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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_camouflage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_camouflage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Digital camouflage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_camouflage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-visual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-visual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Non-visual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-visual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconnaissance_and_riflemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconnaissance_and_riflemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reconnaissance and riflemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconnaissance_and_riflemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rifle_fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rifle_fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rifle fire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rifle_fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camoufleurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camoufleurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Camoufleurs</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camoufleurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>From the Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Application</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Application subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Uniforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Land vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fashion_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fashion_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In fashion and art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_fashion_and_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In fashion and art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_fashion_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fashion_and_the_"Dazzle_Ball"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_and_the_"Dazzle_Ball""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fashion and the "Dazzle Ball"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_and_the_"Dazzle_Ball"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camouflage_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camouflage_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Camouflage in art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camouflage_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_protesters_and_fashionistas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_protesters_and_fashionistas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>War protesters and fashionistas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_protesters_and_fashionistas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="تمويه عسكري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمويه عسكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99rbi_kamuflyaj" title="Hərbi kamuflyaj – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hərbi kamuflyaj" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camuflatge_militar" title="Camuflatge militar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camuflatge militar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskovac%C3%AD_oble%C4%8Den%C3%AD" title="Maskovací oblečení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maskovací oblečení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnkleidung" title="Tarnkleidung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tarnkleidung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5jaline_maskeering" title="Sõjaline maskeering – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõjaline maskeering" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camuflaje_militar" title="Camuflaje militar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camuflaje militar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage_(militaire)" title="Camouflage (militaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camouflage (militaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%81_%EC%9C%84%EC%9E%A5" title="군사적 위장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="군사적 위장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B2_%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Քողարկող ռազմազգեստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քողարկող ռազմազգեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamuflase_militer" title="Kamuflase militer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamuflase militer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camuffamento_militare" title="Camuffamento militare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camuffamento militare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הסוואה צבאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסוואה צבאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyamaran_tentera" title="Penyamaran tentera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyamaran tentera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamuflase_militer" title="Kamuflase militer – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kamuflase militer" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E5%BD%A9" title="迷彩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="迷彩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskowanie_(wojsko)" title="Maskowanie (wojsko) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maskowanie (wojsko)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camuflagem_militar" title="Camuflagem militar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camuflagem militar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6" title="Военный камуфляж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Военный камуфляж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamuflazhi_ushtarak" title="Kamuflazhi ushtarak – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kamuflazhi ushtarak" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Military camouflage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95_(%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C)" title="خۆشاردنەوە (سەربازی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆشاردنەوە (سەربازی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastopuku" title="Maastopuku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maastopuku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rkamouflage" title="Militärkamouflage – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Militärkamouflage" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asker%C3%AE_kamuflaj" title="Askerî kamuflaj – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Askerî kamuflaj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6" title="Військовий камуфляж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Військовий камуфляж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%A5y_trang_qu%C3%A2n_s%E1%BB%B1" title="Ngụy trang quân sự – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngụy trang quân sự" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E5%BD%A9" title="迷彩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="迷彩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E5%BD%A9" title="迷彩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="迷彩" 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href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i>Development:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign 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title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a 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title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a 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title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Military camouflage</b> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">armed force</a> to protect personnel and equipment from observation by enemy forces. In practice, this means applying colour and materials to military equipment of all kinds, including vehicles, ships, aircraft, gun positions and <a href="/wiki/Battledress" class="mw-redirect" title="Battledress">battledress</a>, either to conceal it from observation (<a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">crypsis</a>), or to make it appear as something else (<a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>). The French slang word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/camouflage" class="extiw" title="wikt:camouflage">camouflage</a></i> came into common English usage during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> when the concept of visual deception developed into an essential part of modern <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">military tactics</a>. In that war, long-range artillery and observation from the air combined to expand the field of fire, and camouflage was widely used to decrease the danger of being targeted or enable surprise. As such, military camouflage is a form of <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">military deception</a> in addition to cultural functions such as political identification. </p><p>Camouflage was first practiced in simple form in the mid 18th century by <a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">rifle</a> units. Their tasks required them to be inconspicuous, and they were issued green and later other drab colour uniforms. With the advent of longer range and more accurate weapons, especially the repeating rifle, camouflage was adopted for the uniforms of all armies, spreading to most forms of military equipment including ships and aircraft. </p><p>Camouflage for equipment and positions was extensively developed for military use by the French in 1915, soon followed by other World War I armies. In both world wars, <a href="/wiki/List_of_camoufleurs" title="List of camoufleurs">artists were recruited as camouflage officers</a>. Ship camouflage developed via conspicuous <a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">dazzle camouflage</a> schemes during WWI, but since the development of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, ship camouflage has received less attention. Aircraft, especially in World War II, were often <a href="/wiki/Countershading#Military" title="Countershading">countershaded</a>: painted with different schemes above and below, to camouflage them against the ground and sky respectively. Some forms of camouflage have elements of <a href="/wiki/Scale_invariance" title="Scale invariance">scale invariance</a>, designed to <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Disruptive pattern">disrupt outlines</a> at different distances, typically <a href="/wiki/Digital_camouflage" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital camouflage">digital camouflage</a> patterns made of <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>. </p><p>The proliferation of more advanced <a href="/wiki/Electro-optical_sensor" title="Electro-optical sensor">sensors</a> beginning in the 21st century led to the development of modern <a href="/wiki/Multi-spectral_camouflage" title="Multi-spectral camouflage">multi-spectral camouflage</a>, which addresses visibility not only to visible light but also <a href="/wiki/Near_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared">near infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short-wave_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-wave infrared">short-wave infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">thermal imaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB">SAAB</a> began offering a multi-spectral personal camouflage system known as the Special Operations Tactical Suit (SOTACS) as early as 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military camouflage patterns have been popular in fashion and art from as early as 1915. Camouflage patterns have appeared in the work of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hamilton_Finlay" title="Ian Hamilton Finlay">Ian Hamilton Finlay</a>, sometimes with an anti-war message. In fashion, many major designers have exploited camouflage's style and symbolism, and military clothing or imitations of it have been used both as street wear and as a symbol of political protest. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-7D_Corsairs_354th_TFW_at_Korat_1972.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/A-7D_Corsairs_354th_TFW_at_Korat_1972.JPG/170px-A-7D_Corsairs_354th_TFW_at_Korat_1972.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/A-7D_Corsairs_354th_TFW_at_Korat_1972.JPG/255px-A-7D_Corsairs_354th_TFW_at_Korat_1972.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/A-7D_Corsairs_354th_TFW_at_Korat_1972.JPG/340px-A-7D_Corsairs_354th_TFW_at_Korat_1972.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A-7D_Corsair" class="mw-redirect" title="A-7D Corsair">A-7D Corsairs</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disruptive pattern</a>, countershaded with white, on a disruptively painted surface, Thailand, 1972.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></div> <p>Military camouflage is part of the art of <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">military deception</a>. The main objective of military camouflage is to deceive the enemy as to the presence, position and intentions of military formations. Camouflage techniques include concealment, disguise, and dummies, applied to troops, vehicles, and positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewark20078_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewark20078-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vision is the main sense of orientation in humans, and the primary function of camouflage is to deceive the human eye. Camouflage works through concealment (whether by <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a>, preventing casting shadows, or disruption of outlines), <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>, or possibly by <a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">dazzle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Behrens_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behrens-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern warfare, some forms of camouflage, for example face paints, also offer concealment from infrared sensors, while <a href="/wiki/CADPAT" title="CADPAT">CADPAT</a> textiles in addition help to provide concealment from <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewark2007160_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewark2007160-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Terrain-specific_camouflage"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compromises">Compromises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Compromises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_camouflage_methods" title="List of camouflage methods">List of camouflage methods</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferret_armoured_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ferret_armoured_car.jpg/220px-Ferret_armoured_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ferret_armoured_car.jpg/330px-Ferret_armoured_car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ferret_armoured_car.jpg/440px-Ferret_armoured_car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ferret_armoured_car" title="Ferret armoured car">Ferret armoured car</a> with "Berlin camouflage" meant to hide it against that city's concrete buildings. Such terrain-specific patterns are rare.</figcaption></figure> <p>While camouflage tricks are in principle limitless, both cost and practical considerations limit the choice of methods and the time and effort devoted to camouflage. Paint and uniforms must also protect vehicles and soldiers from the elements. Units need to move, fire their weapons and perform other tasks to keep functional, some of which run counter to camouflage.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camouflage may be dropped altogether. Late in the Second World War, the <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> abandoned camouflage paint for some aircraft to lure enemy fighters to attack, while in the Cold War, some aircraft similarly flew with polished metal skins, to reduce <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> and weight, or to reduce vulnerability to radiation from nuclear weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-StealthWarplanes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StealthWarplanes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No single camouflage pattern is effective in all terrains.<sup id="cite_ref-US-Army_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-Army-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness of a pattern depends on contrast as well as colour tones. Strong contrasts which <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disrupt outlines</a> are better suited for environments such as forests where the play of light and shade is prominent, while low contrasts are better suited to open terrain with little shading structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_Army2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Army2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terrain-specific camouflage patterns, made to match the local terrain, may be more effective in that terrain than more general patterns. However, unlike an animal or a civilian hunter, military units may need to cross several terrain types like woodland, farmland and built up areas in a single day.