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<button aria-controls="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First World War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-tank_weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-tank_weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Anti-tank weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-tank_weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-tank_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-tank_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anti-tank tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-tank_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_between_the_world_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_between_the_world_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Development between the world wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_between_the_world_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second World War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Field artillery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-tank_guns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-tank_guns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Anti-tank guns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-tank_guns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tank_destroyers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tank_destroyers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Tank destroyers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tank_destroyers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infantry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infantry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Infantry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infantry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rifles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rifles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Rifles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rifles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rockets_and_shaped_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rockets_and_shaped_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Rockets and shaped charges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rockets_and_shaped_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mines_and_other_explosives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mines_and_other_explosives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Mines and other explosives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mines_and_other_explosives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grenades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grenades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Grenades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grenades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infantry_close_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infantry_close_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Infantry close assault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infantry_close_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide_bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide_bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Suicide bombing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide_bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Korean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cold War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aircraft_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fixed-Wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed-Wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Fixed-Wing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed-Wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helicopter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helicopter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Helicopter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helicopter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artillery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artillery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Artillery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artillery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Missiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Guns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Mines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infantry_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infantry_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Infantry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infantry_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effectiveness subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Current trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anti-tank warfare</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9" title="مضادات الدروع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مضادات الدروع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Противотанкова отбрана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Противотанкова отбрана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_antitanc" title="Combat antitanc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Combat antitanc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzerabwehr" title="Panzerabwehr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Panzerabwehr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankit%C3%B5rje" title="Tankitõrje – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tankitõrje" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Αντιαρματικό όπλο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιαρματικό όπλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combate_antitanque" title="Combate antitanque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Combate antitanque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADtanka_militado" title="Kontraŭtanka militado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭtanka militado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankeen_aurkako_gerra" title="Tankeen aurkako gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tankeen aurkako gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="جنگ‌افزار ضدتانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ‌افزار ضدتانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutte_antichar" title="Lutte antichar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lutte antichar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հակատանկային պաշտպանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակատանկային պաշտպանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protutenkovsko_ratovanje" title="Protutenkovsko ratovanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protutenkovsko ratovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperangan_anti-tank" title="Peperangan anti-tank – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peperangan anti-tank" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אמצעי לחימה נגד טנקים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמצעי לחימה נגד טנקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Танкіге қарсы қорғаныс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Танкіге қарсы қорғаныс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prie%C5%A1tankinis_ginklas" title="Prieštankinis ginklas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prieštankinis ginklas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_anti-kereta_kebal" title="Pertempuran anti-kereta kebal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran anti-kereta kebal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panservern" title="Panservern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Panservern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a 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#a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox 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plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks 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class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may be too long</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">length guidelines</a> and help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit">move details into 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and 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var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anti-tank warfare</b> originated during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> from the desire to develop technology and <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactics</a> to destroy <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> deployed the first tanks in 1916, the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> introduced the first anti-tank weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first developed anti-tank weapon was a scaled-up bolt-action rifle, the <a href="/wiki/Mauser_1918_T-Gewehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr">Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr</a>, that fired a 13.2 mm cartridge with a solid bullet that could penetrate the thin armor used by tanks at that time and destroy the engine or ricochet inside, killing occupants.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because tanks represent an enemy's strong <a href="/wiki/Force_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Force projection">force projection</a> on land, military strategists have incorporated anti-tank warfare into the doctrine of nearly every combat service since. The most predominant anti-tank weapons at the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939 included the <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun"> tank-mounted gun</a>, <a href="#Anti-tank_guns">anti-tank guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_grenade" title="Anti-tank grenade">anti-tank grenades</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Infantry#Equipment" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ground-attack_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground-attack aircraft">ground-attack aircraft</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs,_6_October_1940._E699.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg/220px-Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg/330px-Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg/440px-Indian_troops_in_North_Africa_parade_with_a_Boys_anti-tank_rifle_and_%27Molotov_cocktail%27_petrol_bombs%2C_6_October_1940._E699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> tank-hunting squad with anti-tank rifle and <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">molotov cocktails</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a>, 6 October 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-tank warfare evolved rapidly during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, leading to infantry-portable weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">bazooka</a>, anti-tank <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineering#Practices_and_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat engineering">combat engineering</a>, specialized anti-tank aircraft and self-propelled anti-tank guns (<a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyers</a>). Both the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> developed methods of combating tank-led offensives, including deployment of static anti-tank weapons embedded in in-depth defensive positions, protected by anti-tank obstacles and <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_mine" title="Anti-tank mine"> minefields</a>, and supported by mobile anti-tank <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve" title="Military reserve"> reserves</a> and by ground-attack aircraft. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA18188.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA18188.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA18188.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA18188.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA18188.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA18188.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_Italy_1944_NA18188.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> A British <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 17-pounder">17-pounder anti-tank gun</a> towed behind <a href="/wiki/Half-track" title="Half-track">half-track</a> in Italy, 1 September 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> of 1947-1991, the United States, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and other countries contemplated the possibility of nuclear warfare. While previous technology had developed to protect the crews of armored vehicles from projectiles and from explosive damage, now the danger of <a href="/wiki/Chemical,_biological,_radiological,_and_nuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear">radiation</a> arose. In the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> countries, little if any development took place on defining a <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">doctrine</a> of how to use armed forces without the use of <a href="/wiki/Tactical_nuclear_weapon" title="Tactical nuclear weapon">tactical nuclear weapons</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc"> Soviet sphere of influence</a> the legacy doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deep_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet deep battle"> operational maneuver</a> was <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine#Military_doctrine_in_the_former_Soviet_Union_and_Russia" title="Military doctrine"> theoretically examined</a> to understand how a tank-led force could be used even with the threat of limited use of nuclear weapons on prospective European battlefields. The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> arrived at the solution of <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">maneuver warfare</a> while massively increasing the number of anti-tank weapons. To achieve this, Soviet military theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Sokolovsky" title="Vasily Sokolovsky">Vasily Sokolovsky</a> (1897–1968) realized that anti-tank weapons had to assume an offensive role rather than the traditionally defensive role used in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a> (1941–1945), becoming more mobile. This led to the development of improved <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">guided anti-tank missiles</a>, though similar design work progressed in Western Europe and the United States. </p><p>Both sides in the Cold War also recognized the utility of light anti-tank weapons, and this led to further development of man-portable weapons for use by infantry squads, while heavier missiles were mounted on dedicated <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer#Post-World_War_II_development" title="Tank destroyer">missile tank-destroyers</a>, including dedicated <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">anti-tank helicopters</a>, and even heavier guided anti-tank <a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile"> missiles launched from aircraft</a>. Designers also developed new varieties of artillery munitions in the form of <a href="/wiki/Artillery_shell#Guided_shells" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery shell"> top-attack shells</a>, and shells that were used to saturate areas with <a href="/wiki/Cluster_munition#Anti-tank" title="Cluster munition">anti-armor bomblets</a>. Helicopters could be used as well to rapidly deliver scattered anti-tank mines. </p><p>Since the end of the Cold War in 1992, new threats to tanks and other armored vehicles have included remotely detonated <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a> (IEDs) used in <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a> and weapon systems like the <a href="/wiki/RPG-29" title="RPG-29">RPG-29</a> and <a href="/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin" title="FGM-148 Javelin">FGM-148 Javelin</a>, which can defeat <a href="/wiki/Reactive_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactive armor">reactive armor</a> or shell armor. Both those weapon systems use a <a href="/wiki/Tandem_warhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem warhead">tandem warhead</a> where the first stage of the warhead activates the reactive armor, and the second stage defeats the shell armor by means of a <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank" title="High-explosive anti-tank">high-explosive anti-tank</a> (HEAT) <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle"> drones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">loitering munitions</a> have attacked and destroyed tanks. