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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soft_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Soft power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gray_zone_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gray_zone_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Gray zone competition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gray_zone_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_of_power_projection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_of_power_projection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Applications of power projection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_of_power_projection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hard_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hard power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_projection_capabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_projection_capabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Power projection capabilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_projection_capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyecci%C3%B3n_de_poder" title="Proyección de poder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proyección de poder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_(d%C3%A9fense)" title="Projection (défense) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Projection (défense)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A0%A5%ED%88%AC%EC%82%AC" title="전력투사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전력투사" data-language-autonym="한국어" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:War,_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers,_artist._LCCN91480633_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-War%2C_northwest_gallery_-_Gari_Melchers%2C_artist._LCCN91480633_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3691" data-file-height="1076" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">castles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">military revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_and_shot" title="Pike and shot">pike and shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">Regular</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">Standing army</a> / <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">Militia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Specialties:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifleman" title="Rifleman">Rifleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Land units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Naval units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Air units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Combat systems:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Historical:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Development:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_engagement" title="Rules of engagement">Rules of engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_military_unit" title="Penal military unit">Penal military unit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">Air supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_of_the_sea" title="Command of the sea">Command of the sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Exercises</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_other_than_war" title="Military operations other than war">Non-warfare</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-insurgency">Counter-insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_response" title="Disaster response">Disaster response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">Gunboat diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">Low-intensity conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">Show of force</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Power projection (or force projection or strength projection) in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> is the capacity of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> to deploy and sustain <a href="#Power_projection_capabilities">forces outside its territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The ability of a state to project its power into an area may serve as an effective diplomatic lever, influencing the decision-making processes and acting as a potential <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrent</a> on other states' behavior.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-u24-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> This ability is a crucial element of a state's <a href="/wiki/Power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Power in international relations">power in international relations</a>. Any state able to direct its military forces outside its territory might be said to have some level of power projection capability, but the term itself is used most frequently in reference to militaries with a worldwide reach (or at least significantly broader than a state's immediate area). Even states with sizable <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard power</a> assets (such as a large <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a>) may only be able to exert limited <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional influence</a> so long as they lack the means of effectively projecting their power on a global scale. Generally, only a select few states are able to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistical</a> difficulties inherent in the <a href="/wiki/Military_deployment" title="Military deployment">deployment</a> and direction of a modern, mechanized military force.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-whyAndWhat-7">[7]</a> Allies and partners can take up or share some of the burden of power projection.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> One measure of the capability of a state to project power is the <a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">loss-of-strength gradient</a>, until a <a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">culminating point</a> is apparent to others, once an operation is underway. A state might <a href="#Gray_zone_competition">§ compete in the gray zone</a> just short of conflict, exercising its soft power, or hard power, in a bid for <a href="/wiki/Potential_superpowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential superpowers">potential superpower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-putin's1Feb2022Statement-12">[12]</a>: 1:47 <a href="#cite_note-deglobalization-13">[a]</a> While traditional measures of power projection typically focus on <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard power</a> assets (tanks, soldiers, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, naval vessels, etc.), the use of <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> shows that power projection does not necessarily have to actively put military forces in <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a>, but only potentially.<a href="#cite_note-joshi-14">[13]</a> Assets for power projection can often serve dual uses, as the deployment of various countries' militaries during the <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_response_to_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" title="Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a> illustrates. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Early examples of power projection include <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> dominance of Europe and the wider Mediterranean basin: the ability to project power is tied to the ability to innovate and field such innovations. Roman engineering innovations such as machines (<a href="/wiki/Pile_driver" title="Pile driver">pile driver</a>), concrete, aqueducts and modern roads provided the footing for an economic engine that powered a military that was unmatched in its day. Examples of Roman power projection include <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> constructing the <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">Rhine bridge</a> in 10 days to demonstrate the ability to march his 40,000 troops as he saw fit: the local inhabitants enjoyed the natural protection of the river and fled when this natural protection was overcome. Although Rome is far from the center of modern power, its influence can be seen in the architecture of modern capitols around the world (domes, arches, columns). The demonstration of an extraordinary innovative military capability will signal power and, when properly applied, terminate conflicts summarily.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">Ming treasure voyages</a> in the 15th century, the Chinese treasure fleet was heavily militarized to exercise power projection around the Indian Ocean and thereby promote its interests.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> The modern ability to project power and exert influence on a global scale can be tied to innovations stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the associated modernizations in technology, communications, <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>; this finally allowed the state to create unprecedented amounts of wealth and to effectively marshal these resources to exert power over long distances.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> As the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, Britain was the first to utilize its industrial-technological power advantage to dominate rivals and greatly expand its global <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a> throughout the 19th century. As a maritime power, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> played a central role in providing Britain the strength and ability to dominate world trade and project power globally to further its interests. A worldwide system of <a href="/wiki/Naval_base" title="Naval base">naval bases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coaling_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Coaling station">coaling stations</a>, a large logistical bureaucracy to oversee shipbuilding, the supply of coal, food, water, and sailors, and an industrial base for the manufacture and technological enhancement of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">fleet</a> were among the essential ingredients for this capability. During the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> (1839–1842), it was this capacity that enabled a British expeditionary force of 15 <a href="/wiki/Barracks_ship" title="Barracks ship">barracks ships</a>, 4 steam-powered <a href="/wiki/Gunboats" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunboats">gunboats</a> and 25 smaller boats with 4,000 marines to successfully defend its interests 6,000 miles (9,700 km) from the fleet's home port.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-18">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdala_burning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magdala_burning.jpg/200px-Magdala_burning.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magdala_burning.jpg/300px-Magdala_burning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Magdala_burning.jpg/400px-Magdala_burning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the burning of Magdala, an event which took place during the <a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">British Expedition to Abyssinia</a> in 1868. The expedition came about as a result of <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewodros II of Ethiopia">Tewodros II of Ethiopia</a>'s imprisonment of European missionaries and officials, and demonstrated the power projection capabilities of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Anglo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary force</a> sent to shore up the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> against Russian aggression during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1853–1856) was one of the earliest modern examples of a planned expeditionary power-projection campaign. It was the first campaign to use modern technology, including steam-powered warships and <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> communications.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another illustrative example of industrial power projection, was the <a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">British Expedition to Abyssinia</a> in 1868 as a retaliation against Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewodros II of Ethiopia">Tewodros II of Ethiopia</a>'s imprisonment of several missionaries and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> representatives. The expeditionary force sent was a tremendous logistical and technological challenge at the time. Commanded by Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Napier,_1st_Baron_Napier_of_Magdala" title="Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala">Sir Robert Napier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Army" title="Bombay Army">Bombay Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> was used to estimate the required size of the army and the difficulties of traversing the inhospitable terrain.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A force of over 30,000 was shipped from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zula" title="Zula">Zula</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> on a fleet of more than 280 <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steam ships</a>, while an advance detachment of <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a> built a large port with two piers, warehouses and a lighthouse, and constructed a 20-mile (32 km)-long railway towards the interior.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> A road was also built for the artillery to be moved along with the help of <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>. After three months of trekking, the British force repelled an Ethiopian attack and launched an artillery bombardment against the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Amba_Mariam" title="Amba Mariam">Magdala</a> which led to its capitulation; Tewodros committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–1905, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy's</a> Pacific Fleet demonstrated <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a>'s inability to project force in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">East</a>. This immediately diminished Russia's diplomatic sway in that region. At the same time, Russia's western armies became less credible, as <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a> exposed organizational flaws and threw the western armies into chaos. This led analysts in Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of staff (military)">chief of staff</a> Count <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Schlieffen" title="Alfred von Schlieffen">Alfred von Schlieffen</a>, to conclude that Russia would prove inept at projecting force in Europe, thus demoting Russia in European diplomatic relations. Many other actions can be considered projections of force. The 19th century is full of incidents such as the 1864 <a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_campaign" title="Shimonoseki campaign">Shimonoseki campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. More recently, the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> provided an example of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s ability to project force far from home. Other recent examples of power projection include the U.S.