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While civilian hunting clothing may have almost photo-realistic depictions of tree bark or leaves (indeed, some such patterns are based on photographs),<sup id="cite_ref-Cabela_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cabela-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> military camouflage is designed to work in a range of environments. With the cost of uniforms in particular being substantial, most armies operating globally have two separate full uniforms, one for woodland/jungle and one for desert and other dry terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An American attempt at a global camouflage pattern for all environments (the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Universal_Camouflage_Pattern" title="Universal Camouflage Pattern">UCP</a>) was produced, however after a few years of service it was withdrawn due to poor performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedberg2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedberg2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other end of the scale are terrain specific patterns like the "Berlin camo", applied to British vehicles operating in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, where square fields of various gray shades was designed to hide vehicles against the mostly concrete architecture of post-war Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_functions">Other functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snipers_gear_up_for_test_of_skills_(5832259424).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Snipers_gear_up_for_test_of_skills_%285832259424%29.jpg/220px-Snipers_gear_up_for_test_of_skills_%285832259424%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Snipers_gear_up_for_test_of_skills_%285832259424%29.jpg/330px-Snipers_gear_up_for_test_of_skills_%285832259424%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Snipers_gear_up_for_test_of_skills_%285832259424%29.jpg/440px-Snipers_gear_up_for_test_of_skills_%285832259424%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Croatian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian army">Croatian army</a> uniform (right) had by 2008 diverged from the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian</a> army pattern, apparently for cultural reasons such as political identification.<sup id="cite_ref-TalasBaddeleyCuthill2017_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TalasBaddeleyCuthill2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Camouflage patterns serve <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural functions</a> alongside concealment. Apart from concealment, uniforms are also the primary means for soldiers to tell friends and enemies apart. The camouflage experts and evolutionary zoologists L. Talas, R. J. Baddeley and <a href="/wiki/Innes_Cuthill" title="Innes Cuthill">Innes Cuthill</a> analyzed calibrated photographs of a series of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> uniform patterns and demonstrated that their evolution did not serve any known principles of military camouflage intended to provide concealment. Instead, when the Warsaw Pact was dissolved, the uniforms of the countries that began to favour the West politically started to converge on the colours and textures of NATO patterns. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Tito" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Tito">Marshal Tito</a> and the breakup of what had been <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, the camouflage patterns of the new nations changed, coming to resemble the camouflage patterns used by the armies of their neighbours. The authors note that military camouflage resembles <a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">animal coloration</a> in having multiple simultaneous functions.<sup id="cite_ref-TalasBaddeleyCuthill2017_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TalasBaddeleyCuthill2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snow_camouflage">Snow camouflage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Snow camouflage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnish-artillery-76k02-1902-winterwar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Finnish-artillery-76k02-1902-winterwar.png/220px-Finnish-artillery-76k02-1902-winterwar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Finnish-artillery-76k02-1902-winterwar.png/330px-Finnish-artillery-76k02-1902-winterwar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Finnish-artillery-76k02-1902-winterwar.png/440px-Finnish-artillery-76k02-1902-winterwar.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Finnish <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field gun</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>, showing improvised <a href="/wiki/Snow_camouflage" title="Snow camouflage">snow camouflage</a> made from bedsheets and whitewash</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Snow_camouflage" title="Snow camouflage">Snow camouflage</a></div> <p>Seasons may play a role in some regions. A dramatic change in colour and texture is created by seasonal snowy conditions in northern latitudes, necessitating repainting of vehicles and separate snow oversuits. The Eastern and northern European countries have a tradition for separate winter uniforms rather than oversuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Second World War, the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> went a step further, developing reversible uniforms with separate schemes for summer and autumn, as well as white winter oversuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement">Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While patterns can provide more effective <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">crypsis</a> than solid colour when the camouflaged object is stationary, any pattern, particularly one with high contrast, stands out when the object is moving.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWar_Department2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWar_Department2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jungle camouflage uniforms were issued during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, but both the British and American forces found that a simple green uniform provided better camouflage when soldiers were moving. After the war, most nations returned to a unicoloured uniform for their troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some nations, notably <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, continue to use solid colour combat uniforms today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBundesheer2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBundesheer2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz1988_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz1988-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, while larger military aircraft traditionally had a disruptive pattern with a darker top over a lighter lower surface (a form of <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a>), modern fast fighter aircraft often wear gray overall.<sup id="cite_ref-StealthWarplanes_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StealthWarplanes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_camouflage">Digital camouflage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Digital camouflage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CADPAT_digital_camouflage_pattern_(Temperate_Woodland_variant).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CADPAT_digital_camouflage_pattern_%28Temperate_Woodland_variant%29.jpg/170px-CADPAT_digital_camouflage_pattern_%28Temperate_Woodland_variant%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CADPAT_digital_camouflage_pattern_%28Temperate_Woodland_variant%29.jpg/255px-CADPAT_digital_camouflage_pattern_%28Temperate_Woodland_variant%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/CADPAT_digital_camouflage_pattern_%28Temperate_Woodland_variant%29.jpg/340px-CADPAT_digital_camouflage_pattern_%28Temperate_Woodland_variant%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2534" data-file-height="3490" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> were the first army to issue <a href="/wiki/Pixellated" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixellated">pixellated</a> digital camouflage for all units with their disruptively patterned <a href="/wiki/CADPAT" title="CADPAT">CADPAT</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_camouflage" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital camouflage">Digital camouflage</a></div> <p>Digital camouflage provides a disruptive effect through the use of pixellated patterns at a range of scales, meaning that the camouflage helps to defeat observation at a range of distances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraemer2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraemer2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such patterns were first developed during the Second World War, when Johann Georg Otto Schick designed a number of patterns for the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, combining micro- and macro-patterns in one scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">German Army</a> developed the idea further in the 1970s into <a href="/wiki/Flecktarn" title="Flecktarn">Flecktarn</a>, which combines smaller shapes with dithering; this softens the edges of the large scale pattern, making the underlying objects harder to discern. <a href="/wiki/Pixellated" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixellated">Pixellated</a> shapes pre-date <a href="/wiki/Computer_aided_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer aided design">computer aided design</a> by many years, already being used in Soviet Union experiments with camouflage patterns, such as "<a href="/wiki/TTsMKK" class="mw-redirect" title="TTsMKK">TTsMKK</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed in 1944 or 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDougherty201769_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougherty201769-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, US Army officer <a href="/wiki/Timothy_R._O%27Neill" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy R. O'Neill">Timothy R. O'Neill</a> suggested that patterns consisting of square blocks of colour would provide effective camouflage. By 2000, O'Neill's idea was combined with patterns like the German <i>Flecktarn</i> to create pixellated patterns such as <a href="/wiki/CADPAT" title="CADPAT">CADPAT</a> and <a href="/wiki/MARPAT" title="MARPAT">MARPAT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Battledress in digital camouflage patterns was first designed by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a>. The "digital" refers to the coordinates of the pattern, which are digitally defined.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyperstealth_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyperstealth-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is also used of computer generated patterns like the non-pixellated <a href="/wiki/Multicam" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicam">Multicam</a> and the Italian <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> <i>Vegetato</i> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrikehold2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrikehold2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pixellation does not in itself contribute to the camouflaging effect. The pixellated style, however, simplifies design and eases printing on fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngber2012_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngber2012-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-visual">Non-visual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-visual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K32_HMS_Helsingborg_Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/K32_HMS_Helsingborg_Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen_cropped.jpg/220px-K32_HMS_Helsingborg_Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/K32_HMS_Helsingborg_Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen_cropped.jpg/330px-K32_HMS_Helsingborg_Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/K32_HMS_Helsingborg_Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen_cropped.jpg/440px-K32_HMS_Helsingborg_Anchored-of-Gotska-Sandoen_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>A Swedish <a href="/wiki/Visby_class_corvette" class="mw-redirect" title="Visby class corvette">Visby class corvette</a>, exhibiting both conventional visual camouflage and an anti-radar (<a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth</a>) design</figcaption></figure> <p>With the birth of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> and other means of detecting military hardware not depending on the human eye, came means of camouflaging against them. Collectively these are known as <a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stealth_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stealth-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aircraft and ships can be shaped to reflect radar impulses away from the sender, and covered with <a href="/wiki/Radar-absorbent_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar-absorbent material">radar-absorbing materials</a>, to reduce their radar signature.<sup id="cite_ref-Stealth_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stealth-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">heat-seeking missiles</a> has also led to efforts to hide the heat signature of aircraft engines. Methods include exhaust ports shaped to mix hot exhaust gases with cold surrounding air,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopp1989_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopp1989-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and placing the exhaust ports on the upper side of the airframe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Multi-spectral_camouflage" title="Multi-spectral camouflage">Multi-spectral camouflage</a> attempts to hide objects from several detection methods such as <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">millimetre-wave</a> imaging simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShabbir2002_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShabbir2002-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, multiple countries are phasing out legacy camouflage systems with multi-spectral systems.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">Auditory</a> camouflage, at least in the form of noise reduction, is practised in various ways. The <a href="/wiki/Anechoic_tile" title="Anechoic tile">rubberized hull</a> of military <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> absorbs sonar waves and can be seen as a form of auditory camouflage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2000_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2000-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some modern <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a> are <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_noise_reduction" title="Helicopter noise reduction">designed to be quiet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobalSecurity2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlobalSecurity2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combat uniforms are usually equipped with buttons rather than <a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">snap fasteners</a> or <a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">velcro</a> to reduce noise.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Olfactory</a> camouflage is said to be rare;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetowski2012_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetowski2012-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> examples include <a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">ghillie suits</a>, special garments for military <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">snipers</a> made from strips of <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(cloth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (cloth)">hessian cloth</a>, which are sometimes treated with mud and even manure to give them an "earthy" smell to cover the smell of the sniper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaster1993_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaster1993-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic</a> camouflage in the form of "<a href="/wiki/Degaussing" title="Degaussing">degaussing</a>" coils has been used since the Second World War<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2006_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2006-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to protect ships from <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic mine">magnetic mines</a> and other weapons with magnetic sensors. Horizontal coils around the whole or parts of the ship generate <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic fields</a> to "cancel out" distortions to the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> created by the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFAS1998_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFAS1998-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconnaissance_and_riflemen">Reconnaissance and riflemen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reconnaissance and riflemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/British_Army_uniform" class="mw-redirect" title="British Army uniform">British Army uniform</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ship_camouflage" title="Ship camouflage">Ship camouflage</a> was occasionally used in ancient times. <a href="/wiki/Publius_Flavius_Vegetius_Renatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus">Vegetius</a> wrote in the 4th century that "Venetian blue" (bluish-green, like the sea) was used for camouflage in the years 56–54 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> sent his scout ships to gather intelligence along the coast of Britain. The bluish-green scout ships carried sailors and marines dressed in the same colour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn1917_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn1917-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner2003_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner2003-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaempffert1919_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaempffert1919-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> that ruled <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> between the 16th and 18th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal army">Mughal army</a> frequently employed the use of camouflage in their military campaigns, foreshadowing the modern use of military camouflage in the 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emphasis on hand-to-hand combat, and the short range of weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a>, meant that recognition and cohesion were more important than camouflage in combat clothing well into the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> period. The introduction of infantry weapons with longer range, especially the <a href="/wiki/Baker_rifle" title="Baker rifle">Baker rifle</a>, opened up new roles which needed camouflaged clothing. In the colonial <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–1763), the rifle-armed <a href="/wiki/Rogers%27_Rangers" title="Rogers' Rangers">Rogers' Rangers</a> wore gray or green uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChartrand2013_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand2013-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Graves_Simcoe" title="John Graves Simcoe">John Graves Simcoe</a>, one of the unit's later commanders, noted in 1784:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimcoe1784_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimcoe1784-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Green is without comparison the best colour for light troops with dark accouterments; and if put on in the spring, by autumn it nearly fades with the leaves, preserving its characteristic of being scarcely discernible at a distance.