CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Anti-submarine warfare - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c25c6a55-074e-46f6-a7f1-219b56c81a5b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Anti-submarine_warfare","wgTitle":"Anti-submarine warfare","wgCurRevisionId":1256723156,"wgRevisionId":1256723156,"wgArticleId":3480866,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2011","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from February 2009","All articles needing additional references","Use dmy dates from December 2019","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017", "All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from September 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009","Articles with excerpts","Anti-submarine warfare"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Anti-submarine_warfare","wgRelevantArticleId":3480866,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1073579","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="836"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="558"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg/640px-Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="446"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Anti-submarine warfare - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Anti-submarine_warfare rootpage-Anti-submarine_warfare skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anti-submarine+warfare" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anti-submarine+warfare" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anti-submarine+warfare" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anti-submarine+warfare" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-war_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-war_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Inter-war period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-war_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Battle of the Atlantic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Mediterranean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Pacific Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern warfare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_warfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern warfare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-submarine_warfare_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-submarine_warfare_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Anti-submarine warfare technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-submarine_warfare_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Platforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying_friendly_vs_hostile_submarines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying_friendly_vs_hostile_submarines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Identifying friendly vs hostile submarines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying_friendly_vs_hostile_submarines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-submarine warfare</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="الحرب المضادة للغواصات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب المضادة للغواصات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sualt%C4%B1_qay%C4%B1qlara_qar%C5%9F%C4%B1_m%C3%BCbariz%C9%99" title="Sualtı qayıqlara qarşı mübarizə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sualtı qayıqlara qarşı mübarizə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="ডুবোজাহাজ বিধ্বংসী যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডুবোজাহাজ বিধ্বংসী যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Противоподводна отбрана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Противоподводна отбрана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_antisubmarina" title="Guerra antisubmarina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra antisubmarina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiub%C3%A5dskrigsf%C3%B8relse" title="Antiubådskrigsførelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antiubådskrigsførelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Jagd" title="U-Jagd – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="U-Jagd" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ανθυποβρυχιακός πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθυποβρυχιακός πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_antisubmarina" title="Guerra antisubmarina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra antisubmarina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="جنگ ضدزیردریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ ضدزیردریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutte_anti-sous-marine" title="Lutte anti-sous-marine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lutte anti-sous-marine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coga%C3%ADocht_frithfhomhuire%C3%A1n" title="Cogaíocht frithfhomhuireán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogaíocht frithfhomhuireán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9E%A0%EC%88%98%ED%95%A8%EC%A0%84" title="대잠수함전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대잠수함전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperangan_anti_kapal_selam" title="Peperangan anti kapal selam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peperangan anti kapal selam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta_antisommergibile" title="Lotta antisommergibile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lotta antisommergibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="לוחמה נגד צוללות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוחמה נגד צוללות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Противподморничко војување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Противподморничко војување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperangan_anti-kapal_selam" title="Peperangan anti-kapal selam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peperangan anti-kapal selam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BE%E6%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="対潜戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="対潜戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiub%C3%A5tkrigf%C3%B8ring" title="Antiubåtkrigføring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antiubåtkrigføring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiub%C3%A5tkrigf%C3%B8ring" title="Antiubåtkrigføring – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antiubåtkrigføring" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwalczanie_okr%C4%99t%C3%B3w_podwodnych" title="Zwalczanie okrętów podwodnych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zwalczanie okrętów podwodnych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_antissubmarino" title="Guerra antissubmarino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra antissubmarino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Противолодочная оборона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Противолодочная оборона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_kund%C3%ABr-n%C3%ABndet%C3%ABseve" title="Lufta kundër-nëndetëseve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta kundër-nëndetëseve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%B4%DA%AA%D9%86" title="آبدوز شڪن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آبدوز شڪن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ub%C3%A5tsjakt" title="Ubåtsjakt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ubåtsjakt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="การสงครามปราบเรือดำน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสงครามปราบเรือดำน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denizalt%C4%B1savar_sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Denizaltısavar savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Denizaltısavar savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Протичовнова оборона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протичовнова оборона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="آبدوز مخالف جنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آبدوز مخالف جنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%BD%9B%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0" title="反潛作戰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反潛作戰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1073579#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Anti-submarine_warfare" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Anti-submarine_warfare" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&oldid=1256723156" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Anti-submarine_warfare&id=1256723156&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnti-submarine_warfare"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnti-submarine_warfare"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-submarine_warfare" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1073579" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anti-surface_warfare" title="Anti-surface warfare">Anti-surface warfare</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon" title="Anti-submarine weapon">Anti-submarine weapon</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of naval warfare</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Special:EditPage/Anti-submarine warfare">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anti-submarine+warfare%22">"Anti-submarine warfare"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anti-submarine+warfare%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anti-submarine+warfare%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anti-submarine+warfare%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anti-submarine+warfare%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anti-submarine+warfare%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg/220px-Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg/330px-Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg/440px-Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> officers on the bridge of a destroyer on convoy escort duties keep a sharp look out for enemy submarines during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, October 1941</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anti-submarine warfare</b> (<b>ASW</b>, or in the older form <b>A/S</b>) is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">underwater warfare</a> that uses surface <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, or other platforms, to find, track, and deter, damage, or destroy enemy submarines. Such operations are typically carried out to protect friendly shipping and coastal facilities from submarine attacks and to overcome <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockades</a>. </p><p>Successful ASW operations typically involved a combination of sensor and weapon technologies, along with effective deployment strategies and sufficiently trained personnel. Typically, sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> equipment is used for first detecting, then classifying, locating, and tracking a target submarine. Sensors are therefore a key element of ASW. Common weapons for attacking submarines include <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mines</a>, which can both be launched from an array of air, surface, and underwater platforms. ASW capabilities are often considered of significant strategic importance, particularly following provocative instances of unrestricted submarine warfare and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">submarine-launched ballistic missiles</a>, which greatly increased the lethality of submarines. </p><p>At the beginning of the twentieth century, ASW techniques and submarines themselves were primitive. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, submarines deployed by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial Germany</a> proved themselves to be a capable threat to shipping, being capable of striking targets even out in the North Atlantic Ocean. Accordingly, multiple nations embarked on research into devising more capable ASW methods, resulting in the introduction of practical depth charges and advances in sonar technology; the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> system also proved to be a decisive tactic. After a lull in progress during the interwar period, the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> would see submarine warfare and ASW alike advance rapidly, particularly during the critical <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, during which <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> submarines sought to prevent Britain from effectively importing supplies. Techniques such as the <a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">Wolfpack</a> achieved initial success, but became increasingly costly as more capable ASW aircraft were introduced. Technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Naxos_radar_detector" title="Naxos radar detector">Naxos radar detector</a> gained only a temporary reprieve until detection apparatus advanced yet again. Intelligence efforts, such as <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a>, had also played a major role in curtailing the submarine threat and guiding ASW efforts towards greater success. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Postwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar">postwar</a> era, ASW continued to advance, as the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarines</a> had rendered some traditional techniques less effective. The <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a> of the era constructed sizable submarine fleets, many of which were armed with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>; in response to the heightened threat posed by such vessels, various nations chose to expand their ASW capabilities. <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopters</a>, capable of operating from almost any warship and equipped with ASW apparatus, became commonplace during the 1960s. Increasingly capable fixed-wing <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">maritime patrol aircraft</a> were also widely used, capable of covering vast areas of ocean. The <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Anomaly_Detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Anomaly Detector">Magnetic Anomaly Detector</a> (MAD), <a href="/wiki/Autolycus_(submarine_detector)" title="Autolycus (submarine detector)">diesel exhaust sniffers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonobuoy" title="Sonobuoy">sonobuoys</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a> technologies also became a staple of ASW efforts. Dedicated <a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">attack submarines</a>, purpose-built to track down and destroy other submarines, became a key component as well. Torpedo carrying missiles, such as <a href="/wiki/ASROC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASROC">ASROC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ikara_(missile)" title="Ikara (missile)">Ikara</a>, were another area of advancement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first attacks on a ship by an underwater vehicle are generally believed to have been during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, using what would now be called a <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mine</a> but what was then referred to as a torpedo.