-led <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 invasion of iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a>. The ability of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> to deploy large numbers of ships for long periods of time away from home are notable projection abilities. See <a href="#Power_projection_capabilities">§ Power projection capabilities</a>. The globalization of power projection was long avoided in the research with the subject of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> mostly channeled to economic field, but in 2018 Historian Max Ostrovsky broke the path. In prehistory, he wrote, power was not projected behind entrance of a cave.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> In history, empires and colonies projected power ever farther, creating <a href="/wiki/World_system" class="mw-redirect" title="World system">world system</a> c. 1900. <a href="/wiki/World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wars">World Wars</a> were expressions of power projected on global scale.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The potential of power projection can be estimated mathematically by calculating the speed of transportation and communication relatively to the extent of contemporary power projection. Roman troops moved 50 km per day; today <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">Globemasters</a> move troops 20,000 km per day. The speed of communication in the largest Empire in Americas (<a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a>) was 20 km per hour (running man); today it moves with the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. Multiplying the range of power projection in those empires by increase in the speed of transportation or communication, Ostrovsky estimated the present power projection potential to exceed the size of Earth multiple times.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements">Elements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_War_C-5A_reserve_aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gulf_War_C-5A_reserve_aircraft.jpg/220px-Gulf_War_C-5A_reserve_aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gulf_War_C-5A_reserve_aircraft.jpg/330px-Gulf_War_C-5A_reserve_aircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gulf_War_C-5A_reserve_aircraft.jpg/440px-Gulf_War_C-5A_reserve_aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>The cargo hold and intercontinental flight capabilities of the <a href="/wiki/C-5_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="C-5 Galaxy">C-5 Galaxy</a> make it a major asset for deploying military equipment around the globe.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> defines power projection as the "ability of a nation to apply all or some of its elements of national power—political, economic, informational, or military—to rapidly and effectively deploy and sustain forces in and from multiple dispersed locations to respond to crises, to contribute to deterrence, and to enhance regional stability".<a href="#cite_note-dtic.mil-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-milleyOnThreatToUkraine-26">[25]</a> As distance between a fighting force and its headquarters increases, <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and control (military)">command and control</a> inevitably becomes more difficult. Modern-day power projection often employs high-tech communications and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> to overcome these difficulties, a process sometimes described as the "<a href="/wiki/Revolution_in_Military_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution in Military Affairs">Revolution in Military Affairs</a>". While a few long-range <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> (ICBMs) and some <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_combat_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned combat aerial vehicle">unmanned combat aerial vehicles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Drone_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strike">drones</a>) are capable of projecting deadly force in their own right, it is <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">military logistics</a> that is at the heart of power projection. The ability to integrate <a href="/wiki/Naval" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval">naval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_force" title="Air force">air forces</a> with land <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">armies</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare" title="Joint warfare">joint warfare</a> is a key aspect of effective power projection; <a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">airlift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sealift" title="Sealift">sealift</a> capabilities facilitate the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> to a distant <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theater of war</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carrier_strike_group" title="Carrier strike group">aircraft carrier strike group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bomber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine" title="Ballistic missile submarine">ballistic missile submarine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strategic_airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic airlift">strategic airlifter</a> are all examples of power projection platforms. Military units designed to be <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light</a> and mobile, such as <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paratrooper" title="Paratrooper">paratroopers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">air assault</a> forces) and <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious assault">amphibious assault</a> forces, are utilized in power projection. <a href="/wiki/Forward_basing" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward basing">Forward basing</a> is another method of power projection, which, by pre-positioning military units or stockpiles of arms at strategically located <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military bases</a> outside a country's territory, reduces the time and distance needed to <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilize</a> them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> Scholars have disaggregated military power projection into nine different categories based on political goals and level of force. Four of these employ "soft" military power (securing <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">sea lanes</a> of communication, <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatant</a> evacuation, <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> response, and <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a>) and the rest are primarily concerned with "hard" military power (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/show_the_flag" class="extiw" title="wikt:show the flag">show the flag</a>, compellence/deterrence, punishment, armed intervention, and conquest).<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> There is a <a href="#Gray_zone_competition">§ continuum in these capabilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deglobalization-13">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soft_power">Soft power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soft power">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft power</a></div> Examples of soft power projection include: <ul><li>Securing sea lanes of communication: the protection of shipping lanes from attack by hostile states or irregular threats.</li> <li>Non-combatant evacuation operations: the evacuation of citizens or friendly third-country civilians from a foreign country when they are endangered by war or civil unrest.</li> <li>Humanitarian response: the use of military forces abroad to assist in the aftermath of a natural disaster.</li> <li>Peacekeeping: military operations designed to support diplomatic efforts to reach a long-term political settlement to an ongoing dispute.<a href="#cite_note-u24-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnnAddress-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zelenskyy-29">[28]</a></li> <li>Establishing trust, as the basis of cooperation among allies and partners<a href="#cite_note-trust-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-rulesBasedOrder-31">[30]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gray_zone_competition">Gray zone competition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gray zone competition">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>This section has been <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Army_Futures_Command&type=revision&diff=1065705346&oldid=1065704814">split from</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command" title="United States Army Futures Command">US Army Futures Command</a> § Other armies</dd></dl> The gray zone between <a href="/wiki/Conflict_continuum" title="Conflict continuum">cooperation and conflict</a><a href="#cite_note-joshi-14">[13]</a> has expanded due to the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_continuum#Competition_continuum" title="Conflict continuum">competition</a> in power projection capabilities of the world's armies, as well as in the competition for economic power among the world's nations.<a href="#cite_note-militaryVsEconomicPower-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-militaryVsEconomicPower2-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-postUkrInvasion-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-keyUsPartners-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-oib2028-36">[35]</a> The US, Russia, China, Britain, and France have renounced the use of nuclear weapons in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-noNukes2022-37">[36]</a> However, in the face of threats of nuclear war (say from Russia, as threatened during the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>),<a href="#cite_note-lavrovRu-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-esperNote-40">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> keeps about 100 <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61 nuclear bombs</a> in storage in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-b61s-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-nuclEscMgt-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-yermakov-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-russiaWouldVaporize-44">[42]</a>: 4:50, 5:55 <a href="#cite_note-dprkNds-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-nds2022Uncl-46">[44]</a> Certain F-35As were certified to carry the <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61 nuclear bomb</a> on 12 October 2023.<a href="#cite_note-f35aB61,12-47">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> is investigating innovations, such as robots and drones,<a href="#cite_note-ukPc22-48">[46]</a> including 70 technologies funded by the £800 million (US$1 billion) Defence Innovation Fund launched in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Two hundred troops will engage in "surveillance, long-range, and precision targeting, enhanced mobility and the re-supply of forces, urban warfare and enhanced situational awareness".<a href="#cite_note-MIT-50">[48]</a> The British Army is reducing size by about 10,000 troops as well, by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The British Army will have Integrated Operating Concept (MDI—like MDO) for "gray zone" operations across domains, using a synthetic operating environment, with repeatable hard and soft strike capability.<a href="#cite_note-mdiUk-52">[50]</a> The UK, Germany, and France respectively have established a joint command for space <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Space_Command" title="United Kingdom Space Command">United Kingdom Space Command</a>, a Space Situational Awareness Centre (Germany), and <a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">Commandement de l’espace</a> (France).<a href="#cite_note-vMachi-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-top15vendors-54">[52]</a> In light of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine</a> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members are implementing new stockpile guidelines for their arsenals.<a href="#cite_note-natoRestocking-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-5000roundsDaily-56">[54]</a> "By 2020 the Army's programs for modernization were now framed as a decades-long process of cooperation with allies and partners,<a href="#cite_note-cooperation2020-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-dettmer-58">[56]</a> for <a href="/wiki/Conflict_continuum#Competition_continuum" title="Conflict continuum">competition</a> with potential adversaries who historically have blurred the distinction between peace and war"<a href="#cite_note-mccarthyUnendingCycle-59">[57]</a>—from: <a href="/wiki/Reorganization_plan_of_United_States_Army#By2020TheArmy" title="Reorganization plan of United States Army">§ Reorganization plan of the United States Army</a> <ol><li>In 2020, one measure of <a href="#Power_projection_capabilities">§ military power projection</a> ranks the competition between the armies of the world (after the US Army, which is ranked atop this list).<a href="#cite_note-globalFirepower-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-davidNorquistRecap21-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-unclMdoConcept-63">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-heritageFound-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-dodResponse-65">[62]</a> The list of armies, a mixture of allies, partners, and competitors is estimated to be:</li> <li>Russia<a href="#cite_note-globalFirepower-60">[58]</a> jammed the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> signal during NATO exercises in November 2018.<a href="#cite_note-2018JamGps-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-antiJamGPS-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-jamUsDrones-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-gerasimovKilled-80">[d]</a> In 2014 the DoD's research and engineering chief Alan Shaffer warned that the 'US lost dominance of the electromagnetic spectrum'<a href="#cite_note-alanShaffer2014-81">[77]</a> (EMS), in part due to the US government selloff of EMS radio frequencies, and also due in part to the proliferation of digital technologies which allow for low-cost jammers.<a href="#cite_note-alanShaffer2014-81">[77]</a> (See: <a href="/wiki/Meaconing" title="Meaconing">meaconing</a>)<a href="#cite_note-kosmos2542-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-cosmos2542-83">[79]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Valery_Gerasimov" title="Valery Gerasimov">Valery Gerasimov</a> advocates <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_warfare" title="Hybrid warfare">hybrid warfare</a>, a "blend of political, economic and military power to bear against adversaries".<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-aspirational-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-ruLibya-86">[82]</a> Russia took Crimea without firing a shot.