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_95th_riflemen_in_various_fighting_stances.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2_95th_riflemen_in_various_fighting_stances.JPG/220px-2_95th_riflemen_in_various_fighting_stances.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2_95th_riflemen_in_various_fighting_stances.JPG/330px-2_95th_riflemen_in_various_fighting_stances.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/2_95th_riflemen_in_various_fighting_stances.JPG/440px-2_95th_riflemen_in_various_fighting_stances.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/95th_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="95th Rifles">95th Rifles</a> Regiment (1802–1816) reenactors in <a href="/wiki/Rifle_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle green">rifle green</a> uniform</figcaption></figure> <p>The tradition was continued by British <a href="/wiki/Rifle_Brigade_(Prince_Consort%27s_Own)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)">Rifle Regiments</a> who adopted <a href="/wiki/Rifle_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle green">rifle green</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite200220_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite200220-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Portugal">Portugal</a> fielded light infantry units known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%A7adores" title="Caçadores">Caçadores</a></i>, who wore brown-jackets which helped conceal them. The brown color was considered to be more adequate for a concealment in the landscape of most of Portuguese regions, in general more arid than the greener landscapes of Central and Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Pivka2002_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Pivka2002-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other nations soon followed suit, dressing their rifle regiments and sometimes also light troops in suitable drab tones, usually variations of green or gray.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first introduction of drab general uniform was by the British <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of Guides (British India)">Corps of Guides</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">India</a> in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the drab uniform was specially imported from England, with one of the reasons being to "make them invisible in a land of dust".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when a larger quantity was required the army improvised, using a local dye to produce uniform locally. This type of drab uniform soon became known as <a href="/wiki/Khaki_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaki (colour)">khaki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> for dusty, soil-coloured) by the Indian soldiers, and was of a similar colour to a local dress of cotton coloured with the <a href="/wiki/Nannorrhops" title="Nannorrhops">mazari palm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The example was followed by other British units during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">mutiny of 1857</a>, dying their white drill uniforms to inconspicuous tones with mud, tea, coffee or coloured inks. The resulting hue varied from dark or slate <a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">grey</a> through light <a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">brown</a> to <a href="/wiki/Off-white" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-white">off-white</a>, or sometimes even <a href="/wiki/Lavender_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender (colour)">lavender</a>. This improvised measure gradually became widespread among the troops stationed in India and <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier (military history)">North-West Frontier</a>, and sometimes among the troops campaigning on the African continent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthorp1988Volume_3,_pp._24–37_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthorp1988Volume_3,_pp._24–37-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rifle_fire">Rifle fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rifle fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg/220px-The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg/330px-The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg/440px-The_Relief_of_Ladysmith_by_John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption><i>The Relief of Ladysmith</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Frederick_Bacon" title="John Henry Frederick Bacon">John Henry Frederick Bacon</a> shows the <a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> uniforms used by the British in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While long range rifles became the standard weapon in the 1830s, armies were slow to adapt their tactics and uniforms, perhaps as a result of mainly fighting colonial wars against less well armed opponents. Not until the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> of 1880/81 did a major European power meet an opponent well equipped with and well versed in the use of modern long range repeating firearms, forcing an immediate change in tactics and uniforms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (August 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyatt1994_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyatt1994-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khaki-coloured uniform became standard service dress for both <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> troops stationed in British India in 1885, and in 1896 <a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">khaki drill</a> uniform was adopted by British Army for the service outside of Europe in general, but not until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, in 1902, did the entire <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> standardise on khaki (officially known as "drab") for <a href="/wiki/Service_Dress_(British_Army)" title="Service Dress (British Army)">Service Dress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthorp1988Volume_4,_pp._24–33_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthorp1988Volume_4,_pp._24–33-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChappell2003_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChappell2003-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">US military</a>, who had blue-jacketed rifle units in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, were quick to follow the British, going khaki in the same year. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> followed, partially, in 1908. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a> used <i>grigio-verde</i> ("grey-green") in the Alps from 1906 and across the army from 1909. The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germans</a> adopted <i><a href="/wiki/Feldgrau" title="Feldgrau">feldgrau</a></i> ("field grey") in 1910. By the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> in 1914, France was the only major power to still field soldiers dressed in traditional conspicuous uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShowalter2004_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter2004-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_First_World_War">The First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BL_8_inch_howitzer_Mk_8_CWM_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BL_8_inch_howitzer_Mk_8_CWM_3.jpg/220px-BL_8_inch_howitzer_Mk_8_CWM_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BL_8_inch_howitzer_Mk_8_CWM_3.jpg/330px-BL_8_inch_howitzer_Mk_8_CWM_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BL_8_inch_howitzer_Mk_8_CWM_3.jpg/440px-BL_8_inch_howitzer_Mk_8_CWM_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Restored British <a href="/wiki/BL_8_inch_Howitzer_Mk_6_-_8" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 8 inch Howitzer Mk 6 - 8">8 inch howitzer</a> in WWI pattern, showing disruptive camouflage</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> was the first full scale industrial conflict fought with modern firearms. The first attempt at disruptive camouflaged garment for the <a href="/wiki/French_army" class="mw-redirect" title="French army">French army</a> was proposed in 1914 by the painter <a href="/wiki/Louis_Guingot" title="Louis Guingot">Louis Guingot</a>, but was refused by the army, which nevertheless kept a sample of the clothing. In collaboration with a Russian chemist friend, Guingot had developed a process of painting on weather-resistant fabric before the war and had registered a patent for it.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the casualty rate on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> forced the French to finally relinquish their blue coats and red trousers, adopting a grayish "horizon blue" uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowdy_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowdy-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camouflage_tree" title="Camouflage tree">Camouflage tree</a></div> <p>The use of rapid firing <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> and long range <a href="/wiki/Rifled_breech_loader" title="Rifled breech loader">breech loading artillery</a> quickly led to camouflaging of vehicles and positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artillery pieces were soon painted in contrasting bold colours to obscure their outlines. Another early trend was building observation trees, made of steel with bark camouflage. Such trees became popular with the British and French armies in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanton1915_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanton1915-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The observation tree was invented by French painter <a href="/wiki/Lucien-Victor_Guirand_de_Sc%C3%A9vola" title="Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola">Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola</a>, who led the French army's camouflage unit, the first of its kind in any army.<sup id="cite_ref-TateBehrens_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TateBehrens-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also invented painted canvas <a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">netting</a> to hide machine gun positions, and this was quickly taken up for hiding equipment and gun positions from 1917, 7 million square yards being used by the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes2009104–107_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2009104–107-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The First World War also saw the birth of <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial warfare</a>, and with it the need not only to conceal positions and vehicles from being spotted from the air, but also the need to camouflage the aircraft themselves. In 1917, Germany started using a <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_camouflage" title="Lozenge camouflage">lozenge camouflage</a> covering Central Powers aircraft, possibly the earliest printed camouflage.<sup id="cite_ref-Boucher_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boucher-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similarly disruptive splinter pattern in earth tones, <i>Buntfarbenanstrich 1918</i>, was introduced for <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> in 1918, and was also used on the <a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm" title="Stahlhelm">Stahlhelm</a> (steel helmet), becoming the first use of a standardized camouflage pattern for soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntique_Photos2012_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntique_Photos2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camoufleurs"><i>Camoufleurs</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Camoufleurs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Camoufleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Camoufleurs">Camoufleurs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thayers_ships.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Thayers_ships.jpg/220px-Thayers_ships.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Thayers_ships.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Thayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a>'s drawings in his 1902 patent for <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a> ships</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1909 an American <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artist</a> and amateur <a href="/wiki/Zoologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologist">zoologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Thayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> published a book, <i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i>, which was widely read by military leaders, although his advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a> was unsuccessful, despite his patent for countershading submarines and surface ships.<sup id="cite_ref-forbesthayer_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbesthayer-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest camouflage artists were members of the <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post- Impressionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauve</a> schools of France. Contemporary artistic movements such as <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">vorticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">impressionism</a> also influenced the development of camouflage as they dealt with disrupting outlines, abstraction and colour theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Blechman_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blechman-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes200982–83_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200982–83-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The French established a <i>Section de Camouflage</i> (Camouflage Department) at <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> in 1915, headed by <a href="/wiki/Lucien-Victor_Guirand_de_Sc%C3%A9vola" title="Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola">Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TateBehrens_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TateBehrens-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>camoufleurs</i> included the artists <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Villon" title="Jacques Villon">Jacques Villon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dunoyer_de_Segonzac" title="André Dunoyer de Segonzac">André Dunoyer de Segonzac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Camoin" title="Charles Camoin">Charles Camoin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mare" title="André Mare">André Mare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2011_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2011-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forbes104_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes104-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Camouflage schemes of the First World War and Interwar periods that employed dazzle patterns were often described as "cubist" by commentators, and Picasso claimed with typical hyperbole "Yes, it is we who made it, that is <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes104_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes104-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the artists employed as <i>camoufleurs</i> were traditional representative painters, not cubists, but de Scévola claimed "In order to deform totally the aspect of the object, I had to employ the means that cubists use to represent it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes2009101_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2009101-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other countries soon saw the advantage of camouflage, and established their own units of artists, designers and architects. The British established a Camouflage Section in late 1916 at Wimereux,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForbes2009106_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2009106-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the U.S. followed suit with the New York Camouflage Society in April 1917, the official <a href="/wiki/American_Camouflage_Corps" title="American Camouflage Corps">Company A of 40th Engineers</a> in January 1918 and the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Reserve_Camouflage_Corps" title="Women's Reserve Camouflage Corps">Women's Reserve Camouflage Corps</a>. The Italians set up the <i>Laboratorio di mascheramento</i> in 1917. By 1918 de Scévola was in command of camouflage workshops with over 9,000 workers, not counting the <i>camoufleurs</i> working at the front itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewark200754_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewark200754-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a> who first proposed dazzle camouflage to the British military employed 5 male designers and 11 women artists, who by the end of the war had painted more than 2,300 vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French women were employed behind the lines of both the British and American armies, sewing netting to disguise equipment and designing apparel for soldiers to wear.