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Proceedings of a Seminar on the Uses of Standardized Tests and Selection Examinations (Beijing, China, April 1985)","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [33410241]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":119589140,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “University Examinations and Standardized Testing: Principles, Experience, and Policy Options. World Bank Technical Paper Number 78. Proceedings of a Seminar on the Uses of Standardized Tests and Selection Examinations (Beijing, China, April 1985)”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/119589140/mini_magick20241115-1-rqjv7p.png?1731675011" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">University Examinations and Standardized Testing: Principles, Experience, and Policy Options. World Bank Technical Paper Number 78. Proceedings of a Seminar on the Uses of Standardized Tests and Selection Examinations (Beijing, China, April 1985)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33410241" href="https://vanderbilt.academia.edu/StephenHeyneman"><img alt="Profile image of Stephen Heyneman" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Stephen Heyneman</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1988</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">232 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 125569621; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=125569621"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">In September 1984, the Chinese government asked the Economic Development Institute of the World Bank to assist the officials of the Chinese Ministry of Education in thinking through some policy options for examinations and standardized testing. This document summarizes the descriptions of testi:1g programs and advice provided to these Chinese officials at a meeting held in April 1985.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":119589140,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/125569621/University_Examinations_and_Standardized_Testing_Principles_Experience_and_Policy_Options_World_Bank_Technical_Paper_Number_78_Proceedings_of_a_Seminar_on_the_Uses_of_Standardized_Tests_and_Selection_Examinations_Beijing_China_April_1985_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":119589140,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/125569621/University_Examinations_and_Standardized_Testing_Principles_Experience_and_Policy_Options_World_Bank_Technical_Paper_Number_78_Proceedings_of_a_Seminar_on_the_Uses_of_Standardized_Tests_and_Selection_Examinations_Beijing_China_April_1985_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="119589140" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/125569621/University_Examinations_and_Standardized_Testing_Principles_Experience_and_Policy_Options_World_Bank_Technical_Paper_Number_78_Proceedings_of_a_Seminar_on_the_Uses_of_Standardized_Tests_and_Selection_Examinations_Beijing_China_April_1985_" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="35677274" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35677274/AN_ANALYSIS_OF_NATIONAL_EDUCATIONAL_ASSESSMENT_POLICY_IN_THE_PEOPLES_REPUBLIC_OF_CHINA_AND_THE_UNITED_STATES">AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT POLICY IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE UNITED STATES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="74499009" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%E9%9B%AF%E9%9D%99%E5%A7%9A">雯静姚</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT POLICY IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE UNITED 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management","attachmentId":50035116,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29593124/Uses_of_examinations_in_developing_countries_Selection_research_and_education_sector_management","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29593124/Uses_of_examinations_in_developing_countries_Selection_research_and_education_sector_management"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="77221156" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md 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Lessons from the Chinese Civil Service Exam</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32938713" href="https://pennstate.academia.edu/HoiSuen">Hoi K Suen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Comparative Education Review, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the field of educational assessment, the "validity of assessment" can be defined as the degree to which evidence and theory support the interpretations of test scores that are entailed by proposed uses of the test. 1 Many concerns have arisen over what is termed the "consequential basis" of validity, the intended and unintended social consequences of testing. 2 Theorists have taken distinctive positions regarding this issue. D. E. Wiley suggested that consequences of testing should not be considered a part of validity at all, as it overburdens the concept. 3 In contrast, Lee Cronbach suggested that social consequences alone might influence validity by questioning the way in which a test is used. 4 Lori Shepard added that unintended social consequences of test use represent rival hypotheses to the expressed use of the test and are thus an integral part of validity. 5 Pam Moss argued that the study of consequences is an essential aspect of validity even for those who choose to limit the scope of validity to a test-based interpretation. 6 In the latest edition of Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, the Joint Committee on Testing Standards of the American Educational Research Association, the American Psychological Association, and the National Council on Measurement in Education clarified that "evidence about consequences can inform validity decisions. 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This essay reviews the history of the Chinese traditional educational testing system: its origin, features, and its past impact on Chinese people's lives as well as on modern education. It then examines the western influence on the Chinese educational testing system in the twentieth century, focusing on two historical periods, from 1905 to 1949 and post-1980, when western influences were most vigorous. It concludes with a discussion of the characteristics of Chinese assimilation to western educational models and the impact of such assimilation on Chinese people's lives.