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tank_threat">Tank threat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tank threat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-tank warfare evolved as a countermeasure to the threat of the tank's appearance on the battlefields of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> of the First World War. The tank had been developed to negate the German <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">system of trenches</a>, and allow a return to <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">maneuver against enemy's flanks</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">attack the rear</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a>. </p><p>The use of the tank was mainly based on the assumption that, once they were able to eliminate the German trench lines with their machine gun and <a href="/wiki/Infantry_support_gun" title="Infantry support gun">infantry support gun</a> positions, the Allied infantry would follow and secure the breach, and the cavalry would exploit the breach in the trench lines by attacking into the depth of German-held territory, eventually capturing the <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a> positions and interdicting logistics and reserves being brought up from the rear areas. Naval crews<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> initially used to operate the installed naval guns and machine guns were replaced with Army personnel who were more aware of the <a href="/wiki/Infantry_tactics#Trench_warfare_tactics" title="Infantry tactics">infantry tactics</a> with which the tanks were intended to cooperate. However, there was no means of communication between the tank's crew and the accompanying infantry, or between the tanks participating in combat. Radios were not yet portable or robust enough to be mounted in a tank, although Morse Code transmitters were installed in some Mark IVs at Cambrai as messaging vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attaching a field telephone to the rear would become a practice only during the next war. With greater use of tanks by both sides it was realized that the accompanying infantry could be forced to ground by <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a> fire, thus separating them from the tanks, which would continue to advance, eventually finding themselves exposed to <a href="/wiki/Small_unit_tactics" title="Small unit tactics">close-assaults</a> by German infantry and <a href="/wiki/Sapper" title="Sapper">sappers</a>. </p><p>The early tanks were mechanically rudimentary. The 6-to-12-millimetre (0.24 to 0.47 in) thick armor generally prevented penetration by <a href="/wiki/Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small arms">small arms</a> fire and <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">shell fragments</a>. However, even a near miss from field artillery or an impact from a mortar could easily disable or destroy the tank: if the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">fuel tank</a> was ruptured, it could incinerate the tank's crew. A large caliber gun was recognized as a tactical necessity to attack machine gun positions and defeat any infantry field pieces found in the trench lines which could easily disable <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">tank track</a> with the HE ammunition. This was achieved by mounting a 57 mm <a href="/wiki/QF_6_pounder_Hotchkiss" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss">QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss</a> light naval gun in the hull <a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">barbettes</a>. Hull and track engineering was largely dictated by the <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a>—the need to cross wide trenches—although the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Ground_pressure" title="Ground pressure">ground pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">soil-vehicle mechanics</a> was not resolved until the Second World War. <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Turrets</a> were later introduced on medium and light tanks to react to ambushes during the advance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tank, when it appeared on the Western Front in September 1916, was a surprise to German troops, but not the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a>. The French Army Staff was highly critical of the British Army's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flers-Courcelette#The_debut_of_the_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Flers-Courcelette">early fielding</a> of the Mark I vehicles in small numbers because the French trials showed the armored vehicles to be highly unreliable. They judged that large numbers had to be employed to sustain an offensive despite losses to mechanical failure or vehicles foundering in intractable <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">no man's land</a> terrain. These losses, coupled with those from enemy artillery fire, later amounted to as high as 70% of the starters during some operations. Deploying small numbers of tanks would therefore cause the Allies to lose the <a href="/wiki/Indirect_approach" title="Indirect approach">element of surprise</a>, allowing Germans to develop countermeasures. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Arras,_April-May_1917_Q6286.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6286.jpg/220px-The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6286.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6286.jpg/330px-The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6286.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6286.jpg/440px-The_Battle_of_Arras%2C_April-May_1917_Q6286.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/British_heavy_tanks_of_the_First_World_War" title="British heavy tanks of the First World War">British heavy tank</a> of World War One</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-tank_weapons">Anti-tank weapons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anti-tank weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the German Army was the only force in need of anti-tank weapons, they were first to develop a viable technology to combat the armored vehicle. These technologies took three <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> approaches: use of grenades by infantrymen, including the <i>Geballte Ladung</i> ("Bundled Charge") of several stick grenades bound together by <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_(military)" title="Pioneer (military)">pioneers</a>; early attempts at the small-caliber <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank rifles">anti-tank rifles</a> like the bolt-action 13 mm <a href="/wiki/Mauser_1918_T-Gewehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr">Mauser 1918 T-Gewehr</a>; 3.7 cm TaK Rheinmetall in starrer Räder-lafette 1916 <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank gun</a> on a light carriage which could destroy a tank<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using large-caliber <a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_shot_and_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor-piercing shot and shell">armor-piercing</a> ammunition issued in 1917 to special commands; and the existing 77 mm field guns (such as the <a href="/wiki/7.7_cm_FK_16" title="7.7 cm FK 16">7.7 cm FK 16</a>) of the infantry division's artillery regiment were also eventually issued with special armor-piercing (AP) ammunition. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R27012,_Bei_Cambrai_erbeuteter_englischer_Panzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R27012%2C_Bei_Cambrai_erbeuteter_englischer_Panzer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R27012%2C_Bei_Cambrai_erbeuteter_englischer_Panzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R27012%2C_Bei_Cambrai_erbeuteter_englischer_Panzer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R27012%2C_Bei_Cambrai_erbeuteter_englischer_Panzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R27012%2C_Bei_Cambrai_erbeuteter_englischer_Panzer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R27012%2C_Bei_Cambrai_erbeuteter_englischer_Panzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>A disabled <a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_tank" title="Mark IV tank">Mark IV tank</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cambrai" title="Cambrai">Cambrai</a>, 1917 – World War I</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-tank_tactics">Anti-tank tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anti-tank tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the appearance of Allied tanks, the German Army were quick to introduce new anti-tank defense detachments within the pioneer battalions of the infantry divisions. These were initially issued 13 mm caliber long barrel rifles firing solid shot. However, these suffered from fouling after 2–3 rounds and had a recoil that was unsustainable by the mechanism or the rifleman. Stick grenades were used to destroy the tracks by individual pioneers, however this required accompanying machine-gunners to first separate the supporting Allied infantry line from the tanks, which proved difficult. Another tactic was to lure the tank beyond the German trench-line, re-establishing it just as the Allied infantry approached. The tank would then be engaged by the divisional 7.7 cm guns brought forward, that would try to disable the tracks with ordinary HE shells (and later AP ammunition). If the crews of the disabled tanks refused to surrender, they were engaged with flamethrowers, or a mortar would be fired on the stricken vehicle until a direct hit was achieved on the top surface, usually resulting in an internal fire. Finally, anti-tank obstacles were prepared on the likely approaches by deepening and widening existing ground cratering, the precursors of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">anti-tank trench</a>. Finally in early 1917 the 3.7 cm <i>TaK</i> from <a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall" title="Rheinmetall">Rheinmetall</a> was rushed to the frontline, and proved effective in destroying the tanks despite limited elevation and traverse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_between_the_world_wars">Development between the world wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development between the world wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lack of consensus on the design and use of the tank after the First World War also influenced the development of its anti-tank countermeasures. However, because Germany was restricted by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Military_restrictions" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in its military capability, and there were no other challenges to France and Britain, very little development took place in anti-tank warfare until the 1930s. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protitankov%C3%BD_kan%C3%B3n_3,7_cm_vz.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Protitankov%C3%BD_kan%C3%B3n_3%2C7_cm_vz.gif/220px-Protitankov%C3%BD_kan%C3%B3n_3%2C7_cm_vz.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Protitankov%C3%BD_kan%C3%B3n_3%2C7_cm_vz.gif/330px-Protitankov%C3%BD_kan%C3%B3n_3%2C7_cm_vz.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Protitankov%C3%BD_kan%C3%B3n_3%2C7_cm_vz.gif/440px-Protitankov%C3%BD_kan%C3%B3n_3%2C7_cm_vz.gif 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Czechoslovak anti-tank gun <a href="/wiki/3,7cm_KP%C3%9AV_vz._37" title="3,7cm KPÚV vz. 37">3,7cm KPÚV vz. 37</a> .</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a> was dominated by the strategic thinking with <a href="/wiki/Fortification#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="Fortification">fortified</a> borders at its core. These included obstacles consisting of natural features such as <a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">ditches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>, or constructed obstacles such as anti-tank ditches, <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">minefields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">dragon's teeth</a>, or log barriers. The pinnacle of this strategic thinking was considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> which replaced infantry-filled trenches with artillery-filled <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunkers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemates</a> housing 37 or 47 mm anti-tank guns, and steel turrets armed with a pair of machine guns and a 25 mm anti-tank gun, although Germany was forbidden to produce tanks. The construction was partially based on the Allied experience with the <a href="/wiki/Hindenburg_Line" title="Hindenburg Line">Hindenburg Line</a> which was breached with tank support during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">battles of Cambrai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of St. Quentin Canal">St. Quentin Canal</a>, although German Command was more impressed by the surprise achieved by the Canadian troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord" title="Battle of the Canal du Nord">Battle of the Canal du Nord</a>. This came to influence their planning in 1940. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">The Maginot line defenses</a> – up to 25 km (16 mi) deep from the forward positions to the rear line – were intended to prevent a surprise attack and delay any attack while the French Army was mobilized. With the relative numerical inferiority between the France and Germany,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- This does not make clear which country had the superior force number (May 2023)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it was a more effective use of manpower. Within the line, passive anti-tank obstacles were supported by anti-infantry and anti-tank bunkers. After Belgium declared neutrality in 1936, France began work on extending the line along the Belgian border. </p><p>Improved artillery was seen as the quickest solution to anti-tank defense, and one of the earliest post-war anti-tank gun designs was the <a href="/wiki/25_mm_Hotchkiss_anti-tank_gun" title="25 mm Hotchkiss anti-tank gun">25 mm Hotchkiss</a> model from France. It was intended to replace an <a href="/wiki/Canon_d%27Infanterie_de_37_mod%C3%A8le_1916_TRP" title="Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP">Atelier de Puteaux 37 mm</a> weapon designed in 1916 to destroy machine gun positions. <a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall" title="Rheinmetall">Rheinmetall</a> commenced design of a 37 mm anti-tank gun in 1924 and the first guns were produced in 1928 as 3.7 cm Pak L/45,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later adopted in Wehrmacht service as <a href="/wiki/3.7_cm_Pak_36" title="3.7 cm Pak 36">3.7 cm Pak 36</a>. It made an appearance during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, as did the <a href="/wiki/Bofors_37_mm" class="mw-redirect" title="Bofors 37 mm">Bofors 37 mm</a> developed in Sweden, and used by many early Second World War combatants. The British Army accepted for service the (40 mm) <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_2_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 2 pounder">Ordnance QF 2 pounder</a>, which was developed as a <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">tank gun</a>. The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War#Northwest_Russia_:_Yudenich's_campaign" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> also begun a search for an anti-tank gun with a French Hotchkiss 37 mm L.33 tank gun, but soon upgraded this to a higher velocity L.45 Model 1935 while also making a licensed copy of the German <a href="/wiki/3.7_cm_Pak_36" title="3.7 cm Pak 36">3.7 cm PaK 36</a>. However, the Red Army was almost immediately taught a lesson about anti-tank warfare when a tank <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> sent to aid the Spanish Republicans in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> was almost entirely destroyed in an <a href="/wiki/Engagement_(military)" title="Engagement (military)">engagement</a>. </p><p>At this time, the predominant ammunition used against tanks was the <a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor-piercing">armor-piercing</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> shell that defeated armor by direct <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, spiking or punching through it. During the late 1930s <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a> ammunition was experimented with that used <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> for armor penetration. The shaped charge concept is officially known as the "Munroe Effect" and was discovered by accident decades earlier by Professor Charles E. Munroe at the U.S. Torpedo Station, Providence, RI. Professor Munroe was detonating different manufactured blocks of explosives on a sheet of armor plating and observed the blocks having the manufacturing letters recessed (vs. raised) cut an imprint of the manufacturing letters into the armor plate—the birth of the shaped-charged explosive which focuses the blast energy caused by an indentation on the surface area of an explosive.