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, various attempts to produce submarines had been made prior to this. In 1866, British engineer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whitehead" title="Robert Whitehead">Robert Whitehead</a> invented the first effective self-propelled torpedo, the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Whitehead_torpedo" title="Whitehead torpedo">Whitehead torpedo</a>; French and German inventions followed soon thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first submarine with a torpedo was <i><a href="/wiki/Thorsten_Nordenfelt" title="Thorsten Nordenfelt">Nordenfelt I</a></i> built in 1884–1885, though it had been proposed earlier. By the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, all the large navies except the Germans had acquired submarines. Nevertheless, by 1904, all powers still defined the submarine as an experimental vessel and did not put it into operational use.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were no means to detect submerged U-boats, and attacks on them were limited at first to efforts to damage their periscopes with hammers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199346_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199346-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Navy torpedo establishment, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vernon_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Vernon (shore establishment)">HMS <i>Vernon</i></a>, studied explosive grapnel sweeps; these sank four or five U-boats in the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar approach featured a string of 70 lb (32 kg) charges on a floating cable, fired electrically; an unimpressed Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">Edward Evans</a> considered any U-boat sunk by it deserved to be.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another primitive technique of attacking submarines was the dropping of 18.5 lb (8.4 kg) hand-thrown <a href="/wiki/Guncotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Guncotton">guncotton</a> bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199347_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199347-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lance Bomb was developed, also; this featured a 35–40 lb (16–18 kg) cone-shaped steel drum on a 5 ft (1.5 m) shaft, intended to be thrown at a submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firing <a href="/wiki/Lyddite" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyddite">Lyddite</a> shells, or using <a href="/wiki/Trench_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Trench mortar">trench mortars</a>, was tried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of nets to ensnare U-boats was also examined, as was a destroyer, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Starfish_(1895)" title="HMS Starfish (1895)">HMS <i>Starfish</i></a>, fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Spar_torpedo" title="Spar torpedo">spar torpedo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199347_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199347-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To attack at set depths, aircraft bombs were attached to lanyards which would trigger their charges; a similar idea was a 16 lb (7.3 kg) guncotton charge in a lanyarded can; two of these lashed together became known as the <a href="/wiki/Depth_Charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Depth Charge">Depth Charge</a> Type A.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Problems with the lanyards tangling and failing to function led to the development of a chemical pellet trigger as the Type B.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were effective at a distance of around 20 ft (6.1 m).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the best early concept arose in a 1913 RN Torpedo School report, describing a device intended for <a href="/wiki/Demining" title="Demining">countermining</a>, a "dropping mine". At Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Jellicoe" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jellicoe">John Jellicoe</a>'s request, the standard <a href="/wiki/Mark_II_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark II mine">Mark II mine</a> was fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic">hydrostatic</a> pistol (developed in 1914 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Firth_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Firth & Sons">Thomas Firth & Sons</a> of Sheffield) preset for 45 ft (14 m) firing, to be launched from a stern platform. Weighing 1,150 lb (520 kg), and effective at 100 ft (30 m), the "cruiser mine" was also a potential hazard to the dropping ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-submarine_net_between_Fort_York_Redoubt_and_McNabs_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Anti-submarine_net_between_Fort_York_Redoubt_and_McNabs_Island.jpg/220px-Anti-submarine_net_between_Fort_York_Redoubt_and_McNabs_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Anti-submarine_net_between_Fort_York_Redoubt_and_McNabs_Island.jpg/330px-Anti-submarine_net_between_Fort_York_Redoubt_and_McNabs_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Anti-submarine_net_between_Fort_York_Redoubt_and_McNabs_Island.jpg/440px-Anti-submarine_net_between_Fort_York_Redoubt_and_McNabs_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>An example of an anti-submarine net, once protecting <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Harbour" title="Halifax Harbour">Halifax Harbour</a>, Canada.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, submarines were a major threat. They operated in the Baltic, North Sea, Black Sea and Mediterranean as well as the North Atlantic. Previously, they had been limited to relatively calm and protected waters. The vessels used to combat them were a range of small, fast surface ships using <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">guns</a> and good luck. They mainly relied on the fact a submarine of the day was often on the surface for a range of reasons, such as charging <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a> or crossing long distances. The first approach to protect warships was chainlink nets strung from the sides of <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>, as defense against <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-histlearn_ww1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histlearn_ww1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nets were also deployed across the mouth of a <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbour</a> or naval base to stop submarines entering or to stop torpedoes of the <a href="/wiki/Whitehead_torpedo" title="Whitehead torpedo">Whitehead type</a> fired against ships. British warships were fitted with a ram with which to sink submarines, and <i><a href="/wiki/SM_U-15_(Germany)" title="SM U-15 (Germany)">U-15</a></i> was thus sunk in August 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-histlearn_ww1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histlearn_ww1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During June 1915, the Royal Navy began operational trials of the Type D depth charge, with a 300 lb (140 kg) charge of <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amatol" title="Amatol">amatol</a>, as TNT supplies became critical) and a hydrostatic pistol, firing at either 40 or 80 ft (12 or 24 m), and believed to be effective at a distance of 140 ft (43 m); the Type D*, with a 120 lb (54 kg) charge, was offered for smaller ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1915, the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a> set up the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Invention_and_Research" title="Board of Invention and Research">Board of Invention and Research</a> (BIR) to evaluate suggestions from the public as well as carrying out their own investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 14,000 suggestions were received about combating submarines. In December 1916, the RN set up its own <a href="/wiki/Anti-Submarine_Division_(Royal_Navy)" title="Anti-Submarine Division (Royal Navy)">Anti-Submarine Division</a> (ASD), from which came the term "Asdic", but relations with the BIR were poor.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1917, most ASW work was carried out by the ASD. In the U.S., a Naval Consulting Board was set up in 1915 to evaluate ideas. After American entry into the war in 1917, they encouraged work on submarine detection. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council#History" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a>, a civilian organization, brought in British and French experts on underwater sound to a meeting with their American counterparts in June 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-ReidyKroll2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReidyKroll2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1918, there was a meeting in Paris on "supersonics", a term used for echo-ranging, but the technique was still in research by the end of the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Patia_naval_howitzer_1918_IWM_HU_071022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/HMS_Patia_naval_howitzer_1918_IWM_HU_071022.jpg/220px-HMS_Patia_naval_howitzer_1918_IWM_HU_071022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/HMS_Patia_naval_howitzer_1918_IWM_HU_071022.jpg/330px-HMS_Patia_naval_howitzer_1918_IWM_HU_071022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/HMS_Patia_naval_howitzer_1918_IWM_HU_071022.jpg/440px-HMS_Patia_naval_howitzer_1918_IWM_HU_071022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>11-inch Howitzer Mk. I on British armed merchant cruiser HMS Patia in 1918, it had a range of just about 600 yards (550 m)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first recorded sinking of a submarine by depth charge was <a href="/wiki/SM_U-68" title="SM U-68"><i>U-68</i></a>, sunk by <a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Farnborough" title="HMS Farnborough">HMS <i>Farnborough</i></a> off <a href="/wiki/County_Kerry" title="County Kerry">County Kerry</a>, Ireland 22 March 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199350_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199350-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By early 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> had also developed <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_indicator_loop" title="Anti-submarine indicator loop">indicator loops</a> which consisted of long lengths of cables lain on the seabed to detect the magnetic field of submarines as they passed overhead. At this stage, they were used in conjunction with controlled <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">mines</a> which could be detonated from a shore station once a 'swing' had been detected on the indicator loop <a href="/wiki/Galvanometer" title="Galvanometer">galvanometer</a>. Indicator loops used with controlled mining were known as 'guard loops'. By July 1917, depth charges had developed to the extent that settings of between 50–200 ft (15–61 m) were possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design would remain mainly unchanged through the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">dipping hydrophones</a> appeared before war's end, the trials were abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-price_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-price-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">Seaplanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a> were also used to <a href="/wiki/Patrolling" title="Patrolling">patrol</a> for submarines. A number of successful attacks were made,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the main value of air patrols was in driving the U-boat to submerge, rendering it virtually blind and immobile.<sup id="cite_ref-price_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-price-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the most effective anti-submarine measure was the introduction of escorted <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a>, which reduced the loss of ships entering the German war zone around the British Isles from 25% to less than 1%. The historian Paul E. Fontenoy summarised the situation as: "[t]he convoy system defeated the <a href="/wiki/U-boat_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boat Campaign (World War I)">German submarine campaign</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Fontenoy_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontenoy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major contributing factor was the interception of German submarine radio signals and breaking of their code by <a href="/wiki/Room_40" title="Room 40">Room 40</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeesly198269–70_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeesly198269–70-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To attack submerged boats, a number of <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon" title="Anti-submarine weapon">anti-submarine weapons</a> were derived, including the sweep with a contact-fused explosive. Bombs were dropped by aircraft and depth charge attacks were made by ships. Prior to the introduction of dedicated depth charge throwers, charges were manually rolled off the stern of a ship. The <a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a>, a warship disguised as a merchantman, was used to attack surfaced U-boats,<sup id="cite_ref-Beyer_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <i><a href="/wiki/British_R_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="British R class submarine">R1</a></i> was the first ASW submarine.