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<span>Colon and <i><span><i>sof pasuq</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colon_and_sof_pasuq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_bar_and_paseq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_bar_and_paseq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vertical bar and <i>paseq</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_bar_and_paseq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyphen_and_maqaf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyphen_and_maqaf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Hyphen and <i>maqaf</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyphen_and_maqaf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brackets/parentheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brackets/parentheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Brackets/parentheses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brackets/parentheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Israeli currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geresh_and_gershayim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geresh_and_gershayim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span><i>Geresh</i> and <i>gershayim</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geresh_and_gershayim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reversed_nun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reversed_nun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Reversed <i>nun</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reversed_nun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew_points_(vowels)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_points_(vowels)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hebrew points (vowels)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_points_(vowels)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hebrew_cantillation_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_cantillation_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hebrew cantillation marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_cantillation_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Punctuation conventions of the Hebrew language over time</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" summary="Sidebar for articles about Hebrew punctuation" style="float:right; width:20em"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ccc;text-align:center"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hebrew punctuation</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0"> <tbody><tr style="white-space:nowrap"> <th colspan="4" style="width:50%;vertical-align:middle;"><small>Hebrew-specific marks</small></th> <th colspan="2" style="width:50%;border-left:1px solid silver"><small>orthographically similar marks</small> </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:1.5em;"> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Maqaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqaf">maqaf</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">־</span>‎</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:1px solid silver;border-right:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">-</span>‎</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid silver;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:1.5em;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֜</span>‎</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֝</span>‎</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׳</span>‎</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:1px solid silver;border-right:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-size:large">'</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid silver;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:1.5em;"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֞</span>‎</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">״</span>‎</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:1px solid silver;border-right:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-size:large">"</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation mark</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid silver;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:1.5em;"> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">meteg</a></td> <td style="padding-left:2px;padding-right:2px;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:4px; text-align: center; font-size:200%;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ֽ</span>‎</span>  </td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:1px solid silver;border-right:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; font-size:large">,</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">comma</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="4"></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid silver;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:1.5em;"> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">inverted nun</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:2px solid white; font-family:'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', 'Gentium', 'GentiumAlt', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Code2000', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode';"><span style="width:1em;">׆</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center; font-size:150%;border-left:1px solid silver;border-right:2px solid white;"><span style="width:1em; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif">[</span></td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bracket" title="Bracket">bracket</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" summary="Sidebar for articles about Hebrew cantillation" style="float:right;margin-left:3px; padding:3px; min-width:18em; background:transparent;border:1px solid silver; white-space:nowrap" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#ccc; line-height:1.5em;"> <th colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="overflow:hidden;height:0px;visibility:hidden;"> <th colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> </th></tr> <tr style="height:0px;overflow:hidden"> <td style="width:38%;"></td> <td style="width:11%"></td> <td style="width:2%;"></td> <td style="width:38%;"></td> <td style="width:11%"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Sof_passuk" title="Sof passuk">Sof passuk</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׃</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Paseq" class="mw-redirect" title="Paseq">Paseq</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׀</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Etnachta" title="Etnachta">Etnakhta/atnakh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֑</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Segol_(cantillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segol (cantillation)">Segol</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֒</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Shalshelet" title="Shalshelet">Shalshelet</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֓</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Zakef_katan" title="Zakef katan">Zakef katan</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֔</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Zakef_gadol" title="Zakef gadol">Zakef gadol</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֕</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Tifcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tifcha">Tifcha/tarkha</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֖</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Rivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivia">Rivia</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֗</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Zarka_(trope)" title="Zarka (trope)">Zarka</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֘</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Pashta" title="Pashta">Pashta</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֙</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Yetiv" title="Yetiv">Yetiv</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֚</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Tevir" title="Tevir">Tevir</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֛</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Geresh_(trope)" title="Geresh (trope)">Geresh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֜</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Geresh_muqdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geresh