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although shaped charges are somewhat more difficult to manufacture, the advantage is that the projectile does not require as high velocity as typical kinetic energy shells, yet on impact it creates a high-<a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> jet of metal flowing like a liquid due to the immense pressure (though x-ray diffraction has shown the metal stays solid<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">hydrodynamically</a> penetrates the armor and kills occupants inside.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depth of the penetration, though proportional to the length of the jet and the <a href="/wiki/Square_root" title="Square root">square root</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Density#Densities_of_various_materials" title="Density">density</a>, is also dependent on the strength of the armor. With the development of this new ammunition begun more advanced research into <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steel manufacturing</a>, and development of <a href="/wiki/Spaced_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaced armor">spaced armor</a> that caused "jet waver" by detonating prematurely or at the wrong angle to the surface of the main armor. </p><p>The only significant attempt to experiment in the use of tanks in the late 1920s was that of the British Army's <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Mechanized_Force" title="Experimental Mechanized Force">Experimental Mechanized Force</a> that influenced future development of tanks, armored troops and entire armies of both its future enemies and allies in the next war. </p><p>In Spain, the anti-tank defense of the Nationalists was organized by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht#History" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> officers, and the anti-tank guns were incorporated into a system of obstacles that were constructed with the intent to stop an attack by tanks by slowing it down, separating them from supporting infantry (advancing on foot) with machine-gun and mortar fire, and forcing tanks to conduct deliberate head-on assaults with engineer support, or seek a less-defended area to attack. <a href="/wiki/Minefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Minefield">Minefields</a> laid with purpose-designed <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_mine#Inter-War" title="Anti-tank mine">mines</a> were used for the first time, destroying tank tracks, and forcing <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">combat engineers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mine_clearance#Removal_methods_in_demining" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine clearance">clear</a> them on foot. Delay meant that Nationalist field artillery could engage the <a href="/wiki/BT-5" title="BT-5">lightly armored Soviet tanks</a>. This meant a change in Republican operational and eventually strategic planning, and a more protracted combat operations, with more casualties at a greater cost. </p><p>The only change to the German anti-tank tactics of the First World War was that now an effective anti-tank weapon was available to support the defending infantry. However, the Soviet tanks armed with 45 mm guns easily destroyed the German light tanks. </p><p>Ironically, in the early 1930s until the Spanish War, German officers were conducting secret testing of a new way of employing tanks, infantry and artillery <a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">offensively</a> in the Soviet Union with the cooperation of the Red Army. In Germany, these developments eventually culminated in tactics that later came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a>, while in the Soviet Union they formed the core of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep battle">deep battle</a> operational doctrine. The successful test of the latter was during the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> although the Red Army foundered on the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War#Battles_of_the_Mannerheim_Line" title="Winter War">Mannerheim Line</a> in 1940, largely due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge#Purge_of_the_army" title="Great Purge">purge in the Officer Corps</a>, claiming many of the <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tukhachevsky#The_theory_of_deep_operations" title="Mikhail Tukhachevsky">senior proponents</a> of the new doctrine. Anti-tank artillery would be included in mobile tank-led Wehrmacht and Red Army units due to the possibility of encountering enemy tanks in a <a href="/wiki/Meeting_engagement" title="Meeting engagement">meeting engagement</a>. </p><p>The new doctrines of using the tank, were divided into infantry and cavalry <a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">schools of thought</a>. The former regarded the tank as a mobile artillery system to be used for infantry support. This suggested that the infantry needed to be armed with integral anti-tank weapons. The latter advocated use of tanks in the traditional cavalry way of high-tempo attacks intended to outflank the enemy infantry and sever its communication lines. This approach suggested that the tank was the best anti-tank system, and only limited anti-tank troops were required to accompany them. For this reason the late 30s <a href="/wiki/Tank_classification" title="Tank classification">tank configurations</a> came in a great diversity, ranging from light <a href="/wiki/Tankettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankettes">tankettes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalry tank">cavalry tanks</a> to multi-turreted <a href="/wiki/Heavy_tank" title="Heavy tank">heavy tanks</a> resembling bunkers, all of which had to be considered in training by the anti-tank artillery troops. The development of these doctrines was the most significant influence on the rapid development in anti-tank technology and tactics in the Second World War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two aspects of how the Second World War commenced helped to delay development of anti-tank warfare: resignation and surprise. After Poland was attacked, its allies in the West were resigned to its defeat by a numerically superior Wehrmacht. The little information that was brought out about the conduct of combat during that campaign did nothing to convince either France, Britain or the USSR of the need for improved anti-tank technology and tactics. The reliance on the Maginot Line, and the subsequent surprise of the German offensive left no time to develop existing abilities and tactics in the West. The British were preparing the stop lines and the <a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_World_War_II#Lines_and_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="British anti-invasion preparations of World War II">anti-tank islands</a> to slow enemy progress and restrict the route of an attack. The Red Army however was fortunate in having several excellent designs for anti-tank warfare that were either in final stages of development for production, or had been rejected earlier as unnecessary and could now be rushed into production. The relative ease with which the older models of Red Army's tank fleet were destroyed by German anti-tank weapons, using tactics already seen in Spain, once and for all focused Stavka attention on anti-tank warfare as Soviet armies were repeatedly encircled by panzer-led strategic pincer maneuvers. Of the major iconic Soviet weapons of the Second World War, two were made exclusively for anti-tank warfare, the <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2">Ilyushin Il-2</a> <i>Shturmovik</i>. The former was one of the most manufactured tanks in history, and the latter, itself dubbed the 'flying tank', was one of the most manufactured aircraft. The war also saw the creation and almost immediate abandonment of the self-propelled tank destroyer which would be replaced post war by the anti tank guided missile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Soviet <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2">Ilyushin Il-2</a> planes with 23 mm cannons attacking a German tank column during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As tanks were rarely used in conflicts between the two World Wars, no specific aircraft or tactics were developed to combat them from the air. One solution adopted by almost all European air forces was to use bomb loads for conventional bombers that were composed from small bombs allowing a higher density during bombing. This created a greater chance of causing a direct impact on the thinner top armor of the tank while also having the ability to damage track and wheels through proximity detonation. </p><p>The first aircraft able to engage tanks was the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a> "Stuka" using <a href="/wiki/Dive_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive bombing">dive bombing</a> to place the bomb close to the target. Some French and German fighters fitted with 20 mm cannon were also able to engage thinner top armor surfaces of the tanks early in the war. The Stuka was also given cannons for anti-armor role though it was obsolete by 1942, and was joined by the <a href="/wiki/Henschel_Hs_129" title="Henschel Hs 129">Henschel Hs 129</a> that mounted a podded 30 mm (1.2 in) <a href="/wiki/MK_101_cannon" title="MK 101 cannon">MK 101 cannon</a> beneath its fuselage, while the Red Army Air Force fielded the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2">Ilyushin Il-2</a> armed with a pair of 23 mm cannons and unguided rockets, but armored to enable the pilots to approach German tanks at very low altitude, ignoring small arms, machine-gun and even small anti-aircraft cannon fire that usually provided tanks with protection against the bombers. Il-2s could also carry large numbers of 2.5 kg shaped-charge anti-tank <a href="/wiki/PTAB_(bomb)" title="PTAB (bomb)">PTAB</a> bombs. </p><p>To give it more firepower against tanks, the RAF mounted two underwing pod-mounted 40 mm <a href="/wiki/Vickers_S" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers S">Vickers S</a> cannon on the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a> (as the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane_variants#Hurricane_Mk_II" title="Hawker Hurricane variants">Mk. IID</a>), which saw service in North Africa in 1942 and the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoon</a> was given HE rockets though these were more effective against other ground vehicles. From March 1943 the Red Army Air Force produced the more agile <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-9" title="Yakovlev Yak-9">Yakovlev Yak-9</a>T (37 mm cannon) and K (45 mm cannon) bomber interceptor also used for ground attack, with one example of either gun in <i>motornaya pushka</i> mounts attached to the engine's gear reduction unit, that had either one of them firing through a hollow-center propeller shaft. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> in 1944, the military version of the slow-flying <a href="/wiki/Piper_J-3_Cub" title="Piper J-3 Cub">Piper J-3 Cub</a> high-wing light civilian monoplane, the L-4 Grasshopper, usually used for liaison and artillery-spotting, began to be used in a light anti-armor role by a few U.S. Army artillery spotter units over France; these aircraft were field-outfitted with either two or four <a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">bazooka</a> rocket launchers attached to the <a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">lift struts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against German armored fighting vehicles. During the summer of 1944, U.S. Army Major <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carpenter_(pilot)" title="Charles Carpenter (pilot)">Charles Carpenter</a> managed to successfully take on an anti-armor role with his rocket-armed Piper L-4. His L-4, named <i>Rosie the Rocketeer</i>, armed with six bazookas, had a notable anti-armor success during an engagement during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt#Battle" title="Battle of Arracourt">Battle of Arracourt</a> on September 20, 1944, knocking out at least four German armored vehicles,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a pioneering example of taking on heavy enemy armor from a lightweight slow-flying aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Field_artillery">Field artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Field artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Field artillery were often the first ground combat arm to engage detected concentration of troops which included tanks through artillery airborne observers, either in assembly areas (for refueling and rearming), during approach marches to the combat zone, or as the tank unit was forming up for the attack. Conventional artillery shells were very effective against the tank's thinner top armor if fired in appropriate density while the tanks were concentrated, enabling direct hits by a sufficiently powerful shell. Even a non-penetrating shell could still disable a tank through dynamic shock, internal armor shattering or simply overturning the tank. More importantly the tanks could be disabled due to damage to tracks and wheels, and their supporting vehicles and personnel could be damaged and killed, reducing unit's ability to fight in the longer term. Because tanks were usually accompanied by infantry mounted on trucks or <a href="/wiki/Half-track" title="Half-track">half-tracked</a> vehicles that lacked overhead armor, field artillery that fired a mix of ground and air-burst ammunition was likely to inflict heavy casualties on the infantry as well. Field guns, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 25 pounder">Ordnance QF 25 pounder</a>, were provided with armor-piercing shot for direct engagement of enemy tanks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-tank_guns">Anti-tank guns <span class="anchor" id="Anti-tank_guns"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anti-tank guns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Special:EditPage/Anti-tank warfare">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tank_gun" title="Tank gun">Tank gun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:37mm_bofors_antitank_gun_parola_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/37mm_bofors_antitank_gun_parola_2.jpg/220px-37mm_bofors_antitank_gun_parola_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/37mm_bofors_antitank_gun_parola_2.jpg/330px-37mm_bofors_antitank_gun_parola_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/37mm_bofors_antitank_gun_parola_2.jpg/440px-37mm_bofors_antitank_gun_parola_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun as used by several nations</figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-tank guns are guns designed to destroy armored vehicles from defensive positions. In order to penetrate vehicle armor, they fire smaller caliber shells from longer-barreled guns to achieve higher muzzle velocity than field artillery weapons, many of which are <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>. The higher velocity, flatter trajectory <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a> provide terminal <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_penetrator" title="Kinetic energy penetrator">kinetic energy</a> to penetrate the moving/static target's armor at a given range and contact's angle. Any field artillery <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a> with barrel length 15 to 25 times longer than its <a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> was able also to fire anti-tank ammunition, such as the Soviet <a href="/wiki/122_mm_gun_M1931/37_(A-19)" title="122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19)">A-19</a>. </p><p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, few anti-tank guns had (or needed) calibers larger than 50 mm. Examples of guns in this class include the <a href="/wiki/3.7_cm_PaK_36" class="mw-redirect" title="3.7 cm PaK 36">German 37 mm</a>, <a href="/wiki/37_mm_Gun_M3" class="mw-redirect" title="37 mm Gun M3">US 37 mm</a> (the largest gun able to be towed by the <a href="/wiki/Willys_MB" title="Willys MB">1⁄4-ton, 4×4 'jeep'</a>), <a href="/wiki/25_mm_Hotchkiss_anti-tank_gun" title="25 mm Hotchkiss anti-tank gun">French 25 mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/47_mm_APX_anti-tank_gun" title="47 mm APX anti-tank gun">47 mm</a> guns, <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_2_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 2 pounder">British QF 2-pounder (40 mm)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannone_da_47/32_M35" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannone da 47/32 M35">Italian 47 mm</a> and <a href="/wiki/45_mm_anti-tank_gun_M1937_(53-K)" title="45 mm anti-tank gun M1937 (53-K)">Soviet 45 mm</a>. All of these light weapons could penetrate the thin armor found on most pre-war and early war tanks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pak38_cfb_borden_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pak38_cfb_borden_2.JPG/220px-Pak38_cfb_borden_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pak38_cfb_borden_2.JPG/330px-Pak38_cfb_borden_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Pak38_cfb_borden_2.JPG/440px-Pak38_cfb_borden_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>German <a href="/wiki/PaK_38" class="mw-redirect" title="PaK 38">PaK 38</a> 50-mm anti-tank gun</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many of these weapons were still being used operationally, along with a newer generation of light guns that closely resembled their WWI counterparts. After the well-armoured Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> medium and <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov_tank" title="Kliment Voroshilov tank">KV</a> heavy tanks were encountered, these guns were recognized as ineffective against <a href="/wiki/Sloped_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sloped armor">sloped armor</a>, with the German lightweight 37 mm gun quickly nicknamed the "tank door knocker" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Panzeranklopfgerät</i>), for revealing its presence without penetrating the armor. </p><p>Germany introduced more powerful anti-tank guns, some which had been in the early stages of development prior to the war. By late 1942, the Germans had an excellent <a href="/wiki/5_cm_PaK_38" class="mw-redirect" title="5 cm PaK 38">50-mm high-velocity design</a>, while they faced the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 6 pounder">QF 6-pounder</a> introduced in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> by the British Army, and later adopted by the <a href="/wiki/57_mm_Gun_M1#U.S._service" class="mw-redirect" title="57 mm Gun M1">US Army</a>. By 1943 Wehrmacht was forced to adopt still larger calibers on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Front (WWII)">Eastern Front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/7.5_cm_PaK_40" class="mw-redirect" title="7.5 cm PaK 40">75 mm</a> and the famous <a href="/wiki/88_mm_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="88 mm gun">88 mm</a> guns. The Red Army used a variety of 45 mm, <a href="/wiki/57_mm_anti-tank_gun_M1943_(ZiS-2)" title="57 mm anti-tank gun M1943 (ZiS-2)">57 mm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/100_mm_field_gun_M1944_(BS-3)" title="100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)">100 mm</a> guns, and deployed general-purpose 76.2 mm and 122-mm guns in the anti-tank role. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Invasion of Normandy</a>, the British had the 3 in (76 mm) calibre <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 17 pounder">QF 17 pounder</a>, which design had begun before the 6 pounder entered service, in general use which proved to be a highly effective anti-tank gun and was also used on the Sherman Firefly tank, the <a href="/wiki/Archer_(tank_destroyer)" title="Archer (tank destroyer)">Archer self-propelled gun</a>, and on the <a href="/wiki/17pdr_SP_Achilles" title="17pdr SP Achilles">17-pdr SP Achilles</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tank_destroyers">Tank destroyers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tank destroyers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">Tank destroyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panzerj%C3%A4ger" title="Panzerjäger">Panzerjäger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jagdpanzer" title="Jagdpanzer">Jagdpanzer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archer_SP_17_pdr_Tank_Destroyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Archer_SP_17_pdr_Tank_Destroyer.jpg/220px-Archer_SP_17_pdr_Tank_Destroyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Archer_SP_17_pdr_Tank_Destroyer.jpg/330px-Archer_SP_17_pdr_Tank_Destroyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Archer_SP_17_pdr_Tank_Destroyer.jpg/440px-Archer_SP_17_pdr_Tank_Destroyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>The British <a href="/wiki/Archer_(tank_destroyer)" title="Archer (tank destroyer)">Archer</a> self-propelled anti-tank gun put the 17-pdr gun on the hull of a <a href="/wiki/Valentine_tank" title="Valentine tank">Valentine tank</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As towed anti-tank cannon guns grew in size and weight, they became less mobile and more cumbersome to maneuver, and required ever larger gun crews, who often had to wrestle the gun into position while under heavy artillery and/or tank fire. As the war progressed, this disadvantage often resulted in the loss or destruction of both the antitank gun and its trained crew. This gave impetus to the development of the self-propelled, lightly armored "<a href="/wiki/Tank_destroyer" title="Tank destroyer">tank destroyer</a>" (TD). The tank destroyer was usually based on the hull of existing tank designs, using either a gun integrated into the hull or a fully rotating turret much like that of a conventional tank. These self-propelled (SP) AT guns were first employed as infantry support weapons in place of towed antitank guns. Later, due to a shortage of tanks, TDs sometimes replaced the former in offensive armored operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Early German-designed tank destroyers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Marder_I" title="Marder I">Marder I</a>, employed existing light French or Czech design tank chassis, installing an AT gun as part of an armored, turret-less superstructure. This method reduced both weight and conversion costs. The Soviet Union later adopted this style of self-propelled anti-tank gun or tank destroyer. This type of tank destroyer had the advantage of a reduced silhouette, allowing the crew to more frequently fire from <a href="/wiki/Defilade" class="mw-redirect" title="Defilade">defilade</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a> positions. Such designs were easier and faster to manufacture and offered good crew protection, though the lack of a turret limited the gun's traverse to a few degrees. This meant that, if the TD became immobilized due to engine failure or track damage, it could not rotate its gun to counter opposing tanks, making it an easy target. This vulnerability was later exploited by opposing tank forces. Late in the war, it was not unusual to find even the largest and most powerful tank destroyer abandoned on the field after a battle, having been immobilized by one high-explosive shell to the track or front drive sprocket.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>US Army pre-war infantry support doctrines emphasized the use of tank destroyers with open-top fully rotating turrets, featuring less armor than the standard <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> tanks, but with more powerful cannon. A 76 mm long-barrel tank cannon was fitted to the Sherman-based <a href="/wiki/M10_tank_destroyer" title="M10 tank destroyer">M10 GMC</a> and all-new design <a href="/wiki/M18_Hellcat" title="M18 Hellcat">M18</a> designs, with the M18 being the fastest-moving American AFV of any type in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in 1944, the Sherman-origin <a href="/wiki/M36_tank_destroyer" title="M36 tank destroyer">M36</a> appeared, equipped with a 90 mm cannon. With rotating turrets and good combat maneuverability, American TD designs generally worked well, although their light armor was no match for enemy tank cannon fire during one on one confrontations. Another disadvantage proved to be the open, unprotected turret, and casualties from artillery fire soon led to the introduction of folding armor turret covers. Near the war's end, a change in official doctrine caused both the self-propelled tank destroyer and the towed antitank gun to fall from favor in U.S. service, increasingly replaced by conventional tanks or infantry level antitank weapons. Despite this change, the M36 tank destroyer continued in service, and was used in combat as late as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The third, and likely most effective kind of tank destroyer was the unturreted, <a href="/wiki/Casemate#Armoured_vehicles" title="Casemate">casemate</a>-style tank destroyer, known by the <a href="/wiki/Jagdpanzer" title="Jagdpanzer">Jagdpanzer</a> term in German service, or <a href="/wiki/Samokhodnaya_Ustanovka" title="Samokhodnaya Ustanovka">Samokhodnaya Ustanovka</a> in Soviet service for their own designs. These generally featured a heavy gun mounted on an older or then-current tank chassis, with the gun pointing forward with a limited degree of traverse. Casemate tank destroyers often had the same amount of armour as the tanks they were based on. The removal of the turret allowed for greater room to mount a larger gun with a larger breech and leave room for crew. Many casemate tank destroyers either originated as, or were dual-purpose vehicles with the duty of a self-propelled gun, which share many (but usually not all) of the same features and layout. Some examples are the German <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_III" title="Sturmgeschütz III">Sturmgeschütz III</a> – the most-produced German armored fighting vehicle of WW II — and the Soviets' <a href="/wiki/SU-100" title="SU-100">SU-100</a>, itself based on the <a href="/wiki/T-34_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="T-34 tank">T-34 tank</a>'s hull and drivetrain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infantry">Infantry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Infantry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rifles">Rifles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rifles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">Anti-tank rifle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PTRS_rifle_at_Great_Patriotic_War_museum_in_Smolensk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PTRS_rifle_at_Great_Patriotic_War_museum_in_Smolensk.jpg/220px-PTRS_rifle_at_Great_Patriotic_War_museum_in_Smolensk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PTRS_rifle_at_Great_Patriotic_War_museum_in_Smolensk.jpg/330px-PTRS_rifle_at_Great_Patriotic_War_museum_in_Smolensk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PTRS_rifle_at_Great_Patriotic_War_museum_in_Smolensk.jpg/440px-PTRS_rifle_at_Great_Patriotic_War_museum_in_Smolensk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PTRS-41" title="PTRS-41">PTRS-41</a> anti-tank rifle at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Great_Patriotic_War,_Moscow" title="Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow">Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-tank rifles were introduced in some armies before the Second World War to provide infantry with a stand-off weapon when confronted with a tank assault. The intention was to preserve the morale of the infantry by providing a weapon that could actually defeat a tank. <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">Anti-tank rifles</a> were developed in several countries during the 1930s. By the beginning of WW2, anti-tank rifle teams could knock out most tanks from a distance of about 500 m, and do so with a weapon that was man-portable and easily concealed. Although the AT rifle performance was negated by the increased armor of medium and heavy tanks by 1942, they remained viable against lighter-armored and unarmored vehicles, and against field fortification embrasures. </p><p>Notable examples include the Finnish <a href="/wiki/Lahti_L-39" title="Lahti L-39">Lahti L-39</a> (which was also used as a sniper rifle during the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>), the automatic Japanese <a href="/wiki/Type_97_20_mm_anti-tank_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 97 20 mm anti-tank rifle">Type 97 20 mm anti-tank rifle</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%BCchse_38" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzerbüchse 38">Panzerbüchse 38</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%BCchse_39" title="Panzerbüchse 39">Panzerbüchse 39</a>, the Polish <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle,_model_35" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank rifle, model 35">wz.35</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> 14.5 mm <a href="/wiki/PTRD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTRD">PTRD</a> and <a href="/wiki/PTRS-41" title="PTRS-41">PTRS-41</a>. </p><p>By 1943, most armies judged anti-tank rifles to lack combat effectiveness due to the diminished ability to penetrate the thicker armor of new tanks – the British Army had abandoned them by 1942 and the Wehrmacht by 1943, while the US Army never adopted the weapon, although the USMC used <a href="/wiki/Boys_anti-tank_rifle" title="Boys anti-tank rifle">Boys anti-tank rifles</a> in the Pacific Theater. However, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">anti-tank rifle</a> remained in Soviet use during the conflict due to the importance it occupied in its doctrine of anti-tank in-depth defense, first demonstrated during the defense of Moscow and again during the Kursk battles. This became particularly true later in the war when the Red Army assumed an almost constant offensive, and anti-tank in-depth defensive deployments were used for protecting flanks of the operational breakthroughs against German tactical counterattacks. By firing on the lighter armored infantry and support vehicles (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Artillery_tractor" title="Artillery tractor">artillery tractors</a>) the anti-tank rifle units helped to separate the supporting infantry (<i><a href="/wiki/Panzergrenadiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzergrenadiers">panzergrenadiers</a></i>) and artillery of the German tanks and so forced the tanks to halt at short distances from the concealed anti-tank guns leaving them exposed to fire from larger, longer ranged anti-tank guns. PTRS-41 semi-automatic anti-tank rifles were also used for sniping since an additional tracer round enabled rapid fire adjustment by the gunner. Although optical sniper scopes were tried with the PTRS-41, the weapons proved too inaccurate at sniping distances (800 m or more), and the recoil too much for effective use of the scopes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rockets_and_shaped_charges"><span class="anchor" id="AT_rockets"></span>Rockets and shaped charges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rockets and shaped charges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIAT_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PIAT_cropped.jpg/220px-PIAT_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PIAT_cropped.jpg/330px-PIAT_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PIAT_cropped.jpg/440px-PIAT_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>British <a href="/wiki/PIAT" title="PIAT">PIAT</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The development of light, man-portable, anti-tank weapons increased during the Second World War. Most were based on the <a href="/wiki/Munroe_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Munroe effect">Munroe effect</a> which led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/High-explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High-explosive">high-explosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a>. These weapons were called <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank" title="High-explosive anti-tank">high-explosive anti-tank</a> (HEAT). The destructive effect relies fully on the kinetic energy of the explosion rather than the ballistic speed of the round on the damage inflicted to the armor. The effect was also concentrated and could penetrate more armor for a given amount of explosives. The first HEAT rounds were rifle grenades, but better delivery systems were soon introduced: the British <i><a href="/wiki/PIAT" title="PIAT">PIAT</a></i> was propelled in a manner similar to the <a href="/wiki/Spigot_mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Spigot mortar">spigot mortar</a> with a blackpowder charge contained in the tailfin assembly, the US <i><a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">bazooka</a></i> and the German <i><a href="/wiki/Panzerschreck" title="Panzerschreck">Panzerschreck</a></i> used rockets, and the German <i><a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust" title="Panzerfaust">Panzerfaust</a></i> was a small <a href="/wiki/Recoilless_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Recoilless gun">recoilless gun</a>. The HEAT warhead was retroactively used to give more power to smaller calibre weapons such as in the conversion of the otherwise limited German 37 mm PaK guns to fire a large shell, called <a href="/wiki/Stielgranate_41" title="Stielgranate 41">Stielgranate 41</a>, that fitted over the barrel rather than down in it, to a greater range than the <i>Panzerschreck</i> could manage. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_44M" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian 44M">Hungarian 44M "Buzogányvető"</a> was a successful unguided rocket used extensively in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Siege of Budapest</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trigat-LR-detoured.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Trigat-LR-detoured.jpg/220px-Trigat-LR-detoured.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Trigat-LR-detoured.jpg/330px-Trigat-LR-detoured.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Trigat-LR-detoured.