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(PDF) Reforming China's National College Entrance Exam
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window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":118336081,"identifier":"Attachment_118336081","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":124035953,"created_at":"2024-09-20T08:14:24.456-07:00","from_world_paper_id":259445781,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T11:27:26.655-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Reforming China's National College Entrance Exam","grobid_abstract":"My sincere gratitude to my advisor, Bjorn Nordtveit, for his attentive support, guidance, and help during my years of study and writing. Here's to dive bars. Also, I wish to thank Sharon Rallis, who mentored me in so many ways, encouraged me in my interests, and was always up for eating Chinese food. And much thanks to Laurel Smith-Doerr, for her advice and assistance with thorny institutional theory issues, and for referencing the Tardis in class. Big thanks are in order for Jack Guo Qin Gong, my interpreter, whose input and assistance with translations were invaluable. And many thanks to Yi Sun and Shamo Thar, for their patient and generous help with corrections and language issues, and great Chinese cooking. Special thanks also to the teachers, administrators, students and parents of Gaozhong high school, without whom this research would never have been completed. I also wish to thank the faculty, students/fellow colleagues, and Barbara at CIE for their friendship, help, support, and awesome baked goods.","publication_date":"2020,,","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"118336081"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Institutional Pillars of China's National College Entrance Exam: A Case Study of Gaozhong High School and NCEE Reforms","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [319112149]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":118336081,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Institutional Pillars of China's National College Entrance Exam: A Case Study of Gaozhong High School and NCEE Reforms”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/118336081/mini_magick20240920-1-5c508.png?1726845329" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Institutional Pillars of China's National College Entrance Exam: A Case Study of Gaozhong High School and NCEE Reforms</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="319112149" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MeiLanFrame"><img alt="Profile image of Mei Lan Frame" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/319112149/161623469/151352498/s65_mei_lan.frame.png" />Mei Lan Frame</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">434 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 124035953; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">My sincere gratitude to my advisor, Bjorn Nordtveit, for his attentive support, guidance, and help during my years of study and writing. Here's to dive bars. Also, I wish to thank Sharon Rallis, who mentored me in so many ways, encouraged me in my interests, and was always up for eating Chinese food. And much thanks to Laurel Smith-Doerr, for her advice and assistance with thorny institutional theory issues, and for referencing the Tardis in class. Big thanks are in order for Jack Guo Qin Gong, my interpreter, whose input and assistance with translations were invaluable. And many thanks to Yi Sun and Shamo Thar, for their patient and generous help with corrections and language issues, and great Chinese cooking. Special thanks also to the teachers, administrators, students and parents of Gaozhong high school, without whom this research would never have been completed. I also wish to thank the faculty, students/fellow colleagues, and Barbara at CIE for their friendship, help, support, and awesome baked goods.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":118336081,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/124035953/The_Institutional_Pillars_of_Chinas_National_College_Entrance_Exam_A_Case_Study_of_Gaozhong_High_School_and_NCEE_Reforms"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":118336081,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/124035953/The_Institutional_Pillars_of_Chinas_National_College_Entrance_Exam_A_Case_Study_of_Gaozhong_High_School_and_NCEE_Reforms"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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This document explores how, with its rules and criteria for merit, it has influenced the profile of one of the largest and most influential populations on the planet and how, with the reform that the country has been promoting since 2013, this profile is being transformed. The experience with the Gaokao contributes many interesting elements to the global discussion on the possibilities and challenges of education. Cite as : Szekely, E. (2023). The National College Entrance Examination in China (Gaokao): A Discreet Driver for Global Social Change. In: The Palgrave Handbook of Global Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87624-1_244-1</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The National College Entrance Examination in China (Gaokao): A Discreet Driver for Global Social