<a href="#cite_note-putinPlanner-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-postUkrInvasion-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-speedScopeOfLogisticAid-88">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-tinkov-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-nonKinetic-90">[85]</a> In April 2020 Russia tested an anti-satellite system for <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) satellites.<a href="#cite_note-spaceArmsRace-91">[86]</a> On 15 November 2021, a Russian <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon#Russia" title="Anti-satellite weapon">anti-satellite test</a> destroyed its <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1408" title="Kosmos 1408">Kosmos 1408</a>, endangering its own cosmonauts on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, and other satellites in <a href="/wiki/Low_earth_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Low earth orbit">low earth orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-asat15Nov2021-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021Kupol-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-ruSaysIncomingMeansNuclear-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-useOfNuclearWeapRussia-95">[90]</a> Cyber attacks on the whole of the US government via <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_attack#SolarWindsOrionPlatform" title="Supply chain attack">Supply_chain_attack § Whole of government</a> began in March 2020, but only reached the attention of the news media on 14 December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-nscDec2020-96">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-svrApt29Cozybear-97">[92]</a> Russia is mapping the undersea cables which bear the majority of the communications traffic<a href="#cite_note-gerasimovKilled-80">[d]</a> between the US and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-natoRu-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-russiaInArctic-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-emsUnderstated-100">[95]</a> <ul><li>On 25 December 2021 President Putin disclosed that Russia would be unable to defend itself against missiles launched against Moscow from Ukraine; their flight times would be four to five minutes, according to him.<a href="#cite_note-missileDefenseGap-101">[96]</a> However, Putin did not acknowledge that the West's <a href="/wiki/Aegis_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_System#Aegis_Ashore" title="Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System">Aegis Ashore</a> sites in Poland and Romania are for defense against ballistic missiles, and not the <a href="/wiki/Tomahawk_(missile_family)" title="Tomahawk (missile family)">Tomahawk missiles</a> which he named in his statement.<a href="#cite_note-putin's1Feb2022Statement-12">[12]</a> See: <a href="/wiki/A-135_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-135 anti-ballistic missile system">A-135 anti-ballistic missile system</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-235_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-235 anti-ballistic missile system">A-235 anti-ballistic missile system</a>, <a href="/wiki/S-400_missile_system" title="S-400 missile system">S-400 missile system</a>, <a href="/wiki/S-500_missile_system" title="S-500 missile system">S-500 missile system</a> To prove that Aegis Ashore is defensive only, inspection of the sites in Poland and Romania have been offered to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-mongilio-102">[97]</a></li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg/220px-2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg/330px-2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg/440px-2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4126" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>2014 map of line separating Ukrainian and Russian-backed forces</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> had a trench network on its border with Russia, in a <a href="/wiki/Standoff_(draw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standoff (draw)">standoff</a> as of April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-ukraineTrenches-103">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-donbassCrimea-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-apBlinken-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-canUkraineDeployUsMateriel-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-eucomOnAlert-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-sanctionSeparatists-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-usMilitaryOptionsInUkraine-109">[104]</a> A border exercise involving 110,000 Russian troops on the Ukraine border<a href="#cite_note-osceJammed-110">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-tensOfThousands-111">[106]</a> has pulled back; however hundreds of armored vehicles, including tanks are remaining 100 miles (160 km) from Donbas (colloquial for Donets basin)<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> in spite of a partial armor pullback.<a href="#cite_note-tanksNotPulledBack-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-falseFlag-114">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (OCSE) drones which are monitoring the line between Ukrainian troops and the Donbas separatists are seeing jamming of their drone's dual GPS receivers, with tens of thousands of infantry troops remaining on the Ukrainian border.<a href="#cite_note-osceJammed-110">[105]</a> The OSCE has provided a map of the line dividing the Ukrainian forces and the Russian-backed forces.<a href="#cite_note-osceMap-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-UkraineMap-116">[111]</a> As of 18 February 2022 there were up to 190,000 troops along Ukraine's borders;<a href="#cite_note-schogolSzoldra-117">[112]</a> after recognizing the separatist states of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, Moscow is moving troops over the border of Russia into the Donetsk and Luhansk areas, and establishing military bases there.<a href="#cite_note-basesInDonetskLuhansk-118">[113]</a> This troop movement triggered sanctions on five Russian banks and three individuals, on 22 February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-riley-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-schogolSzoldra-117">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-marketReaction-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-speedScopeOfLogisticAid-88">[e]</a> (See <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> which began 24 February 2022) <ul><li>Andrei Illarionov cites Pavel Felgengauer, who projects a scenario by which Russia can create a '<a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossia</a>' (see <a href="#UkraineStandoff2021">§ CSIS figures 2a-2c</a>)<a href="#cite_note-pickrell-121">[116]</a> stretching across Southern Ukraine to Transnistria (Moldova) after a gas pipeline to the EU is completed (September 2021).<a href="#cite_note-aillarionov-122">[117]</a> If the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline were to be weaponized by holding the <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> (LNG) supply to Western Europe hostage, the US is countering this threat with contingency plans to redirect LNG supplies from the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-germanyStopsNordStream2-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-stepUpLngProduction-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-swift-125">[120]</a> Germany has agreed to safeguard Ukraine, as well.<a href="#cite_note-germanDefenseSpendTo2PercentOfGdp-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-nordstream2-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-aBaerbock-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-binkov'sProjectionForRussia'sAction-129">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-regionalBlocEu-134">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-germanyStopsNordStream2-123">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-23feb2022-135">[129]</a> See <a href="/wiki/2022_Nord_Stream_pipeline_sabotage" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage">2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage</a> —26 September 2022 </li> <li>Cyber attacks on Ukrainian government websites are occurring in January 2022.<a href="#cite_note-cyberAttackOnUkraine-136">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-ukraineViewOfStandoff-137">[131]</a> Frida Ghitis and Richard Galant point out that the <a href="/wiki/Rasputitsa" title="Rasputitsa">muddy season that ends winter</a> would bog down an armored invasion.<a href="#cite_note-ghitis-138">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-galant-139">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-aillarionov-122">[117]</a> US Army Lieutenant Colonel Alex Vershinen points out that if the Russian Army were to attempt a quick <a href="/wiki/Fait_accompli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fait accompli">fait accompli</a> and then dig in, its logistical capability would be insufficient to complete a large land grab, as its logistic capabilities are largely based on railroads, but not trucks.<a href="#cite_note-vershinen-140">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-fieldHospital-141">[135]</a> Russia's logistic capability without railroads is 90 miles (140 km), without replenishment;<a href="#cite_note-vershinen-140">[134]</a> thus Sebastien Roblin suggests that a "short, victorious war" by Russia (as in the 12-day war with Georgia in 2008), with stipulations largely resembling its current diplomatic demands, namely installation of pro-Russian leadership, Ukraine's withdrawal from the path of joining NATO etc., coupled with the expedient of bypassing Russian control of Kyiv's population, might avoid Russia's getting bogged down in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-counterBoggingDown-142">[136]</a> This calculation could get up-ended by a longer war,<a href="#cite_note-speedScopeOfLogisticAid-88">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-surgeInMaterielDeterrence-147">[g]</a> with determined resistance in Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-ukrainianCivilianResistance-149">[142]</a> via guerilla warfare,<a href="#cite_note-cooper-150">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-ruForceDesign-151">[144]</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)">Afghanistan (1979-1989)</a>, which indirectly <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">ended</a> the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-roblinGeorgiaModel-152">[145]</a> Within two months of the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, an antiwar movement arose in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-vershinen-140">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-putinAbsentG20-153">[146]</a> <ul><li>On 22 February 2022 historian Sergey Radchenko recalled a vignette from September 1945, during the post World War II <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> negotiations on the division of world power at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=London_Conference_of_Foreign_Ministers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="London Conference of Foreign Ministers (page does not exist)">London Conference of Foreign Ministers</a>, when Soviet Foreign Commissar <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> asked U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> whether he carried the atomic bomb in his side pocket, to which Byrnes threatened Molotov to stop stalling, or else Byrnes would pull the atomic bomb out of his pocket and use it on Molotov (laughter). Molotov was guided by Stalin's directive "It is clear that you must display complete obduracy".<a href="#cite_note-obduracy-154">[147]</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy war</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Russia and Belarus began Zapad 2021, a 200,000-troop exercise held every four years.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pripyat_marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pripyat marshes">Pripyat marshes</a> would bog down an armored invasion through Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-galant-139">[133]</a>: 2:22 <a href="#cite_note-speedScopeOfLogisticAid-88">[e]</a></li> <li>In the opinion of <a href="/wiki/James_Stavridis" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stavridis">James Stavridis</a>, the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine is showing that Special Forces, unmanned systems, and Cyber will become far more important in the future.<a href="#cite_note-socomUnmannedCyber-157">[150]</a></li> <li>In 2021 Russia spent 2.7 percent of its GDP on defense, a level which is expected to drop to 2.3 percent by 2023, as part of a mandate to boost domestic production.<a href="#cite_note-pctGdp-158">[151]</a> <ul><li>Unmanned ground combat vehicles (UGCVs), among them <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uran-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uran-6 (page does not exist)">Uran-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uran-9" title="Uran-9">Uran-9</a> (Уран-9), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uran-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uran-14 (page does not exist)">Uran-14</a> are entering service in the Russian Army as of 2021. Uran-6 is a <a href="/wiki/Mine_flail" title="Mine flail">mine flail</a>; Uran-14 is an unmanned firefighting vehicle. Uran-9s are semi-autonomous robotic combat vehicles; specialists can operate them using mobile control stations.<a href="#cite_note-uran9-159">[152]</a> Their first attempted service was in Syria. Analysts from <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> (UK) assessed the Uran-9s in Syria as unreliable, with their radio-controls sometimes blocked by buildings; their sensors and guidance were unstabilized.<a href="#cite_note-beltran2021-160">[153]</a> An armed Uran-9 weighs 12 tons,<a href="#cite_note-beltran2021-160">[153]</a> and measures 5 meters long, which is a fifth of the weight and half the length of a T-90 tank.<a href="#cite_note-roblin-161">[154]</a> Each Uran-9 control system operates at ranges up to 1.8 miles (2.9 km) from the UGVs;<a href="#cite_note-20ugvs-162">[155]</a>: min 1:00 <a href="#cite_note-ugvControlSystem-163">[156]</a>: minute 2:20  each control system currently (2021) guides 4 UGVs, in a leader-follower configuration.<a href="#cite_note-roblin-161">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-uran9-159">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-armyTechology-164">[157]</a> Uran-9 was used in the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_2018" title="Vostok 2018">Vostok 2018</a> exercises in 2018. At least 20 Uran-9 UGCVs exist.<a href="#cite_note-armyTechology-164">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-uran9-159">[152]</a></li> <li>Russia's defense ministry has signed a contract to field the Tsirkon hypersonic missiles to its troops in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-tsirkon-165">[158]</a></li> <li>During the 2021 negotiations for defusing the Ukraine-Russia confrontation, Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Ryabkov" title="Sergei Ryabkov">Sergei Ryabkov</a> has warned that its <a href="/wiki/9M729" class="mw-redirect" title="9M729">9M729</a> nuclear-capable cruise missile, which is already deployed in the European part of Russia, might be further employed there.