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_Second_World_War">From the Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: From the Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IWM-E-18461-Crusader-camouflaged-19421026.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IWM-E-18461-Crusader-camouflaged-19421026.jpg/220px-IWM-E-18461-Crusader-camouflaged-19421026.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IWM-E-18461-Crusader-camouflaged-19421026.jpg/330px-IWM-E-18461-Crusader-camouflaged-19421026.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/IWM-E-18461-Crusader-camouflaged-19421026.jpg/440px-IWM-E-18461-Crusader-camouflaged-19421026.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Camouflage in the empty desert: a <a href="/wiki/Crusader_(tank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader (tank)">Crusader tank</a> masquerading as a truck in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bertram" title="Operation Bertram">Operation Bertram</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Printed camouflage for <a href="/wiki/Shelter_half" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelter half">shelter halves</a> was introduced for the Italian and German armies in the interwar period, the "splotchy" <a href="/wiki/Telo_mimetico" title="Telo mimetico">M1929 Telo mimetico</a> in Italy and the angular <a href="/wiki/Splittermuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Splittermuster">Splittermuster 31</a> in Germany. During the War, both patterns were used for paratrooper uniforms for their respective countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis1998_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1998-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British soon followed suit with a brush-stroke type pattern for their paratroopers' <a href="/wiki/Denison_smock" title="Denison smock">Denison smock</a>, and the Soviets introduced an "amoeba" pattern overgarment for their snipers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_1996_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_1996-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cott" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Cott">Hugh Cott</a>'s 1940 book <i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i> systematically covered the different forms of camouflage and mimicry by which animals protect themselves, and explicitly drew comparisons throughout with military camouflage:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECott194053_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECott194053-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The principle is one with many applications to modern warfare. In the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">Great War</a> it was utilized by the Germans when they introduced strongly marked incidents of white or black tone to conceal the fainter contrasts of tone made by the sloping sides of overhead camouflage-screens, or roofing, as seen from the air. The same principle has, of course, a special application in any attempt to reduce the visibility of large objects of all kinds, such as ships, tanks, buildings, and aerodromes.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cott" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Cott">Hugh Cott</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECott194053_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECott194053-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Both British and Soviet aircraft were given wave-type camouflage paintwork for their upper surfaces throughout the war,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPilawskii2003_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilawskii2003-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while American ones remained simple two-colour schemes (different upper and under sides) or even dispensed with camouflage altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreer1980_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreer1980-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian and some Japanese aircraft wore sprayed-on spotted patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassimelloApostolo2000_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassimelloApostolo2000-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1968_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1968-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German aircraft mostly used an angular splint-pattern camouflage, but Germany experimented with different schemes, particularly in the later stages of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2010_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2010-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also experimented with various spray-on camouflage patterns for tanks and other vehicles, while Allied vehicles remained largely uni-coloured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERestayn2005_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERestayn2005-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As they had volunteered in the first World War, women sewed camouflage netting, organizing formalized groups for the work in Australia, Britain, New Zealand and the United States who took part as camoufleurs during the second war.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawker_Hurricane_I_%27R4118_UP-W%27_(G-HUPW)_(41455530471).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hawker_Hurricane_I_%27R4118_UP-W%27_%28G-HUPW%29_%2841455530471%29.jpg/220px-Hawker_Hurricane_I_%27R4118_UP-W%27_%28G-HUPW%29_%2841455530471%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hawker_Hurricane_I_%27R4118_UP-W%27_%28G-HUPW%29_%2841455530471%29.jpg/330px-Hawker_Hurricane_I_%27R4118_UP-W%27_%28G-HUPW%29_%2841455530471%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hawker_Hurricane_I_%27R4118_UP-W%27_%28G-HUPW%29_%2841455530471%29.jpg/440px-Hawker_Hurricane_I_%27R4118_UP-W%27_%28G-HUPW%29_%2841455530471%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4009" data-file-height="2673" /></a><figcaption>A British <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a> in brown and green "temperate land" scheme</figcaption></figure> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate" title="Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate">Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate</a>, consisting mainly of artists recruited into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>, developed the use of camouflage for large-scale <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">military deception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stroud_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stroud-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operations combined the disguise of actual installations, vehicles and stores with the simultaneous display of dummies, whether to draw fire or to give a false idea of the strength of forces or likely attack directions.<sup id="cite_ref-Stroud_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stroud-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bertram" title="Operation Bertram">Operation Bertram</a> for the decisive battle at <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a>, a whole dummy armoured division was constructed, while real tanks were disguised as soft-skinned transport using "Sunshield" covers.<sup id="cite_ref-Stroud_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stroud-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkasBarkas1952_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkasBarkas1952-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capabilities so developed were put to use not only in the western desert, but also in Europe as in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a> deception for the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Invasion of Normandy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stroud_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stroud-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Pacific campaign, as in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goodenough_Island#Aftermath" title="Battle of Goodenough Island">Battle of Goodenough Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey1951138–140_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey1951138–140-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> led to efforts to camouflage airfields and strategic production centres. This form of positional camouflage could be quite elaborate, and even include false houses and cars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade2012_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade2012-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the threat from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> in the post-war era such elaborate camouflage was no longer seen as useful, as a direct hit would not be necessary with <a href="/wiki/Strategic_nuclear_weapon" title="Strategic nuclear weapon">strategic nuclear weapons</a> to destroy infrastructure. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">doctrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_military_deception" title="Russian military deception">military deception</a> defines the need for surprise through means including camouflage, based on experiences such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> where camouflage helped the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> to overwhelm a powerful enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz19896_and_passim_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz19896_and_passim-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2011278_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2011278-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilean_Marine_HK33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chilean_Marine_HK33.jpg/220px-Chilean_Marine_HK33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chilean_Marine_HK33.jpg/330px-Chilean_Marine_HK33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Chilean_Marine_HK33.jpg/440px-Chilean_Marine_HK33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marine wearing newer digital pattern and Chilean Marine wearing older woodland pattern</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">Combat uniform</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">List of military clothing camouflage patterns</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_World_War_II_camouflage_patterns" title="German World War II camouflage patterns">German World War II camouflage patterns</a></div> <p>The role of uniform is not only to hide each soldier, but also to identify friend from foe. Issue of the "<a href="/wiki/Frog_Skin" title="Frog Skin">Frogskin</a>" uniforms to US troops in Europe during the Second World War was halted as it was too often mistaken for the <a href="/wiki/German_World_War_II_camouflage_patterns" title="German World War II camouflage patterns">disruptively patterned German uniform</a> worn by the Waffen-SS.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorsarello1999_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsarello1999-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Camouflage uniforms need to be made and distributed to a large number of soldiers. The design of camouflage uniforms therefore involves a tradeoff between camouflaging effect, recognizability, cost, and manufacturability.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armies facing service in different theatres may need several different camouflage uniforms. Separate issues of temperate/jungle and desert camouflage uniforms are common. Patterns can to some extent be adapted to different terrains by adding means of fastening pieces of vegetation to the uniform. Helmets often have netting covers; some jackets have small loops for the same purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Brayley_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brayley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being able to find appropriate camouflage vegetation or in other ways modify the issued battle uniform to suit the local terrain is an important skill for infantry soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-US-Army_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-Army-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Countries in boreal climates often need <a href="/wiki/Snow_camouflage" title="Snow camouflage">snow camouflage</a>, either by having reversible uniforms or simple overgarments.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_vehicles">Land vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Land vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M901-TOW-latrun-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/M901-TOW-latrun-3.jpg/220px-M901-TOW-latrun-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/M901-TOW-latrun-3.jpg/330px-M901-TOW-latrun-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/M901-TOW-latrun-3.jpg/440px-M901-TOW-latrun-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/M901_ITV" title="M901 ITV">M901</a> with MERDC winter verdant camouflage scheme</figcaption></figure> <p>The purpose of vehicle and equipment camouflage differs from personal camouflage in that the primary threat is <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal is to disrupt the characteristic shape of the vehicle, to reduce shine, and to make the vehicle difficult to identify even if it is spotted.<sup id="cite_ref-Vehicles_manual_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vehicles_manual-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paint is the least effective measure, but forms a basis for other techniques. Military vehicles often become so dirty that pattern-painted camouflage is not visible, and although matte colours reduce shine, a wet vehicle can still be shiny, especially when viewed from above. Patterns are designed to make it more difficult to interpret shadows<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECott1940104–111_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECott1940104–111-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECott194048_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECott194048-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Army adopted a disruptive scheme for vehicles operating in the stony desert of the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a> and Greece, retrospectively known as the Caunter scheme. It used up to six colours applied with straight lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarmer2005_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarmer2005-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marder_1A5_Mobile_Camouflage_System_Barracuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Marder_1A5_Mobile_Camouflage_System_Barracuda.jpg/220px-Marder_1A5_Mobile_Camouflage_System_Barracuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Marder_1A5_Mobile_Camouflage_System_Barracuda.jpg/330px-Marder_1A5_Mobile_Camouflage_System_Barracuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Marder_1A5_Mobile_Camouflage_System_Barracuda.jpg/440px-Marder_1A5_Mobile_Camouflage_System_Barracuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Multi-spectral_camouflage" title="Multi-spectral camouflage">"multi-spectral" camouflage</a> system" fitted to a <a href="/wiki/Marder_(IFV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marder (IFV)">Marder</a> armoured vehicle reduces visual, <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> "signatures", and permits movement</figcaption></figure> <p>The British Army's <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> used pink as the primary colour on its <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>-camouflaged <a href="/wiki/Land_Rover_Series#Series_IIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Rover Series">Land Rover Series IIA</a> patrol vehicles, nicknamed <i>Pink Panthers</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESAS2013_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESAS2013-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the colour had been observed to be indistinguishable from sand at a distance. </p><p>Nets can be effective at defeating visual observation. Traditional camouflage nets use a textile 'garnish' to generate an apparent texture with a depth of shadow created beneath it, and the effect can be reinforced with pieces of vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-Vehicles_manual_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vehicles_manual-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern nets tend to be made of a continuous woven material, which is easier to deploy over a vehicle and lack the "windows" between patches of garnish of traditional nets. Some nets can remain in place while vehicles move. Simple nets are less effective in defeating radar and thermal sensors. Heavier, more durable "mobile camouflage systems", essentially conformal <a href="/wiki/Duvet" title="Duvet">duvets</a> with thermal and radar properties, provide a degree of concealment without the delay caused by having to spread nets around a vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrone2013_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrone2013-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlücher2013_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlücher2013-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Active_camouflage" title="Active camouflage">Active camouflage</a> for vehicles, using heated or cooled <a href="/wiki/Peltier_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Peltier plate">Peltier plates</a> to match the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> background, has been prototyped in industry but has not yet been put into production.