Change","attachmentId":99249594,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/97691781/The_National_College_Entrance_Examination_in_China_Gaokao_A_Discreet_Driver_for_Global_Social_Change","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/97691781/The_National_College_Entrance_Examination_in_China_Gaokao_A_Discreet_Driver_for_Global_Social_Change"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="77221165" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77221165/Historical_and_Contemporary_Exam_driven_Education_Fever_in_China">Historical and Contemporary Exam-driven Education Fever in China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32938713" href="https://pennstate.academia.edu/HoiSuen">Hoi K Suen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Evidence of education fever in China can be found from the 7th century through today. Both historical and contemporary education fever have been created, promoted and maintained by state-orchestrated systems of high-stakes and extremely competitive exams. This comparative study examines the educational and social consequences of both the historical Civil Service (Keju) exam system and the current National College Entrance Exam (NCEE) system in China. Although the two systems focus on different content domains and serve different explicit purposes – employment versus college entrance – both have led to profound effects on society. Similarities and differences in design features between the two systems were compared. A number of common positive and negative social consequences were identified. It was observed that exam-driven education fever in China has been gained at the expense of many unintended and often serious negative consequences. Education fever and these consequences are al...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Historical and Contemporary Exam-driven Education Fever in China","attachmentId":84643551,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77221165/Historical_and_Contemporary_Exam_driven_Education_Fever_in_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77221165/Historical_and_Contemporary_Exam_driven_Education_Fever_in_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="91865176" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91865176/The_National_College_Entrance_Examination_and_the_Myth_of_Meritocracy_in_Post_Mao_China">The National College Entrance Examination and the Myth of Meritocracy in Post-Mao China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40870162" href="https://nus.academia.edu/ZacharyHowlett">Zachary M Howlett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">“The National College Entrance Exam and the Myth of Meritocracy in Post-Mao China.” In Making Meritocracy: Lessons from China and India, from Antiquity to the Present, edited by Tarun Khanna and Michael Szonyi, 206–30. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022., 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">China’s National College Entrance Exam, known as the gaokao, is taken by ten million high school seniors every year. The gaokao enshrines the Chinese ideal of open, anonymous, and competitive meritocracy. In a society dominated by social connections or guanxi, the exam is widely regarded as the only relatively fair social competition. But skyrocketing social inequality in the post-Mao era (1977–present) has produced wide chasms in exam scores and outcomes between different regions and socioeconomic groups. Why do people nevertheless allow themselves to be recruited into the ideology and social practice of exam-based meritocracy? The gaokao is a fateful rite of passage in which people strive to personify cultural virtues, including diligence, grit, composure, filial piety, quality, and divine favor or luck. Gaokao-based meritocracy is mythical in both senses of the word: an inspiring cultural model and a chimeric ideal.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The National College Entrance Examination and the Myth of Meritocracy in Post-Mao China","attachmentId":95074808,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91865176/The_National_College_Entrance_Examination_and_the_Myth_of_Meritocracy_in_Post_Mao_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91865176/The_National_College_Entrance_Examination_and_the_Myth_of_Meritocracy_in_Post_Mao_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="88827713" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88827713/Gaokao_Warriors_Diligent_Struggle_in_Chinas_College_Entrance_Exam">Gaokao Warriors: Diligent Struggle in China's College Entrance Exam</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40870162" href="https://nus.academia.edu/ZacharyHowlett">Zachary M Howlett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Anthropology & Education Quarterly</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Those who compete in the Gaokao, China's College Entrance Exam, are often referred to as Gaokao zhanshi, or warriors. Based on long-term ethnographic research, this article examines how Gaokao warriors combine two types of agency that are conventionally considered contradictory: the docile cultivation of virtue and the struggle against social marginalization. I argue that analyzing this nuli fendou, or diligent struggle, can contribute to a more complex understanding of the Gaokao and similar educational competitions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Gaokao Warriors: Diligent Struggle in China's College Entrance Exam","attachmentId":95030625,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88827713/Gaokao_Warriors_Diligent_Struggle_in_Chinas_College_Entrance_Exam","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88827713/Gaokao_Warriors_Diligent_Struggle_in_Chinas_College_Entrance_Exam"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="63687070" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63687070/Premises_and_Challenges_of_High_Stakes_Examinations_National_Higher_Education_Entrance_Examination_Mathematics_Test_Scores_in_China">Premises