<a href="#cite_note-9M729-166">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-esperNote-40">[b]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_flight#Hypersonic_weapons_development" title="Hypersonic flight">hypersonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kh-47M2_Kinzhal" title="Kh-47M2 Kinzhal">Kh-47M2 Kinzhal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3M22_Zircon" title="3M22 Zircon">3M22 Zircon</a> (Tsirkon) are standoff strike weapons, for keeping adversaries at bay; they are land-based, and sea-based respectively.<a href="#cite_note-7feb2022rcd-167">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-esperNote-40">[b]</a></li></ul></li> <li>On 1 September 2022 Russia, China, India, and 11 other nations began a scaled-down Vostok 2022 (East 2022).<a href="#cite_note-vostok2022-168">[161]</a> Vostok will exercise 50,000 troops, down from 300,000 in 2018. India is contributing 75 troops.<a href="#cite_note-vostok2022-168">[161]</a></li> <li>By 19 October 2022 NATO nations were providing winter <a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#Foreign_military_sales_and_aid_to_Ukraine" title="Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">equipment to Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-winterMateriel-169">[162]</a> By Spring 2023 the US industrial base can be providing 20,000 rounds of 155mm howitzer munitions per month to Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-reaganForum-170">[163]</a></li> <li>Beginning 1 April 2023 400,000 contract servicemen are to replenish the Russian army.<a href="#cite_note-400thousandContractors-171">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-diffRadarOnS200-172">[165]</a></li> <li>In a meeting in Moscow, March 2023 the presidents of China and Russia agreed to cooperate over a wide range of business, and economic issues, such as payment in local currencies (viz., Yuan or Rubles).<a href="#cite_note-zhRuEconCoop-173">[166]</a></li></ul></li> <li>China<a href="#cite_note-globalFirepower-60">[58]</a>—RAND simulations show Blue losses.<a href="#cite_note-7mar2019Aps-174">[167]</a> Six of the top 15 defense companies in the world are now Chinese, in 2019 for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Continuum_of_conflict#Competition_continuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum of conflict">competition</a> with China was shaped in the decade 2010–2020, according to David Kriete.<a href="#cite_note-KrieteStratcom-176">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-hypersonicNuclearWeapon-177">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-jl,3-178">[171]</a> By 2023 China's defense companies were offering competitors to US Javelins, armed drones, and supersonic cruise missiles.<a href="#cite_note-idexUae2023-179">[172]</a> <ul><li>Secretary <a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> said that China is aiming to be the dominant military power in Asia by 2049.<a href="#cite_note-2049goalChina-180">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-uscc.gov-181">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021airShow-182">[175]</a> The 14th five-year plan (2021-2025) of China's ruling party, aims to accelerate the army's modernization and informationization, in order to improve national security for 2027 (100th anniversary of its ruling party), according to Dean Cheng.<a href="#cite_note-deanCheng-183">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-JointGangyao-184">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-j31j20f35Jadc2-185">[178]</a> By 2023 China's working-age demographic (a shrinking labor force/ capital savings rate) will start to work against the Party's aspiration for 2027,<a href="#cite_note-demographics-186">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-birthrateFalling-187">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-popDrop22-188">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-chrisCappy-189">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-navyReadiness-190">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-warByTimeframe-191">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-milleyAssessCN-194">[h]</a> which, according to Xi Jinping's plan, is for China's military to reach parity with the US military in 2027.<a href="#cite_note-spaceForceAssessment-195">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-zhRetention-196">[188]</a> As of June 2023 a diplomatic solution is being sought.<a href="#cite_note-pamuk2023-197">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-zakariaGpsMilley-198">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-denialWorst-199">[191]</a></li> <li>The International Federation of Robotics reports that China has been the world leader in implementing industrial robots for the past eight years; in 2020 China used almost half the world's industrial robots.<a href="#cite_note-robotics-200">[192]</a> <ul><li>The takeover of a UK semiconductor fab by a Chinese-owned firm has been blocked on national security grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Nexperia-201">[193]</a></li></ul></li> <li>In 2017 China adopted the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Law">National Intelligence Law</a> which obligates Chinese companies to subordinate themselves to intelligence-gathering measures for the state.<a href="#cite_note-prc2017-202">[194]</a> China is militarizing the South China Sea.<a href="#cite_note-nonKinetic-90">[85]</a> In 2020 a match-up of the Chinese aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Liaoning" title="Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning">Liaoning</a> (a rebuilt aircraft cruiser) versus the supercarrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan" title="USS Ronald Reagan">USS Ronald Reagan</a> is assessed to give the Ronald Reagan air superiority within one hour.<a href="#cite_note-1hour-203">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-balloon23-204">[196]</a></li> <li>The 3rd generation GPS network of BeiDou satellites (BDS-3) was completed in July 2020 with the launch of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">30th BDS-3 satellite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3rdGenGPS-205">[197]</a> The 30th BDS-3 satellite, meant to complete China's own global navigation satellite system,<a href="#cite_note-BeiDou-206">[198]</a> had been previously postponed.<a href="#cite_note-BeiDou30-207">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-400satsIn2years-208">[200]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_geographic_data_in_China" title="Restrictions on geographic data in China">Restrictions on geographic data in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite image">Satellite images</a> of 4 June 2021 reveal an estimated 250 additional <a href="/wiki/Missile_silo" class="mw-redirect" title="Missile silo">missile silos</a> under construction near <a href="/wiki/Yumen_Pass" title="Yumen Pass">Yumen</a>, China, warn specialists at the <a href="/wiki/James_Martin_Center_for_Nonproliferation_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies">James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yumen-209">[201]</a> By 2024 China had over 500 nuclear warheads.<a href="#cite_note-mDaltonSummary-210">[202]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> projects that China will at least double its nuclear arsenal and that its production capability will be far expanded in the 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-strategicDeterrenceBy2027-212">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-nuclearAndConventional-213">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-balancePowerNuclearEnergy-214">[206]</a></li> <li>China controls 80% of world <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth mineral">rare earth mineral</a> production, and routinely floods this market when other nations attempt to ramp up their own rare earth production.<a href="#cite_note-rareEarths-215">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-afghanRareEarths-216">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-afghanMilitaryFailure-217">[209]</a> <ul><li>The tech leaders of China are being enlisted to aid '<a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_Characteristics_for_a_New_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>' by pledging part of their wealth to 'common prosperity'.<a href="#cite_note-killPigsList-218">[210]</a> The Cyberspace Administration of China is regulating algorithms on its financial reporting websites which republish foreign financial journalists.<a href="#cite_note-chinaCleansingWebsites-219">[211]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese cyber groups are attacking Russia, reports Ben Watson.<a href="#cite_note-chinaHackingRussia-220">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-goalOf2030forAiParity-221">[213]</a> China is accelerating its timeline to take Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-taiwanTimeline-222">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-taiwanODC-223">[215]</a></li> <li>149 Chinese fighters and bombers swept over Taiwan's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) 1–4 October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-149aircraft-224">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-taiwanOptions-225">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-3reasonsUkraineTaiwan-226">[218]</a> Taiwan has countered with Civil Air Patrol warnings.<a href="#cite_note-149aircraft-224">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-canTaiwan-227">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-taiwanOptions-225">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-as2030-228">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-mig19Drones-229">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-usTrainingTaiwan-230">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell40-231">[223]</a></li> <li>China is implementing its plan for 2027: Office of Secretary of Defense (3 Nov 2021) "Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China", Annual report to Congress<a href="#cite_note-2021AnnualRept-232">[224]</a> China has been reverse-engineering its purchases of Russian materiel, and selling to Russia's defense customers.<a href="#cite_note-zhRevEngRu-233">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-udcgNov22-192">[185]</a>: 38:30 <a href="#cite_note-rogers-234">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-speedScopeOfLogisticAid-88">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-24of35InFy2023-247">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-waypointsToMDO-251">[j]</a> <ul><li> By November 2022 a strict zero-Covid lockdown policy instituted in 2020 had led to <a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">2022 COVID-19 protests in China</a>; China then allowed use of a locally-developed mRNA vaccine (2 December 2022), in lieu of lockdowns.<a href="#cite_note-mRNA-252">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-noWesternVaccines-253">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-moreCities-254">[244]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>India: faces Pakistan;<a href="#cite_note-globalFirepower-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-dwAfghan-255">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-afghanRareEarths-216">[208]</a> Pakistan can be supplied with Turkey's drones (such as the <a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_TB2" title="Bayraktar TB2">Bayraktar TB2</a>), which were used with great effect by Azerbaijan against Armenian tanks and Armenian air defense<a href="#cite_note-turkishDrones-256">[246]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war">2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war</a>. In 2010 China deployed 11,000 troops in Gilgit, near Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-gilgit-257">[247]</a> <ul><li>Japan and India have agreed to enhance their bilateral defense cooperation (9 September 2022).<a href="#cite_note-indiaJapanTies-258">[248]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan: faces North Korea;<a href="#cite_note-globalFirepower-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-sixEyes-259">[249]</a> Japan has expressed interest in developing <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F-X" title="Mitsubishi F-X">its own F-X fighter program</a>;<a href="#cite_note-burton-260">[250]</a> Brian Burton notes that interoperable materiel is needed for allies and partners of the US, and that the US could constructively influence Japan's impending 20-year development effort with lessons learned from <a href="/wiki/UAV" class="mw-redirect" title="UAV">UAVs</a> and air defense, for example.<a href="#cite_note-burton-260">[250]</a> On 26 December 2019, at Putin's annual news conference with foreign media, Hirofumi Sugizaki, a Japanese journalist asked about the end of the <a href="/wiki/INF_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="INF Treaty">INF Treaty</a> and the cooperation of Russia and China on an anti-missile system. Putin characterized the anti-missile system as defensive, and the relation of US and Russia as a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_continuum#Standoff" title="Conflict continuum">'draw' (ヒキワケ—hikiwake)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-putin2019-261">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-senseOfCrisis-262">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-warFooting-263">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-rogers-234">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-putinAbsentG20-153">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-udcgNov22-192">[185]</a> Japan will compensate companies for not disclosing patents with military applications.<a href="#cite_note-sensitivePatents-264">[254]</a> In a Joint test, Japan's <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Engagement_Capability" title="Cooperative Engagement Capability">Cooperative Engagement Capability</a> allowed JS Maya to detect and track a ballistic missile; JS Haguro shot it down.<a href="#cite_note-CecJapan-265">[255]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications_of_power_projection">Applications of power projection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applications of power projection">edit</a>]</div> The Texas National Security Review projects five scenarios for the global economy:<a href="#cite_note-tnsr-266">[256]</a> <ol><li>Reglobalization as in the 1980s</li> <li>Deglobalization away from the trends of the 2000s<a href="#cite_note-pZ-267">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-globDefSpend-268">[258]</a></li> <li>Globalization with Chinese characteristics<a href="#cite_note-zhRuEconCoop-173">[166]</a></li> <li>Regional blocs with partially closed trading<a href="#cite_note-russGrandStrategy-132">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-deglobalization-13">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-zhRuEconCoop-173">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-globDefSpend-268">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-deDollarization-270">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-deglobalizationInNextDecades-273">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-caspianRpt-274">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-cSebastian-275">[264]</a></li> <li>Shared strategic interests and common political values, which Friedberg judges will be the choice of the Western bloc<a href="#cite_note-tnsr-266">[256]</a> and its direction for power projection.