muqdam">Geresh muqdam</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geresch_muqdam" class="extiw" title="de:Geresch muqdam">de</a>]</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֝</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Gershayim_(trope)" title="Gershayim (trope)">Gershayim</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֞</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Karne_parah" title="Karne parah">Karne parah</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֟</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Telisha" title="Telisha">Telisha gedola/talsha</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֠</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Pazer" title="Pazer">Pazer</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֡</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Atnah_hafukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Atnah hafukh">Atnah hafukh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atnach_hafuch" class="extiw" title="de:Atnach hafuch">de</a>]</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֢</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Munach" title="Munach">Munakh/shofar holekh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֣</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Mahpach" title="Mahpach">Mahpach</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֤</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Mercha" title="Mercha">Merkha/ma’arikh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֥</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Mercha_kefula" title="Mercha kefula">Mercha kefula</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֦</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Darga" title="Darga">Darga</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֧</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Qadma" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadma">Qadma</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֨</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Telisha" title="Telisha">Telisha qetana/tarsa</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֩</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Yerah_ben_yomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerah ben yomo">Yerah ben yomo</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֪</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Ole_(cantillation)" title="Ole (cantillation)">Ole</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֫</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Illuy_(cantillation)" title="Illuy (cantillation)">Illuy</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֬</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Dehi_(cantillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehi (cantillation)">Dehi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dechi" class="extiw" title="de:Dechi">de</a>]</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֭</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_cantillation" title="Template:Hebrew cantillation"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_cantillation" title="Template talk:Hebrew cantillation"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_cantillation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew cantillation"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_punctuation" title="Template:Hebrew punctuation"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_punctuation" title="Template talk:Hebrew punctuation"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_punctuation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew punctuation"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a></b> is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> languages, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> having imported additional punctuation marks from these languages in order to avoid the ambiguities sometimes occasioned by the relative lack of such symbols in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotation_marks">Quotation marks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quotation marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark#Summary_table" title="Quotation mark">Quotation mark § Summary table</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: centre; width: auto;"> <caption>Example </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Standard </th> <th scope="col">Alternate </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 325%; line-height: 1em; text-align: centre; font-family: serif;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-family:serif">”</span>שָׁלוֹם<span style="font-family:serif">”</span></span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-family:serif">„</span>שָׁלוֹם<span style="font-family:serif">”</span></span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OldHebrewQuotationStyle_from1923_translation_of_RobinsonCrusoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old style Hebrew quotation marks, from a 1923 translation of Robinson Crusoe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/OldHebrewQuotationStyle_from1923_translation_of_RobinsonCrusoe.png/412px-OldHebrewQuotationStyle_from1923_translation_of_RobinsonCrusoe.png" decoding="async" width="412" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/OldHebrewQuotationStyle_from1923_translation_of_RobinsonCrusoe.png/618px-OldHebrewQuotationStyle_from1923_translation_of_RobinsonCrusoe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/OldHebrewQuotationStyle_from1923_translation_of_RobinsonCrusoe.png 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="109" /></a><figcaption>Old style Hebrew quotation marks, from a 1923 translation of <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With most printed Hebrew texts from the early 1970s and before, opening quotation marks are low (as in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>), and closing ones are high, often going above the letters themselves (as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a>, which is level with the top of letters). An example of this system is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:large">„</span>שָׁלוֹם<span style="font-family:serif;font-size:large">”</span></span>‎. </p><p>However, this distinction in Hebrew between opening and closing quotation marks has mostly disappeared, and today, quotations are most often punctuated as they are in English (such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:large">”</span>שָׁלוֹם<span style="font-family:serif;font-size:large">”</span></span>‎), with both quotation marks high. This is due to the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Hebrew keyboard layout</a>, which lacks the opening quotation mark ⟨<span style="font-family:serif;font-size:large">„</span>⟩, as well as to the lack in Hebrew of “<a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark#Curved_quotes_and_Unicode" title="Quotation mark">smart quotes</a>” in certain word processing programs. </p><p>In addition, the quotation mark is often used for the similar looking but different <i><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a></i> mark ⟨<span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">״</span>‎</span>⟩, as that too is absent from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Hebrew keyboard</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard </th> <th>Alternative </th> <th style="text-align: left;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">‏ <span style="font-family:serif;font-size:large" dir="rtl">"…"</span> ‏ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">‏ <span style="font-family:serif;font-size:large" dir="rtl">"…"</span> ‏ </td> <td><i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">merkhaʾot</i></span></i> — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מֵרְכָאוֹת</span>‎ (plural of <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">merkha</i></span></i> — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מֵרְכָא</span>‎); a similar punctuation mark unique to Hebrew is called <a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a> — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גרשיים</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Period,_question_mark,_exclamation_mark,_comma"><span id="Period.2C_question_mark.2C_exclamation_mark.2C_comma"></span>Period, question mark, exclamation mark, comma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Period, question mark, exclamation mark, comma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Periods (<a href="/wiki/Full_stops" class="mw-redirect" title="Full stops">full stops</a>), <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question marks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation marks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">commas</a> are used as in English. </p><p>A Hebrew period in a traditional <i><b><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a></b></i> face usually looks like a tiny tilted square (a <a href="/wiki/Geometric_shapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric shapes">diamond</a>; ◊). This is also true for the dot part of the <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, which is also written from right to left, the question mark ⟨<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar">؟