and Challenges of High-Stakes Examinations: National Higher Education Entrance Examination Mathematics Test Scores in China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="124343941" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChunlianJIANG">Chunlian JIANG</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">International comparative studies suggest that students from countries with high-stakes examinations often perform better than students from other countries. Nowadays more and more countries, including the United States, are implementing high-stakes examinations at the national or state levels. In this paper, we use the National Higher Education Entrance Examination (NHEEE) in China as an example to illustrate the premises and challenges of high-stakes examinations. NHEEE, commonly known as Gaokao, is the only measure used in China to determine if and which college a high school graduate is admitted to. This study examines the reliability and validity of scores obtained from the 2014 mathematics test of this critical examination that determines the future of thousands of students in China. Results of the Rasch analysis indicated that the unidimensionality assumption was tenable. The results also showed that the item reliability and separation were satisfactory, but the person r...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Premises and Challenges of High-Stakes Examinations: National Higher Education Entrance Examination Mathematics Test Scores in China","attachmentId":76034151,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63687070/Premises_and_Challenges_of_High_Stakes_Examinations_National_Higher_Education_Entrance_Examination_Mathematics_Test_Scores_in_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63687070/Premises_and_Challenges_of_High_Stakes_Examinations_National_Higher_Education_Entrance_Examination_Mathematics_Test_Scores_in_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="21530631" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21530631/US_China_Education_Review_2016_1B_">US-China Education Review 2016(1B)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7197969" href="https://independent.academia.edu/USChinaEducationReview">US-China Education Review A & B</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Submission guidelines and Web submission system are available at From a neo-institutional perspective, this paper investigates the function and interaction of globalization and decentralization in China's higher education administrative reform. Both the internal and external environments have shaped educational forms and functions. It is not increasingly difficult to understand the impact of globalization of higher education in the Chinese historical context of higher education changes. But it has become more controversial to discuss the decentralization and globalization of higher education administration in terms of the coexistence of Soviet model and the Western model, which provide the scope of transitions from centralization to decentralization in China's higher education system. This research suggests that by coordinating the relationship between central and local dual administrative powers, enlarging provincial autonomy, enhancing the decision-making power of higher education administration, and expanding the autonomy of universities and institutions, China's central government can rationally deal with the globalization and decentralization forces in higher education administrative and management reforms.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"US-China Education Review 2016(1B)","attachmentId":42003449,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21530631/US_China_Education_Review_2016_1B_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21530631/US_China_Education_Review_2016_1B_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="73679177" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73679177/Leveling_the_Little_Pagoda_The_Impact_of_College_Examinations_and_Their_Elimination_on_Rural_Education_in_China">Leveling the Little Pagoda: The Impact of College Examinations, and Their Elimination, on Rural Education in China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16282102" href="https://johnshopkins.academia.edu/JoelAndreas">Joel Andreas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Comparative Education Review, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Leveling the Little Pagoda: The Impact of College Examinations, and Their Elimination, on Rural Education in China","attachmentId":82106404,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73679177/Leveling_the_Little_Pagoda_The_Impact_of_College_Examinations_and_Their_Elimination_on_Rural_Education_in_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73679177/Leveling_the_Little_Pagoda_The_Impact_of_College_Examinations_and_Their_Elimination_on_Rural_Education_in_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="87886355" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87886355/Is_it_Possible_to_Incorporate_Comprehensive_Evaluation_into_College_Admissions_System_in_China_An_Analysis_with_a_Historical_Perspective">Is it Possible to Incorporate Comprehensive Evaluation into College Admissions System in China? An Analysis with a Historical Perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35990191" href="https://personal-psu.academia.edu/weiyicheng">weiyi