<a href="#cite_note-regionalBlocEu-134">[f]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard_power">Hard power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hard power">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">Hard power</a></div> Examples of hard power projection include: <ul><li> Showing the flag: the symbolic deployment of military forces to a region for the purposes of demonstrating political interest, resolve, or willingness to take more forceful military action.</li> <li> Compulsion/deterrence: the use of the threat of military force against another state to either induce it into or dissuade it from pursuing a given policy. In this form, power projection acts as a diplomatic tool, attempting to influence the decision-making process of foreign actors.<a href="#cite_note-putinWatchers-276">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-howTopUkrGeneralPreparedForWar-277">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-ukUkrainePolandPact-278">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-adamowskiVandiverMcLeary-279">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-shadowWar-280">[269]</a> See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Gray_zone_competition">Power projection#Gray zone competition</a> for context</li> <li> Punishment: the punitive use of force against another state in response to their pursuit of a given policy.<a href="#cite_note-deglobalization-13">[a]</a></li> <li> Armed intervention: the movement of military forces into another nation's territory for the purposes of influencing the internal affairs of the target country short of outright conquest.<a href="#cite_note-leadersPutin-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-nemtsova-281">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-kottasová-282">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-radchenko-283">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-23feb2022-135">[129]</a></li> <li> Conquest: the offensive use of military assets to forcibly occupy territory controlled or claimed by another state.<a href="#cite_note-caspianReport-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-amphibGroupInBlackSea-284">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-uncoiling-285">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-opnZ-286">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-restockingDoomed-287">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-8warningSigns-288">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-warningSigns-289">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-70percentLevel-290">[279]</a> In 2022 <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kofman" title="Michael Kofman">Michael Kofman</a> projected that a Russian invasion of Ukraine would be eastward via Donbas, northward from Crimea, and up the Dnieper river to encircle Ukraine's capital Kyiv,<a href="#cite_note-kofman-291">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-russiaCouldInvadeInDays-292">[281]</a> with a political takeover of Ukraine <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Russo-Ukrainian_crisis#putinsEssay" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis">a likely objective</a> of Russian leadership.<a href="#cite_note-leadersPutin-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-caspianReport-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytMaps-293">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-treismanOpinion-294">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-whyAndWhat-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ukraineDraftingReservists18to60-295">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-harringtonMcCabe-296">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-23feb2022-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-russiaSeeksRegimeChange-297">[286]</a> However, in lieu of a political takeover,<a href="#cite_note-putinAbsentG20-153">[146]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Decapitation_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapitation strike">decapitation strike</a> is a possible tactic.<a href="#cite_note-insinna-298">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-breakingDefense-299">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZYaohCWtyyA-300">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-picheta-130">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-MsfUiTJv2lE-301">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vindman" title="Alexander Vindman">Alexander Vindman</a> has projected a path for Ukraine to retake Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-vindmanCrimea-302">[291]</a> By 5 April 2023 Ukraine signalled that it might entertain talks with Russia if the Ukrainian counteroffensive reached the border of Crimea.<a href="#cite_note-kyivTalksOnCrimea-303">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-3to5yearsOut-304">[293]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_projection_capabilities">Power projection capabilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Power projection capabilities">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Power projection capabilities </th></tr> <tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Bloc/Group </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Maritime force</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_carrier" title="Helicopter carrier">Helicopter</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft carriers by country">aircraft carriers</a> active </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_overseas_military_bases" title="List of countries with overseas military bases">Overseas bases</a> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Troops deployed in operations abroad </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_deterrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear deterrence">Nuclear deterrence</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/MIKTA" title="MIKTA">MIKTA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">FVEY</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of nations">Commonwealth</a>/<a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a>/<a href="/wiki/MNNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MNNA">MNNA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">QUAD</a>/<a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a> </td> <td>2 / 0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2900<a href="#cite_note-305">[294]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/UNASUR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNASUR">UNASUR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">UFC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>/<a href="/wiki/MNNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MNNA">MNNA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>1050<a href="#cite_note-providingforpeacekeeping.org-306">[295]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">D-8</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">IMCTC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>6417<a href="#cite_note-307">[296]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>710<a href="#cite_note-providingforpeacekeeping.org-306">[295]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">Nuclear sharing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a>/<a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>/<a href="/wiki/UNASUR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNASUR">UNASUR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a>/<a href="/wiki/MNNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MNNA">MNNA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a> </td> <td>1 / 0</td> <td>0</td> <td>273<a href="#cite_note-peacekeeping.un.org-308">[297]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>/<a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">FVEY</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of nations">Commonwealth</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">UFC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a> </td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>3600<a href="#cite_note-309">[298]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNSC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSC">P5</a>/<a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>/<a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></td> <td>2 / 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>11,775<a href="#cite_note-providingforpeacekeeping.org-306">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[299]</a></td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>/<a href="/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">D-8</a>/<a href="/wiki/MNNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MNNA">MNNA</a></td> <td></td> <td>2 / 0</td> <td>0</td> <td>3760<a href="#cite_note-peacekeeping.un.org-308">[297]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNSC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSC">P5</a>/<a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>/<a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO_Quint" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Quint">Quint</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></td> <td>3 / 1</td> <td>10</td> <td>10,300<a href="#cite_note-311">[300]</a></td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>/<a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a>/<a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO_Quint" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Quint">Quint</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>3597<a href="#cite_note-312">[301]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">Nuclear sharing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>/<a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of nations">Commonwealth</a>/<a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">QUAD</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></td> <td>2 / 2</td> <td>6</td> <td>6430<a href="#cite_note-peacekeeping.un.org-308">[297]</a></td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">ECO</a>/<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brics" class="mw-redirect" title="Brics">Brics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>/<a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/MIKTA" title="MIKTA">MIKTA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">UFC</a>/<a href="/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">D-8</a></td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>3064<a href="#cite_note-peacekeeping.un.org-308">[297]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">UFC</a>/<a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO_Quint" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Quint">Quint</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></td> <td>1 / 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6000<a href="#cite_note-313">[302]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">Nuclear sharing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>/<a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a>/<a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/MNNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MNNA">MNNA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">QUAD</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a> </td> <td>2 / 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>278<a href="#cite_note-providingforpeacekeeping.org-306">[295]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/MIKTA" title="MIKTA">MIKTA</a>/<a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">UFC</a></td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>650<a href="#cite_note-providingforpeacekeeping.org-306">[295]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">Nuclear sharing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>/<a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of nations">Commonwealth</a>/<a href="/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">D-8</a></td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>2190<a href="#cite_note-providingforpeacekeeping.org-306">[295]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">D-8</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">UFC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>/<a href="/wiki/MNNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MNNA">MNNA</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">IMCTC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a></td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>5264<a href="#cite_note-peacekeeping.un.org-308">[297]</a></td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>3000<a href="#cite_note-providingforpeacekeeping.org-306">[295]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNSC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSC">P5</a>/<a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU</a>/<a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/CSTO" class="mw-redirect" title="CSTO">CSTO</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></td> <td>0 / 1</td> <td>10</td> <td>48,500<a href="#cite_note-providingforpeacekeeping.org-306">[295]</a></td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/Opec" class="mw-redirect" title="Opec">Opec</a>/<a href="/wiki/OIC" class="mw-redirect" title="OIC">OIC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>/<a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a></td> <td></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1171<a href="#cite_note-peacekeeping.un.org-308">[297]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/MIKTA" title="MIKTA">MIKTA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">UFC</a>/<a href="/wiki/MNNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MNNA">MNNA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a> </td> <td>2 / 0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1008<a href="#cite_note-providingforpeacekeeping.org-306">[295]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">UFC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></td> <td>0 / 1</td> <td>0</td> <td>1500<a href="#cite_note-providingforpeacekeeping.org-306">[295]</a></td> <td><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />N </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/D-8_Organization_for_Economic_Cooperation" title="D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation">D-8</a>/<a href="/wiki/MIKTA" title="MIKTA">MIKTA</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>/<a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">UFC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a> </td> <td>1 / 0</td> <td>12<a href="#cite_note-314">[303]</a></td> <td>60,000+<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-315">[304]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">Nuclear sharing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNSC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSC">P5</a>/<a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>/<a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">FVEY</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO_Quint" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Quint">Quint</a>/<a href="/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">FPDA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of nations">Commonwealth</a>/<a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></td> <td>0 / 