</span></span>⟩ is mirrored right-to-left from the Latin question mark. (Some browsers may display the character in the previous sentence as a forward question mark due to font or text directionality issues.) <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> is also written right-to-left, but uses a question mark that appears on the page in the same orientation as Latin ⟨?⟩.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that Hebrew commas are <b>not</b> mirrored - although that was once suggested (together with mirrored semi-colons, 'capital' letters, etc.) by a 19th century British minister called William Withers Ewbank.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colon_and_sof_pasuq">Colon and <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">sof pasuq</i></span></i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colon and sof pasuq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stemming from Biblical Hebrew, a <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sof_pasuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sof pasuq">sof pasuq</a></i></span></i> ⟨ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׃</span>‎ ⟩ is the equivalent of a period, and is used in some writings such as prayer books. Since a <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">sof pasuq</i></span></i> is absent from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Hebrew keyboard layout</a>, and looks very similar to the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a> ⟨:⟩, a colon is often substituted for it. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Glyph </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׃</span>‎ </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+05C3</span> </td> <td>HEBREW PUNCTUATION SOF PASUQ </td></tr> <tr> <td>: </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+003A</span> </td> <td>COLON </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_bar_and_paseq">Vertical bar and <i>paseq</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vertical bar and paseq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: auto;"> <caption>Example </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Standard </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 325%; line-height: 1em; text-align: center; font-family: serif;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span style="font-family:serif"></span>אֱלֹהִים׀<span style="font-family:serif"></span></span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crop_of_Hebrew_manuscript_meant_to_illustrate_Hebrew_punctuation_paseq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Crop_of_Hebrew_manuscript_meant_to_illustrate_Hebrew_punctuation_paseq.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>In the image above, the <i>paseq</i> can be seen on the last occurrence of the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלֹהִים</span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Paseq" class="mw-redirect" title="Paseq">paseq</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פָּסֵק</span>) ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׀</span>‎⟩ originates from Biblical Hebrew. As it is not on a standard <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Hebrew keyboard</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a> ⟨|⟩ is often used instead. However, it is seldom if ever used in modern Israeli Hebrew, and is not mentioned on the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a>'s guide to modern Hebrew punctuation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The height of the <i>paseq</i> depends on the font, but it is generally the same as the letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like much Biblical Hebrew punctuation, the meaning of the <i>paseq</i> is not known, although a number of hypotheses exist. The word itself means "separator", but this name was a medieval innovation by later Jews; the root <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פּ־ס־ק</span>‎ does not exist in the Biblical Hebrew canon.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Kennedy, an English <a href="/wiki/Hebraist" title="Hebraist">hebraist</a>, wrote a book about the <i>paseq</i> in which he hypothesized that it was an ancient mark serving the same purpose as the modern word <a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a> (in non-Latin texts).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Leningrad_Codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Leningrad Codex">Westminster Leningrad Codex</a> contains over 500 <i>paseq</i>s; William Wickes, an influential scholar in this area, divide them into nine classes;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a>, drawing on Wickes, divided them into five:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>as a divider between two words which end and begin with the same letters, e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שָׁלוֹם׀ מַ</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Shalom" title="Shalom">Shalom</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mama_and_papa" title="Mama and papa">ma</a>)</li> <li>between identical or very similar words, e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">רַקדָן׀ רָקַד</span></span> (the dancer danced)</li> <li>between words which are to a high degree contradictory, e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלֹהִים׀ רֶשַׁע</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">God, evil</a>)</li> <li>between words otherwise liable to be wrongly connected, e.g. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כַּף׀ תּוֹר</span></span>, which prevents the somewhat bizarre phrase <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כַּף</span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="he-Latn">kaf</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Spoon" title="Spoon">spoon</a>) <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תּוֹר</span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="he-Latn">tor</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Queue_area" title="Queue area">queue</a>) from being wrongly read as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כַּפְתּוֹר</span></span> (<span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="he-Latn">kaftor</i></span>), meaning <a href="/wiki/Button" title="Button">button</a>.</li> <li>"and lastly, between heterogeneous terms, as Eleazar the High Priest, and Joshua" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֶלְעָזָ֣ר הַכֹּהֵ֣ן׀ וִיהוֹשֻׁ֪עַ</span></span>—see context in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0619.htm#51">Joshua 19:51</a>)</li></ul> <p>An example may be found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+1:5&version=wlc">Genesis 1:5</a> in the Westminster Leningrad Codex and many other manuscripts: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><p><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃ פ</span>‎</p></blockquote> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Glyph </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׀</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05C0</span> </td> <td>HEBREW PUNCTUATION PASEQ </td></tr> <tr> <td>| </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+007C</span> </td> <td>VERTICAL LINE </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyphen_and_maqaf">Hyphen and <i>maqaf</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hyphen and maqaf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 30em; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Example </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Hebrew <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">maqaf</i></span></i> </th> <th scope="col">Standard English hyphen </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 325%; line-height: 1em; text-align: center; font-family: serif;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span class="nowrap"> עַל־יְדֵי</span></span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><span class="nowrap"> עַל‑יְדֵי</span></span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">The maqaf aligns with the top horizontal strokes, whereas the standard English hyphen is in the middle of the letters. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">maqaf</i></span></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מַקָּף</span>‎) ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">־</span>‎⟩ is the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> ⟨-⟩, and has virtually the same purpose for connecting two words as in English. It is different from the hyphen in its positioning (a hyphen is in the middle in terms of height, the <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">maqaf</i></span></i> is at the top) and it has a biblical origin,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike many other <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> punctuation symbols, which have simply been imported from European languages. </p><p>The original purpose of the <i>maqaf</i> was to show that two words should be considered one for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a> placement, vowels, stress (<i>ṭaʿam</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">טַעַם</span>‎), and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a>. This use continues into the present beyond reprintings of Biblical texts;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, the <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a> for modern Hebrew songs, such as <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>, are normally printed with them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">maqaf</i></span></i> is well-used in Hebrew typography; most books and newspapers use it and have the hyphens higher than one would find in English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In typed documents, however, it is frequently not used because before the 2010s, it was absent from most keyboards or cumbersome to type. As a consequence, a standard English hyphen ⟨-⟩ is most often used in online writings. This situation can be compared to that of users writing in Latin alphabets using the easily available <a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">hyphen-minus</a> ⟨-⟩ over <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a> ⟨‐⟩, <a href="/wiki/Minus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Minus sign">minus</a> ⟨−⟩, <a href="/wiki/Dash#En_dash" title="Dash">en dash</a> ⟨–⟩, and <a href="/wiki/Dash#Em_dash" title="Dash">em dash</a> ⟨—⟩. As of the 2010's, it is possible to insert the <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">maqaf</i></span></i> symbol using most common computer, and mobile phone operating systems. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Glyph </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">־</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05BE</span> </td> <td>HEBREW PUNCTUATION MAQAF </td></tr> <tr> <td>- </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+002D</span> </td> <td>HYPHEN-MINUS </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brackets/parentheses"><span id="Brackets.2Fparentheses"></span>Brackets/parentheses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brackets/parentheses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brackets or parentheses, ⟨(⟩ and ⟨)⟩ are the same in Hebrew as in English. Since Hebrew is written from right to left, ⟨)⟩ becomes an opening bracket, and ⟨(⟩ a closing bracket, the opposite from English, which is written left to right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_currency">Israeli currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Israeli currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: auto; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Example </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">With shekel sign </th> <th scope="col">With abbreviation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_sheqel" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli new sheqel">Israeli new shekel</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 250%; line-height: 1em; text-align: center; font-family: serif;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">₪12,000</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">12,000ש״ח</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_pound" title="Israeli pound">Israeli pound</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 250%; line-height: 1em; text-align: center; font-family: serif;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">I£12,000</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">12,000ל״י</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">shekel sign</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">₪</span>‎) is the currency sign for the Israeli currency (the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">Israeli new shekel</a>), in the way <a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pound_sign" title="Pound sign">£</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a> exist for other currencies. The shekel sign, like the dollar sign ⟨$⟩, is usually placed to the left of the number (so <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">₪12,000</span>‎</i>, rather than <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">12,000₪</span>‎</i>), but since Hebrew is written from right to left, the symbol is actually written after the number. It is either not <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">separated</a> from the preceding number, or is separated only by a <a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">thin space</a>. </p><p>Unlike the dollar sign, the new shekel sign is not used that often when handwriting monetary amounts, and is generally replaced by the abbreviation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש״ח</span>‎ (standing for <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">sheqel ẖadash</i></span></i>, lit. "new shekel"). The new shekel sign can be typed on desktop Linux and Windows 8 and higher systems using the combination AltGr-4 according to the SI 1452 standard. </p><p>The short-lived <a href="/wiki/Israeli_old_shekel" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli old shekel">Israeli old shekel</a>, on the other hand, which symbol was <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Sheqel_sign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Sheqel_sign.svg/20px-Old_Sheqel_sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Sheqel_sign.svg/30px-Old_Sheqel_sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Old_Sheqel_sign.svg/40px-Old_Sheqel_sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="86" data-file-height="22" /></a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is rarely referred to in Israeli texts; both due to its lifespan of only five years and the fact that due to hyperinflation it lost value daily, so that referring to a value in Israeli old shekels, even in retrospective writing, is essentially meaningless without knowing the exact time the figure was quoted.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As prices changed so rapidly, advertising of the time predominately used dollars;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the shekel was referred to at all, it was with the letter S or its full Hebrew name—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">שֶׁקֶל</span>‎; although certain banks, such as <a href="/wiki/Bank_Leumi" title="Bank Leumi">Bank Leumi</a>, used the letter <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎ to refer to it on checks, as well as the Latin letters "I.S."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_pound" title="Israeli pound">Israeli pound</a> was the Israeli Currency until 1980. Its sign is I£, and its abbreviation is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ל״י</span>‎.