<sup id="cite_ref-Schechter_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schechter-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ships">Ships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ship_camouflage" title="Ship camouflage">Ship camouflage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SS_Empress_of_Russia_1918_(closeup).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SS_Empress_of_Russia_1918_%28closeup%29.jpg/220px-SS_Empress_of_Russia_1918_%28closeup%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SS_Empress_of_Russia_1918_%28closeup%29.jpg/330px-SS_Empress_of_Russia_1918_%28closeup%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/SS_Empress_of_Russia_1918_%28closeup%29.jpg/440px-SS_Empress_of_Russia_1918_%28closeup%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>British Admiralty <a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">dazzle camouflage</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the 20th century, naval weapons had a short range, so camouflage was unimportant for ships, and for the men on board them. Paint schemes were selected on the basis of ease of maintenance or aesthetics, typically <a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">buff</a> upperworks (with polished brass fittings) and white or black hulls. Around the start of the 20th century, the increasing range of naval engagements, as demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a>, prompted the introduction of the first camouflage, in the form of some solid shade of gray overall, in the hope that ships would fade into the mist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrinzeugen2012_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrinzeugen2012-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwegian_Navy_Patrol_boat_Storm_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Norwegian_Navy_Patrol_boat_Storm_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Norwegian_Navy_Patrol_boat_Storm_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Norwegian_Navy_Patrol_boat_Storm_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Norwegian_Navy_Patrol_boat_Storm_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Norwegian_Navy_Patrol_boat_Storm_%28detail%29.jpg/440px-Norwegian_Navy_Patrol_boat_Storm_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy" title="Royal Norwegian Navy">Royal Norwegian Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Skjold_class_patrol_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Skjold class patrol boat"><i>Skjold</i> class</a> patrol boat disruptively patterned for service close to the coast</figcaption></figure> <p>First and Second World War <a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">dazzle camouflage</a>, pioneered by English artist <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a>, was used not to make ships disappear, but to make them seem smaller or faster, to encourage misidentification by an enemy, and to make the ships harder to hit.<sup id="cite_ref-WilkinsonTheTimes_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilkinsonTheTimes-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Second World War, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> trialled a form of <a href="/wiki/Active_camouflage" title="Active camouflage">active camouflage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">counter-illumination</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Diffused_lighting_camouflage" title="Diffused lighting camouflage">diffused lighting</a> to prevent ships from appearing as dark shapes against a brighter sky during the night. It reduced visibility by up to 70%, but was unreliable and never went into production.<sup id="cite_ref-NavalMuseumQuebec_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NavalMuseumQuebec-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Second World War, the use of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> made camouflage generally less effective. However, camouflage may have helped to protect US warships from Vietnamese shore batteries using optical rangefinders.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coastal patrol boats such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy" title="Royal Norwegian Navy">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Navy" title="Swedish Navy">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Navy" title="Indonesian Navy">Indonesian</a> navies continue to use terrestrial style disruptively patterned camouflage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitsune2013_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitsune2013-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_camouflage" title="Aircraft camouflage">Aircraft camouflage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukr_af_su25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ukr_af_su25.jpg/220px-Ukr_af_su25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ukr_af_su25.jpg/330px-Ukr_af_su25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ukr_af_su25.jpg/440px-Ukr_af_su25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Su-25" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-25">Su-25</a> painted with earth colours above and sky blue below</figcaption></figure> <p>Aircraft camouflage faces the challenge that an aircraft's background varies widely, according to whether the observer is above or below the aircraft, and with the background, e.g. farmland or desert. Aircraft camouflage schemes have often consisted of a light colour underneath and darker colours above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1985_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1985-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other camouflage schemes acknowledge that aircraft may be seen at any angle and against any background while in combat, so aircraft are painted all over with a disruptive pattern or a neutral colour such as gray.<sup id="cite_ref-StealthWarplanes_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StealthWarplanes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville,_Florida_(USA),_circa_in_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg/220px-Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg/330px-Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg/440px-Consolidated_PBY_Catalina_landing_at_Naval_Air_Station_Jacksonville%2C_Florida_%28USA%29%2C_circa_in_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption> Maritime patrol <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Catalina</a> is painted white, but even so it appears dark against the sky. Better camouflage would require <a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">counter-illumination</a>, which was explored in WWII.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglass_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglass-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>Second World War maritime patrol aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated PBY Catalina</a> flying boat were painted white, as aircraft generally appear dark against the sky (including at night), and hence are least visible when painted in as light a colour as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinbergen1953_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETinbergen1953-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The problem of appearing dark against the sky was explored in the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_lights" title="Yehudi lights">Yehudi lights</a> project in 1943, using <a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">counter-illumination</a> to raise the average brightness of a plane, when seen head-on, from a dark shape to the same as the sky. The experiments worked, enabling an aircraft to approach to within 2 miles (3.2 km) before being seen, whereas aircraft without the lights were noticed 12 miles (19 km) away.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglass_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglass-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The higher speeds of modern aircraft, and the reliance on radar and missiles in air combat have reduced the value of visual camouflage, while increasing the value of electronic "<a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth</a>" measures. Modern paint is designed to absorb electromagnetic radiation used by <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, reducing the signature of the aircraft, and to limit the emission of infrared light used by <a href="/wiki/Infrared_homing" title="Infrared homing">heat seeking missiles</a> to detect their target. Further advances in aircraft camouflage are being investigated in the field of <a href="/wiki/Active_camouflage" title="Active camouflage">active camouflage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Douglass_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglass-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fashion_and_art">In fashion and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In fashion and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chelsea_Arts_Club_Dazzle_Ball_Postcard_1919_low-res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Chelsea_Arts_Club_Dazzle_Ball_Postcard_1919_low-res.jpg/220px-Chelsea_Arts_Club_Dazzle_Ball_Postcard_1919_low-res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Chelsea_Arts_Club_Dazzle_Ball_Postcard_1919_low-res.jpg/330px-Chelsea_Arts_Club_Dazzle_Ball_Postcard_1919_low-res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/19/Chelsea_Arts_Club_Dazzle_Ball_Postcard_1919_low-res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of costumes at the 'Dazzle Ball' held by the Chelsea Arts Club, 1919, a peacetime reaction to war.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion_and_the_"Dazzle_Ball""><span id="Fashion_and_the_.22Dazzle_Ball.22"></span>Fashion and the "Dazzle Ball"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fashion and the "Dazzle Ball""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transfer of camouflage patterns from battle to exclusively civilian uses is not recent. <a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">Dazzle camouflage</a> inspired a trend of dazzlesque patterns used on clothing in England, starting in 1919 with the "Dazzle Ball" held by Chelsea Arts Club. Those attending wore dazzle-patterned black and white clothing, influencing twentieth-century fashion and art via postcards (see illustration) and magazine articles.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes100_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes100-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1918_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1918-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a> announced </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The scheme of decoration for the great fancy dress ball given by the Chelsea Arts Club at the Albert Hall, the other day, was based on the principles of 'Dazzle', the method of 'camouflage' used during the war in the painting of ships ... The total effect was brilliant and fantastic.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes100_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes100-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1919_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1919-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camouflage_in_art">Camouflage in art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Camouflage in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg/170px-Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg/255px-Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg/340px-Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wadsworth" title="Edward Wadsworth">Edward Wadsworth</a>: <i>Dazzle-ships in dry dock at Liverpool</i>, 1919, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario.</figcaption></figure> <p>While many artists helped to develop camouflage during and since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the disparate sympathies of the two cultures restrained the use of "militaristic" forms other than in the work of <a href="/wiki/War_artist" title="War artist">war artists</a>. Since the 1960s, several artists have exploited the symbolism of camouflage. For example, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a>'s 1986 camouflage series was his last major work, including <a href="/wiki/Camouflage_Self-Portrait" title="Camouflage Self-Portrait">Camouflage Self-Portrait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WarholSelfPort_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarholSelfPort-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jacquet" title="Alain Jacquet">Alain Jacquet</a> created many camouflage works from 1961 to the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-JacquetNYT_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JacquetNYT-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Hamilton_Finlay" title="Ian Hamilton Finlay">Ian Hamilton Finlay</a>'s 1973 <i>Arcadia</i> was a screenprint of a leafily-camouflaged tank, "an ironic parallel between this idea of a natural paradise and the camouflage patterns on a tank", as the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Collection</a> describes it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETate2008_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETate2008-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Veruschka" class="mw-redirect" title="Veruschka">Veruschka</a>, the pseudonym of Vera von Lehndorff and Holger Trülzsch, created "Nature, Signs & Animals" and "Mimicry-Dress-Art" in 1970–1973.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehndorffTrülzsch2011_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehndorffTrülzsch2011-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hirschhorn" title="Thomas Hirschhorn">Thomas Hirschhorn</a> made <i>Utopia : One World, One War, One Army, One Dress</i> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirschhorn_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirschhorn-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_protesters_and_fashionistas">War protesters and fashionistas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: War protesters and fashionistas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aline_Campos_1_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aline_Campos_1_cropped.jpg/170px-Aline_Campos_1_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aline_Campos_1_cropped.jpg/255px-Aline_Campos_1_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Aline_Campos_1_cropped.jpg/340px-Aline_Campos_1_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Camouflage patterned skirt as a fashion item</figcaption></figure> <p>In the US in the 1960s, military clothing became increasingly common (mostly <a href="/wiki/Olive_Drab" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive Drab">olive drab</a> rather than patterned camouflage); it was often found worn by <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">anti-war protestors</a>, initially within groups such as <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Against_the_War" title="Vietnam Veterans Against the War">Vietnam Veterans Against the War</a> but then increasingly widely as a symbol of political protest.