<sup id="cite_ref-akermann_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akermann-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>211 of the 360 U-boats were sunk during the war, from a variety of ASW methods: </p> <dl><dd>Mines 58</dd> <dd>Depth charges 30</dd> <dd>Submarine torpedoes 20</dd> <dd>Gunfire 20</dd> <dd>Ramming 19</dd> <dd>Unknown 19</dd> <dd>Accidents 10</dd> <dd>Sweeps 33</dd> <dd>Other (including bombs) 2<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2005134_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2005134-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_period">Inter-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inter-war period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This period saw the development of active sonar (<a href="/wiki/ASDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASDIC">ASDIC</a>) and its integration into a complete weapons system by the British, as well as the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbot_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbot-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period, there was a great advance due to the introduction of electronics for amplifying, processing, and displaying signals. In particular, the "range recorder" was a major step that provided a memory of target position. Because the propellers of many submarines were extremely loud in the water<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (though it doesn't seem so from the surface), range recorders were able to gauge the distance from the U-boat by sound. This would allow mines or bombs around that area to be detonated. New materials for sound projectors were developed. Both the Royal Navy and the U.S. Navy fitted their destroyers with active sonars. In 1928, a small escort ship was designed and plans made to arm trawlers and to mass-produce ASDIC sets. </p><p>Several other technologies were developed; <a href="/wiki/Echo_sounding" title="Echo sounding">depth sounders</a> that allowed measurement by moving ships were a new innovation, along with a greater appreciation of the properties of the ocean that affected sound propagation.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAAhistory_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAAhistory-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bathythermograph" title="Bathythermograph">bathythermograph</a> was invented in 1937, which became a common fixture amongst ASW ships within only a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-Scripps_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scripps-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were relatively few major advances in weapons during the period; however, the performance of torpedoes continued to improve.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of the Atlantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945)">Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mk_VII_depth_charge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mk_VII_depth_charge.jpg/220px-Mk_VII_depth_charge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mk_VII_depth_charge.jpg/330px-Mk_VII_depth_charge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mk_VII_depth_charge.jpg/440px-Mk_VII_depth_charge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charge</a> thrower being loaded, aboard <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dianthus_(K95)" title="HMS Dianthus (K95)">HMS <i>Dianthus</i></a>, 14 August 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leigh_Light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Leigh_Light.jpg/170px-Leigh_Light.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Leigh_Light.jpg/255px-Leigh_Light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Leigh_Light.jpg/340px-Leigh_Light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Light" title="Leigh Light">Leigh Light</a> fitted to a <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">Liberator</a> of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> Coastal Command, 26 February 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg/220px-Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg/330px-Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg/440px-Hedgehog_anti-submarine_mortar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehog</a>, a 24-barreled anti-submarine mortar, mounted on the <a href="/wiki/Forecastle" title="Forecastle">forecastle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Westcott_(D47)" title="HMS Westcott (D47)">HMS <i>Westcott</i></a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Convoy_WS-12_en_route_to_Cape_Town%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="1671" /></a><figcaption> A <a href="/wiki/Vought" title="Vought">Vought</a> <a href="/wiki/SB2U_Vindicator" class="mw-redirect" title="SB2U Vindicator">SB2U Vindicator</a> from the <a href="/wiki/USS_Ranger_(CV-4)" title="USS Ranger (CV-4)">USS <i>Ranger</i></a> flies anti-submarine patrol over Convoy WS12 en route to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, 27 November 1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Mission_Bay_(CVE-59)_underway_on_10_August_1944_(NH_106582).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USS_Mission_Bay_%28CVE-59%29_underway_on_10_August_1944_%28NH_106582%29.jpg/220px-USS_Mission_Bay_%28CVE-59%29_underway_on_10_August_1944_%28NH_106582%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USS_Mission_Bay_%28CVE-59%29_underway_on_10_August_1944_%28NH_106582%29.jpg/330px-USS_Mission_Bay_%28CVE-59%29_underway_on_10_August_1944_%28NH_106582%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/USS_Mission_Bay_%28CVE-59%29_underway_on_10_August_1944_%28NH_106582%29.jpg/440px-USS_Mission_Bay_%28CVE-59%29_underway_on_10_August_1944_%28NH_106582%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5536" data-file-height="4104" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USS_Mission_Bay" title="USS Mission Bay">USS <i>Mission Bay</i></a> operated primarily as an ASW carrier in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>. She is shown in August 1944 off the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a>, wearing Measure 32 Design 4A <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>. Note the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat" title="Grumman F6F Hellcat">Grumman F6F Hellcats</a> on deck and the large SK air search <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> antenna on the mast.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the submarine menace revived, threatening the survival of island nations like Britain and Japan which were particularly vulnerable because of their dependence on imports of food, oil, and other vital war materials. Despite this vulnerability, little had been done to prepare sufficient anti-submarine forces or develop suitable new weapons. Other navies were similarly unprepared, even though every major navy had a large, modern submarine fleet, because all had fallen in the grip of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan#Sea_power" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Mahanian doctrine</a> which held <i><a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre de course">guerre de course</a></i> could not win a war. </p><p>At the beginning of the conflict, most navies had few ideas how to combat submarines beyond locating them with sonar and then dropping <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a> on them. Sonar proved much less effective than expected, and was no use at all against submarines operating on the surface, as U-boats routinely did at night.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Navy had continued to develop indicator loops between the wars but this was a passive form of harbour defense that depended on detecting the magnetic field of submarines by the use of long lengths of cable lain on the floor of the harbour. Indicator loop technology was quickly developed further and deployed by the US Navy in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then, there were dozens of loop stations around the world. Sonar was far more effective and loop technology for ASW purposes was discontinued shortly after the conflict's end.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The use and improvement of radar technology was one of the most important elements in the fight against submarines. Locating submarines was the first step in being able to defend against and destroy them. Throughout the war, Allied radar technology was much better than their German counterparts. German U-boats struggled to have proper radar detection capabilities and keep up with the successive generations of Allied airborne radar. The first generation of Allied airborne radar used a 1.7 meter wavelength and had a limited range. By the second half of 1942 the "<a href="/wiki/Metox" class="mw-redirect" title="Metox">Metox</a>" radar detector was used by U-boats to give some warning from airborne attack. During 1943, the Allies began to deploy aircraft equipped with new cavity magnetron-based 10-centimeter wavelength radar (ASV III), which was undetectable by "Metox", in sufficient numbers to yield good results. Eventually the "Naxos" radar detector was fielded that could detect 10-cm wavelength radar, but it had a very short range and only gave a U-boat limited time to dive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2005216–217_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2005216–217-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1943 and 1945, radar equipped aircraft would account for the bulk of Allied kills against U-boats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005105–108_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2005105–108-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allied anti-submarine <a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics_in_the_Age_of_Steam" title="Naval tactics in the Age of Steam">tactics</a> developed to defend <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s preferred method), aggressively hunt down <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> (the U.S. Navy approach), and to divert vulnerable or valuable ships away from known U-boat concentrations. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the Allies developed a huge range of new technologies, weapons and tactics to counter the submarine danger. These included: </p> <dl><dt>Vessels</dt></dl> <ul><li>Allocating ships to <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a> according to speed, so faster ships were less exposed.</li> <li>Adjusting the convoy cycle. Using <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a> techniques, analysis of convoy losses over the first three years of the war showed that the overall size of a convoy was less important than the size of its escorting force. Therefore, escorts could better protect a few large convoys than many small ones.</li> <li>Huge construction programmes to mass-produce the small warships needed for convoy defense, such as <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escorts</a>. These were more economical than using <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, which were needed for fleet duties. Corvettes were small enough to be built in merchant shipyards and used <a href="/wiki/Compound_locomotive" title="Compound locomotive">triple expansion engines</a>. They could be built without using up scarce turbine engines and reduction gears, thus not interfering with larger warship production.</li> <li>Ships that could carry aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/CAM_ship" title="CAM ship">CAM ships</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_aircraft_carrier" title="Merchant aircraft carrier">merchant aircraft carrier</a>, and eventually the purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a>.</li> <li>Support groups of escort ships that could be sent to reinforce the defense of convoys under attack. Free from the obligation to remain with the convoys, support groups could continue hunting a submerged submarine until its batteries and air supplies were exhausted and it was forced to surface.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-killer_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-killer group">Hunter-killer groups</a>, whose job was to actively seek out enemy submarines, as opposed to waiting for the convoy to come under attack. Later hunter-killer groups were centered around escort carriers.</li> <li>Huge construction programmes to mass-produce the transports and replace their losses, such as the American <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Ship">Liberty Ships</a>. Once shipbuilding had ramped up to full efficiency, transports could be built faster than U-boats could sink them, playing a crucial role in the Allies winning the "<a href="/wiki/Tonnage_war" title="Tonnage war">Tonnage war</a>".</li></ul> <dl><dt>Aircraft</dt></dl> <ul><li>Air raids on the German U-boat <a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">pens</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>.</li> <li>Long-range aircraft patrols to close the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_gap" title="Mid-Atlantic gap">Mid-Atlantic gap</a>.</li> <li>Escort carriers to provide the convoy with air cover, as well as close the mid-Atlantic gap.</li> <li>High frequency direction finding (<a href="/wiki/HF/DF" class="mw-redirect" title="HF/DF">HF/DF</a>), including shipborne sets, to pinpoint the location of an enemy submarine from its radio transmissions.</li> <li>The introduction of seaborne <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> which could enable the detection of surfaced U-boats.</li> <li>Airborne radar.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Leigh_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Leigh light">Leigh light</a> airborne searchlight, in conjunction with airborne radar to surprise and attack enemy submarines on the surface at night.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_anomaly_detector" title="Magnetic anomaly detector">Magnetic anomaly detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_(submarine_detector)" title="Autolycus (submarine detector)">Diesel exhaust sniffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonobuoy" title="Sonobuoy">Sonobuoys</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Weaponry</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charges</a>, the most used weapon, were improved during the course of the war. Starting with WW1 vintage 300-pound (140 kg) depth charges, a 600-pound (270 kg) version was developed. Torpex explosive, which is a 50% more powerful explosive than TNT, was introduced in 1943. Y-guns and K-guns were used to throw depth charges to the side of the escort vessel, augmenting the charges rolled off the stern and letting the escort vessel lay a pattern of depth charges</li> <li>The development of forward-throwing anti-submarine weapons such as <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_(weapon)" title="Hedgehog (weapon)">Hedgehog</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Squid_(weapon)" title="Squid (weapon)">Squid</a>. This allowed the escort vessel to stay in contact with the submarine during an attack.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mark_24_FIDO_Torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark 24 FIDO Torpedo">FIDO</a> (Mk 24 'mine') air-dropped homing torpedo.