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geresh_and_gershayim"><i>Geresh</i> and <i>gershayim</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geresh and gershayim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 20em; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Example </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">Apostrophe</a> used as a geresh </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 325%; line-height: 1em; text-align: center; font-family: serif;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צ׳ארלס</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צ<span style="font-family:serif">'</span>ארלס</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">Quotation marks</a> used as gershayim </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 325%; line-height: 1em; text-align: center; font-family: serif;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צה״ל</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צה<span style="font-family:serif">"</span>ל</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a></i> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׳</span>‎⟩, is the Hebrew equivalent of a period in abbreviations (e.g. abbrev.), in addition to being attached to Hebrew letters to indicate sounds like <a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_G" title="Hard and soft G">soft <i>g</i></a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)"><i>ch</i></a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>]</span> in foreign names such as Charles (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1" class="extiw" title="he:צ'ארלס">צ׳ארלס</a></span>‎) and Jake (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג׳ייק</span>‎). The <i><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a></i> ⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">״</span>‎⟩, is a Hebrew symbol indicating that a sequence of characters is an acronym, and is placed <i>before</i> the last character of the word. Owing to a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Hebrew keyboard</a>'s having neither a <i>geresh</i> nor <i>gershayim</i>, they are usually replaced online with, respectively, the visually similar apostrophe ⟨<span style="font-family:serif;font-size:large">'</span>⟩ and quotation mark ⟨<span style="font-family:serif;font-size:large">"</span>⟩. The quotation mark and apostrophe are higher than the <i>geresh</i> and <i>gershayim</i>: where the latter are placed level with the top of Hebrew letters, the apostrophe and quotation marks are above them. </p><p>Some Hebrew-specific <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a> (fonts designed primarily for Hebrew letters), such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_(font)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David (font) (page does not exist)">David</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Narkisim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narkisim (page does not exist)">Narkisim</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=FrankRuehl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FrankRuehl (page does not exist)">FrankRuehl</a>, do not feature the apostrophe and quotation marks as such but use the <i>geresh</i> and <i>gershayim</i> to substitute for them. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Glyph </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׳</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05F3</span> </td> <td>HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERESH </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">״</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05F4</span> </td> <td>HEBREW PUNCTUATION GERSHAYIM </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:large">'</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0027</span> </td> <td>APOSTROPHE </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-family:serif;font-size:large">"</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0022</span> </td> <td>QUOTATION MARK </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mathematical expressions are written in Hebrew using the same symbols as in English, including <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Western numerals</a>, which are written left to right. The only variant that exists is an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_plus_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative plus sign">alternative plus sign</a>, which is a plus sign which looks like an inverted <a href="/wiki/Capital_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letter">capital</a> T. <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> has this symbol at position <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+FB29</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">﬩</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HEBREW LETTER ALTERNATIVE PLUS SIGN</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for this practice is that it avoids the writing of a symbol "+" that looks like a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JE2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_California_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_California-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><b>Examples of mathematical expressions written in Hebrew</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>General example</i></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>With alternative plus sign</i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:200%;background:white;height:1.8em"> <td>6 + [(1 × 2) ÷ 2] = 7 </td> <td>6 ﬩ [(1 × 2) ÷ 2] = 7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Mathematical expressions in Hebrew are nearly the same as in English </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reversed_nun">Reversed <i>nun</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reversed nun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></div> <table align="right" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">'<i>Examples</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:white;height:50px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_nun.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Letter_nun.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="52" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="52" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background:white;height:50px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inverted_letter_nun_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Inverted_letter_nun_1.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="52" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="28" data-file-height="52" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Ordinary letter <a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">nun</a></div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Reversed nun - vertical flip</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:white;height:50px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inverted_letter_nun_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Inverted_letter_nun_2.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="52" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="52" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background:white;height:50px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inverted_letter_nun_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Inverted_letter_nun_3.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="52" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="52" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Reversed nun - horizontal flip</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Reversed nun - <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>-shape</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Reversed_Nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversed Nun">Reversed <i>nun</i></a> (also called inverted <i>nun</i>, <i>nun hafukha</i>, or <i>nun menuzzeret</i>) is a rare character found in two Biblical Hebrew texts.<sup id="cite_ref-IOS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although in Judaic literature it is known as <i>nun hafukha</i> ("reversed <i><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">nun</a></i>"), it does not function as any sort of letter in the text.<sup id="cite_ref-IOS_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not part of a word, and it is not read aloud in any way. It is simply a mark that is written, and is therefore a punctuation mark, not a letter. Also, it is surrounded by space.<sup id="cite_ref-IOS_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it depends on the particular manuscript or printed edition, it is found in nine places: twice in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Book of Numbers</a> (prior to and after Numbers 10:34-36), and seven times in <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a> 107.<sup id="cite_ref-IOS_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is uncertain today what it was intended to signify.<sup id="cite_ref-IOS_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many manuscripts, it does not even resemble a transformed <i>nun</i> at all, and when it does, it sometimes appears reversed (as mentioned above), sometimes inverted, and sometimes turned through 180°.