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PARS_3_LR" title="PARS 3 LR">PARS 3 LR</a> with HEAT warhead of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">German Army</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, research on infantry anti-tank weapons continued, with most designers focused on two primary goals: first an anti-tank weapon that could defeat more heavily armored postwar tanks and fighting vehicles, and second a weapon lightweight and portable enough for infantry use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mines_and_other_explosives">Mines and other explosives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mines and other explosives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_mine" title="Anti-tank mine">Anti-tank mine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunge_AT_Mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lunge_AT_Mine.jpg/220px-Lunge_AT_Mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lunge_AT_Mine.jpg/330px-Lunge_AT_Mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Lunge_AT_Mine.jpg/440px-Lunge_AT_Mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A statue of a Vietminh soldier holding a Lunge AT Mine. In Vietnamese the mine is called <i>bom ba càng</i>, literally means "three-clawed bomb".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_of_Sticky_Bombs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Production_of_Sticky_Bombs.jpg/220px-Production_of_Sticky_Bombs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Production_of_Sticky_Bombs.jpg/330px-Production_of_Sticky_Bombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Production_of_Sticky_Bombs.jpg/440px-Production_of_Sticky_Bombs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sticky_bomb" title="Sticky bomb">Sticky bomb</a> in production</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Though unsophisticated, the <a href="/wiki/Satchel_charge" title="Satchel charge">satchel charge</a> was an effective anti-tank weapon during World War II; the blast could sever the tracks of a tank, damage internal components or injure the crew.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkins_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawkins mine">Hawkins mine</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> employed the <a href="/wiki/Goliath_tracked_mine" title="Goliath tracked mine">Goliath tracked mine</a>, an unmanned demolition vehicle.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> employed <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_dog" title="Anti-tank dog">anti-tank dogs</a> during World War II, with very limited success; as a counterpart to the German Goliath the <a href="/wiki/Teletank" title="Teletank">Teletank</a> was used as a remote-controlled unmanned tank.</li> <li>The Japanese forces employed suicide attacks with pole-mounted anti-tank mines dubbed <a href="/wiki/Lunge_mine" title="Lunge mine">lunge mines</a> during late World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Vietnam, similar mines were called <i>bom ba càng</i> due to the three contact points at the head of each mine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grenades">Grenades</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grenades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_grenade" title="Anti-tank grenade">Anti-tank grenade</a></div> <p>Regular <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragmentation grenade">fragmentation grenades</a> were ineffective against tanks, so many kinds of anti-tank grenades were developed. These ranged from <a href="/wiki/Hollow_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollow charge">hollow charge</a> designs (e.g., the British <a href="/wiki/No._68_AT_Grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 68 AT Grenade">No. 68 AT Grenade</a>), to ones that simply contained a lot of explosive (the British <a href="/wiki/No._73_Grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 73 Grenade">No. 73 Grenade</a>). To increase their effectiveness, some grenades were designed so that they adhered to the tank either through an adhesive (<a href="/wiki/Sticky_bomb" title="Sticky bomb">sticky bomb</a>) or with a magnet. The Germans used a magnetic grenade, the <a href="/wiki/Hafthohlladung" title="Hafthohlladung">Hafthohlladung</a> to ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a> would fire at the optimal 90° angle to the armor. </p><p>There was also a special type of grenade called the <i>Nebelhandgranaten</i> or <i>Blendkörper</i> ("smoke hand grenades"), which was supposed to be smashed over an air vent and fill the tank with smoke, widely used by both sides in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="Molotov cocktails">Molotov cocktails</a> also saw much use, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, early tanks (such as the <a href="/wiki/T-26" title="T-26">T-26</a>) being very vulnerable to them, but later tanks required a well-thrown bottle directly over the engine compartment to have any effect at all. </p><p>On the whole, thrown anti-tank weapons suffered from a variety of drawbacks. In addition to the inherently short range, they required careful aim to be effective, and those that relied on explosive force were often so powerful that the user had to take cover immediately. </p><p>Additionally, with hand-thrown grenades, the requirement for the attacker to get close to the tank made the attacker exceptionally vulnerable to counter-attack from the tank (typically by machine gun), or from infantry – mounted or dismounted troops – accompanying the tank. However, if the attacker were very low to the ground, and in very close proximity to the tank – for instance 30 feet (9.1 meters) or less – it might be impossible for the tank crew to see the attacker.<sup id="cite_ref-armY_field_manual_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armY_field_manual-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics">Tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Special:EditPage/Anti-tank warfare">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anti-tank+warfare%22">"Anti-tank warfare"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anti-tank+warfare%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anti-tank+warfare%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anti-tank+warfare%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anti-tank+warfare%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anti-tank+warfare%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talvisota_Molotov_Cocktail.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Talvisota_Molotov_Cocktail.PNG/170px-Talvisota_Molotov_Cocktail.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Talvisota_Molotov_Cocktail.PNG/255px-Talvisota_Molotov_Cocktail.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Talvisota_Molotov_Cocktail.PNG/340px-Talvisota_Molotov_Cocktail.PNG 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Army" title="Finnish Army">Finnish soldier</a> with a Molotov cocktail in the 1939–40 <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-tank tactics developed rapidly during the war but along different paths in different armies based on the threats they faced and the technologies they were able to produce. Very little development took place in UK because weapons available in 1940 were judged adequate for engaging Italian and German tanks during most of the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a>. Its experience therefore failed to influence the US Army's anti-tank doctrine prior to 1944. From 1941, German anti-tank tactics developed rapidly as a result of being surprised by the previously unknown Soviet tank designs, forcing introduction of new technologies and new tactics. The Red Army was also faced with a new challenge in anti-tank warfare after losing most of its tank fleet and a considerable part of its anti-tank capable cannons. </p><p>Anti-tank tactics during the war were largely integrated with the offensive or defensive posture of the troops being supported, usually infantry. Most anti-tank tactics depend on the range effectiveness of various weapons and weapon systems available. These are divided as follows: </p> <ul><li>Operational range over the horizon (20–40 km range) <dl><dd>Bomber aircraft and long range artillery</dd></dl></li> <li>Tactical staging areas (7–20 km range) <dl><dd>Ground attack aircraft and field artillery including <a href="/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Multiple rocket launcher">MRLs</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Tactical zone forming-up area and rear combat zone (2–7 km range) <dl><dd>Heavy anti-tank guns and mortars</dd></dl></li> <li>Tactical forward combat zone (1–2 km range) <dl><dd>Anti-tank guns and tanks deployed in defense</dd></dl></li> <li>Engagement distance (200–1000 m range) <dl><dd>Mines and anti-tank rifles</dd></dl></li> <li>Close combat distance (25–200 m range) <dl><dd>Infantry anti-tank weapons</dd></dl></li></ul> <p>Ground-to-air cooperation was not yet systematic in any army of the period, but given sufficient warning ground attack aircraft could support ground troops even during an enemy attack in an attempt to interdict the enemy units before they come into tactical combat zone. Various bomb loads can be used depending on what type of tank unit is engaged in at the time or who its accompanying troops are. This is an indirect form of anti-tank warfare where the tanks are denied the opportunity to even reach combat. </p><p>Field artillery was particularly effective in firing against tank formations because although they were rarely able to destroy a tank by direct penetration, they would severely crater the area preventing the tanks from moving therefore causing them to become nearly stationary targets for the ground attack aircraft, or disrupting the enemy schedule and allowing own troops more time to prepare their defense. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26,_Pas_de_Calais,_Atlantikwall,_Panzersperren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-719-0240-26%2C_Pas_de_Calais%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Panzersperren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehogs</a> deployed on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-tank defense proper was by 1942 designed in First World War fashion with several prepared trench lines incorporating anti-tank weapons of different abilities. Depending on terrain and the available line-of-sight, the longer-ranged guns could begin to fire on approaching tanks from as far as 2 kilometers, which was also the range at which German Panther and Tiger tank gunners were trained to fire. Anti-tank guns were usually deployed to cover terrain more suitable for tanks, and were protected by minefields laid at about 500 meters to 1 kilometer from their positions by combat engineers. In the Red Army the anti-tank rifle units would be positioned throughout the forward trench line and would engage the lighter tanks and any other vehicles, such as infantry half-tracks in an attempt to separate them from the tanks. The anti-tank guns deployed further back would often hold their fire until enemy tanks were within the most effective range for their ammunition. Where there were insufficient anti-tank weapons, engineers would construct anti-tank obstacles such as <a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">dragon's teeth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">czech hedgehog</a>. </p><p>Towed anti-tank guns were thought to be the primary means of defeating tanks. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">battle of Kursk</a> for example, the Red Army deployed more artillery regiments than infantry regiments and towed gun densities reached over 20 guns per kilometer of defended tactical zone. A towed gun was much cheaper than a tank and could be concealed in a shallow position. When time allowed, dugouts with strong overhead cover could be constructed. Guns deployed on reverse slopes and in flanking positions could take a toll of attacking tanks. However, gun crews were vulnerable to artillery, mortar HE fire and enemy infantry. Their positions had to be carefully selected and once engaged, they generally could not redeploy. Experience strongly suggested that towed AT guns were less effective than self-propelled AT weapons and took heavier casualties. </p><p>The tactic of ambushing enemy armor at grazing shot distances was perfected during World War 2. Some combatants, like the Soviet Red Army, doctrinalized it and used it to engage heavy German armor at optimal distances and angles. </p><p>Self-propelled anti-tank guns were rare at the beginning of WW2, although the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Army">Belgian Army</a> deployed a few T.15 tank destroyers and the French army was developing several wheeled and tracked designs. The advantages of mobility and even thin armor protection were so compelling that most armies were using self-propelled AT guns by mid-war. Examples of these weapons included the US <a href="/wiki/M10_tank_destroyer" title="M10 tank destroyer">M10 GMC</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Jagdpanzer_IV" title="Jagdpanzer IV">Jagdpanzer IV</a>, and Soviet <a href="/wiki/SU-85" title="SU-85">SU-85</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infantry_close_assault">Infantry close assault</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Infantry close assault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28150,_Deutsche_Soldaten_mit_Panzerf%C3%A4usten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28150%2C_Deutsche_Soldaten_mit_Panzerf%C3%A4usten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28150%2C_Deutsche_Soldaten_mit_Panzerf%C3%A4usten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28150%2C_Deutsche_Soldaten_mit_Panzerf%C3%A4usten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28150%2C_Deutsche_Soldaten_mit_Panzerf%C3%A4usten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28150%2C_Deutsche_Soldaten_mit_Panzerf%C3%A4usten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H28150%2C_Deutsche_Soldaten_mit_Panzerf%C3%A4usten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Panzerfaust armed German soldiers on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tank is still vulnerable to infantry, especially in close country or built-up areas. Rough terrain may expose the floor armor, and high ground such as multi-story buildings may expose the top armor. Their large size and loud noise can allow enemy infantry to spot, track and evade tanks until an opportunity presents itself for counter-attack. </p><p>Because tank crews have limited visibility from inside the tank, infantry can get close to a tank given enough concealment and if the hatches are closed. If tank crewmen unbutton for better visibility they become vulnerable to small arms fire, grenades and molotov cocktails. An infantryman cannot be targeted by a tank's main gun when close, as it cannot depress sufficiently. Close defense weapons such as pistol ports, hull-, coaxial- and pintle-mounted machine guns gave them some protection however. </p><p>Whilst many hand-held infantry anti-tank weapons will not penetrate the front armor of a tank, they may penetrate the less heavily armored top, rear, and sides. Anti-tank weapons can damage the tracks or running gear to inflict a <a href="/wiki/Mobility_kill" title="Mobility kill">mobility kill</a>. Early WWII tanks had open vision slits that could be fired through to harm the crew. Later tanks' slits had thick glass, and sights and periscopes which could still be damaged with powerful small arms such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">anti-tank rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">heavy machine guns</a>, hampering the crew. If all else fails, the hatch could also be forced open and grenades thrown inside, although later tank designs often have hatches designed to be difficult to open from the outside. </p><p>Tanks were also vulnerable to hand-placed anti-tank mines. Infantry have even immobilized tanks using a set of plates covered with leaves and dirt as dummy mines – the ruse being augmented by the crew's obscured vision – infantry can then attack the stopped tank. This tactic was taught to the <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="British Home Guard">British Home Guard</a> during World War II since they were not often provided with long-range anti-tank weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases in World War II, a tactic of some infantry was to run directly up to a tank, avoiding its main and machine guns, and pour petrol over and into the tank and light it, sometimes blocking the exit, burning the crew alive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Japanese army, the use of satchel charges and pole charges was widespread. Although the charges could knock out any allied tank, the tactic was extremely close-range and the sappers were vulnerable to allied weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suicide_bombing">Suicide bombing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Suicide bombing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg/220px-Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg/330px-Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg/440px-Chinese_infantry_soldier_preparing_a_suicide_vest_of_Model_24_hand_grenades_at_the_Battle_of_Taierzhuang_against_Japanese_Tanks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Chinese suicide bomber putting on an explosive vest made out of Model 24 hand grenades to use in an attack on Japanese tanks at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taierzhuang" title="Battle of Taierzhuang">Battle of Taierzhuang</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese troops in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> used <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombing</a> against Japanese tanks. Chinese troops <a href="/wiki/Explosive_belt" title="Explosive belt">strapped explosives like grenade packs or dynamite to their bodies</a> and threw themselves under Japanese tanks to blow them up.