</li> <li>When the German Navy developed an acoustic homing torpedo, torpedo <a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">countermeasures</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Foxer" title="Foxer">Foxer</a> acoustic decoy were deployed.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Intelligence</dt> <dd>One of the best kept Allied secrets was the breaking of enemy codes including some of the German Naval <a href="/wiki/Enigma_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Enigma code">Enigma codes</a> (information gathered this way was dubbed <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> in England. This enabled the tracking of U-boat packs to allow convoy re-routings; whenever the Germans changed their codes (and when they added a fourth rotor to the Enigma machines in 1943), convoy losses rose significantly. By the end of the war, the Allies were regularly breaking and reading German naval codes.<sup id="cite_ref-haigh_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haigh-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>To prevent the Germans from guessing that Enigma had been cracked, the British planted a false story about a special infrared camera being used to locate U-boats. The British were subsequently delighted to learn that the Germans responded by developing a special paint for submarines that exactly duplicated the optical properties of seawater.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Tactics</dt> <dd>Many different aircraft from airships to four-engined sea- and land-planes were used. Some of the more successful were the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">Lockheed Ventura</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBY" class="mw-redirect" title="PBY">PBY</a> (Catalina or Canso, in British service), <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">Consolidated B-24 Liberator</a> (VLR Liberator, in British service), <a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Short Sunderland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellington</a>. As more patrol planes became equipped with radar, U-Boats began to be surprised at night by aircraft attacks. U-Boats were not defenseless, as most U-Boats carried some form of anti-aircraft weapon. They claimed 212 Allied aircraft shot down for the loss of 168 U-boats to air attack. The German naval command struggled to find a solution to the aircraft attacks. <a href="/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine#U-flak_"Flak_Traps"" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type VII submarine">'U-Flak' submarines</a>, equipped with extra anti-aircraft weapons, were tried unsuccessfully. At one point in the war, there was even a 'shoot back order' requiring U-boats to stay on the surface and fight back, in the absence of any other option. Some commanders started charging batteries during the day to gain more warning from air attack, and perhaps gain time to submerge. One solution was the <a href="/wiki/Submarine_snorkel" title="Submarine snorkel">snorkel</a>, which allowed a U-boat to stay submerged and still charge its batteries. A snorkel made a U-boat more survivable and losses to aircraft went down. However, the low snorkeling speeds of 5 to 6 knots (9.3–11.1 km/h; 5.8–6.9 mph) greatly limited the mobility of the U-Boats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001100,_110_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001100,_110-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>The provision of air cover was essential. The Germans at the time had been using their <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_Condor" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor">Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor</a> long range aircraft to attack shipping and provide reconnaissance for U-boats, and most of their sorties occurred outside the reach of existing land-based aircraft that the Allies had; this was dubbed the <i>Mid-Atlantic gap</i>. At first, the British developed temporary solutions such as <a href="/wiki/CAM_ship" title="CAM ship">CAM ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchant_aircraft_carrier" title="Merchant aircraft carrier">merchant aircraft carriers</a>. These were superseded by mass-produced, relatively cheap <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carriers</a> built by the United States and operated by the US Navy and Royal Navy. There was also the introduction of <a href="/wiki/B-24_Liberator#Antisubmarine_and_maritime_patrols" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24 Liberator">long-ranged patrol aircraft</a>. Many U-boats feared aircraft, as the mere presence would often force them to dive, disrupting their patrols and attack runs.</dd> <dd>The Americans favored aggressive hunter-killer tactics using escort carriers on <a href="/wiki/Search_and_destroy" title="Search and destroy">search and destroy</a> patrols, whereas the British preferred to use their escort carriers to defend the convoys directly. The American view was that defending convoys did little to reduce or contain U-boat numbers, while the British and Canadians were constrained by having to fight the battle of the Atlantic alone for the early part of the war with very limited resources. There were no spare escorts for extensive hunts, and it was only important to neutralize the U-boats which were found in the vicinity of convoys. The survival of convoys was critical, and if a hunt missed its target a convoy of strategic importance could be lost. The British also reasoned that since submarines sought convoys, convoys would be a good place to find submarines.</dd> <dd>Once America joined the war, the different tactics were complementary, both suppressing the effectiveness of and destroying U-boats. The increase in Allied naval strength allowed both convoy defense and hunter-killer groups to be deployed, and this was reflected in the massive increase in U-boat kills in the latter part of the war. The British developments of centimetric <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Light" title="Leigh Light">Leigh Light</a>, as well as increased numbers of escorts, reached the point of being able to support U-boat hunting towards the end of the war, while earlier on, the advantage was definitely on the side of the submarine. Commanders such as <a href="/wiki/Frederic_John_Walker" title="Frederic John Walker">F. J. "Johnnie" Walker</a> of the Royal Navy were able to develop integrated tactics which made the deployment of hunter-killer groups a practical proposition. Walker developed a <a href="/wiki/Creeping_attack_(naval_tactic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creeping attack (naval tactic)"><i>creeping attack</i></a> technique, where one destroyer would track the U-boat while another attacked. Often U-boats would turn and increase speed to spoil the depth charge attack, as the escort would lose sonar contact as it steamed over the submarine. With the new tactic, one escort vessel would attack while another would track the target. Any course or depth change could be relayed to the attacking destroyer. Once a U-boat was caught, it was very difficult to escape. Since Hunter-Killer groups were not limited to convoy escort, they could continue an attack until a U-Boat was destroyed or had to surface from damage or lack of air.</dd> <dd>The only recorded sinking of one submarine by another while both were submerged <a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_February_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 9 February 1945">occurred in 1945</a> when HMS <a href="/wiki/HMS_Venturer_(P68)" title="HMS Venturer (P68)"><i>Venturer</i></a> torpedoed <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-864" title="German submarine U-864"><i>U-864</i></a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. The captain of <i>Venturer</i> tracked <i>U-864</i> on hydrophones for several hours and manually calculated a three-dimensional firing solution before launching four torpedoes.<sup id="cite_ref-dnv_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnv-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mediterranean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italian and German submarines operated in the Mediterranean on the Axis side while French and British submarines operated on the side of the Allies. The German Navy sent 62 U-boats to the Mediterranean; all were lost in combat or scuttled. German subs first had to pass through the highly defended <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">Straits of Gibraltar</a>, where nine were sunk, and a similar number damaged so severely they had to limp back to base. The Mediterranean is calmer than the Atlantic, which made escape for U-boats more difficult and was ringed with Allied air bases. Similar ASW methods were used as in the Atlantic but an additional menace was the use by Italians of midget submarines. </p><p>Operating under the same clear-water conditions in the Mediterranean – such that British submarines were painted dark blue on their upper surfaces to make them less visible from the air when submerged at <a href="/wiki/Periscope_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Periscope depth">periscope depth</a> – the Royal Navy, mostly operating from <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, lost 41 submarines to the opposing German and Italian forces, including <a href="/wiki/HMS_Upholder_(P37)" title="HMS Upholder (P37)">HMS <i>Upholder</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Perseus_(N36)" title="HMS Perseus (N36)">HMS <i>Perseus</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pacific_Theatre">Pacific Theatre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pacific Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Submarines_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy">Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div> <p>Japanese submarines pioneered many innovations, being some of the largest and longest range vessels of their type and were armed with the <a href="/wiki/Type_95_torpedo" title="Type 95 torpedo">Type 95 torpedo</a>. However, they ended up having little impact, especially in the latter half of the war. Instead of <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_course" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre de course">commerce raiding</a> like their U-boat counterparts, they followed the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Mahan">Mahanian</a> doctrine, serving in offensive roles against warships, which were fast, maneuverable and well-defended compared to merchant ships. In the early part of the Pacific War, Japanese subs scored several tactical victories, three successful torpedo strikes on the US fleet carriers <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)"><i>Yorktown</i></a> (CV-5), <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)">USS <i>Saratoga</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Wasp_(CV-7)" title="USS Wasp (CV-7)">USS <i>Wasp</i></a> (CV-7), The Saratoga survived the attack and was repaired, while the Yorktown and Wasp were both abandoned and scuttled as a result of the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEType_B1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEType_B1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The USS North Carolina (BB-55) received a single torpedo in the same attack with the USS Wasp, causing it to miss critical naval actions of the Guadalcanal campaign. </p><p>Once the US was able to ramp up construction of destroyers and <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escorts</a>, as well as bringing over highly effective anti-submarine techniques learned from the British from experiences in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, they would take a significant toll on Japanese submarines, which tended to be slower and could not dive as deep as their German counterparts. Japanese submarines, in particular, never menaced the Allied merchant convoys and strategic shipping lanes to any degree that German U-boats did. One major advantage the Allies had was the breaking of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Purple_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple code">"Purple"</a> code by the US, so allowing friendly ships to be diverted from Japanese submarines and allowing Allied submarines to intercept Japanese forces. </p><p>In 1942 and early 1943, US submarines posed little threat to Japanese ships, whether warships or merchant ships. They were initially hampered by poor torpedoes, which often failed to detonate on impact, ran too deep, or even ran wild. As the US submarine menace was slight in the beginning, Japanese commanders became complacent and as a result did not invest heavily into ASW measures or upgrade their convoy protection to any degree to what the Allies in the Atlantic did. Often encouraged by the Japanese not placing a high priority on the Allied submarine threat, US skippers were relatively complacent and docile compared to their German counterparts, who understood the "life and death" urgency in the Atlantic. </p><p>However, US Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Lockwood" title="Charles A. Lockwood">Charles A. Lockwood</a> pressured the ordnance department to replace the faulty torpedoes; famously when they initially ignored his complaints, he ran his own tests to prove the torpedoes' unreliability. He also cleaned out the "deadwood", replacing many cautious or unproductive submarine skippers with younger (somewhat) and more aggressive commanders. As a result, in the latter half of 1943, US subs were suddenly sinking Japanese ships at a dramatically higher rate, scoring their share of key warship kills and accounting for almost half of the Japanese merchant fleet. Japan's naval command was caught off guard; Japan had neither the anti-submarine technology or doctrine, nor the production capability to withstand a tonnage war of <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition</a>, nor did she develop the organizations needed (unlike the Allies in the Atlantic). </p><p>Japanese antisubmarine forces consisted mainly of their destroyers, with sonar and depth charges. However, Japanese destroyer design, tactics, training, and doctrine emphasized surface nightfighting and torpedo delivery (necessary for fleet operations) over anti-submarine duties. By the time Japan finally developed a <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_escort" title="Destroyer escort">destroyer escort</a>, which was more economical and better suited to convoy protection, it was too late; coupled to incompetent doctrine and organization,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it could have had little effect in any case. Late in the war, the Japanese Army and Navy used <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Anomaly_Detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Anomaly Detector">Magnetic Anomaly Detector</a> (MAD) gear in aircraft to locate shallow submerged submarines. The Japanese Army also developed two small aircraft carriers and <a href="/wiki/Kayaba_Ka-1" title="Kayaba Ka-1">Ka-1</a> <a href="/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro">autogyro</a> aircraft for use in an antisubmarine warfare role, while the Navy developed and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Q1W" title="Kyushu Q1W">Kyushu Q1W</a> anti-submarine bomber into service in 1945. </p><p>The Japanese depth charge attacks by its surface forces initially proved fairly unsuccessful against U.S. fleet submarines. Unless caught in shallow water, a U.S. submarine commander could normally escape destruction, sometimes using temperature <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">gradients</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermoclines</a>). Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">IJN</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> emphasized fleet action, not convoy protection, so the best ships and crews went elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParillo1993_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParillo1993-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, during the first part of the war, the Japanese tended to set their depth charges too shallow, unaware U.S. submarines could dive below 150 feet (45m). Unfortunately, this deficiency was revealed in a June 1943 press conference held by U.S. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._May" title="Andrew J. May">Andrew J. May</a>, and soon enemy depth charges were set to explode as deep as 250 feet (76m). Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Lockwood" title="Charles A. Lockwood">Charles A. Lockwood</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:U.S._Navy_slang#C" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:U.S. Navy slang"><small>COMSUBPAC</small></a>, later estimated May's revelation cost the navy as many as ten submarines and 800 crewmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1975424_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975424-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanning1995192_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanning1995192-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much later in the war, active and passive <a href="/wiki/Sonobuoy" title="Sonobuoy">sonobuoys</a> were developed for aircraft use, together with MAD devices. Toward the end of the war, the Allies developed better forward-throwing weapons, such as <a href="/wiki/Mousetrap_(weapon)" title="Mousetrap (weapon)">Mousetrap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squid_(weapon)" title="Squid (weapon)">Squid</a>, in the face of new, much better German submarines, such as the <a href="/wiki/German_Type_XVIIB_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XVIIB submarine">Type XVII</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Type_XXI_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="German Type XXI submarine">Type XXI</a>. </p><p>British and Dutch submarines also operated in the Pacific, mainly against coastal shipping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the immediate postwar period, the innovations of the late war U-boats were quickly adopted by the major navies. Both the United Kingdom and The United States studied the German Type XXI and used the information to modify WW2 fleet boats, the US with the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Underwater_Propulsion_Power_Program" title="Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program">GUPPY</a> program and the UK with the Overseas Patrol Submarines Project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp1990127_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp1990127-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets launched new submarines patterned on Type XXIs, the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey-class_submarine" title="Whiskey-class submarine">Whiskey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulu-class_submarine" title="Zulu-class submarine">Zulu</a> classes. Britain also tested hydrogen peroxide fuels in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Meteorite" title="HMS Meteorite"><i>Meteorite</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Excalibur" title="HMS Excalibur"><i>Excalibur</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Explorer_(submarine)" title="HMS Explorer (submarine)"><i>Explorer</i></a>, with less success. </p><p>To deal with these more capable submarines new ASW weapons were essential. This new generation of diesel electric submarine, like the Type XXI before it, had no deck gun and a streamlined hull tower for greater underwater speed, as well as more storage battery capacity than a comparable WW2 submarine; in addition, they recharged their batteries using a snorkel and could complete a patrol without surfacing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001114–115_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001114–115-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the introduction of longer-ranged forward-throwing weapons, such as <a href="/wiki/Weapon_Alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapon Alpha">Weapon Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limbo_(weapon)" title="Limbo (weapon)">Limbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/RBU-6000" title="RBU-6000">RBU-6000</a>, and of improved homing torpedoes. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">Nuclear submarines</a>, even faster still, and without the need to snorkel to recharge batteries, posed an even greater threat; in particular, shipborne <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> (recalling the <a href="/wiki/Blimp" title="Blimp">blimps</a> of World War I)<sup id="cite_ref-price_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-price-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have emerged as essential anti-submarine platforms. A number of torpedo carrying missiles such as <a href="/wiki/ASROC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASROC">ASROC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ikara_(missile)" title="Ikara (missile)">Ikara</a> were developed, combining ahead-throwing capability (or longer-range delivery) with torpedo homing. </p><p>Since the introduction of submarines capable of carrying <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>, great efforts have been made to counter the threat they pose; here, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">maritime patrol aircraft</a> (as in World War II) and helicopters have had a large role. The use of nuclear propulsion and streamlined hulls has resulted in submarines with high speed capability and increased maneuverability, as well as low "indiscretion rates" when a submarine is exposed on the surface. This has required changes both to the sensors and weapons used for ASW. Because nuclear submarines were noisy, there was an emphasis on passive sonar detection. The torpedo became the main weapon (though nuclear depth charges were developed). The mine continued to be an important ASW weapon. </p><p>In some areas of the ocean, where land forms natural barriers, long strings of sonobuoys, deployed from surface ships or dropped from aircraft, can monitor maritime passages for extended periods. Bottom mounted hydrophones can also be used, with land based processing. A system like this <a href="/wiki/SOSUS" title="SOSUS">SOSUS</a> was deployed by the US in the <a href="/wiki/GIUK_gap" title="GIUK gap">GIUK gap</a> and other strategically important places. </p><p>Airborne ASW forces developed better <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a>, while for ships and submarines a range of towed sonar devices were developed to overcome the problem of ship-mounting. Helicopters can fly courses offset from the ships and transmit sonar information to their <a href="/wiki/Combat_Information_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat Information Center">combat information centres</a>. They can also drop sonobuoys and launch homing torpedoes to positions many miles away from the ships actually monitoring the enemy submarine. Submerged submarines are generally blind to the actions of a patrolling aircraft <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Anti-submarine_warfare#Dubious" title="Talk:Anti-submarine warfare">discuss</a></i>]</sup>until it uses active sonar or fires a weapon, and the aircraft's speed allows it to maintain a fast search pattern around the suspected contact. </p><p>Increasingly anti-submarine submarines, called <a href="/wiki/Attack_submarine" title="Attack submarine">attack submarines</a> or hunter-killers, became capable of destroying, particularly, ballistic missile submarines. Initially these were very quiet diesel-electric propelled vessels but they are more likely to be nuclear-powered these days. The development of these was strongly influenced by the duel between <a href="/wiki/HMS_Venturer_(P68)" title="HMS Venturer (P68)">HMS <i>Venturer</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-864" title="German submarine U-864"><i>U-864</i></a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A significant detection aid that has continued in service is the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Anomaly_Detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Anomaly Detector">Magnetic Anomaly Detector</a> (MAD), a passive device. First used during the Second World War, MAD uses the Earth's magnetosphere as a standard, detecting anomalies caused by large metallic vessels, such as submarines. Modern MAD arrays are usually contained in a long tail boom (fixed-wing aircraft) or an aerodynamic housing carried on a deployable tow line (helicopters). Keeping the sensor away from the plane's engines and avionics helps eliminate interference from the carrying platform. </p><p>At one time, reliance was placed on <a href="/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">electronic warfare</a> detection devices exploiting the submarine's need to perform radar sweeps and transmit responses to radio messages from home port. As frequency surveillance and direction finding became more sophisticated, these devices enjoyed some success. However, submariners soon learned not to rely on such transmitters in dangerous waters. Home bases can then use <a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">extremely low frequency</a> radio signals, able to penetrate the ocean's surface, to reach submarines wherever they might be. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_warfare">Modern warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Somerset_(F82).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HMS_Somerset_%28F82%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Somerset_%28F82%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HMS_Somerset_%28F82%29.jpg/330px-HMS_Somerset_%28F82%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HMS_Somerset_%28F82%29.jpg/440px-HMS_Somerset_%28F82%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Type_23_frigate" title="Type 23 frigate">Type 23 frigate</a> is an advanced anti-submarine vessel.</figcaption></figure> <p>The military submarine is still a threat, so ASW remains a key to obtaining sea control. Neutralizing the <a href="/wiki/SSBN" class="mw-redirect" title="SSBN">SSBN</a> has been a key driver and this still remains. However, non-nuclear-powered submarines have become increasingly important. Though the diesel-electric submarine continues to dominate in numbers, several alternative technologies now exist to enhance the endurance of small submarines. Previously the emphasis had been largely on deep water operation but this has now switched to <a href="/wiki/Littoral_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral (military)">littoral</a> operation where ASW is generally more difficult. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-submarine_warfare_technologies">Anti-submarine warfare technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anti-submarine warfare technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a large number of technologies used in modern anti-submarine warfare: </p> <dl><dt>Sensors</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Acoustics</a> particularly in active and passive <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonobuoy" title="Sonobuoy">sonobuoys</a>, and fixed <a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">hydrophones</a> aid in the detection of radiated noise. Sonar can be mounted on the hull or in a <a href="/wiki/Towed_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Towed array">towed array</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">Pyrotechnics</a> in the use of <a href="/wiki/Buoy" title="Buoy">markers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic_flare" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrotechnic flare">flares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> devices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">Searchlights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a>, for surfaced parts</li> <li>High frequency radio direction finding (HF/DF or huff duff) to determine the bearings of U-boats.</li> <li>Hydrodynamic pressure wave (wake) detection <ul><li>Submerged submarines may produce a <a href="/wiki/Wake_(physics)#Kelvin_wake_pattern" title="Wake (physics)">Kelvin wake pattern</a> depending on their speed and depth. Kelvins wakes are difficult to detect for submarines below the depth of 100m, however, submarines below 100m may still generate "internal wakes" that may be detectable from the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIDAR" class="mw-redirect" title="LIDAR">Laser detection and ranging</a> of surfaced vessels; airborne and satellite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">Electronic countermeasures</a> and acoustic countermeasures such as noise and bubble makers</li> <li>Passive acoustic countermeasures such as concealment and design of sound-absorbing materials to coat reflecting underwater surfaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_anomaly_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic anomaly detection">Magnetic anomaly detection</a> (MAD)</li> <li>Active and (more commonly) passive <a href="/wiki/Forward_looking_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward looking infrared">infra-red detection</a> of surfaced parts and water anomalies.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MH-60R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MH-60R.jpg/220px-MH-60R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MH-60R.jpg/330px-MH-60R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/MH-60R.jpg/440px-MH-60R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An MH-60R conducts an airborne low frequency sonar (ALFS) operation during testing and evaluation.