<sup id="cite_ref-Protesters_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protesters-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion</a> often uses camouflage as inspiration – attracted by the striking designs, the "patterned disorder" of camouflage, its symbolism (to be celebrated or subverted), and its versatility. Early designers include <a href="/wiki/Marimekko" title="Marimekko">Marimekko</a> (1960s), <a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_de_Castelbajac" title="Jean-Charles de Castelbajac">Jean-Charles de Castelbajac</a> (1975–), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sprouse" title="Stephen Sprouse">Stephen Sprouse</a> (using Warhol prints, 1987–1988), and <a href="/wiki/Franco_Moschino" title="Franco Moschino">Franco Moschino</a> (1986), but it was not until the 1990s that camouflage became a significant and widespread facet of dress from streetwear to high-fashion labels – especially the use of "faux-camouflage". Producers using camouflage in the 1990s and beyond include: <a href="/wiki/John_Galliano" title="John Galliano">John Galliano</a> for <a href="/wiki/Christian_Dior" title="Christian Dior">Christian Dior</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Galliano_at_Museum_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galliano_at_Museum-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Jacobs" title="Marc Jacobs">Marc Jacobs</a> for <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vuitton" title="Louis Vuitton">Louis Vuitton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comme_des_Gar%C3%A7ons" title="Comme des Garçons">Comme des Garçons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Hilfiger" title="Tommy Hilfiger">Tommy Hilfiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana" title="Dolce & Gabbana">Dolce & Gabbana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issey_Miyake" title="Issey Miyake">Issey Miyake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armani" title="Armani">Armani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint-Laurent_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yves Saint-Laurent (brand)">Yves Saint-Laurent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Protesters_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protesters-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Companies closely associated with camouflage patterns include 6876, <a href="/wiki/A_Bathing_Ape" title="A Bathing Ape">A Bathing Ape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_Island" title="Stone Island">Stone Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%BCssy" title="Stüssy">Stüssy</a>, Maharishi, mhi, <a href="/wiki/Zoo_York_(company)" title="Zoo York (company)">Zoo York</a>, Addict, and <a href="/wiki/Girbaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Girbaud">Girbaud</a>, using and overprinting genuine military surplus fabric; others use camouflage patterns in bright colours such as pink or purple. Some, such as Emma Lundgren and Stüssy, have created their own designs or integrated camouflage patterns with other symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-EmmaLundgren_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EmmaLundgren-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stüssy_Camo_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stüssy_Camo-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions">Restrictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_nations_that_prohibit_camouflage_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nations that prohibit camouflage clothing">List of nations that prohibit camouflage clothing</a></div> <p>Some countries such as <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> nations have laws prohibiting camouflage clothing from being worn by non-military personnel, including tourists and children.<sup id="cite_ref-Blechman_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blechman-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civilian possession of camouflage is still banned in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zim_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zim-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_(1944_film)" title="Camouflage (1944 film)"><i>Camouflage</i> (1944 film)</a>, World War II camouflage training film produced by the US Army Air Forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">List of military clothing camouflage patterns</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TTsMKK is short for "TryokhTsvetniy Maskirovochniy Kamuflirovanniy Kombinezon", three colour disguise camouflage overalls.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dark above, light below camouflage pattern is often called <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a>, but its function is not to flatten out shadow as in <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Thayer</a>'s law, but to camouflage against two different backgrounds.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO’Mahony2019" class="citation web cs1">O’Mahony, Marie (6 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advancedtextilessource.com/2019/05/06/almost-invisible/">"Almost invisible"</a>. <i>Textile Technology Source</i>. Advanced Textiles Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230105955/https://advancedtextilessource.com/2019/05/06/almost-invisible/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Textile+Technology+Source&rft.atitle=Almost+invisible&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Mahony&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadvancedtextilessource.com%2F2019%2F05%2F06%2Falmost-invisible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fibrotex-tech.com/ulcans/">"ULCANS"</a>. Fibrotex Technologies Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129055808/https://fibrotex-tech.com/ulcans/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ULCANS&rft.pub=Fibrotex+Technologies+Ltd.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffibrotex-tech.com%2Fulcans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saab.com/products/ulcas">"Barracuda ULCAS"</a>. SAAB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208210243/https://www.saab.com/products/ulcas">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barracuda+ULCAS&rft.pub=SAAB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saab.com%2Fproducts%2Fulcas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://defense-update.com/20050127_sotcas.html">"Special Operations Tactical Suit (SOTCAS)"</a>. Defense-Update. 27 January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924163415/https://defense-update.com/20050127_sotcas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Operations+Tactical+Suit+%28SOTCAS%29&rft.pub=Defense-Update&rft.date=2005-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefense-update.com%2F20050127_sotcas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewark20078-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewark20078_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewark2007">Newark 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brayley-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brayley_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrayley2009">Brayley 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behrens-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Behrens_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehrens2003">Behrens 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewark2007160-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewark2007160_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewark2007">Newark 2007</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/camo-paint.htm">"Camouflage Face Paints"</a>. GlobalSecurity.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camouflage+Face+Paints&rft.pub=GlobalSecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fsystems%2Fground%2Fcamo-paint.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StealthWarplanes-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StealthWarplanes_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StealthWarplanes_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StealthWarplanes_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson2001">Richardson 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US-Army-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US-Army_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US-Army_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUS_Army2013">US Army 2013</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUS_Army2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Army2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_Army2009_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUS_Army2009">US Army 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cabela-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cabela_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCabela's2012">Cabela's 2012</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCabela's2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedberg2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedberg2012_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreedberg2012">Freedberg 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2012_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2012">Davies 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TalasBaddeleyCuthill2017-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TalasBaddeleyCuthill2017_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TalasBaddeleyCuthill2017_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTalasBaddeleyCuthill2017">Talas, Baddeley & Cuthill 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeterson2001">Peterson 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWar_Department2013-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWar_Department2013_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWar_Department2013">War Department 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon2012_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2012">Anon 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBundesheer2012-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBundesheer2012_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBundesheer2012">Bundesheer 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz1988-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz1988_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz1988">Katz 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraemer2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraemer2012_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraemer2012">Craemer 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDougherty201769-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDougherty201769_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDougherty2017">Dougherty 2017</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2013-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2013_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2013">Kennedy 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyperstealth-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hyperstealth_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraemer2007">Craemer 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrikehold2010-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrikehold2010_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrikehold2010">Strikehold 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngber2012-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngber2012_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngber2012">Engber 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stealth-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stealth_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stealth_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaoMahulikar2002">Rao & Mahulikar 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2004-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2004_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummers2004">Summers 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopp1989-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKopp1989_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKopp1989">Kopp 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2013-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2013_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2013">Harris 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShabbir2002-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShabbir2002_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShabbir2002">Shabbir 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.overtdefense.com/2019/01/15/royal-danish-army-orders-saab-barracuda-camouflage/">"Royal Danish Army Orders Saab Barracuda Camouflage"</a>. <i>overtdefense.com</i>. Overt Defense. 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=overtdefense.com&rft.atitle=Royal+Danish+Army+Orders+Saab+Barracuda+Camouflage&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.overtdefense.com%2F2019%2F01%2F15%2Froyal-danish-army-orders-saab-barracuda-camouflage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-military/2018/11/07/more-than-meets-the-eye-army-selects-next-gen-camouflage-system/">"More than meets the eye: Army selects next-gen camouflage system"</a>. <i>www.armytimes.com</i>. Army Times. 7 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.armytimes.com&rft.atitle=More+than+meets+the+eye%3A+Army+selects+next-gen+camouflage+system&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armytimes.com%2Fnews%2Fyour-military%2F2018%2F11%2F07%2Fmore-than-meets-the-eye-army-selects-next-gen-camouflage-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2000-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2000_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2000">Zimmerman 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlobalSecurity2012-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobalSecurity2012_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlobalSecurity2012">GlobalSecurity 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetowski2012-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetowski2012_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetowski2012">Letowski 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlaster1993-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlaster1993_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlaster1993">Plaster 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2006-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC2006_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBBC2006">BBC 2006</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBBC2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFAS1998-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFAS1998_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFAS1998">FAS 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson1995-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson1995_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasson1995">Casson 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn1917-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn1917_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphy1917">Murphy 1917</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner2003-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner2003_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumner2003">Sumner 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaempffert1919-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaempffert1919_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaempffert1919">Kaempffert 1919</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarza2019" class="citation cs2">Garza, Andrew (5 February 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004393301/BP000006.xml">"The Lost World: Change and Continuity in Mughal Military Technology"</a>, <i>Technology, Violence, and War</i>, Brill, pp. 83–100 (84), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39330-1"><bdi>978-90-04-39330-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology%2C+Violence%2C+and+War&rft.atitle=The+Lost+World%3A+Change+and+Continuity+in+Mughal+Military+Technology&rft.pages=83-100+%2884%29&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39330-1&rft.aulast=Garza&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004393301%2FBP000006.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChartrand2013-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChartrand2013_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChartrand2013">Chartrand 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimcoe1784-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimcoe1784_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimcoe1784">Simcoe 1784</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite200220-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaythornthwaite200220_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaythornthwaite2002">Haythornthwaite 2002</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Pivka2002-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Pivka2002_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Pivka2002">von Pivka 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Khaki Uniform 1848–49: First Introduction by Lumsden and Hodson". <i>Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research</i>. <b>82</b> (Winter): 341–347. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Khaki+Uniform+1848%E2%80%9349%3A+First+Introduction+by+Lumsden+and+Hodson&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=Winter&rft.pages=341-347&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodson1859" class="citation book cs1">Hodson, W.S.R. 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Glen Innes, New South Wales, Australia: The Glen Innes Examiner. 15 November 1941. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspaperarchive.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaperarchive.com">Newspaperarchive.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Country+Women%3A+Camouflage+Nets+Project&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1941-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fsusun-wilkinson-war-clipping-nov-15-1941-735442%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/susun-wilkinson-war-clipping-mar-05-1942-735426/">"In Their Spare Time"</a>. <i>The Glenboro Western Prairier Gazette</i>. Glenboro, Manitoba, Canada. 5 March 1942. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspaperarchive.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaperarchive.com">Newspaperarchive.