2</td> <td>15</td> <td>15,000</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNSC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSC">P5</a>/<a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>/<a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>/<a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">FVEY</a>/<a href="/wiki/NATO_Quint" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Quint">Quint</a>/<a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">QUAD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio</a>/<a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></td> <td>11 / 11</td> <td>38</td> <td>130,000</td> <td><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green-water navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_RIMPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise RIMPAC">Exercise RIMPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_maneuver_warfare" title="Expeditionary maneuver warfare">Expeditionary maneuver warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_concentration" title="Force concentration">Force concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">List of countries by military expenditures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_overseas_military_bases" title="List of countries with overseas military bases">List of countries with overseas military bases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_Strength_Gradient" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of Strength Gradient">Loss of Strength Gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_budget_of_the_United_States" title="Military budget of the United States">Military budget of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deployment" title="Military deployment">Military deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Military logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-beach_capability" title="Over-the-beach capability">Over-the-beach capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabasing" title="Seabasing">Seabasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsinkable_aircraft_carrier" title="Unsinkable aircraft carrier">Unsinkable aircraft carrier</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-deglobalization-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deglobalization_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deglobalization_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deglobalization_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-deglobalization_13-3">d</a> In the view of Larry Fink, the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> pandemic, and the disruption of their <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chains</a> show that companies and governments in regional blocs will have "to reevaluate their dependencies and reanalyze their manufacturing and assembly footprints".<a href="#cite_note-fink-269">[259]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-esperNote-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esperNote_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esperNote_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-esperNote_40-2">c</a> When asked about countering tactical <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> which Russia might possibly use against Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Mark Esper</a> the US' 27th <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of defense">secretary of defense</a> suggested that US and NATO allies agree to put an 'air cap' over Ukraine, to counter any Russian aircraft capable of delivering a tactical nuclear bomb (most likely a 1-10 kTon <a href="/wiki/Gravity_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity bomb">gravity bomb</a>, or via Iskander <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a>), and to warn Russia not to fly such an aircraft at Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-27thSecDef-39">[38]</a>: min 1:30  </li> <li id="cite_note-unclMdoConcept-63"><a href="#cite_ref-unclMdoConcept_63-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a>'s unclassified Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) concept is "the combined arms employment of capabilities from all domains that create and exploit relative advantages to defeat enemy forces, achieve objectives and consolidate gains during <a href="/wiki/Reorganization_plan_of_United_States_Army#Competition" title="Reorganization plan of United States Army">competition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reorganization_plan_of_United_States_Army#Crisis" title="Reorganization plan of United States Army">crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reorganization_plan_of_United_States_Army#Conflict" title="Reorganization plan of United States Army">armed conflict</a>".<a href="#cite_note-mdoUnclass-62">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gerasimovKilled-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gerasimovKilled_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gerasimovKilled_80-1">b</a> "All types of Russian precision munitions are seeing high failure rates".<a href="#cite_note-hiFailureRates-69">[66]</a> Connectivity to <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> is a factor in the lack of Russian <a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_munition" title="Precision-guided munition">PGM</a> availability,<a href="#cite_note-grozev-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-pntGps-71">[68]</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a>/<a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell tower">cell towers</a> for Russian <a href="/wiki/Encrypted_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted communication">encrypted communications</a> (Era) <a href="#cite_note-3g4gNeededForRussianERA-72">[69]</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vakil-73">[70]</a> "On February 24, 2022 between 5 and 9 AM, just as Russian forces were starting their missile attacks, hackers targeted satellite modems that communicate with Viasat's <a href="/wiki/KA-SAT" title="KA-SAT">KA-SAT</a>".<a href="#cite_note-notWhatYouThink-74">[71]</a>: min 15:01  This weakness was unearthed during the use of open communication ("Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate")<a href="#cite_note-Russian_troops_taking_Ukraine_sim_cards-75">[72]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">FSB</a> was discussing the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_generals_killed_during_the_2022_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian generals killed during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine">deaths of their generals</a>: Vitaly Gerasimov, killed 7 Mar 2022;<a href="#cite_note-pichetaGuy-76">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sukhovetsky" title="Andrei Sukhovetsky">Andrei Sukhovetsky</a>, killed 28 Feb 2022.<a href="#cite_note-cunningham-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-grozev-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-astoundingLosses-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-russiaJammingGps-79">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-speedScopeOfLogisticAid-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speedScopeOfLogisticAid_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-speedScopeOfLogisticAid_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-speedScopeOfLogisticAid_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-speedScopeOfLogisticAid_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-speedScopeOfLogisticAid_88-4">e</a> In light of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> which began 24 February 2022, earlier assumptions of the truth of public statements about the situation up to that time were reassessed. The speed of the <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">logistical</a> response of the partners in the NATO alliance when funnelling aid like <a href="/wiki/Bayraktar_TB2" title="Bayraktar TB2">Bayraktar TB2s</a> to Ukraine is instructive. By 7 April 2022, "the U.S. and allies have provided [Ukraine] 60,000 anti-tank weapons and 25,000 anti-aircraft weapons"—Gen. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Mark Milley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-javelinsAndStingers-235">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-rogers-234">[226]</a> By 31 October 2022, the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> had slowed due to the rainy season.<a href="#cite_note-rainInUkraine-236">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-putinAbsentG20-153">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-udcgNov22-192">[185]</a>: minute 8:10  </li> <li id="cite_note-regionalBlocEu-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regionalBlocEu_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-regionalBlocEu_134-1">b</a> In 2022 Russia's <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">actions against Ukraine</a> alerted 'the West' (that is, Europe, and its NATO partners) to the threat to Europe's food and energy supply.<a href="#cite_note-picheta-130">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-leadersPutin-131">[126]</a> After the 2008 war in Georgia, and the 2014 takeover of Crimea and Donbas in Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-putin's1Feb2022Statement-12">[12]</a>: 2:42  a political takeover of Ukraine is a likely objective of Russian leadership.<a href="#cite_note-leadersPutin-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-russGrandStrategy-132">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-caspianReport-133">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-surgeInMaterielDeterrence-147"><a href="#cite_ref-surgeInMaterielDeterrence_147-0">^</a> <a href="#russia">Russia's invasion</a> was countered by <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine#Foreign_military_sales_and_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">$100 billion in logistical aid to Ukraine, Feb-Dec 2022</a>; however the aid is becoming constrained by the capacity of the US's industrial base to surge production.<a href="#cite_note-surgeInMaterielReqs-143">[137]</a> The invasion is causing materiel shortages in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-ruShortages-144">[138]</a> The surge in aid to Ukraine is causing NATO to acquire more interoperable materiel from a global industrial base, for more integrated deterrence across the NATO alliance against its adversaries.<a href="#cite_note-putinTransformsNato-145">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-euDefenseInvest-146">[140]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-milleyAssessCN-194"><a href="#cite_ref-milleyAssessCN_194-0">^</a> During the DoD secretary's review of the 7th monthly meeting of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group, Gen. Mark Milley was pressed for an assessment of the CCP's readiness for war; Gen. Milley reminded the press that the PLA had not fought a war since 1979; that China's GDP was being harvested for materiel, and that the US military would remain atop the world's armies as long as the US GDP remained strong.<a href="#cite_note-udcgNov22-192">[185]</a>: 38:30  <ul><li>On 7 December 2022 "Gen. Mark A. Milley, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Royal Navy Adm. Sir Tony Radakin, the United Kingdom's chief of defense staff, said the Russian leader has continued to make calamitous mistakes in Russia's war on Ukraine"; when asked "might the invasion of Ukraine embolden China to invade Taiwan"? —Radakin rejected the premise, and Milley reiterated "[The US] is the number one military in the world, and it's the most capable that combined arms maneuver," ... "We're one of the few militaries remaining in the world that can bring it all together in time and space and in all the domains of space, cyber, land, sea and air and undersea. We are very skilled and talented at doing all that. And, and no adversary should underestimate our capabilities".<a href="#cite_note-usUkOnUkraineChina-193">[186]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-24of35InFy2023-247"><a href="#cite_ref-24of35InFy2023_247-0">^</a> Andrew Eversden <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/12/heres-the-armys-24-programs-in-soldiers-hands-by-2023/">(17 Dec 2021) Here's the Army's 24 programs in soldiers’ hands by 2023</a> <ol><li>Precision Strike Missile (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#PrSM" title="United States Army Futures Command">§ PrSM</a>)</li> <li>Extended Range Cannon Artillery (<a href="/wiki/M1299" class="mw-redirect" title="M1299">ERCA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Range_Hypersonic_Weapon" title="Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon">Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#lrhw" title="United States Army Futures Command">§ LRHW</a>)</li> <li>Mid-range capability (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#MRC" title="United States Army Futures Command">§ MRC</a>) missile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armored_Multi-Purpose_Vehicle" title="Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle">Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle</a> (AMPV)</li> <li>Robotic Combat Vehicle (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#unmannedGroundSystems" title="United States Army Futures Command">§ RCV</a>)</li> <li>Mobile Protective Firepower (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#mpf" title="United States Army Futures Command">§ MPF</a>)</li> <li>Future Unmanned Aircraft Systems/ Future Tactical Unmanned Aircraft System (FUAS)/(FTUAS)<a href="#cite_note-ftuas1Bct-237">[229]</a></li> <li>Integrated Tactical Network (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#ITNcapabilities" title="United States Army Futures Command">§ ITN</a>) unified with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#unifiedNetworkPlan" title="United States Army Futures Command">§ echelons above brigade, and the multi-domain task forces</a></li> <li>Common Operating Environment: Command Post Computing Environment<a href="#cite_note-cpce-238">[230]</a>/Mounted Computed Environment (CPCE)/(MCE) See <a href="/wiki/Common_operational_picture" title="Common operational picture">Common operational picture </a></li> <li>Command Post Integrated Infrastructure (CPI2)</li> <li>Mounted Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing System (MAPS)<a href="#cite_note-daps-239">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-updated24-240">[232]</a></li> <li>Dismounted Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing System (DAPS)<a href="#cite_note-daps-239">[231]</a></li> <li>Maneuver-Short Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) using high-energy lasers</li> <li>Indirect Fires Protection Capability: Iron Dome</li> <li>Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#ltamds" title="United States Army Futures Command">§ LTAMDS</a>)<a href="#cite_note-mdaa-241">[233]</a> - Patriot radar replacement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense#IBCS" title="Missile defense">Army Integrated Air and Missile Defense</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#Integrated_Air_and_Missile_Defense_Battle_Command_System" title="United States Army Futures Command">§ IBCS</a>)</li> <li>Directed Energy Maneuver-Short Range Air Defense (DE M-SHORAD)<a href="#cite_note-50kwHels-242">[234]</a> High energy lasers</li> <li>Next Generation Squad Weapon (NGSW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Visual_Augmentation_System" title="Integrated Visual Augmentation System">Integrated Visual Augmentation System</a> (IVAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#envgb" title="United States Army Futures Command">Enhanced Night Vision Goggle – Binocular</a> (ENVG-B)</li> <li>Reconfigurable Virtual Collective Trainer (RVCT) - <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#ste" title="United States Army Futures Command">Synthetic training environment</a></li> <li>IVAS Squad Immersive Virtual Trainer (SiVT) - <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#ste" title="United States Army Futures Command">Synthetic training environment</a></li> <li>One World Terrain/ Training Management Tools/ Training Simulation Software (OWT) / (TMT) / (TSS) - <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Futures_Command#ste" title="United States Army Futures Command">Synthetic training environment</a></li></ol> <a href="#cite_note-mccarthy2019-243">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-by2023-244">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-34signaturePrograms-245">[237]</a> <a href="#cite_note-mapWins-246">[238]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-waypointsToMDO-251"><a href="#cite_ref-waypointsToMDO_251-0">^</a> In Future Vertical Lift, FARA and FLRAA are projected to be prototyped by 2028, with fielding by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-flraaRFI-248">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-fvlEntersServiceFy2030-249">[240]</a> The OMFV prototype is projected for 2025.