</figcaption></figure> <p>In modern times <a href="/wiki/Forward_looking_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward looking infrared">forward looking infrared</a> (FLIR) detectors have been used to track the large plumes of heat that fast nuclear-powered submarines leave while rising to the surface. FLIR devices are also used to see <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscopes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Submarine_snorkel" title="Submarine snorkel">snorkels</a> at night whenever a submariner might be incautious enough to probe the surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons">Weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon" title="Anti-submarine weapon">Anti-submarine weapon</a></div> <ul><li>Anti-submarine <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">Torpedoes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acoustic_homing" title="Acoustic homing">acoustic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wake_homing" title="Wake homing">wake homing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torpedo#Radio_and_wire_guidance" title="Torpedo">wire-guided</a>) including <a href="/wiki/Aerial_torpedo" title="Aerial torpedo">aerial torpedoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_missile" title="Anti-submarine missile">Anti-submarine missiles</a> including anti-submarine <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_mortar" title="Anti-submarine mortar">Anti-submarine mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">Depth charges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_submarine_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti submarine rocket">Anti submarine rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">Naval mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_net" title="Anti-submarine net">Anti-submarine net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_depth_bomb" title="Nuclear depth bomb">Nuclear depth bomb</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platforms">Platforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Platforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/S.M.A.R.T.webm/220px--S.M.A.R.T.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="23" data-mwtitle="S.M.A.R.T.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:S.M.A.R.T.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/S.M.A.R.T.webm/S.M.A.R.T.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/S.M.A.R.T.webm/S.M.A.R.T.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/S.M.A.R.T.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/S.M.A.R.T.webm/S.M.A.R.T.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/S.M.A.R.T.webm/S.M.A.R.T.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/S.M.A.R.T.webm/S.M.A.R.T.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SMART_(missile)" title="SMART (missile)">SMART</a> (Supersonic Missile Assisted Release of Torpedo) Launch</figcaption></figure> <p>Satellites have been used to image the sea surface using optical and radar techniques. Fixed-wing aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/P-3_Orion" class="mw-redirect" title="P-3 Orion">P-3 Orion</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tu-142" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-142">Tu-142</a> provide both a sensor and weapons platform similar to some helicopters like the <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-60_Seahawk" title="Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk">Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Sonobuoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonobuoys">sonobuoys</a> and/or dipping sonars as well as <a href="/wiki/Aerial_torpedo" title="Aerial torpedo">aerial torpedoes</a>. In other cases the helicopter has been used solely for sensing and rocket delivered torpedoes used as the weapon. Surface ships continue to be an important ASW platform because of their endurance, now having towed array sonars. Submarines are the main ASW platform because of their ability to change depth and their quietness, which aids detection. </p><p>In early 2010 <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> began funding the <a href="/wiki/ACTUV" class="mw-redirect" title="ACTUV">ACTUV</a> programme to develop a semi-autonomous oceangoing unmanned naval vessel. </p><p>Today some nations have seabed listening devices capable of tracking submarines. It is possible to detect man-made marine noises across the southern <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> from South Africa to New Zealand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of the <a href="/wiki/SOSUS" title="SOSUS">SOSUS</a> arrays have been turned over to civilian use and are now used for marine research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESOSUS_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESOSUS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several countries developed <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_missile" title="Anti-submarine missile">anti-submarine missiles</a> including <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Anti-submarine missiles give flexibility in terms of the launch platform.<sup id="cite_ref-ASW_missile_market_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW_missile_market-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India developed supersonic long range anti-submarine missile called <a href="/wiki/SMART_(missile)" title="SMART (missile)">SMART</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The missile helps to deliver torpedo 643 km away.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifying_friendly_vs_hostile_submarines">Identifying friendly vs hostile submarines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Identifying friendly vs hostile submarines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe#Submarines" title="Identification friend or foe">Identification friend or foe § Submarines</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Identification_friend_or_foe&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, eight submarines were sunk by <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> and in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> nearly twenty were sunk this way.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, IFF has not been regarded a high concern before the 1990s by the US military as not many other <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarine_operators" title="List of submarine operators">countries possess submarines</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Anti-submarine_warfare#Dubious" title="Talk:Anti-submarine warfare">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Identification_friend_or_foe_fratricide_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Identification_friend_or_foe_fratricide-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> IFF methods that are analogous to aircraft IFF have been deemed unfeasible for submarines because they would make submarines easier to detect. Thus, having friendly submarines broadcast a signal, or somehow increase the submarine's signature (based on acoustics, magnetic fluctuations etc.), are not considered viable.<sup id="cite_ref-Identification_friend_or_foe_fratricide_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Identification_friend_or_foe_fratricide-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, submarine IFF is done based on carefully defining areas of operation. Each friendly submarine is assigned a patrol area, where the presence of any other submarine is deemed hostile and open to attack. Further, within these assigned areas, surface ships and aircraft refrain from any anti-submarine warfare (ASW); only the resident submarine may target other submarines in its own area. Ships and aircraft may still engage in ASW in areas that have not been assigned to any friendly submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-Identification_friend_or_foe_fratricide_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Identification_friend_or_foe_fratricide-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navies also use database of acoustic signatures to attempt to identify the submarine, but acoustic data can be ambiguous and several countries deploy similar classes of submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon" title="Anti-submarine weapon">Anti-submarine weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics_in_the_Age_of_Steam" title="Naval tactics in the Age of Steam">Naval tactics in the Age of Steam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*French <i>Foucault</i> bombed and sunk by Austrian aircraft,15 Sep 1915. <ul><li>British <i>B 10</i> sunk at moorings by Austrian aircraft, 9 August 1916.</li> <li>German <i>UC 32</i> bombed and sunk by RNAS seaplane, 22 September 1917.</li> <li>British <i>D 3</i> bombed in error by French airship, 12 March 1918.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kretschmer" title="Otto Kretschmer">Otto Kretschmer</a> expressly forbade diving to avoid being detected by sonar. See <i>The Golden Horseshoes</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">>Masahaya, <i>Pearl Harbor Papers</i>, himself calls IJN ASW efforts "shiftless".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Ocean_Studies_Board,_National_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Commission_on_Geosciences,_Environment,_and_Resources2000" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Studies Board, National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fAfP2w6SgK8C&pg=PA12"><i>Oceanography and Mine Warfare</i></a>. National Academies Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-309-06798-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-309-06798-7"><bdi>0-309-06798-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oceanography+and+Mine+Warfare&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-309-06798-7&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Ocean+Studies+Board%2C+National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Commission+on+Geosciences%2C+Environment%2C+and+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfAfP2w6SgK8C%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, Jason A., L/Cdr, USN. "Combined Mine Countermeasures Force", Naval War College paper (Newport, RI, 2001), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray1975">Gray 1975</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein2014">Epstein 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowner2006" class="citation book cs1">Kowner, Rotem (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712160647/http://asia.haifa.ac.il/staff/kovner/Kowner21.09.2014/Impact-4.pdf">"The impact of the war on naval warfare"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War</i>. Routledge. p. 283. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asia.haifa.ac.il/staff/kovner/Kowner21.09.2014/Impact-4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+the+war+on+naval+warfare&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+the+Russo-Japanese+War&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kowner&rft.aufirst=Rotem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasia.haifa.ac.il%2Fstaff%2Fkovner%2FKowner21.09.2014%2FImpact-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199346-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199346_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKeeJanuary_1993">McKee & January 1993</a>, p. 46citing a letter by Stanley M. Woodward</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199348_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKeeJanuary_1993">McKee & January 1993</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199347-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199347_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199347_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKeeJanuary_1993">McKee & January 1993</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199349_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKeeJanuary_1993">McKee & January 1993</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histlearn_ww1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-histlearn_ww1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-histlearn_ww1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historylearning.com/world-war-one/naval-warfare-world-war-one/british-submarines-in-world-war/anti-submarine-developments/">"Anti-submarine developments"</a>. historylearning.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-submarine+developments&rft.pub=historylearning.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorylearning.com%2Fworld-war-one%2Fnaval-warfare-world-war-one%2Fbritish-submarines-in-world-war%2Fanti-submarine-developments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uboat.net/wwi/boats/index.html?boat=15">"U 15"</a>. uboat.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U+15&rft.pub=uboat.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fwwi%2Fboats%2Findex.html%3Fboat%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schneider-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schneider_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2009" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, William (2009). <i>Operations Research Applications for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance: Report of the Defense Science Board Advisory Group on Defense Intelligence</i>. Darby, PA: Diane Publishing. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1437917208" title="Special:BookSources/978-1437917208"><bdi>978-1437917208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operations+Research+Applications+for+Intelligence%2C+Surveillance+and+Reconnaissance%3A+Report+of+the+Defense+Science+Board+Advisory+Group+on+Defense+Intelligence&rft.place=Darby%2C+PA&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1437917208&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives" class="citation web cs1">Archives, The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C714">"Records of Naval Staff Departments"</a>. <i>discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i>. National Archives UK, ADM Division 10, 1883–1978<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Records+of+Naval+Staff+Departments&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=The+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2007" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2GCAwAAQBAJ&q=Anti-Submarine+Committee&pg=PA38"><i>Anti-Submarine Warfare: An Illustrated History</i></a>. Seaforth Publishing. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783468973" title="Special:BookSources/9781783468973"><bdi>9781783468973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Submarine+Warfare%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781783468973&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2GCAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAnti-Submarine%2BCommittee%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReidyKroll2007-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReidyKroll2007_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_S._ReidyGary_R._KrollErik_M._Conway2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael S. Reidy; Gary R. Kroll; Erik M. Conway (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNSQDU5yqkAC&pg=PA176"><i>Exploration and Science: Social Impact and Interaction</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 176–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-985-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-985-0"><bdi>978-1-57607-985-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploration+and+Science%3A+Social+Impact+and+Interaction&rft.pages=176-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-985-0&rft.au=Michael+S.+Reidy&rft.au=Gary+R.+Kroll&rft.au=Erik+M.+Conway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNSQDU5yqkAC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoweth1963" class="citation book cs1">Howeth, Linwood S. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcommuni00howe"><i>History of communications-electronics in the United States Navy</i></a>. p. 528.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+communications-electronics+in+the+United+States+Navy&rft.pages=528&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Howeth&rft.aufirst=Linwood+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofcommuni00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199350-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKeeJanuary_199350_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKeeJanuary_1993">McKee & January 1993</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-price-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-price_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-price_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-price_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice1973">Price 1973</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontenoy-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fontenoy_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul E. Fontenoy, "Convoy System", <i>The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social and Military History</i>, Volume 1, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Spencer C. Tucker</a>, ed. (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2005), 312–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeesly198269–70-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeesly198269–70_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeesly1982">Beesly 1982</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyer-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beyer_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beyer, Kenneth M.: <i>Q-Ships versus U-Boats. America's Secret Project</i>. Naval Institute Press. Annapolis, Maryland, US. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-044-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-044-4">1-55750-044-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akermann-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-akermann_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkermann2002" class="citation book cs1">Akermann, Paul (2002). <i>Encyclopedia of British Submarines 1901–1955</i>. Periscope Publishing Ltd. pp. 213–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904381-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-904381-05-7"><bdi>1-904381-05-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+British+Submarines+1901%E2%80%931955&rft.pages=213-214&rft.pub=Periscope+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-904381-05-7&rft.aulast=Akermann&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2005134-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2005134_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2005">Preston 2005</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbot-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abbot_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abbot.us/DD629/dictionary/">"World War II Naval Dictionary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USS_Abbot_(DD-629)" title="USS Abbot (DD-629)">USS Abbot (DD-629)</a>. 8 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140220054111/http://abbot.us/DD629/dictionary/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II+Naval+Dictionary&rft.pub=USS+Abbot+%28DD-629%29&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabbot.us%2FDD629%2Fdictionary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAAhistory-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAAhistory_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.noaa.gov/stories_tales/poletobeam2.html">"Echo Sounding / Early Sound Methods"</a>. <i>National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</i>. NOAA Central Library. 2006. <q>In answer to the need for a more accurate depth registering device, Dr. Herbert Grove Dorsey, who later joined the C&GS, devised a visual indicating device for measuring relatively short time intervals and by which shoal and deep depths could be registered. In 1925, the C&GS obtained the very first Fathometer, designed and built by the Submarine Signal Company.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Oceanic+%26+Atmospheric+Administration+%28NOAA%29&rft.atitle=Echo+Sounding+%2F+Early+Sound+Methods&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.noaa.gov%2Fstories_tales%2Fpoletobeam2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scripps-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scripps_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Probing the Oceans 1936 to 1976. San Diego, Calif: Tofua Press, 1978. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt109nc2cj/">http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt109nc2cj/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indicatorloops.com/loops.htm">"Indicator Loops around the World"</a>. <i>Indicatorloops.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225153707/http://indicatorloops.com/loops.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indicatorloops.com&rft.atitle=Indicator+Loops+around+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findicatorloops.com%2Floops.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewison2002" class="citation book cs1">Hewison, W. S. (2002). <i>This great harbor Scapa Flow</i>. Edinburg: Birlinn. p. 243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+great+harbor+Scapa+Flow&rft.place=Edinburg&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hewison&rft.aufirst=W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2005216–217-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2005216–217_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliamson2005">Williamson 2005</a>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangford2005105–108-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangford2005105–108_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangford2005">Langford 2005</a>, pp. 105–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haigh-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haigh_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Haigh, Thomas (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2017/1/211102-colossal-genius/fulltext">"Colossal Genius: Tutte, Flowers, and a Bad Imitation of Turing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>. <b>60</b> (1): 29–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3018994">10.1145/3018994</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41650745">41650745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Colossal+Genius%3A+Tutte%2C+Flowers%2C+and+a+Bad+Imitation+of+Turing&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-35&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3018994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41650745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcacm.acm.org%2Fmagazines%2F2017%2F1%2F211102-colossal-genius%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001100,_110-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001100,_110_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutchinson2001">Hutchinson 2001</a>, pp. 100, 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnv-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dnv_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306045458/http://www.kystverket.no/arch/_img/9818147.pdf">"Salvage of U864 – Supplementary Studies – Study No. 7: Cargo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Det Norske Veritas Report No. 23916</i>. <a href="/wiki/Det_Norske_Veritas" class="mw-redirect" title="Det Norske Veritas">Det Norske Veritas</a>. 4 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kystverket.no/arch/_img/9818147.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Det+Norske+Veritas+Report+No.+23916&rft.atitle=Salvage+of+U864+%E2%80%93+Supplementary+Studies+%E2%80%93+Study+No.+7%3A+Cargo&rft.date=2008-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kystverket.no%2Farch%2F_img%2F9818147.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span> p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEType_B1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEType_B1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFType_B1">Type B1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParillo1993-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParillo1993_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParillo1993">Parillo 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975424-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1975424_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair1975">Blair 1975</a>, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELanning1995192-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanning1995192_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLanning1995">Lanning 1995</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemp1990127-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemp1990127_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKemp1990">Kemp 1990</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001114–115-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2001114–115_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutchinson2001">Hutchinson 2001</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXueJinQiuYang2020" class="citation journal cs1">Xue, Fuduo; Jin, Weiqi; Qiu, Su; Yang, Jie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2966005">"Wake Features of Moving Submerged Bodies and Motion State Inversion of Submarines"</a>. <i>IEEE Access</i>. <b>8</b>: 12723. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IEEEA...812713X">2020IEEEA...812713X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2966005">10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2966005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210930631">210930631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Access&rft.atitle=Wake+Features+of+Moving+Submerged+Bodies+and+Motion+State+Inversion+of+Submarines&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=12723&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210930631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2966005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020IEEEA...812713X&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Fuduo&rft.au=Jin%2C+Weiqi&rft.au=Qiu%2C+Su&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252FACCESS.2020.2966005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESOSUS-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESOSUS_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSOSUS">SOSUS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASW_missile_market-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASW_missile_market_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giiresearch.com/report/gmi1460134-anti-submarine-rocket-launch-system-asrls-market.html">"Anti-Submarine Rocket Launch System (ASRLS) Market Size - By Product (Fixed, Portable), Range (Short-Range, Medium-Range, Long-Range), Platform (Surface Ships, Submarines, Aircraft), Guidance System (Guided ASRLS, Unguided ASRLS) & Forecast, 2024 - 2032"</a>. Global Market Insights Inc. 16 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Submarine+Rocket+Launch+System+%28ASRLS%29+Market+Size+-+By+Product+%28Fixed%2C+Portable%29%2C+Range+%28Short-Range%2C+Medium-Range%2C+Long-Range%29%2C+Platform+%28Surface+Ships%2C+Submarines%2C+Aircraft%29%2C+Guidance+System+%28Guided+ASRLS%2C+Unguided+ASRLS%29+%26+Forecast%2C+2024+-+2032&rft.pub=Global+Market+Insights+Inc&rft.date=2024-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giiresearch.com%2Freport%2Fgmi1460134-anti-submarine-rocket-launch-system-asrls-market.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1780944">"Supersonic missile assisted torpedo system gets successfully launched from Wheeler Island in Odisha"</a>. <i>pib.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.gov.in&rft.atitle=Supersonic+missile+assisted+torpedo+system+gets+successfully+launched+from+Wheeler+Island+in+Odisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2Fpib.gov.in%2FPressreleaseshare.aspx%3FPRID%3D1780944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendon2020" class="citation web cs1">Lendon, Brad (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/06/asia/indian-anti-submarine-missile-ml-intl-hnk-scli/index.html">"India tests long-range anti-submarine missile"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=India+tests+long-range+anti-submarine+missile&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.aulast=Lendon&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F10%2F06%2Fasia%2Findian-anti-submarine-missile-ml-intl-hnk-scli%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-smart-test-and-why-it-matters-6705811/">"Explained: What is SMART test, and why it matters"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 8 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+What+is+SMART+test%2C+and+why+it+matters&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fexplained-what-is-smart-test-and-why-it-matters-6705811%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/successful-flight-test-of-supersonic-missile-assisted-torpedo-release-system-conducted-7671007/">"Successful flight test of supersonic missile-assisted torpedo release system conducted"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 13 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Successful+flight+test+of+supersonic+missile-assisted+torpedo+release+system+conducted&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fpune%2Fsuccessful-flight-test-of-supersonic-missile-assisted-torpedo-release-system-conducted-7671007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Kirke2012" class="citation book cs1">Charles Kirke, ed. (26 April 2012). <i>Fratricide in Battle</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fratricide+in+Battle&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-04-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Identification_friend_or_foe_fratricide-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Identification_friend_or_foe_fratricide_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identification_friend_or_foe_fratricide_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Identification_friend_or_foe_fratricide_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1993/9351/935106.PDF">"Avoiding Fratricide of Air and Sea Targets"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Who Goes There: Friend or Foe?