CLI.4/04.celen.quotta.html">The Quotta and the Quottiod</a> – another satirical compromise between the American and British traditions relating to quotes and commas.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters using <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Diacritical_usage">comma</a> sign (<span style="font-weight:100; font-size:125%;"> ◌̦ </span>)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/D-comma" title="D-comma">D̦d̦ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/S-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="S-comma">Șș </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/T-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="T-comma">Țț</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template talk:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox punctuation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_punctuation_and_other_typographical_symbols" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographical</a> symbols</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;">   </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> , </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> : </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ; </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Semicolon" title="Semicolon">semicolon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‐ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ′ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ″ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‴ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> . </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> & </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ampersand" title="Ampersand">ampersand</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> @ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/At_sign" title="At sign">at sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ^ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> / </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">slash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> \ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Backslash" title="Backslash">backslash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> … </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> * </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ※ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Reference_mark" title="Reference mark">Reference mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⁂ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(typography)" title="Asterism (typography)">asterism</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span>*<span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dinkus" title="Dinkus">dinkus</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> - </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‒ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> – </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> — </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">dash</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⹀ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Double_hyphen" title="Double hyphen">double hyphen</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ? </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ! </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‽ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¡ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Inverted_question_and_exclamation_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverted question and exclamation marks">inverted ! and ?</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸮ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Irony_punctuation" title="Irony punctuation">irony punctuation</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> # </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Number_sign" title="Number sign">number sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> № </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">numero sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> º </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ª </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicator</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> % </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‰ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">per mille</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‱ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">basis point</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ° </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌀ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Diameter#Symbol" title="Diameter">diameter sign</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> + </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> − </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">plus and minus signs</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> × </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ÷ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Division_sign" title="Division sign">division sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ~ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ± </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign" title="Plus–minus sign">plus–minus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ∓ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Minus-plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus-plus sign">minus-plus sign</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> √ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Radical_symbol" title="Radical symbol">radical symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> _ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <span style="position: relative; top: 0.25em;">⁀</span> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tie_(typography)" title="Tie (typography)">tie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> | </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¦ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‖ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> • </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">bullet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> · </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> © </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">copyright symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ℗ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_copyright_symbol" title="Sound recording copyright symbol">sound recording copyright</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ® </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">registered trademark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">SM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Service_mark_symbol" title="Service mark symbol">service mark symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> <sup><span style="font-size:85%">TM</span></sup> </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Trademark_symbol" title="Trademark symbol">trademark symbol</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‘ ’ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> “ ” </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ' ' </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> " " </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‹ › </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> « » </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemet</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ( ) </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> [ ] </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> { } </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⟨ ⟩ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">bracket</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ” </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ditto_mark" title="Ditto mark">ditto mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> † </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ‡ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dagger_(mark)" title="Dagger (mark)">dagger</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ❧ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(typography)" title="Fleuron (typography)">fleuron</a> (hedera, aldus)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ☞ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Manicule" title="Manicule">manicule</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ◊ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⌑ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ¶ </span> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> ⸿ </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pilcrow" title="Pilcrow">pilcrow</a> (paragraph mark)</span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: inherit; font-size:125%;"> § </span>  <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Section_sign" title="Section sign">section mark</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">Version of this table as a sortable list</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a> (accents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logic_symbols" title="List of logic symbols">Logic symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mathematical symbols">Math symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Chinese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Hebrew punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161736#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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