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tactic was used during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Battle of Shanghai</a>, where a Chinese suicide bomber stopped a Japanese tank column by exploding himself beneath the lead tank,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taierzhuang" title="Battle of Taierzhuang">Battle of Taierzhuang</a> where dynamite and grenades were strapped on by Chinese troops who rushed at Japanese tanks and blew themselves up.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During one incident at Taierzhuang, Chinese suicide bombers obliterated four Japanese tanks with grenade bundles.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>North Korean tanks were attacked by South Koreans with suicide tactics during the North Korean invasion of the South.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malkasian2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malkasian2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American tanks at Seoul were attacked by North Korean suicide squads,<sup id="cite_ref-Han2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Han2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who used satchel charges.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A North Korean soldier who exploded an American tank with a suicide bomb named Li Su-Bok is hailed as a hero in North Korean propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryang2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryang2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hossein_Fahmideh" title="Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh">Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh</a> blew himself up under an Iraqi tank with a grenade. </p><p>According to the Sudanese writer Mansour Al-Hadj, Sudanese jihadists were trained to attack enemy tanks by suicide bombing them.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> was aided by the use of Soviet <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34-85</a> tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199014,_43_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199014,_43-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A North Korean <a href="/wiki/Tank_corps_(Soviet_Union)" title="Tank corps (Soviet Union)">tank corps</a> equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T-34s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199039_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199039-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry, elements of the <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Force Smith">24th Infantry Division</a>, and the United States built <a href="/wiki/M24_Chaffee" title="M24 Chaffee">M24 Chaffee</a> light tanks that they encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199418_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199418-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the UN forces, aerial interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing North Korean armor. The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to develop an anti-tank role, including U.S. <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4A3 Sherman</a> medium tanks backed by <a href="/wiki/M26_Pershing" title="M26 Pershing">M26 Pershing</a> and <a href="/wiki/M46_Patton" title="M46 Patton">M46 Patton</a> heavy tanks, along with British <a href="/wiki/Centurion_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion tank">Centurion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Churchill_tank" title="Churchill tank">Churchill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell</a> tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182–184_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182–184-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., the 2.36 in (60 mm) M9A1 <a href="/wiki/Bazooka" title="Bazooka">bazooka</a> rocket launcher evolved into the more powerful 3.5 in (89 mm) M20 "Super Bazooka", which was used to good effect against North Korean armored spearheads during the Korean War. However, the M20 proved difficult and cumbersome to portage on foot over long distances. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Tank_Aircraft_Rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Tank Aircraft Rocket">Anti-Tank Aircraft Rocket</a>, developed by the navy, also proved effective against North Korean tanks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Cold War era, HEAT became an almost universal choice outside of artillery and tank units. The British had developed the <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_squash_head" title="High-explosive squash head">High-explosive squash head</a> (HESH) warhead as a weapon for attacking fortifications during the war, and found it surprisingly effective against tanks. Although these systems allowed infantry to take on even the largest tanks, and, like HEAT, its effectiveness was independent of range, infantry typically operated at short range. A major influence in anti-tank warfare came with the development and evolution of <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missiles</a> (ATGM) that could be fired by infantry operators, from ground vehicles and by aircraft. Increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> tactics allowed the attacking infantry to suppress the anti-tank crews effectively, meaning that they could typically get off only one or two shots before being countered or forced to move. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_2">Aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fixed-Wing">Fixed-Wing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fixed-Wing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Attack aircraft</a></div> <p>Cold War aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt_II" class="mw-redirect" title="A-10 Thunderbolt II">A-10 Thunderbolt II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">SU-25 Frogfoot</a>, have been specifically built for <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a>, including tank destruction. They can use a variety of weaponry, including large-caliber anti-tank <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rotary_cannon" title="Rotary cannon">rotary autocannons</a>, air-to-surface missiles (e.g. <a href="/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">AGM-65 Maverick</a>), volleys of unguided rockets, and various <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombs</a> (unguided or <a href="/wiki/Laser-guided" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser-guided">laser-guided</a> and with or without submunitions such as HEAT bomblets, an example of which would be the <a href="/wiki/CBU-100_Cluster_Bomb" title="CBU-100 Cluster Bomb">CBU-100 Cluster Bomb</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helicopter">Helicopter</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Helicopter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">Attack helicopter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_AH-64D_Apache_Longbow,_Netherlands_-_Air_Force_AN0880457.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Boeing_AH-64D_Apache_Longbow%2C_Netherlands_-_Air_Force_AN0880457.jpg/220px-Boeing_AH-64D_Apache_Longbow%2C_Netherlands_-_Air_Force_AN0880457.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Boeing_AH-64D_Apache_Longbow%2C_Netherlands_-_Air_Force_AN0880457.jpg/330px-Boeing_AH-64D_Apache_Longbow%2C_Netherlands_-_Air_Force_AN0880457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Boeing_AH-64D_Apache_Longbow%2C_Netherlands_-_Air_Force_AN0880457.jpg/440px-Boeing_AH-64D_Apache_Longbow%2C_Netherlands_-_Air_Force_AN0880457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/AH-64_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-64 Apache">AH-64 Apache</a>, an anti-tank helicopter with eight <a href="/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire" title="AGM-114 Hellfire">AGM-114 Hellfire</a> missiles</figcaption></figure> <p>Guided anti-tank missiles were first used in a helicopter-borne role by the French in the late 1950s, when they mounted <a href="/wiki/Nord_SS.11" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord SS.11">SS.11</a> wire-guided missiles on <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_II" title="Aérospatiale Alouette II">Alouette II</a> helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-HELOSATWAR_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELOSATWAR-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially there were many teething problems; however, the possibilities, such as providing the ability to attack the more lightly armored top of the tank, were clear. </p><p>Although putting weapons on helicopters (probably) dates back to 1955 with the <a href="/wiki/Bell_47" title="Bell 47">Bell 47</a>, the first specific <a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">attack helicopter</a> that went into mass production was the Bell <a href="/wiki/AH-1_Cobra" class="mw-redirect" title="AH-1 Cobra">AH-1 Cobra</a> in 1966. The AH-1 was equipped with <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW</a> missiles in 1973 for anti-tank ability.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anti-tank helicopter armed with <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">ATGWs</a> (Anti-Tank Guided Weapons) or anti-tank cannons is one of the biggest threats to a modern tank. The helicopter can position itself where it is not easily seen from a tank and then attack from any quarter, exposing the weaker parts of the tank's armor. The limited visibility from a closed-down tank also makes sighting a helicopter harder. </p><p>Most helicopter-launched ATGWs have sufficient range that they can under the right conditions be fired at a range too long for the tank to retaliate with its own weapons. This may change with the Israelis fielding the 105 mm and 120 mm <a href="/wiki/LAHAT" title="LAHAT">LAHAT</a> missiles that can be fired from the main gun of the Merkava MBT. With both anti-tank and anti-helicopter role, it does level the playing field somewhat. The Indian <a href="/wiki/Arjun_(tank)" title="Arjun (tank)">Arjun tank</a> has also been modified to fire this missile. The People's Republic of China has developed 100 mm gun-launched missiles based on Russian designs such as the GP2 (based on the Russian <a href="/wiki/9M117_Bastion" title="9M117 Bastion">Bastion</a>). It has been reported to have successfully engaged aerial targets, and is an anti-tank missile. Similar missiles are available for Chinese tanks equipped with the 105 mm gun. The Russians have also displayed a similar if more advanced system in the <a href="/wiki/9M119_Svir" class="mw-redirect" title="9M119 Svir">Reflex</a>. The system involves an automatic targeting of an aerial/land target instigated by a laser warning system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artillery">Artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the last thirty years, however, a variety of artillery projectiles have been developed specifically to attack tanks. These include laser-guided projectiles, such as the US's Copperhead <a href="/wiki/CLGP" class="mw-redirect" title="CLGP">Cannon Launched Guided Projectile</a> (CLGP), which increases the chances of a direct hit. Some of these CLGPs (including the Copperhead) have HEAT warheads instead of common HE. </p><p>Guided and unguided scatter munitions and <a href="/wiki/Submunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Submunition">submunitions</a> have also been developed: one artillery shell containing several smaller munitions designed to attack a tank. A six-gun battery might be able to fire several hundred submunitions in a minute or two. </p><p>In one form, a shell bursts in the air above one or more tanks and several <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a> (HEAT) or <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_dual-purpose" class="mw-redirect" title="High-explosive dual-purpose">high-explosive dual-purpose</a> (HEDP) bomblets or grenades rain down. Any that hit a tank have a good chance to cause damage, since they are striking thin top armor. </p><p>Another form scatters a number of small anti-tank mines in a tank's path, which probably will not penetrate the armor but can damage a track, leaving the tank <a href="/wiki/Mobility_kill" title="Mobility kill">immobile</a> and vulnerable. </p><p>More sophisticated are submunitions with a homing ability. Once again the shell explodes above the tank position and dispenses several submunitions. The munitions contain some circuitry to identify tanks, such as IR or millimeter radar. When a tank is identified, a rocket propellant is fired to shoot the projectile at the tank. These munitions will often descend by parachute, to allow time for target acquisition and attack. </p><p>All of the above, but the CLGP can be fired from medium (105 mm, 120 mm, and 125 mm) tank guns and medium (122 mm, 130 mm, 152 mm, and 155 mm) tube artillery. There has also been development of medium and large (81 mm, 82 mm, and 120 mm) guided mortar munitions with both internal (e.g., IR or radar) or external (i.e., laser designator) guidance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missiles">Missiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Missiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank missile">Anti-tank missile</a></div> <p>The development of the <a href="/wiki/Wire-guided_missile" title="Wire-guided missile">wire-guided missile</a>, or Anti-Tank Guided Weapon (ATGW) systems came into use in the late 1950s and 1960s that could defeat any known tank at ranges beyond that of the guns of the accompanying infantry. The United Kingdom, France, and other <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> countries were among the first to develop such weapons (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Malkara_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Malkara missile">Malkara missile</a> by the United Kingdom and Australia in 1958). The Soviet Union, and now Russia, put extensive development into these weapons; the first man-portable model to enter service was the <a href="/wiki/AT-3_Sagger" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-3 Sagger">AT-3</a> in 1961. The United States was one of the last, coming up with the <a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">BGM-71 TOW</a> in 1970. </p><p>For a time, it appeared that the tank was a dead end. A small team of infantry with a few missiles in a well-concealed position could take on a number of the largest and most expensive tanks. In the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, Soviet first-generation wire-guided missiles employed by the Egyptian forces inflicted heavy casualties on <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israeli</a> tank units, causing a major crisis of confidence for tank designers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Active_protection_system" title="Active protection system">Active protection systems</a>, such as the Russian <a href="/wiki/Arena_active_protection_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena active protection system">Arena active protection system</a>, are starting to be more common, with similar systems such as the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Iron_Fist_active_protection_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Fist active protection system">Iron Fist active protection system</a>. The tank may be on a comeback because of active defense systems, which intercepts incoming projectiles in mid-air. This may allow the tank to be competitive on the battlefield once again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guns">Guns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Guns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">Anti-tank gun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baasjan1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Baasjan1.JPG/220px-Baasjan1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Baasjan1.JPG/330px-Baasjan1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Baasjan1.JPG/440px-Baasjan1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>South African tank gun retrofitted to an <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_17-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 17-pounder">OQF 17 pdr</a> carriage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anti-tank guns continued to be used in a number of conflicts past World War 2 around the world, such as the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a><sup id="cite_ref-Oren_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oren-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet anti-tank guns in particular were exported to at least eighteen other countries after being retired from service and have continued to see action.