</i>. June 1993. pp. 66–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Avoiding+Fratricide+of+Air+and+Sea+Targets&rft.btitle=Who+Goes+There%3A+Friend+or+Foe%3F&rft.pages=66-67&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~ota%2Fdisk1%2F1993%2F9351%2F935106.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlynn2022" class="citation book cs1">Glynn, Michael (30 May 2022). <i>Airborne Anti-Submarine Warfare</i>. p. 245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airborne+Anti-Submarine+Warfare&rft.pages=245&rft.date=2022-05-30&rft.aulast=Glynn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeesly1982" class="citation book cs1">Beesly, Patrick (1982). <i>Room 40: British Naval Intelligence, 1914–1918</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-10864-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-10864-0"><bdi>0-241-10864-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Room+40%3A+British+Naval+Intelligence%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-241-10864-0&rft.aulast=Beesly&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1975" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Clay Jr. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGjfqe6DcrEC"><i>Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan</i></a>. Annapolis, Maryland: The Naval Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Victory%3A+The+U.S.+Submarine+War+Against+Japan&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Clay+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKGjfqe6DcrEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2014" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Katherine C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cay-AQAAQBAJ"><i>Torpedo</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72740-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72740-3"><bdi>978-0-674-72740-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torpedo&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72740-3&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Katherine+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcay-AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1975" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Edwyn (1975). <i>The Devil's Device: The story of Robert Whitehead, Inventor of the Torpedo</i>. Seeley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85422-104-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85422-104-2"><bdi>978-0-85422-104-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Device%3A+The+story+of+Robert+Whitehead%2C+Inventor+of+the+Torpedo&rft.pub=Seeley&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-85422-104-2&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Edwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2001" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jIhAQAAIAAJ"><i>Jane's Submarines: War Beneath the Waves</i></a>. Harper Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane%27s+Submarines%3A+War+Beneath+the+Waves&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jIhAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp1990" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Paul (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04fyEFdDTOQC"><i>The T-Class submarine: The Classic British Design</i></a>. Annapolis, Maryland: The Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557508263" title="Special:BookSources/9781557508263"><bdi>9781557508263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+T-Class+submarine%3A+The+Classic+British+Design&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9781557508263&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04fyEFdDTOQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Langford, Thomas (2005). "Anti-Submarine Warfare". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford, UK: ABC-CLIO. pp. 105–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-999-7"><bdi>978-1-57607-999-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Submarine+Warfare&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+II%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=105-108&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-999-7&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanning1995" class="citation book cs1">Lanning, Michael Lee (Lt. Col.) (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnjfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA192"><i>Senseless Secrets: The Failures of U.S. Military Intelligence from George Washington to the Present</i></a>. Carol Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55972-322-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55972-322-0"><bdi>978-1-55972-322-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senseless+Secrets%3A+The+Failures+of+U.S.+Military+Intelligence+from+George+Washington+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Carol+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55972-322-0&rft.aulast=Lanning&rft.aufirst=Michael+Lee+%28Lt.+Col.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnjfAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeeJanuary_1993" class="citation journal cs1">McKee, Fraser M. (January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol03/tnm_3_1_45-58.pdf">"An Explosive Story: The Rise and Fall of the Depth Charge"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Northern Mariner</i>. <b>III</b> (1). Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Nautical Research Society and the North American Society for Oceanic History. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1183-112X">1183-112X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Mariner&rft.atitle=An+Explosive+Story%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Depth+Charge&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1993-01&rft.issn=1183-112X&rft.aulast=McKee&rft.aufirst=Fraser+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrs-scrn.org%2Fnorthern_mariner%2Fvol03%2Ftnm_3_1_45-58.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParillo1993" class="citation book cs1">Parillo, Mark (1993). <i>Japanese Merchant Marine in World War II</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Merchant+Marine+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Parillo&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2005" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Antony (2005). <i>The World's Greatest Submarines</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Greatest+Submarines&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1973" class="citation book cs1">Price, Alfred (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJbfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Aircraft versus submarine: the evolution of the anti-submarine aircraft, 1912 to 1972</i></a>. London: William Kimber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710600089" title="Special:BookSources/0710600089"><bdi>0710600089</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+versus+submarine%3A+the+evolution+of+the+anti-submarine+aircraft%2C+1912+to+1972&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Kimber&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0710600089&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJbfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2005" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Gordon (2005). <i>Wolf Pack - the story of the U=boats in World War II</i>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 216–217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolf+Pack+-+the+story+of+the+U%3Dboats+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=216-217&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSOSUS" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/acoustics/sosus_gen.html">"SOund SUrveillance System (SOSUS): General Information"</a>. <i>PMEL Acoustics</i>. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PMEL+Acoustics&rft.atitle=SOund+SUrveillance+System+%28SOSUS%29%3A+General+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmel.noaa.gov%2Facoustics%2Fsosus_gen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFType_B1" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedfleet.com/type_b1.htm">"Type B1"</a>. <i>Imperial Japanese Navy Page</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+Japanese+Navy+Page&rft.atitle=Type+B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.combinedfleet.com%2Ftype_b1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abbbatiello, John, <i>ASW in World War I</i>, 2005.</li> <li>Compton-Hall, Richard, <i>Submarine Boats, the beginnings of underwater warfare</i>, Windward, 1983.</li> <li>Franklin, George, <i>Britain's ASW Capability</i>, 2003.</li> <li>Llewellyn-Jones, Malcolm, <i>The RN and ASW (1917–49)</i>, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1969" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmerman, Bob (September 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA114">"Antisubmarine Warfare"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. <b>132</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Antisubmarine+Warfare&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1969-09&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9gDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCote2000" class="citation web cs1">Cote, Dr. Owen R. Jr. (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060410054823/https://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/cold-war-asw.html">"The Third Battle: Innovation in the U.S. Navy's Silent Cold War Struggle with Soviet Submarines"</a>. <i>Submarine Warfare Division Organization</i>. Chief of Naval Operations, United States Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/cold-war-asw.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Submarine+Warfare+Division+Organization&rft.atitle=The+Third+Battle%3A+Innovation+in+the+U.S.+Navy%27s+Silent+Cold+War+Struggle+with+Soviet+Submarines&rft.date=2000-03&rft.aulast=Cote&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Owen+R.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.mil%2Fnavydata%2Fcno%2Fn87%2Fhistory%2Fcold-war-asw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-submarine+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073579#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639083">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&oldid=1256723156">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&oldid=1256723156</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Category:Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-submarine warfare</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2011">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2009" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2009">Articles needing additional references from February 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2019">Use dmy dates from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from September 2024">Articles with disputed statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 07:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-submarine_warfare&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dfb9d98f5-bmkvb","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.259","walltime":"1.497","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7225,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":175620,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10048,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":164423,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1267.428 1 -total"," 21.44% 271.747 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.68% 186.052 22 Template:Cite_book"," 10.68% 135.330 27 Template:Sfn"," 9.89% 125.302 1 Template:War"," 9.70% 122.975 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.89% 112.734 1 Template:Excerpt"," 7.71% 97.752 10 Template:Fix"," 6.24% 79.070 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 5.96% 75.579 7 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.816","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12653649,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAkermann2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArchives\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeesly1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlair1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCote2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaigh2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewison2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoweth1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemp1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangford2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanning1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLendon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKeeJanuary_1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_S._ReidyGary_R._KrollErik_M._Conway2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Ocean_Studies_Board,_National_Research_Council_(U.S.)._Commission_on_Geosciences,_Environment,_and_Resources2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParillo1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSOSUS\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFType_B1\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXueJinQiuYang2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman1969\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Convert\"] = 18,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Anti-Submarine Warfare\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"GS\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 6,\n [\"HMS\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 27,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 5,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"War\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-d2zrc","timestamp":"20241125133735","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Anti-submarine warfare","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-submarine_warfare","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1073579","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1073579","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-12-20T15:51:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T07:53:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/af\/Officers_on_the_bridge.jpg","headline":"branch of naval warfare"}</script> </body> </html>