<sup id="cite_ref-IOS_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other times it appears to look like the letter Z.<sup id="cite_ref-IOS_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Glyph </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׆</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05C6</span> </td> <td>HEBREW PUNCTUATION NUN HAFUKHA </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_points_(vowels)"><span id="Hebrew_points_.28vowels.29"></span>Hebrew points (vowels)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hebrew points (vowels)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: auto;"> <caption>Example </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">With vowel points </th> <th scope="col">Without vowel points </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: 325%; line-height: 1em; text-align: center; font-family: serif;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">עַל־יְדֵי</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">על־ידי</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 325%; line-height: 1em; text-align: center; font-family: serif;"> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יִשְׂרָאֵל</span>‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ישראל</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These signs (points, <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">neqqudot</a></i></span></i>) indicate voweling or some other aspects of the pronunciation of a letter or word. While in Modern Hebrew they are not generally used outside poetry and children's books, a vowel point or other diacritic is occasionally added to resolve ambiguity. </p><p>One of these <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">neqqudot</i></span></i>, the <i><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">rafe</a></i></span></i>, is no longer used in Hebrew, even though it is routinely used in Yiddish spelling (as defined by <a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO</a>). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Glyph </th> <th>Unicode </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ְ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05B0</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">SHEVA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֱ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05B1</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HATEF_SEGOL" class="mw-redirect" title="HATEF SEGOL">HATEF SEGOL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֲ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05B2</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HATEF_PATAH" class="mw-redirect" title="HATEF PATAH">HATEF PATAH</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֳ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05B3</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HATEF_QAMATS" class="mw-redirect" title="HATEF QAMATS">HATEF QAMATS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ִ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05B4</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HIRIQ" class="mw-redirect" title="HIRIQ">HIRIQ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֵ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05B5</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/TSERE" class="mw-redirect" title="TSERE">TSERE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֶ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05B6</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SEGOL" class="mw-redirect" title="SEGOL">SEGOL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ַ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05B7</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PATAH" class="mw-redirect" title="PATAH">PATAH</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ָ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05B8</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/QAMATS" class="mw-redirect" title="QAMATS">QAMATS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֹ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05B9</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">HOLAM (HASER)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֻ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05BB</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/QUBUTS" class="mw-redirect" title="QUBUTS">QUBUTS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ּ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05BC</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DAGESH" class="mw-redirect" title="DAGESH">DAGESH</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAPIQ" class="mw-redirect" title="MAPIQ">MAPIQ</a>, OR <a href="/wiki/SHURUQ" class="mw-redirect" title="SHURUQ">SHURUQ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֽ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05BD</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">METEG</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ֿ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05BF</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RAFE" class="mw-redirect" title="RAFE">RAFE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ׁ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05C1</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Shin dot">SHIN DOT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ׂ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05C2</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sin_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin dot">SIN DOT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ׄ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05C4</span> </td> <td>MARK UPPER DOT </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:large"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"> ׅ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+05C5</span> </td> <td>MARK LOWER DOT </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_cantillation_marks">Hebrew cantillation marks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hebrew cantillation marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Hebrew cantillation</a></div> <table align="right" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Example (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=GEN%201:1-5&version=50;">1:1-5</a>)</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">With Vowel Points and Cantillation Marks</div></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:white;height:50px;width:300px"><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:150%;" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃ וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֙הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃ וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י א֑וֹר וַֽיְהִי־אֽוֹר׃ וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר כִּי־ט֑וֹב וַיַּבְדֵּ֣ל אֱלֹהִ֔ים בֵּ֥ין הָא֖וֹר וּבֵ֥ין הַחֹֽשֶׁךְ׃ וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב וַֽיְהִי־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם אֶחָֽד׃</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Just Cantillation Marks<br />(For Demonstration)</div></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:white;height:50px;width:300px"><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:150%;" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בראש֖ית בר֣א אלה֑ים א֥ת השמ֖ים וא֥ת האֽרץ׃ והא֗רץ הית֥ה ת֙הו֙ וב֔הו וח֖שך על־פנ֣י תה֑ום ור֣וח אלה֔ים מרח֖פת על־פנ֥י המֽים׃ וי֥אמר אלה֖ים יה֣י א֑ור וֽיהי־אֽור׃ וי֧רא אלה֛ים את־הא֖ור כי־ט֑וב ויבד֣ל אלה֔ים ב֥ין הא֖ור וב֥ין החֽשך׃ ויקר֨א אלה֤ים׀ לאור֙ י֔ום ולח֖שך ק֣רא ל֑ילה וֽיהי־ע֥רב וֽיהי־ב֖קר י֥ום אחֽד׃</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">No Cantillation or Vowel Points</div></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:white;height:50px;width:300px"><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:135%;" dir="rtl"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="בראשית">בראשית</a> ברא אלהים את השמים ואת הארץ׃ והארץ היתה תהו ובהו וחשך על־פני תהום ורוח אלהים מרחפת על־פני המים׃ ויאמר אלהים יהי אור ויהי־אור׃ וירא אלהים את־האור כי־טוב ויבדל אלהים בין האור ובין החשך׃ ויקרא אלהים׀ לאור יום ולחשך קרא לילה ויהי־ערב ויהי־בקר יום אחד׃</span>‎</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The cantillation marks (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">טעמים</span> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">teʿamim</i></span></i>) have a very specialized use. They are only found in printed Hebrew texts of <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> to be used as a guide for chanting the text, either from the printed text or, in the case of the public reading of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, to be memorized along with vowel marks as the <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Sefer Torah</a> includes only the letters of the text without cantillation or vowel marks. Outside the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, the cantillation marks are not used in modern spoken or written Hebrew at all. The cantillation marks provide a structure to sentences of Tanakh similar to that provided by punctuation marks. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="" summary="Sidebar for articles about Hebrew cantillation" style="float:right;margin-left:3px; padding:3px; min-width:18em; background:transparent;border:1px solid silver; white-space:nowrap" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#ccc; line-height:1.5em;"> <th colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="overflow:hidden;height:0px;visibility:hidden;"> <th colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> </th></tr> <tr style="height:0px;overflow:hidden"> <td style="width:38%;"></td> <td style="width:11%"></td> <td style="width:2%;"></td> <td style="width:38%;"></td> <td style="width:11%"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Sof_passuk" title="Sof passuk">Sof passuk</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׃</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Paseq" class="mw-redirect" title="Paseq">Paseq</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׀</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Etnachta" title="Etnachta">Etnakhta/atnakh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֑</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Segol_(cantillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segol (cantillation)">Segol</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֒</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Shalshelet" title="Shalshelet">Shalshelet</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֓</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Zakef_katan" title="Zakef katan">Zakef katan</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֔</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Zakef_gadol" title="Zakef gadol">Zakef gadol</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֕</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Tifcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tifcha">Tifcha/tarkha</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֖</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Rivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivia">Rivia</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֗</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Zarka_(trope)" title="Zarka (trope)">Zarka</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֘</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Pashta" title="Pashta">Pashta</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֙</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Yetiv" title="Yetiv">Yetiv</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֚</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Tevir" title="Tevir">Tevir</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֛</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Geresh_(trope)" title="Geresh (trope)">Geresh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֜</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Geresh_muqdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geresh muqdam">Geresh muqdam</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geresch_muqdam" class="extiw" title="de:Geresch muqdam">de</a>]</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֝</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Gershayim_(trope)" title="Gershayim (trope)">Gershayim</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֞</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Karne_parah" title="Karne parah">Karne parah</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֟</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Telisha" title="Telisha">Telisha gedola/talsha</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֠</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Pazer" title="Pazer">Pazer</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֡</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Atnah_hafukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Atnah hafukh">Atnah hafukh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atnach_hafuch" class="extiw" title="de:Atnach hafuch">de</a>]</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֢</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Munach" title="Munach">Munakh/shofar holekh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֣</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Mahpach" title="Mahpach">Mahpach</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֤</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Mercha" title="Mercha">Merkha/ma’arikh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֥</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Mercha_kefula" title="Mercha kefula">Mercha kefula</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֦</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Darga" title="Darga">Darga</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֧</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Qadma" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadma">Qadma</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֨</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Telisha" title="Telisha">Telisha qetana/tarsa</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֩</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Yerah_ben_yomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerah ben yomo">Yerah ben yomo</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֪</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Ole_(cantillation)" title="Ole (cantillation)">Ole</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֫</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Illuy_(cantillation)" title="Illuy (cantillation)">Illuy</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֬</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Dehi_(cantillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehi (cantillation)">Dehi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dechi" class="extiw" title="de:Dechi">de</a>]</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֭</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Tsinnorit" title="Tsinnorit">Tsinnorit</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֮</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_cantillation" title="Template:Hebrew cantillation"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_cantillation" title="Template talk:Hebrew cantillation"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_cantillation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew cantillation"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Hebrew keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Hebrew spelling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of April 2019, this symbol does not exist in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_punctuation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Truss, Lynne. <i>Eats, Shoots & Leaves</i>, 2003. p. 143. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59240-087-6">1-59240-087-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwbank1841" class="citation book cs1">Ewbank, William Withers (October 4, 1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eqt9gHLzYDUC"><i>HXYSARB The Book of Genesis, in the original Hebrew without points, but with Stops and Large Initial Letters (edited as an experiment)</i></a>. London: Duncan & Malcolm<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HXYSARB+The+Book+of+Genesis%2C+in+the+original+Hebrew+without+points%2C+but+with+Stops+and+Large+Initial+Letters+%28edited+as+an+experiment%29.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duncan+%26+Malcolm&rft.date=1841-10-04&rft.aulast=Ewbank&rft.aufirst=William+Withers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEqt9gHLzYDUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdowell2010" class="citation web cs1">Macdowell, Mississippi Fred (October 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onthemainline.blogspot.com/2010/10/hebrew-made-more-european-innovative.html">"Hebrew made more European; an innovative punctuation scheme from 1841"</a>. <i>On the Main Line</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=On+the+Main+Line&rft.atitle=Hebrew+made+more+European%3B+an+innovative+punctuation+scheme+from+1841.