<sup id="cite_ref-trade_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trade-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than developing specialized anti-tank artillery, some nations, including South Africa and Israel, grafted obsolete tank guns onto towed carriages for use in that role.<sup id="cite_ref-Gate_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gate-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mines">Mines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owing to greater sophistication of the tank, and engineering support available to tank units to detect and negate minefields, a considerable effort was made to develop more effective anti-tank mine technology in the effort to deny tank-led formations maneuver space, or channel their movement into unsuitable avenues of approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infantry_2">Infantry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Infantry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:106mm_land_rover.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/106mm_land_rover.JPG/220px-106mm_land_rover.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/106mm_land_rover.JPG/330px-106mm_land_rover.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/106mm_land_rover.JPG/440px-106mm_land_rover.JPG 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_Rover_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Rover Series">Land Rover Series 2</a> "gunbuggy" with an <a href="/wiki/M40_recoilless_rifle" title="M40 recoilless rifle">M40 recoilless rifle</a> used in the anti-tank role</figcaption></figure> <p>The search for a more suitable, longer-range delivery system took up much of the immediate post-war era. The US invested in the <a href="/wiki/Recoilless_rifle" title="Recoilless rifle">recoilless rifle</a>, delivering a widely used 75 mm design, and less common 90 mm and 106 mm designs (the latter was usually mounted rather than infantry-handled). The 106 mm formed the basis of a dedicated anti-tank vehicle, the <a href="/wiki/Ontos_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontos tank">Ontos tank</a>, which mounted six 106 mm rifles. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> also fitted <a href="/wiki/M40_recoilless_rifle" title="M40 recoilless rifle">M40 recoilless rifles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Land_Rover_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Rover Series">Land Rover Series 2</a> vehicles for use in an anti-tank role. The Soviet Union also built recoilless rifles in various calibers intended to be used as anti-tank weapons, most commonly 73 mm, 82 mm, and 110 mm (only the 73 mm remains in service with the Russian military today, though the other two can be found all over the world due to Soviet military aid during the Cold War). The British used a 120 mm (4.7 in) design to equip infantry units, the <a href="/wiki/L6_Wombat" class="mw-redirect" title="L6 Wombat">BAT series</a>, which served from the 1950s until replaced by <a href="/wiki/MILAN" title="MILAN">MILAN</a>, but it was generally too heavy for infantry use and had to be towed by, or mounted on, a vehicle for maneuverability. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/RPG-2" title="RPG-2">RPG-2</a> from the German <i>Panzerfaust 150</i>. Further development led to the ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG-7</a>. The RPG-7 is one of the most widely used anti-tank weapons, favored most by soldiers of <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular militaries</a>. The RPG-7 could fire a range of different warheads, from <a href="/wiki/Thermobaric" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermobaric">thermobaric</a> warheads to one HEAT or <a href="/wiki/Tandem-charge" title="Tandem-charge">tandem-charge</a> HEAT warheads against <a href="/wiki/Explosive_reactive_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive reactive armor">explosive reactive armor</a> equipped tanks. The RPG-7 has a long combat history, and has been used in most wars from the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> all the way to present day wars. In modern times, the RPG-7 is generally used in an <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> environment, which would enhance their effectiveness due to the close ranges involved. However, the aging RPG-7 has evolved to the even more potent <a href="/wiki/RPG-29" title="RPG-29">RPG-29</a> which has proven its worth in conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, damaging the <a href="/wiki/Merkava_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkava IV">Merkava IV</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Challenger_2" title="Challenger 2">Challenger 2</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/M1_Abrams" title="M1 Abrams">M1 Abrams</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">main battle tanks</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISF_member_armed_with_RPG-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ISF_member_armed_with_RPG-7.jpg/220px-ISF_member_armed_with_RPG-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ISF_member_armed_with_RPG-7.jpg/330px-ISF_member_armed_with_RPG-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/ISF_member_armed_with_RPG-7.jpg/440px-ISF_member_armed_with_RPG-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Soviet RPG-7</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1960s, the U.S. Army adopted the <a href="/wiki/M72_LAW" title="M72 LAW">M72 LAW</a> rocket, a lightweight, collapsible rocket launcher with the ability to penetrate moderate thicknesses of enemy armor. During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the weapon was used primarily against NVA and Viet Cong defensive works and emplacements, as there were few encounters against enemy armor. Overall, the LAW was regarded as a success, though its ignition system frequently suffered from misfires in the heat and humidity of Vietnamese jungles. The LAW has since been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/AT4" title="AT4">AT4</a> (M136). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics_2">Tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes in the anti-tank tactics since the Second World War mostly came from the appearance of new technologies, and increased firepower of the infantry mounted on fully armored vehicles. The most profound anti-tank technology has been the guided missile, which when coupled with a helicopter can mean that tanks can be engaged beyond ground line of sight (LOS), and at one of their most vulnerable aspect, the top armor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6SADiv_Tanks_disabled_Perugia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two damaged tanks with their tracks visibly destroyed and a damaged Willy's Jeep displaying the 6th Armoured triangular flash" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/6SADiv_Tanks_disabled_Perugia.jpg/220px-6SADiv_Tanks_disabled_Perugia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/6SADiv_Tanks_disabled_Perugia.jpg/330px-6SADiv_Tanks_disabled_Perugia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/6SADiv_Tanks_disabled_Perugia.jpg/440px-6SADiv_Tanks_disabled_Perugia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2159" data-file-height="1601" /></a><figcaption>South African Sherman tanks disabled in the fight to take the Perugia Highlands in Italy 1944 – World War 2. </figcaption></figure> <p>The effect of anti-tank warfare is to destroy or damage enemy tanks, or to prevent enemy tanks, and their supporting troops from maneuvering, which is the primary ability of a tank. In the US Army the degree of effect by an anti-tank weapon on a vehicle is referred to as either "<a href="/wiki/Mobility_kill" title="Mobility kill">mobility kill</a>", "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/firepower_kill" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:firepower kill">firepower kill</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_kill" title="Catastrophic kill">catastrophic kill</a>". In a mobility kill (M-kill), the vehicle loses its ability to move, for example, by breaking a <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Caterpillar track">tank track</a> or bogey or damaging the engine; the targeted tank is then immobile, but may retain full use of its weapons (large cannon, heavy machine gun and smaller machine guns) and still be able to fight to some extent. However, a mobility-killed tank is a relatively vulnerable target to RPG or <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktail</a> attacks, and it cannot maneuver to better firing positions. </p><p>A firepower kill (F-kill) is some loss of the vehicle's ability to fire its weapons. For example, a tank may be hit on its main cannon, making the main gun inoperable. M-kills and F-kills may be complete or partial, the latter corresponding to reductions in a target's ability to move or fire. A catastrophic kill (K-kill) removes the tank's ability to fight completely; this may entail complete destruction of the tank or disabling or killing the crew. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_trends">Current trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Current trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the future of the tank was questioned in the 1960s due to the development of the anti-tank missiles, increases in thickness and composition of armor, and other improvements in tank design meant that infantry operated systems were no longer sufficiently effective by the 1970s, and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Chobham_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chobham armor">Chobham armor</a> by the British Army and <a href="/wiki/Reactive_armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactive armor">reactive armor</a> by the Soviet Army forced the HEAT rounds to be increased in size, rendering them less portable. </p><p>Weapon systems like the <a href="/wiki/RPG-29_Vampir" class="mw-redirect" title="RPG-29 Vampir">RPG-29 Vampir</a> and <a href="/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin" title="FGM-148 Javelin">FGM-148 Javelin</a> use a <a href="/wiki/Tandem_warhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem warhead">Tandem warhead</a> where the first warhead disables reactive armor, while the second warhead defeats the shell armor by means of a HEAT or a <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a>. Today the anti-tank role is filled with a variety of weapons, such as portable <i><a href="/wiki/Top_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Top attack">top attack</a></i> artillery ammunition and missiles, larger HEAT missiles fired from ground vehicles and <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>, a variety of high velocity <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannon</a>, and ever-larger and heavier tank guns. One of the first lessons of the <a href="/wiki/2006_Israel-Lebanon_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict">2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict</a> is the effectiveness of portable rocket propelled grenades, in particular, Russian-made <a href="/wiki/RPG-29" title="RPG-29">RPG-29</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AT-13_Metis-M" class="mw-redirect" title="AT-13 Metis-M">Metis-M</a>, <a href="/wiki/9M133_Kornet" title="9M133 Kornet">Kornet</a> and European <a href="/wiki/MILAN" title="MILAN">MILAN</a> anti-tank missiles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_man-portable_anti-tank_systems" title="List of man-portable anti-tank systems">List of man portable anti-tank systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_grenade" title="Anti-tank grenade">Anti-tank grenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumbar" title="Bumbar">Bumbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-tank_guns" title="List of anti-tank guns">List of anti-tank guns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antitank.co.uk/ww1_anti-tank_rifles1.htm">"WW1 Anti-Tank rifles"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814312998" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814312998"><bdi>978-9814312998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Condensed%3A+5%2C000+Years+of+History+%26+Culture&rft.pages=79&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+International+Asia+Pte+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9814312998&rft.au=Ong+Siew+Chey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLdKIAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nRlWAAAAYAAJ"><i>International Press Correspondence, Volume 18</i></a>. Richard Neumann. 1938. p. 447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Press+Correspondence%2C+Volume+18&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Richard+Neumann&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnRlWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1939" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Israel (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TevqAAAAIAAJ"><i>The people's war</i></a>. V. Gollancz. p. 172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+people%27s+war&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=V.+Gollancz&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTevqAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egsxAQAAIAAJ"><i>International Journal of Korean Studies</i></a>. Korea Society and the International Council on Korean Studies. 2001. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Journal+of+Korean+Studies&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Korea+Society+and+the+International+Council+on+Korean+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DegsxAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malkasian2014-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Malkasian2014_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter_Malkasian2014" class="citation book cs1">Carter Malkasian (29 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHB5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT22"><i>The Korean War</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 22–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0994-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0994-0"><bdi>978-1-4728-0994-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War&rft.pages=22-&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0994-0&rft.au=Carter+Malkasian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHB5BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Han2011-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Han2011_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._I._Han2011" class="citation book cs1">T. I. Han (1 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbP0RK5ZKJ4C&pg=PA69"><i>Lonesome Hero: Memoir of a Korea War POW</i></a>. AuthorHouse. pp. 69–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4634-1176-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4634-1176-3"><bdi>978-1-4634-1176-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonesome+Hero%3A+Memoir+of+a+Korea+War+POW&rft.pages=69-&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4634-1176-3&rft.au=T.+I.+Han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbP0RK5ZKJ4C%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_R._Smith2007" class="citation book cs1">Charles R. Smith (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xov0PtHvy-QC&pg=PA183"><i>U.S. Marines in the Korean War</i></a>. Government Printing Office. pp. 183–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087251-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-087251-8"><bdi>978-0-16-087251-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Marines+in+the+Korean+War&rft.pages=183-&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-16-087251-8&rft.au=Charles+R.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXov0PtHvy-QC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryang2009-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ryang2009_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonia_Ryang2009" class="citation book cs1">Sonia Ryang (16 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w1GzO3CV1aAC&pg=PA78"><i>North Korea: Toward a Better Understanding</i></a>. Lexington Books. pp. 78–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3207-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-3207-4"><bdi>978-0-7391-3207-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+Toward+a+Better+Understanding&rft.pages=78-&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-3207-4&rft.au=Sonia+Ryang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw1GzO3CV1aAC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memri.org/report/en/print3791.htm">"Reformist Writer Mansour Al-Hadj: In My Youth, I Was Taught to Love Death"</a>. <i>MEMRI</i>. aafaqmagazine.com. November 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MEMRI&rft.atitle=Reformist+Writer+Mansour+Al-Hadj%3A+In+My+Youth%2C+I+Was+Taught+to+Love+Death&rft.date=2009-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memri.org%2Freport%2Fen%2Fprint3791.