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Western influences on Chinese educational testing","attachmentId":72841938,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58424291/Western_influences_on_Chinese_educational_testing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58424291/Western_influences_on_Chinese_educational_testing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="778200" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/778200/The_Evolution_of_College_Entrance_Examinations">The Evolution of College Entrance Examinations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="190128" href="https://upenn.academia.edu/MichaelJohanek">Michael Johanek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">GSE Publications, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Evolution of College Entrance Examinations","attachmentId":4602731,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/778200/The_Evolution_of_College_Entrance_Examinations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/778200/The_Evolution_of_College_Entrance_Examinations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="63687070" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63687070/Premises_and_Challenges_of_High_Stakes_Examinations_National_Higher_Education_Entrance_Examination_Mathematics_Test_Scores_in_China">Premises and Challenges of High-Stakes Examinations: National Higher Education Entrance Examination Mathematics Test Scores in China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="124343941" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChunlianJIANG">Chunlian JIANG</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">International comparative studies suggest that students from countries with high-stakes examinations often perform better thanÂ students from other countries. Nowadays more and more countries,Â including the United States, are implementing high-stakes examinations at the national or state levels. In this paper, weÂ use the National Higher Education Entrance Examination (NHEEE) in China as an example to illustrate the premises and challenges of high-stakes examinations. NHEEE, commonly known as Gaokao, is the only measure used in China to determine if and which college a high school graduate is admitted to. This study examines the reliability and validity of scores obtained from the 2014 mathematicsÂ test of this critical examination that determines the future of thousands of students in China. Results of the Rasch analysis indicated that the unidimensionality assumption was tenable. The results also showed that the item reliability and separation wereÂ satisfactory, but the person r...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Premises and Challenges of High-Stakes Examinations: National Higher Education Entrance Examination Mathematics Test Scores in China","attachmentId":76034151,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63687070/Premises_and_Challenges_of_High_Stakes_Examinations_National_Higher_Education_Entrance_Examination_Mathematics_Test_Scores_in_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63687070/Premises_and_Challenges_of_High_Stakes_Examinations_National_Higher_Education_Entrance_Examination_Mathematics_Test_Scores_in_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="67554217" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67554217/Educational_Testing_Abroad_and_Lessons_for_the_United_States">Educational Testing Abroad and Lessons for the United States</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="200919593" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelFeuer1">Michael J Feuer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Educational Testing Abroad and Lessons for the United States","attachmentId":78327327,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67554217/Educational_Testing_Abroad_and_Lessons_for_the_United_States","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67554217/Educational_Testing_Abroad_and_Lessons_for_the_United_States"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="19511533" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19511533/A_survey_of_English_language_testing_practice_in_China_The_case_of_six_examination_boards">A survey of English language testing practice in China: The case of six examination boards</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3452680" href="https://fudan.academia.edu/JinsongFan">Jinsong Fan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">English language testing has been developing with great momentum in China in the past two decades. However, little research is existent as to how these English tests are developed, administered, and used. This study reported a survey of English language testing practice in the Chinese context through empirically examining the testing practice of six English as a Foreign Language (EFL) examination boards operating at national, municipal, and university levels. The data in this study were collected through a structured questionnaire, developed on the basis of the framework of good testing practice in Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, and a follow-up semi-structured interview. Though informants’ responses indicated dominant uniformity at the general level, the survey identified much variation in the testing practice of the six examination boards at the more specific levels, in particular in the areas of pretesting, marking, test equating, test use, etc. Meanwhile, the survey also identified the problems besetting and challenges facing these examination boards in their testing operations. In conclusion, the survey reiterated the importance and urgency of developing a set of professional standards for EFL testing in China which should be targeted at both test developers and stakeholders.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A survey of English language testing practice in China: The case of six examination boards","attachmentId":40661997,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19511533/A_survey_of_English_language_testing_practice_in_China_The_case_of_six_examination_boards","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19511533/A_survey_of_English_language_testing_practice_in_China_The_case_of_six_examination_boards"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="71410409" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71410409/A_COMPARATIVE_ANALYSIS_OF_TWO_LATEST_NATIONAL_EXAMINATION_UN_POLICIES">A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO LATEST NATIONAL EXAMINATION (UN) POLICIES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="71119510" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NidaHusnaHR">Nida Husna HR</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study aims to compare the policy of the 2005-2013 National Examination (UN, hereafter) version with the latest one 2014-now. The implementation of the later UN has received considerable critics. Now that the recent UN has upgraded the policy, we attempt to see if the problems or critics found in the previous UN are solved in the latest one. By reviewing the UN's obstacles and controversy in later versions, we compared this with the current policy regulation. The present study identifies the controversy of later UN from various areas and years by employing library research. The study revealed several issues from earlier UN version, such as growing anxiety for students and teachers, high risk of cheating, disregarding the value of the other subjects that are not tested, as well as questioning the purpose of conducting the test itself, which cannot stand for evaluation as it did not fully support national education goal. The contemporary UN laws, on the other hand, can solve the previously concerning reason to review UN policy such as reducing cheating possibility by applying the computerbased test, storing UN questions out of school, so teachers do not use this as a material to learn in the classroom, as well as the plurality of test content that is specified for different school goals such as Aliyah and Kejurusan.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO LATEST NATIONAL EXAMINATION (UN) POLICIES","attachmentId":80765222,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71410409/A_COMPARATIVE_ANALYSIS_OF_TWO_LATEST_NATIONAL_EXAMINATION_UN_POLICIES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71410409/A_COMPARATIVE_ANALYSIS_OF_TWO_LATEST_NATIONAL_EXAMINATION_UN_POLICIES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":119589140,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":119589140,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_119589140" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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