&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft.aulast=Macdowell&rft.aufirst=Mississippi+Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonthemainline.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fhebrew-made-more-european-innovative.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrew-academy.org.il/topic/hahlatot/punctuation">"כללי הפיסוק"</a> [Common [Hebrew] punctuation]. <i><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a></i> (in Hebrew)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2019</span>. <q>הערה ב: המקף הבא במקרא שימושו אחר, והוא שייך בעיקרו לטעמי המקרא: הוא מורה על צירוף שתי מילים או יותר הנקראות בטעם אחד. (<i>Maqaf</i> in the Bible has another use primarily associated with <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a>, it indicates that two or more words are to be pronounced in one breath.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.atitle=%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhebrew-academy.org.il%2Ftopic%2Fhahlatot%2Fpunctuation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1903" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, James (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thenotelineinthe00kennuoft"><i>The note-line in the Hebrew scriptures commonly called Pāsēq, or Pesîq</i></a>. Edinburgh T. & T. Clark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+note-line+in+the+Hebrew+scriptures+commonly+called+P%C4%81s%C4%93q%2C+or+Pes%C3%AEq&rft.pub=Edinburgh+T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthenotelineinthe00kennuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickes1887" class="citation book cs1">Wickes, William (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatiseonaccent00wickuoft"><i>A treatise on the accentuation of the twenty-one so-called prose books of the Old Testament</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. Oxford : Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+treatise+on+the+accentuation+of+the+twenty-one+so-called+prose+books+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Oxford+%3A+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Wickes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreatiseonaccent00wickuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeseniusKautzschCowley1910" class="citation book cs1">Gesenius, Wilhelm; Kautzsch, E. (Emil); Cowley, A. E. (Arthur Ernest) (1910). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/15._The_Accents#cite_note-6"><i>Gesenius' Hebrew grammar</i></a>. Gerstein - University of Toronto. Oxford : Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesenius%27+Hebrew+grammar&rft.pub=Oxford+%3A+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Gesenius&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Kautzsch%2C+E.+%28Emil%29&rft.au=Cowley%2C+A.+E.+%28Arthur+Ernest%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FGesenius%2527_Hebrew_Grammar%2F15._The_Accents%23cite_note-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/16" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/16"><i>Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>§16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen-Zentner2015" class="citation web cs1">Cohen-Zentner, Naomi (March 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewish-music.huji.ac.il/he/node/22403">"Hag Purim – The story behind its melody"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hebrew University of Jerusalem">The Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.atitle=Hag+Purim+%E2%80%93+The+story+behind+its+melody&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft.aulast=Cohen-Zentner&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewish-music.huji.ac.il%2Fhe%2Fnode%2F22403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechter2012" class="citation news cs1">Schechter, Asher (February 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.5190129">"Requiem for the Shekel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Requiem+for+the+Shekel&rft.date=2012-02-24&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.5190129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-rise-and-fall-of-israeli-inflation">"The Rise & Fall of Israeli Inflation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i>. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=The+Rise+%26+Fall+of+Israeli+Inflation&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-israeli-inflation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kavimvenekudot.wordpress.com/2015/02/17/%d7%92%d7%9c%d7%92%d7%95%d7%9c%d7%95-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%a1%d7%99%d7%9e%d7%9f-%e2%82%aa-%d7%a1%d7%99%d7%a4%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%91%d7%90%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%a2%d7%94-%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a7%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%a7%d7%a6/">"גלגולו של סימן ₪ ||| סיפור בארבעה פרקים קצרים"</a> [The transformation of the shekel sign ||| A story in four parts]. <i>קווים ונקודות</i> (in Hebrew). February 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA&rft.atitle=%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F+%E2%82%AA+%7C%7C%7C+%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%94+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2015-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkavimvenekudot.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F02%2F17%2F%25d7%2592%25d7%259c%25d7%2592%25d7%2595%25d7%259c%25d7%2595-%25d7%25a9%25d7%259c-%25d7%25a1%25d7%2599%25d7%259e%25d7%259f-%25e2%2582%25aa-%25d7%25a1%25d7%2599%25d7%25a4%25d7%2595%25d7%25a8-%25d7%2591%25d7%2590%25d7%25a8%25d7%2591%25d7%25a2%25d7%2594-%25d7%25a4%25d7%25a8%25d7%25a7%25d7%2599%25d7%259d-%25d7%25a7%25d7%25a6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decodeunicode.org/U+FB29">"﬩ - U+0FB29 - decodeunicode.org"</a>. <i>decodeunicode.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=decodeunicode.org&rft.atitle=%EF%AC%A9+-+U%2B0FB29+-+decodeunicode.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdecodeunicode.org%2FU%2BFB29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JE2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann_Kohler1901–1906" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann Kohler (1901–1906). "Cross". In <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Adler" title="Cyrus Adler">Cyrus Adler</a>; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4776-cross"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cross&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.au=Kaufmann+Kohler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4776-cross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_California-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-University_of_California_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8sWAAAAIAAJ&q=%22plus+sign+used+in+mathematics%22">Christian-Jewish Dialogue: Theological Foundations By Peter von der Osten-Sacken (1986 – Fortress Press)</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-0771-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-0771-6">0-8006-0771-6</a> "In Israel the plus sign used in mathematics is represented by a horizontal stroke with a vertical hook instead of the sign otherwise used all over the world, because the latter is reminiscent of a cross." (Page 96)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IOS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IOS_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOS_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOS_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOS_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOS_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOS_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOS_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2714.pdf">"Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set: International Organization for Standardization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Multiple-Octet+Coded+Character+Set%3A+International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2Fjtc1%2Fsc2%2Fwg2%2Fdocs%2Fn2714.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+punctuation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hyphen_and_maqaf">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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