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Glenboro+Western+Prairier+Gazette&rft.atitle=In+Their+Spare+Time&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1942-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fsusun-wilkinson-war-clipping-mar-05-1942-735426%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/susun-wilkinson-war-clipping-aug-27-1941-735428/">"Making Camouflage Nets for the Army"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Auckland_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="The Auckland Star">The Auckland Star</a></i>. Auckland, New Zealand. 27 August 1941. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspaperarchive.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaperarchive.com">Newspaperarchive.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Auckland+Star&rft.atitle=Making+Camouflage+Nets+for+the+Army&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1941-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fsusun-wilkinson-war-clipping-aug-27-1941-735428%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Standard-Examiner1944" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/susun-wilkinson-war-clipping-jul-16-1944-735404/">"Women Work on Camouflage Nets in Homes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Standard-Examiner" title="Standard-Examiner">The Standard-Examiner</a></i>. Ogden, Utah. 16 July 1944. p. 24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspaperarchive.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaperarchive.com">Newspaperarchive.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard-Examiner&rft.atitle=Women+Work+on+Camouflage+Nets+in+Homes&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1944-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fsusun-wilkinson-war-clipping-jul-16-1944-735404%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stroud-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stroud_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stroud_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stroud_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stroud_91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStroud2012">Stroud 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkasBarkas1952-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkasBarkas1952_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkasBarkas1952">Barkas & Barkas 1952</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasey1951138–140-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasey1951138–140_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCasey1951">Casey 1951</a>, pp. 138–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWade2012-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWade2012_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWade2012">Wade 2012</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFWade2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz19896_and_passim-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz19896_and_passim_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlantz1989">Glantz 1989</a>, p. 6 and passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2011278-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2011278_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2011">Clark 2011</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsarello1999-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorsarello1999_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorsarello1999">Borsarello 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBull2004" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Stephen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HN3AUx_3Mn4C&pg=PA53"><i>Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-557-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-557-8"><bdi>978-1-57356-557-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Military+Technology+and+Innovation&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-557-8&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHN3AUx_3Mn4C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglund2011" class="citation book cs1">Englund, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyGO5hKCYhoC&pg=PA211"><i>The Beauty And The Sorrow: An intimate history of the First World War</i></a>. Profile Books. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-430-4"><bdi>978-1-84765-430-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beauty+And+The+Sorrow%3A+An+intimate+history+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84765-430-4&rft.aulast=Englund&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuyGO5hKCYhoC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Handbook Of The SAS And Elite Forces. How The Professionals Fight And Win. Edited by Jon E. 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Royal Canadian Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.forces.gc.ca/navres/NMQ_MNQ/researches_recherches/diffusedLighting_camouflageLumineux/index-eng.asp">the original</a> on 22 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+Museum+of+Quebec&rft.atitle=Diffused+Lighting+and+its+use+in+the+Chaleur+Bay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.forces.gc.ca%2Fnavres%2FNMQ_MNQ%2Fresearches_recherches%2FdiffusedLighting_camouflageLumineux%2Findex-eng.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitsune2013-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitsune2013_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKitsune2013">Kitsune 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1985-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1985_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw1985">Shaw 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglass-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Douglass_117-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglassSweetman1997">Douglass & Sweetman 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETinbergen1953-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETinbergen1953_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTinbergen1953">Tinbergen 1953</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes100-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes100_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes100_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForbes2009">Forbes 2009</a>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1918-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1918_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon1918">Anon 1918</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1919-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1919_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon1919">Anon 1919</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WarholSelfPort-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WarholSelfPort_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarhol1986">Warhol 1986</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JacquetNYT-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JacquetNYT_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimes2008">Grimes 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETate2008-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETate2008_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTate2008">Tate 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehndorffTrülzsch2011-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehndorffTrülzsch2011_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehndorffTrülzsch2011">Lehndorff & Trülzsch 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirschhorn-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hirschhorn_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanchelev2006">Tanchelev 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Protesters-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Protesters_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Protesters_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDillon2011">Dillon 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galliano_at_Museum-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galliano_at_Museum_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliano2006">Galliano 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EmmaLundgren-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EmmaLundgren_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLundgren2011">Lundgren 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stüssy_Camo-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stüssy_Camo_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStüssy2012">Stüssy 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zim-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zim_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108194517/http://www.thezimbabwean.co/news/16077/dj-squilasustained-serious-head-injuries.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'DJ Squila', sustained serious head injuries"</a>. The Zimbabwean. 30 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thezimbabwean.co/news/16077/dj-squilasustained-serious-head-injuries.html">the original</a> on 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27DJ+Squila%27%2C+sustained+serious+head+injuries&rft.pub=The+Zimbabwean&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezimbabwean.co%2Fnews%2F16077%2Fdj-squilasustained-serious-head-injuries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2011" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Henry (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831181108/http://www.artandantiquesmag.com/2011/03/ornithology-infantry-and-abstraction/">"Ornithology, Infantry and Abstraction"</a>. <i>Art & Antiques</i>. 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London: Amber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904687-62-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904687-62-7"><bdi>978-1-904687-62-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+squadrons+1939%E2%80%9345.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Amber&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-904687-62-7&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlechmanNewman2004" class="citation book cs1">Blechman, Hardy; Newman, Alex (2004). <i>DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material</i>. DPM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9543404-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9543404-0-X"><bdi>0-9543404-0-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DPM%3A+Disruptive+Pattern+Material&rft.pub=DPM&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9543404-0-X&rft.aulast=Blechman&rft.aufirst=Hardy&rft.au=Newman%2C+Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlücher2013" class="citation web cs1">Blücher (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.bluechersystems.com/produkte/C96">"Camouflage Net: Multispectral Camouflage Systems"</a>. BLÜCHER SYSTEMS<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7643-1018-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7643-1018-6"><bdi>0-7643-1018-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camouflage+uniforms+of+European+and+NATO+armies+%3A+1945+to+the+present&rft.place=Atglen%2C+PA&rft.pub=Schiffer+Pub.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7643-1018-6&rft.aulast=Borsarello&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoucher2009" class="citation web cs1">Boucher, W. Ira. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615064456/http://www.wwiaviation.com/lozenge.html">"An Illustrated History of World War One"</a>. <i>German Lozenge Camouflage</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiaviation.com/lozenge.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ramsbury: Crowood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84797-137-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84797-137-1"><bdi>978-1-84797-137-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camouflage+uniforms+%3A+international+combat+dress+1940%E2%80%932010&rft.place=Ramsbury&rft.pub=Crowood&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84797-137-1&rft.aulast=Brayley&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundesheer2012" class="citation web cs1">Bundesheer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesheer.at/abzeichen/anzug.shtml">"Die Uniform"</a>. <i>Österreichs Bundesheer</i>. Austrian Army (Bundesheer)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adaptive+Coloration+in+Animals&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Cott&rft.aufirst=Hugh+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraemer2007" class="citation web cs1">Craemer, Guy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyperstealth.com/CADPAT-MARPAT.htm">"CADPAT or MARPAT Camouflage"</a>. <i>Who did it first; Canada or the US?</i>. Hyperstealth<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Fallbrook, California: Aero. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8168-6579-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8168-6579-5"><bdi>0-8168-6579-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Army+Air+Force+camouflage+and+markings%2C+World+War+II.&rft.place=Fallbrook%2C+California&rft.pub=Aero&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-8168-6579-5&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinbergen1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niko_Tinbergen" class="mw-redirect" title="Niko Tinbergen">Tinbergen, Niko</a> (1953). <i>The Herring Gull's World</i>. Collins. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-219444-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-219444-9"><bdi>0-00-219444-9</bdi></a>. <q>white has proved to be the most efficient concealing coloration for aircraft on anti-submarine patrol</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Herring+Gull%27s+World&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0-00-219444-9&rft.aulast=Tinbergen&rft.aufirst=Niko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Army2009" class="citation book cs1">US Army (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/19823845/Photosimulation-Camouflage-Detection-Test"><i>Photosimulation Camouflage Detection Test</i></a>. Natick, MA: U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center. p. 27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>Overall, in a woodland environment, the lighter coloured patterns were detected at greater distances than the darker patterns. The opposite was found in desert and urban conditions. These data confirm intuition on environment-specific patterns: woodland patterns perform best in woodland environments, and desert patterns perform best in desert environments.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photosimulation+Camouflage+Detection+Test&rft.place=Natick%2C+MA&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Natick+Soldier+Research%2C+Development+and+Engineering+Center&rft.date=2009&rft.au=US+Army&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F19823845%2FPhotosimulation-Camouflage-Detection-Test&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ar15.com/content/webPDF/FM21-76_SurvivalManual.pdf"><i>FM 21–76 US ARMY SURVIVAL MANUAL</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of the Army. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FM+21%E2%80%9376+US+ARMY+SURVIVAL+MANUAL&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ar15.com%2Fcontent%2FwebPDF%2FFM21-76_SurvivalManual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Pivka2002" class="citation book cs1">von Pivka, Otto (2002). <i>The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic wars</i>. Michael Roffe (illus.). Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-251-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-251-1"><bdi>0-85045-251-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Army+of+the+Napoleonic+wars&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85045-251-1&rft.aulast=von+Pivka&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2010" class="citation web cs1">Wade, Lisa (14 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614042717/http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2010/04/14/camouflaging-airports-and-plants-during-wwii/">"Camouflaging Airports and Plants During WWII"</a>. <i>Sociological Images</i>. The Society Pages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2010/04/14/camouflaging-airports-and-plants-during-wwii/">the original</a> on 14 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Images&rft.atitle=Camouflaging+Airports+and+Plants+During+WWII&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthesocietypages.org%2Fsocimages%2F2010%2F04%2F14%2Fcamouflaging-airports-and-plants-during-wwii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWar_Department1944" class="citation book cs1">War Department (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonesentry.com/camouflage_manual/index.html"><i>FM 5-20B Field Manual: Camouflage of Vehicles</i></a>. U.S. War Department, Corps of Engineers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FM+5-20B+Field+Manual%3A+Camouflage+of+Vehicles&rft.pub=U.S.+War+Department%2C+Corps+of+Engineers&rft.date=1944&rft.au=War+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonesentry.com%2Fcamouflage_manual%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWar_Department2013" class="citation book cs1">War Department (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efour4ever.com/cammo.htm"><i>Field Manual: FM 5-20A: Camouflage of Individuals and Infantry Weapons</i></a>. United States War Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Manual%3A+FM+5-20A%3A+Camouflage+of+Individuals+and+Infantry+Weapons&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=2013&rft.au=War+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefour4ever.com%2Fcammo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarhol1986" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Warhol, Andy</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/87487.html?mulR=9667">"Camouflage Self-portrait"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camouflage+Self-portrait&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Warhol&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philamuseum.org%2Fcollections%2Fpermanent%2F87487.html%3FmulR%3D9667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson1939" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Wilkinson, Norman</a> (4 April 1939). "Letter to The Times on Camouflage". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Letter+to+The+Times+on+Camouflage&rft.date=1939-04-04&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2000" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Stan (2000). "Silence Makes Perfect". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjfgOfV8Am0C"><i>Submarine Technology for the 21st Century</i></a> (2nd ed.). Victoria, British Columbia: <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Publishing" title="Trafford Publishing">Trafford Publishing</a>. pp. 103–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55212-330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55212-330-0"><bdi>978-1-55212-330-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Silence+Makes+Perfect&rft.btitle=Submarine+Technology+for+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Victoria%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=103-105&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55212-330-0&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Stan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjfgOfV8Am0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_camouflage&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_camouflage" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Military camouflage">Military camouflage</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720195611/http://www.bobolinkbooks.com/Camoupedia/DazzleThayer.html">"Abbott Thayer's Camouflage Demonstrations: Countershading, Disruption and Background Picturing"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shipcamouflage.com/">Shipcamouflage.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leonardo.info/isast/spec.projects/camouflagebib.html">Roy R. Behrens – Art and Camouflage: An Annotated Bibliography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/mil/html/ml_008100_camouflage.htm">Guy Hartcup – Camouflage: A History of Concealment and Deception in War (1980)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonesentry.com/camouflage_manual/index.html">WWII War Department Field Manual FM 5-20B: Camouflage of Vehicles (1944)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4zkRMV6VVY&t=1028s">The Evolution of Tank Camouflage</a> The Tank Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125100420/http://camotest.de/">Patterns compared</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patrickbaty.co.uk/?p=9770">Camouflage paint colours</a></li> <li>Cécile Coutin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/camouflage/">Camouflage</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>John Ramm: [Hidden Talent: Graham Clilverd War Artist in Antique Collecting, September 2023, pp 24-27]</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Camouflage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Camouflage" title="Template:Camouflage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Camouflage" title="Template talk:Camouflage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Camouflage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Camouflage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camouflage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_camouflage_methods" title="List of camouflage methods">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_camouflage" title="Active camouflage">Active camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">Counter-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">Disruptive coloration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincident_disruptive_coloration" title="Coincident disruptive coloration">Coincident disruptive coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_eye_mask" title="Disruptive eye mask">Disruptive eye mask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distractive_markings" title="Distractive markings">Distractive markings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_camouflage" title="Motion camouflage">Motion camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-scale_camouflage" title="Multi-scale camouflage">Multi-scale camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-spectral_camouflage" title="Multi-spectral camouflage">Multi-spectral camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-decoration_camouflage" title="Self-decoration camouflage">Self-decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_camouflage" title="Snow camouflage">Snow camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_camouflage" title="Urban camouflage">Urban camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_(vertical).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/100px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/150px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/200px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="6438" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloration_evidence_for_natural_selection" title="Coloration evidence for natural selection">As evidence for natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorator_crab" title="Decorator crab">Decorator crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_mantis" title="Flower mantis">Flower mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals" title="The Colours of Animals">The Colours of Animals</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Handerson Thayer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camoufleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Camoufleurs">Camoufleurs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Taylor_Brush" title="Mary Taylor Brush">Mary Taylor Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien-Victor_Guirand_de_Sc%C3%A9vola" title="Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola">Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Kerr" title="John Graham Kerr">John Graham Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Warner" title="Everett Warner">Everett Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Underwood" title="Leon Underwood">Leon Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Otto_Schick" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Otto Schick">Johann Georg Otto Schick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh Cott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barkas" title="Geoffrey Barkas">Geoffrey Barkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_O%27Neill_(camoufleur)" title="Timothy O'Neill (camoufleur)">Timothy O'Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Behrens" title="Roy Behrens">Roy Behrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Caro" title="Tim Caro">Tim Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_Cuthill" title="Innes Cuthill">Innes Cuthill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_N._Sherratt" title="Thomas N. Sherratt">Thomas N. Sherratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stevens_(biologist)" title="Martin Stevens (biologist)">Martin Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_camouflage" title="Aircraft camouflage">Aircraft camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_clothing_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago">Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">Dazzle camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_prohibit_camouflage_clothing" title="List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing">List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate" title="Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate">Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_camouflage" title="Ship camouflage">Ship camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy">USN WWII camouflage measures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">Patterns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Up to WWII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_World_War_II_camouflage_patterns" title="German World War II camouflage patterns">German<br />WWII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splittertarnmuster" title="Splittertarnmuster">Splittertarnmuster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanenmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Platanenmuster">Platanenmuster</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauchtarnmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauchtarnmuster">Rauchtarnmuster</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmenmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmenmuster">Palmenmuster</a> (c 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpfmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumpfmuster">Sumpfmuster</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbsenmuster" title="Erbsenmuster">Erbsenmuster</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibermuster" title="Leibermuster">Leibermuster</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_tree" title="Camouflage tree">Camouflage tree</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_camouflage" title="Lozenge camouflage">Lozenge</a> (1917 aircraft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telo_mimetico" title="Telo mimetico">Telo mimetico</a> (1929 tent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_smock" title="Denison smock">Denison smock</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Skin" title="Frog Skin">Frog Skin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_(camouflage)" title="Lizard (camouflage)">Lizard</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strichtarn" title="Strichtarn">Strichtarn</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamuflirovannyi_Letnyi_Maskirovochnyi_Kombinezon" title="Kamuflirovannyi Letnyi Maskirovochnyi Kombinezon">KLMK</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_camouflage" title="Jigsaw camouflage">Jigsaw</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripe_camouflage" title="Tiger stripe camouflage">Tiger stripe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Brushstroke" title="Rhodesian Brushstroke">Rhodesian Brushstroke</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERDL_pattern" title="ERDL pattern">ERDL</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Material" title="Disruptive Pattern Material">Disruptive Pattern Material</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._68_Moro" title="Wz. 68 Moro">wz. 68 Moro</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Battle_Dress_Uniform" title="Desert Battle Dress Uniform">Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip)</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Woodland" title="U.S. Woodland">U.S. "M81" Woodland</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform">Australian Disruptive Pattern</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAZ_83" title="TAZ 83">TAZ 83</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubok_(camouflage)" title="Dubok (camouflage)">Dubok</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M84_camouflage_pattern" title="M84 camouflage pattern">M84</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_87_(camouflage)" title="Type 87 (camouflage)">Type 87 (China)</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._89_Puma" title="Wz. 89 Puma">wz. 89 Puma</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_Daguet" title="Camouflage Daguet">Camouflage Daguet</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M90_(camouflage)" title="M90 (camouflage)">M90</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Night_Camouflage" title="Desert Night Camouflage">Desert Night Camouflage</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecktarn" title="Flecktarn">Flecktarn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropentarn" title="Tropentarn">Tropentarn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Desert Camouflage Uniform">Desert Camouflage Pattern</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_Central-Europe" title="Camouflage Central-Europe">Camouflage Central-Europe</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier_2000" title="Soldier 2000">Soldier 2000</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAZ_90" title="TAZ 90">TAZ 90</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._93_Pantera" title="Wz. 93 Pantera">wz. 93 Pantera</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CADPAT" title="CADPAT">CADPAT</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M98_camouflage_pattern" title="M98 camouflage pattern">M98</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_camouflage" title="Flora camouflage">Flora</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARPAT" title="MARPAT">MARPAT</a> (2001) (<a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Utility_Uniform" title="Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform">Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform</a> (2002))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiCam" title="MultiCam">MultiCam</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Assault_Camouflage" title="Tactical Assault Camouflage">Tactical Assault Camouflage</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Camouflage_Pattern" title="Universal Camouflage Pattern">Universal Camouflage Pattern</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESTDCU" title="ESTDCU">ESTDCU</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M05" title="M05">M05</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman_Battle_Uniform" title="Airman Battle Uniform">Airman Battle Uniform</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_07" title="Type 07">Type 07</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR_camouflage" title="EMR camouflage">EMR</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Terrain_Pattern" title="Multi-Terrain Pattern">Multi-Terrain Pattern</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Multicam_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform">Australian Multicam</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_camouflage_pattern_2015M" title="Hungarian camouflage pattern 2015M">HunCam</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Camouflage_Pattern" title="Operational Camouflage Pattern">Operational Camouflage Pattern</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Fractal_Pattern" title="Netherlands Fractal Pattern">Netherlands Fractal Pattern</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingkong_(camouflage)" title="Xingkong (camouflage)">Xingkong</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berberys-R" title="Berberys-R">Berberys-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakidka" title="Nakidka">Nakidka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_lighting_camouflage" title="Diffused lighting camouflage">Diffused lighting camouflage</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_lights" title="Yehudi lights">Yehudi lights</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptiv" title="Adaptiv">Adaptiv</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dazzled_and_Deceived" title="Dazzled and Deceived">Dazzled and Deceived</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaking_device" title="Cloaking device">Cloaking device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility" title="Invisibility">Invisibility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_deception" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_deception" title="Template:Military deception"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_deception" title="Template talk:Military deception"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_deception" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military deception"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_deception" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Military deception</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denial_and_deception" title="Denial and deception">Denial and deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Russian_military_deception" title="Russian military deception">Maskirovka</a></i></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">Ruse de guerre</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dummy" title="Military dummy">Military dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decoy" title="Decoy">Decoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-ship" title="Q-ship">Q-ship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bertram" title="Operation Bertram">Bertram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Bodyguard</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196086#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196086#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196086#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85019165">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Camouflage (science militaire)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974588w">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Camouflage (science militaire)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11974588w">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="maskování (vojenství)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph233632&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000219046&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283385805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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