<a href="#cite_note-omfvByPhasesFor2023,25,28-250">[241]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-deglobalizationInNextDecades-273"><a href="#cite_ref-deglobalizationInNextDecades_273-0">^</a> Peter Zeihan's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_QvRX41Las">(16 Mar 2022) prediction over the next few decades: End of globalization, breakdown into regional blocs</a><a href="#cite_note-deglobalizationZeihan-271">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-zeihanCorroboration-272">[262]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Defense2013" class="citation book cs1">US Department of Defense (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVgtAgAAQBAJ&q=%22power+projection%22+jp3-35&pg=PT957">The Dictionary of Military Terms</a>. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781628730197" title="Special:BookSources/9781628730197"><bdi>9781628730197</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Military+Terms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781628730197&rft.au=US+Department+of+Defense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVgtAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522power%2Bprojection%2522%2Bjp3-35%26pg%3DPT957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+projection" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Bartosz Głowacki <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/02/what-weapons-will-poland-send-to-ukraine-and-is-an-alliance-next/">(4 Feb 2022) What weapons will Poland send to Ukraine – and is an alliance next?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Reuters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-ukraines-armed-forces-shape-142955096.html">(February 1, 2022) Factbox-How Ukraine's armed forces shape up against Russia's</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-u24-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-u24_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-u24_4-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> (Правда) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/03/17/7332064/">(17 Mar 2022) Zelenskyy explained the essence of the new military alliance </a>   <a href="/wiki/U-24_(association)" title="U-24 (association)">U24</a> from Zelenskyy's night address verbatim: "I addressed the United States and all responsible states with a proposition to create a new U24 union: a new union that will ensure that each aggressor receives a coordinated world response quickly, effectively, and immediately - not in weeks, months, years, but for the first 24 hours after the attack."   "We can no longer trust existing institutions. We cannot expect bureaucrats in international organisations to change fast enough, so we must look for new guarantees, create new tools, and to build alliances with those who have the courage to do what justice demands." </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Salamah Magnuson, Morgan Keay, Kimberly Metcalf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tnsr.org/2022/01/countering-hybrid-warfare-mapping-social-contracts-to-reinforce-societal-resiliency-in-estonia-and-beyond/">(Spring 2022) Countering Hybrid Warfare: Mapping Social Contracts to Reinforce Societal Resiliency in Estonia and Beyond</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Mazarr" title="Michael J. Mazarr">Michael J. Mazarr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2020/04/toward-a-new-theory-of-power-projection/">(15 Apr 2020) Toward a New Theory of Power Projection</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-whyAndWhat-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whyAndWhat_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whyAndWhat_7-1">b</a> Paul Kirby <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589">(23 Feb 2022) Why is Russia ordering troops into Ukraine and what does Putin want?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Katie Lange <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/story/Article/1656016/national-defense-strategy-alliances-and-partnerships/">(8 Oct 2018) National Defense Strategy: Alliances and Partnerships</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Ian Ward <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/02/23/supreme-court-ninth-amendment-bork-biden-00010847">(23 Feb 2022) Joe Biden’s Secret Constitutional Weapon</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Andrew Desiderio, Tara Palmeri and Meridith McGraw <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/02/23/republicans-foreign-policy-russia-ukraine-00010780">(23 Feb 2022) Republicans descend into foreign policy factionalism over Russia-Ukraine standoff</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Matthew Brown <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/us-reiterates-stance-ukraine-call-160218473.html">(February 1, 2022) Putin says US, NATO have 'ignored' Russia's security demands on Ukraine: What we know</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-putin's1Feb2022Statement-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-putin's1Feb2022Statement_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-putin's1Feb2022Statement_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-putin's1Feb2022Statement_12-2">c</a> Russia Insight <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZen2NEYSfE">(February 1, 2022) BREAKING! 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Integrated deterrence— Strategy Across all domains </li> <li id="cite_note-f35aB61,12-47"><a href="#cite_ref-f35aB61,12_47-0">^</a> Michael Marrow <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/exclusive-f-35a-officially-certified-to-carry-nuclear-bomb">(8 Mar 2024) EXCLUSIVE: F-35A officially certified to carry nuclear bomb</a> B61-12 </li> <li id="cite_note-ukPc22-48"><a href="#cite_ref-ukPc22_48-0">^</a> Jaspreet Gill <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/how-project-convergence-is-informing-british-australian-military-modernization/">(14 Nov 2022) How Project Convergence is informing British, Australian military modernization</a> <a href="/wiki/Reorganization_plan_of_United_States_Army#Project_Convergence_2022" title="Reorganization plan of United States Army">§ Project Convergence 2022</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="CITEREFJee2018" class="citation cs2">Jee, Charlotte (13 November 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/612409/the-british-army-is-carrying-out-a-massive-test-of-military-robots-and-drones/">"The British Army is carrying out a massive test of military robots and drones"</a>, MIT Technology Review</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=The+British+Army+is+carrying+out+a+massive+test+of+military+robots+and+drones&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft.aulast=Jee&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Fthe-download%2F612409%2Fthe-british-army-is-carrying-out-a-massive-test-of-military-robots-and-drones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+projection" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56477900">"Defence review: British army to be cut to 72,500 troops by 2025"</a>, BBC News, 22 March 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Defence+review%3A+British+army+to+be+cut+to+72%2C500+troops+by+2025&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-56477900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+projection" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mdiUk-52"><a href="#cite_ref-mdiUk_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2021" class="citation cs2">White, Andrew (15 September 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/three-objectives-for-the-uk-militarys-future/">Three Objectives For The UK Military's Future</a>, Breaking Defense</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Objectives+For+The+UK+Military%27s+Future&rft.pub=Breaking+Defense&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbreakingdefense.com%2F2021%2F09%2Fthree-objectives-for-the-uk-militarys-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+projection" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vMachi-53"><a href="#cite_ref-vMachi_53-0">^</a> Vivienne Machi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/space/2021/07/13/germany-establishes-new-military-space-command/">(13 Jul 2021) Germany establishes new military space command</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-top15vendors-54"><a href="#cite_ref-top15vendors_54-0">^</a> Rameesh Cheema <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/15-most-advanced-countries-military-203341021.html">(17 Dec 2022) 15 Most Advanced Countries in Military Technology</a> Israel; Hellenic Republic; Brazil; Taiwan; Saudi Arabia; India; Italy; Republic of Türkiye; Japan; France <ul><li>Rameesh Cheema <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/5-most-advanced-countries-in-military-technology-1096385/">(17 Dec 2022) 5 Most Advanced Countries in Military Technology</a> UK; RoK (So. Korea); PRC (China); Russia; US</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-natoRestocking-55"><a href="#cite_ref-natoRestocking_55-0">^</a> Vivienne Machi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2023/02/13/eyes-on-ukraine-nato-preps-new-ammo-guidelines-to-boost-production/">(13 Feb 2023) Eyes on Ukraine, NATO preps new ammo guidelines to boost production</a> "Orders placed today will only be delivered two-and-a-half years later". —<a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5000roundsDaily-56"><a href="#cite_ref-5000roundsDaily_56-0">^</a> Andrew White <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/nato-must-collaborate-be-smarter-about-rebuilding-munition-stockpiles-official/">(15 Feb 2023) NATO must collaborate, be ‘smarter’ about rebuilding munition stockpiles: Official</a> Ukraine is expending more than 5,000 artillery rounds daily. </li> <li id="cite_note-cooperation2020-57"><a href="#cite_ref-cooperation2020_57-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvidshub.net/feature/DefenderEurope">Defender-Europe 20</a> videos, images and stories </li> <li id="cite_note-dettmer-58"><a href="#cite_ref-dettmer_58-0">^</a> Lt. Col. Travis Dettmer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army.mil/article/232549/us_army_futures_and_concepts_center_teaches_multi_domain_operations_to_nato_allied_land_command">(9 February 2020) U.S. Army Futures and Concepts Center teaches Multi-Domain Operations to NATO Allied Land Command</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mccarthyUnendingCycle-59"><a href="#cite_ref-mccarthyUnendingCycle_59-0">^</a> Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/infinite-games-war-by-other-means-ryan-mccarthy/">(January 13, 2020) Infinite Games & War By Other Means: Ryan McCarthy</a>: "We must be engaged in constant competition, versus an episodic engagement strategy" —Secretary Ryan McCarthy </li> <li id="cite_note-globalFirepower-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globalFirepower_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalFirepower_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalFirepower_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalFirepower_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalFirepower_60-4">e</a> Greg Norman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/5-most-powerful-armies-in-the-world">(22 Feb 2020) The 5 most powerful armies in the world</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidNorquistRecap21-61"><a href="#cite_ref-davidNorquistRecap21_61-0">^</a> The Hon. David Norquist, Deputy Secretary of Defense, DoD <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conference.defensenews.com/recap#21">(10 Sep 2020) Closing Keynote: Day 2</a> Defense News Conference 2020 : Sept 9 - 10 22:00 minutes </li> <li id="cite_note-mdoUnclass-62"><a href="#cite_ref-mdoUnclass_62-0">^</a> Jen Judson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2022/03/23/multidomain-operations-concept-will-become-doctrine-this-summer/">(23 Mar 2022) Multidomain operations concept will become doctrine this summer</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-heritageFound-64"><a href="#cite_ref-heritageFound_64-0">^</a> Zamone Perez <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2022/10/18/us-military-in-decline-threats-from-china-formidable-report-says/">(18 Oct 2022) US military in decline, threats from China 'formidable', report says</a> Heritage Foundation report for the case of 2 major wars (as opposed to 1.5 wars, rated as Favorable) </li> <li id="cite_note-dodResponse-65"><a href="#cite_ref-dodResponse_65-0">^</a> C. Todd Lopez, DOD News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3192565/us-can-support-ukraine-while-meeting-its-own-security-commitments/">(18 Oct 2022) U.S. Can Support Ukraine While Meeting Its Own Security Commitments</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2018JamGps-66"><a href="#cite_ref-2018JamGps_66-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tech.slashdot.org/story/18/11/14/164225/russia-jammed-gps-during-major-nato-military-exercise-with-us-troops">(4 November 2018) Russia Jammed GPS During Major NATO Military Exercise With US Troops </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-antiJamGPS-67"><a href="#cite_ref-antiJamGPS_67-0">^</a> Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/06/army-fields-anti-jam-gps-to-germany-this-fall/">(6 June 2019) Army Fields Anti-Jam GPS In Germany This Fall</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamUsDrones-68"><a href="#cite_ref-jamUsDrones_68-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/military/russia-has-figured-out-how-jam-u-s-drones-syria-n863931">Russia has figured out how to jam U.S. drones in Syria, officials say</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hiFailureRates-69"><a href="#cite_ref-hiFailureRates_69-0">^</a> Tara Copp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/03/forces-halt-kyiv-advance-russia-says-donbass-was-only-goal-all-along/363650/">(25 Mar 2022) Russian Forces Halt Kyiv Advance as Kremlin Says Donbass Was Only Goal All Along</a> "Pentagon official rebuts Moscow's claims about war aims, casualties; adds that Russian precision munitions are failing at high rates". (20 to 60 %) </li> <li id="cite_note-grozev-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grozev_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grozev_70-1">b</a> Jamie Ross, who cites Christo Grozev of Bellingcat: (Tue, March 8, 2022, 5:32 AM) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/russian-officer-complains-dead-general-113255353.html">(7 March 2022) Russian Officer Complains About Dead General and Comms Meltdown in Intercepted Call</a> FSB (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a>, successor agency to the KGB) officers discuss Gerasimov's death amid the destruction of 3G/4G cell towers in Ukraine, and the loss of Russian encrypted communications (Era), which compromised the FSB officer's sim-card-enabled phone call. </li> <li id="cite_note-pntGps-71"><a href="#cite_ref-pntGps_71-0">^</a> Tobias Naegele <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airandspaceforces.com/qa-the-new-chief-of-space-operations-on-empowering-the-force/">(27 Nov 2022) Q&A: The New Chief of Space Operations on Empowering the Force</a> "one B-2 hits 80 independent targets because of GPS".