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199014,_43-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199014,_43_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 14, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199039-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199039_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reference-Zaloga-1996">Zaloga & Kinnear 1996:36</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStein199418-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStein199418_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStein1994">Stein 1994</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182–184-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990182–184_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokesbury1990">Stokesbury 1990</a>, pp. 182–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HELOSATWAR-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HELOSATWAR_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Helicopters at War</i>, Blitz Editions, p. 63, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85605-345-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85605-345-8">1-85605-345-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verier, Mike. <i>Bell AH-1 Cobra</i>. Osprey Publishing, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-934-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-934-6">0-85045-934-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oren-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oren_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOren2003" class="citation book cs1">Oren, Michael (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixdaysofwarjune0000oren_u3x7/page/192"><i>Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East</i></a></span>. Presidio Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixdaysofwarjune0000oren_u3x7/page/192">192–194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345461926" title="Special:BookSources/978-0345461926"><bdi>978-0345461926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Days+of+War%3A+June+1967+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=192-194&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0345461926&rft.aulast=Oren&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixdaysofwarjune0000oren_u3x7%2Fpage%2F192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grove_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728040847/http://www.samagte.co.za/weermag/hc/grove.html">"Ratel teen tenk en"</a>. Port Elizabeth: International Veterans' Association/South African Forces Club. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samagte.co.za/weermag/hc/grove.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ratel+teen+tenk+en&rft.place=Port+Elizabeth&rft.pub=International+Veterans%27+Association%2FSouth+African+Forces+Club&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samagte.co.za%2Fweermag%2Fhc%2Fgrove.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trade-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trade_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php">"Trade Registers"</a>. Armstrade.sipri.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trade+Registers&rft.pub=Armstrade.sipri.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmstrade.sipri.org%2Farmstrade%2Fpage%2Ftrade_register.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gate-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gate_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Baasjan howitzer (RSA)</i> (Exhibit), South African Armour Museum, <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>: <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">South African National Defence Force</a>, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baasjan+howitzer+%28RSA%29&rft.place=South+African+Armour+Museum%2C+Bloemfontein&rft.pub=South+African+National+Defence+Force&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiff2006" class="citation web cs1">Schiff, Ze'ev (6 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060831043245/http://www.haaretz.com:80/hasen/spages/746929.html">"Hezbollah anti-tank fire causing most IDF casualties in Lebanon"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/746929.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Hezbollah+anti-tank+fire+causing+most+IDF+casualties+in+Lebanon&rft.date=2006-08-06&rft.aulast=Schiff&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F746929.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayment2007" class="citation news cs1">Rayment, Sean (12 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015173601/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/13/nmod13.xml">"MoD kept failure of best tank quiet"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/13/nmod13.xml">the original</a> on 2007-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=MoD+kept+failure+of+best+tank+quiet&rft.date=2007-05-12&rft.aulast=Rayment&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2F13%2Fnmod13.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonRubin2008" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Michael R.; Rubin, Alissa J. (21 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/world/middleeast/21sadr.html?_r=2&hp&oref=slogin&oref=slogin">"Operation in Sadr City Is an Iraqi Success, So Far"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131114003631/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/world/middleeast/21sadr.html?_r=2&hp&oref=slogin&oref=slogin">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Operation+in+Sadr+City+Is+an+Iraqi+Success%2C+So+Far&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Alissa+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F05%2F21%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F21sadr.html%3F_r%3D2%26hp%26oref%3Dslogin%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1994" class="citation book cs1">Stein, R. Conrad (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreanwarthefor00stei"><i>The Korean War: "The Forgotten War"</i></a>. Hillside, NJ: Enslow Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0894905261" title="Special:BookSources/978-0894905261"><bdi>978-0894905261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+%22The+Forgotten+War%22&rft.place=Hillside%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0894905261&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=R.+Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreanwarthefor00stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokesbury1990" class="citation book cs1">Stokesbury, James L (1990). <i>A Short History of the Korean War</i>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688095130" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688095130"><bdi>978-0688095130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Korean+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0688095130&rft.aulast=Stokesbury&rft.aufirst=James+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-tank+warfare" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-tank_warfare&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708122806/http://caseyfuller.com/law.htm">A 1987 U.S. Army news archive about light anti-tank weapon training by the 7th Infantry Division (Light), Fort Ord, Calif.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Weapons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weapons" title="Template:Weapons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weapons" title="Template talk:Weapons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weapons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weapons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weapons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons" title="History of weapons">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_premodern_combat_weapons" title="List of premodern combat weapons">Premodern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_Weapons" title="Template:Africa Weapons">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_weapons" title="Template:Chinese weapons">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_weapons" title="List of medieval weapons">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_swords" title="Glossary of Japanese swords">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons" title="Early thermal weapons">Early thermal weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_weapons" title="Category:Modern weapons">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Indian_Wars_weapons" title="List of American Indian Wars weapons">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons of the War of the Pacific (page does not exist)">War of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_in_the_Crimean_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons in the Crimean War (page does not exist)">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_of_the_War_of_the_Triple_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons of the War of the Triple Alliance (page does not exist)">War of the Triple Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="List of weapons of the Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_weapons_of_the_Mexican_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of weapons of the Mexican Revolution (page does not exist)">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_firearms" title="Antique firearms">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firearms_before_the_20th_century" title="List of firearms before the 20th century">Pre-20th century firearms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Australia (page does not exist)">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Austria-Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Austria-Hungary (page does not exist)">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Canada (page does not exist)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of France (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_weapons_of_World_War_I" title="List of German weapons of World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_equipment_of_the_Hellenic_Armed_Forces#Interwar_(1923–1939)_and_World_War_II_(1940–1945)" title="List of former equipment of the Hellenic Armed Forces">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of India (page does not exist)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of New Zealand (page does not exist)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_equipment_of_World_War_I" title="Romanian military equipment of World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of the United Kingdom (page does not exist)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_I_weapons_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of World War I weapons of the United States (page does not exist)">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_infantry_weapons_of_World_War_I" title="List of infantry weapons of World War I">Infantry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chaco_War_firearms" title="List of Chaco War firearms">Chaco War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_weapons_of_the_Nationalists" title="List of Spanish Civil War weapons of the Nationalists">Nationalist</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Civil_War_weapons_of_the_Republicans" title="List of Spanish Civil War weapons of the Republicans">Republican</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Second Sino-Japanese War (page does not exist)">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_infantry_weapons_used_in_the_Second-Sino_Japanese_War" title="List of Japanese infantry weapons used in the Second-Sino Japanese War">Japanese</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Revolutionary_Army_infantry_weapons_used_in_the_Second-Sino_Japanese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of National Revolutionary Army infantry weapons used in the Second-Sino Japanese War (page does not exist)">National Revolutionary Army</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons" title="List of World War II weapons">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Australian military equipment of World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Austrian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Austrian military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Belgian military equipment of World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Brazilian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Brazilian military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Bulgarian military equipment of World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_of_the_Canadian_Army_in_World_War_II" title="List of military equipment of the Canadian Army in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_military_equipment_in_World_War_II" title="List of Chinese military equipment in World War II">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Croatian military equipment of World War II">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Czechoslovakian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Czechoslovakian military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Danish military equipment of World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Finnish military equipment of World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons_of_France" title="List of World War II weapons of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of German military equipment of World War II">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_equipment_of_the_Hellenic_Armed_Forces#Interwar_(1923–1939)_and_World_War_II_(1940–1945)" title="List of former equipment of the Hellenic Armed Forces">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Hungarian military equipment of World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Army_equipment_in_World_War_II" title="List of Italian Army equipment in World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese military equipment of World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mexican_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Mexican military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Dutch military equipment of World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_New_Zealand_military_equipment_of_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of New Zealand military equipment of World War II (page does not exist)">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Norwegian military equipment of World War II">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_equipment_of_Poland" title="List of World War II military equipment of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Romanian military equipment of World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thailand_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Thailand military equipment of World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World War II weapons of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_weapons_of_the_United_States" title="List of World War II weapons of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yugoslav_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of Yugoslav military equipment of World War II">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_infantry_weapons" title="List of World War II infantry weapons">Infantry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>First Indochina War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_War_weapons" title="List of Korean War weapons">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Vietnam_War" title="Weapons of the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Six-Day_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Six-Day War (page does not exist)">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Araguaia_Guerrilla_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the Araguaia Guerrilla War (page does not exist)">Araguaia Guerilla War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="List of weapons of the Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="List of weapons of the Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_South_African_Border_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons of the South African Border War (page does not exist)">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_military_equipment_of_Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List military equipment of Cambodian–Vietnamese War (page does not exist)">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Laotian_Civil_War" title="Weapons of the Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_the_Lebanese_Civil_War" title="List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Weapons_of_the_Dominican_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Weapons 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