cheng</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Education Reform and Modern Management, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper focused on the history of Chinese College Entrance Examination. We found that the college enrollment system in China relies heavily on standardized assessment as a single admission criteria, which has resulted in many unintended educational and social consequences. Over the past 30 years since Gaokao was reinstituted, China has been trying to incorporate comprehensive evaluation into college admissions system. However, the new enrollment practices, such as unripe system, independent-enrollment system, and comprehensive evaluation, have been questioned for educational equality and fairness. From a historical and comparative perspective, whether comprehensive evaluation is able to play an important role in college admissions depends on that the right to education and equality of education are guaranteed and that the rule of law is well established and implemented.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Is it Possible to Incorporate Comprehensive Evaluation into College Admissions System in China? An Analysis with a Historical Perspective","attachmentId":91985017,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87886355/Is_it_Possible_to_Incorporate_Comprehensive_Evaluation_into_College_Admissions_System_in_China_An_Analysis_with_a_Historical_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87886355/Is_it_Possible_to_Incorporate_Comprehensive_Evaluation_into_College_Admissions_System_in_China_An_Analysis_with_a_Historical_Perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="124184466" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124184466/Autocracy_and_Stagnation_How_Imperial_Exams_Shaped_Chinas_Destiny_China_Talk_">Autocracy and Stagnation: How Imperial Exams Shaped China's Destiny (China Talk)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7851066" href="https://unb.academia.edu/PauloRobertodeAlmeida">Paulo Roberto de Almeida</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Autocracy and Stagnation: How Imperial Exams Shaped China's Destiny, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Autocracy and Stagnation: How Imperial Exams Shaped China's Destiny China Talk, September 23, 2024 Keju's role in slowing technological development LILY OTTINGER AND JORDAN SCHNEIDER Excerpt from the Conclusion: For those concerned with economic growth, development, technology, and science, China should celebrate diversity rather than suppress it. The evidence from China's own history supports this conclusion.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Autocracy and Stagnation: How Imperial Exams Shaped China's Destiny (China Talk)","attachmentId":118456667,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124184466/Autocracy_and_Stagnation_How_Imperial_Exams_Shaped_Chinas_Destiny_China_Talk_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124184466/Autocracy_and_Stagnation_How_Imperial_Exams_Shaped_Chinas_Destiny_China_Talk_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="68764169" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68764169/Chinas_Education_System_Loved_and_Hated">China's Education System: Loved and Hated</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5707073" href="https://uio.academia.edu/MetteHalskovHansen">Mette Halskov Hansen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The SAGE Handbook of Contemporary China</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">China has the largest education system in the world, and a population who values formal education highly and is ready to invest heavily in children's schooling. As much research has shown, this reverence for education is only partly due to rational considerations of offspring's' work opportunities. It also has its roots in a long historical trajectory of highly esteemed Confucian education and civil service exams. Since the time of the PRC, the education system has undergone a number of radical structural reforms and adaptations of content of education. Nevertheless, methods of teaching and means of socialization have proven remarkably persistent, causing intense debates about the pros and cons of the Chinese education system. The article first provides a brief overview of the structure of the education system as it has developed during the PRC, with an emphasis on the 21. century. This is followed by three sections focusing on "Knowledge and exams", "Socialization and discipline" and "Alternative paths" that places the Chinese current education system in the broader global web of educational institutions and ideologies. The article analyses and discusses why and with which consequence the Chinese population and its government have cultivated a love-hate relationship with their own education system, and it concludes with some suggestions for future research.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"China's Education System: Loved and Hated","attachmentId":79125690,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68764169/Chinas_Education_System_Loved_and_Hated","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68764169/Chinas_Education_System_Loved_and_Hated"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":118336081,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":118336081,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_118336081" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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