—Gen. B.Chance Saltzman, Space Force </li> <li id="cite_note-3g4gNeededForRussianERA-72"><a href="#cite_ref-3g4gNeededForRussianERA_72-0">^</a> Rob Waugh (8 Mar 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/russian-military-being-hacked-after-its-own-soldiers-destroy-3-g-internet-towers-104303881.html">'Idiots': Russian military phone calls hacked after own soldiers destroy 3G towers</a> 3G/4G Towers Needed For Russian encrypted communications (Era) </li> <li id="cite_note-vakil-73"><a href="#cite_ref-vakil_73-0">^</a> Caroline Vakil <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/599747-us-officials-russia-behind-hack-of-ukrainian-satellite-communications-at">(25 Mar 2022) US officials say Russia behind hack of Ukrainian satellite communications at invasion start: report</a> Apparently <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">GRU-instigated</a>: 'compromise of tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_modem" title="Satellite modem">satellite modems</a> provided by Viasat's <a href="/wiki/KA-SAT" title="KA-SAT">KA-SAT</a> service' at the beginning of the invasion </li> <li id="cite_note-notWhatYouThink-74"><a href="#cite_ref-notWhatYouThink_74-0">^</a> Not What You Think <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4T1gz_0EHg">(25 Mar 2022) Are Tanks Obsolete? The Future of Warfare</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russian_troops_taking_Ukraine_sim_cards-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Russian_troops_taking_Ukraine_sim_cards_75-0">^</a> Mehul Srivastava, Madhumita Murgia, and Hannah Murphy, Financial Times (3/9/2022, 8:33 AM) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/03/the-secret-us-mission-to-bolster-ukraines-cyber-defences-ahead-of-russias-invasion/">The secret US mission to bolster Ukraine’s cyber defences ahead of Russia’s invasion </a> European official: "instead of communicating solely through encrypted military-grade phones, Russian commanders are sometimes piggybacking on Ukrainian cell phone networks to communicate, at times simply by using their Russian cell phones. 'The Ukrainians love it—there is so much data in simply watching these phones, whether or not they are using encrypted apps,' he said. The Ukrainians then block Russian phones from their local networks at key moments, further jamming their communications. 'Then you suddenly see Russian soldiers grabbing cell phones off Ukrainians on the street, raiding repair shops for sims,' he said. 'This is not sophisticated stuff. It’s quite puzzling." </li> <li id="cite_note-pichetaGuy-76"><a href="#cite_ref-pichetaGuy_76-0">^</a> Rob Picheta and Jack Guy, CNN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/08/europe/russian-general-killed-ukraine-kharkiv-intl/index.html">(8 Mar 2022) Ukraine claims Russian general has been killed in Kharkiv</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cunningham-77"><a href="#cite_ref-cunningham_77-0">^</a> Doug Cunningham <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2022/03/03/ukraine-russia-invasion-chechen-magomed-tushayev-killed/9981646322278/">(3 Mar 2022) Ukraine forces say Chechen commander Magomed Tushayev killed near Kyiv</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-astoundingLosses-78"><a href="#cite_ref-astoundingLosses_78-0">^</a> MSNBC Morning Joe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kz7SBfr1Wu0">(28 Mar 2022) 'Astounding' Number Of Casualties: Why The Invasion Is Proving Deadly For Russia </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-russiaJammingGps-79"><a href="#cite_ref-russiaJammingGps_79-0">^</a> Elizabeth Howell, Space.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tech.slashdot.org/story/22/04/13/2252258/russia-is-jamming-gps-satellite-signals-in-ukraine-us-space-force-says">(14 Apr 2022) Russia Is Jamming GPS Satellite Signals In Ukraine, US Space Force Says </a> "When four satellites are available, GPS receivers can use their signals to calculate the user's position, often to within just a few feet" —Navstar being jammed </li> <li id="cite_note-alanShaffer2014-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alanShaffer2014_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alanShaffer2014_81-1">b</a> Sydney Freedberg, Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2014/09/us-has-lost-dominance-in-electromagnetic-spectrum-shaffer/">(3 September 2014) US Has Lost ‘Dominance In Electromagnetic Spectrum’: Shaffer</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kosmos2542-82"><a href="#cite_ref-kosmos2542_82-0">^</a> Stephen Clark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/25/russia-launches-space-surveillance-satellite/">(25 November 2019) Russia launches space surveillance satellite</a> Kosmos 2542, in a polar orbit—"[To] monitor the condition of other Russian satellites in orbit." </li> <li id="cite_note-cosmos2542-83"><a href="#cite_ref-cosmos2542_83-0">^</a> Joseph Trevithick <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32031/a-russian-inspector-spacecraft-now-appears-to-be-shadowing-an-american-spy-satellite">(30 January 2020) A Russian "Inspector" Spacecraft Now Appears To Be Shadowing An American Spy Satellite</a> USA 245 is a <a href="/wiki/KH-11_Kennen" class="mw-redirect" title="KH-11 Kennen">KH-11 series</a> satellite; Cosmos 2542 is now tailing the USA 245's movements with a precision of 150 to 300 kilometers. See <a href="/wiki/Hall_thruster" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall thruster">Hall thruster</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Andrew E. Kramer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/02/world/europe/russia-hybrid-war-gerasimov.html">(2 March 2019) Russian General Pitches ‘Information’ Operations as a Form of War</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-aspirational-85"><a href="#cite_ref-aspirational_85-0">^</a> Paul McCleary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/05/dunford-first-nato-strategy-okd-in-decades/">(30 May 2019) Dunford: Leaders Mull First NATO Strategy In Decades</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruLibya-86"><a href="#cite_ref-ruLibya_86-0">^</a> Neil Hauer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/2020/02/russia-may-have-met-its-match-in-libya/">(26 February 2020) Russia may have met its match in Libya</a> Is unable to tip the balance, as it has in Syria. So Russia is escalating its involvement. </li> <li id="cite_note-putinPlanner-87"><a href="#cite_ref-putinPlanner_87-0">^</a> Andrew Goodman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2022/04/putin-the-planner/">(26 Apr 2022) Putin the Planner</a> Worked alongside Putin when he was Deputy Mayor of St. Petersberg. "Whatever happens on the ground now, there is good reason to think that Putin will continue to pursue a solution on his terms as long as he remains in power". </li> <li id="cite_note-tinkov-89"><a href="#cite_ref-tinkov_89-0">^</a> Clare Sebastian and Chris Liakos, CNN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.cnn.com/2022/04/20/business/oleg-tinkov-ukraine-insane-war/index.html">(20 Apr 2022) Russian billionaire Oleg Tinkov blasts Putin's 'insane war' in Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nonKinetic-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nonKinetic_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nonKinetic_90-1">b</a> Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/04/covid-19-army-futures-command-takes-wargames-online/">(21 April 2020) COVID-19: Army Futures Command Takes Wargames Online </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-spaceArmsRace-91"><a href="#cite_ref-spaceArmsRace_91-0">^</a> Aaron Bateman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebulletin.org/2020/05/as-russian-satellites-stalk-us-ones-is-a-space-arms-race-heating-up/">(22 May 2020) As Russia stalks US satellites, a space arms race may be heating up</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-asat15Nov2021-92"><a href="#cite_ref-asat15Nov2021_92-0">^</a> Theresa Hitchens <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/suspected-russian-ground-launched-asat-test-scatters-dangerous-debris-through-leo/">(15 November 2021) Russian suspected ground-launched ASAT test scatters dangerous debris through LEO</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/11/surprise-russian-asat-test-shows-need-to-scale-space-tracking-leolabs-says/">(16 November 2021) Surprise Russian ASAT test shows need to ‘scale’ space tracking, LeoLabs says</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Kupol-93"><a href="#cite_ref-2021Kupol_93-0">^</a> Specialist website Russian Space Web <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2021-11-russia-military-satellite.html">(25 Nov 2021) Russia launches classified military satellite</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruSaysIncomingMeansNuclear-94"><a href="#cite_ref-ruSaysIncomingMeansNuclear_94-0">^</a> Vladimir Isachenkov, The Associated Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2020/08/09/russia-warns-it-will-see-any-incoming-missile-as-nuclear/">(9 Aug 2020) Russia warns it will see any incoming missile as nuclear</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-useOfNuclearWeapRussia-95"><a href="#cite_ref-useOfNuclearWeapRussia_95-0">^</a> Mark B. Schneider <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2020/09/19/will_russia_further_lower_its_nuclear_weapons_use_threshold_577995.html">(19 Sep 2020) Will Russia Further Lower Its Nuclear Weapons Use Threshold?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nscDec2020-96"><a href="#cite_ref-nscDec2020_96-0">^</a> Eric Geller <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/14/massively-disruptive-cyber-crisis-engulfs-multiple-agencies-445376">https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/14/massively-disruptive-cyber-crisis-engulfs-multiple-agencies-445376</a> (14 Dec 2020) 'Massively disruptive' cyber crisis engulfs multiple agencies] </li> <li id="cite_note-svrApt29Cozybear-97"><a href="#cite_ref-svrApt29Cozybear_97-0">^</a> Ellen Nakashima & Craig Timberg <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/russian-government-hackers-are-behind-a-broad-espionage-campaign-that-has-compromised-us-agencies-including-treasury-and-commerce/ar-BB1bToak">(14 Dec 2020) Russian government hackers are behind a broad espionage campaign that has compromised U.S. agencies, including Treasury and Commerce</a> Identified as SVR /APT29 /Cozy Bear, according to FireEye. Breached using the update server of SolarWinds, its Orion Platform, versions released in Mar & Jun 2020. <ul><li>Catalin Cimpanu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://it.slashdot.org/story/20/12/15/1810225/solarwinds-says-18000-customers-were-impacted-by-recent-hack">(14 Dec 2020) SolarWinds Says 18,000 Customers Were Impacted by Recent Hack</a></li> <li>Dan Goodin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2020/12/18000-organizations-downloaded-backdoor-planted-by-cozy-bear-hackers/">(14 Dec 2020) ~18,000 organizations downloaded backdoor planted by Cozy Bear hackers</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-natoRu-98"><a href="#cite_ref-natoRu_98-0">^</a> Lorne Cook <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2021/05/30/as-russia-tensions-simmer-nato-conducts-massive-war-games/">(30 May 2021) As Russia tensions simmer, NATO conducts massive war games</a> <ul><li>Thomas Newdick <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43094/norwegian-undersea-surveillance-network-had-its-cables-mysteriously-cut">(11 Nov 2021) Norwegian Undersea Surveillance Network Had Its Cables Mysteriously Cut</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-russiaInArctic-99"><a href="#cite_ref-russiaInArctic_99-0">^</a> Jacob Gronholt-Pedersen and Gwladys Fouche, Reuters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/nato-allies-wake-russian-supremacy-113953199.html">(16 Nov 2022) NATO allies wake up to Russian supremacy in the Arctic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-emsUnderstated-100"><a href="#cite_ref-emsUnderstated_100-0">^</a> John Christianson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2022/12/fighting-and-winning-in-the-electromagnetic-spectrum/">(5 Dec 2022) FIGHTING AND WINNING IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM</a> (EMS) </li> <li id="cite_note-missileDefenseGap-101"><a href="#cite_ref-missileDefenseGap_101-0">^</a> Vladimir Isachenkov, The Associated Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armytimes.com/flashpoints/2021/12/26/putin-to-mull-options-if-west-refuses-guarantees-on-ukraine/">(26 Dec 2021) Putin to mull options if West refuses guarantees on Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mongilio-102"><a href="#cite_ref-mongilio_102-0">^</a> Heather Mongilio <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.usni.org/2022/02/02/u-s-offered-russians-aegis-ashore-inspections-to-ease-ukraine-tensions-more-american-troops-headed-to-europe">(2 Feb 2022) U.S. Offered Russians Aegis Ashore Inspections to Ease Ukraine Tensions; More American Troops Headed to Europe</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukraineTrenches-103"><a href="#cite_ref-ukraineTrenches_103-0">^</a> Matthew Chance <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/12/europe/ukraine-zelensky-front-lines/index.html">(12 Apr 2021) Ukraine's President heads to the trenches as Russia masses its troops</a> Troops and armor are massing by rail, within Russia's border. </li> <li id="cite_note-donbassCrimea-104"><a href="#cite_ref-donbassCrimea_104-0">^</a> ZEYNEP BILGINSOY <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/ukraine-turkey-leaders-meet-istanbul-76994425?cid=referral_taboola_feed">(10 Apr 2021) The leaders of Ukraine, Turkey stress territorial integrity</a> Donbass and Crimea are disputed. </li> <li id="cite_note-apBlinken-105"><a href="#cite_ref-apBlinken_105-0">^</a> The Associated Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/blinken-heads-brussels-talks-afghanistan-ukraine-77018360?cid=clicksource_4380645_7_film_strip_icymi_hed">(12 Apr 2021) Blinken heads to Brussels for talks on Afghanistan, Ukraine</a> SecDef Lloyd Austin will attend. </li> <li id="cite_note-canUkraineDeployUsMateriel-106"><a href="#cite_ref-canUkraineDeployUsMateriel_106-0">^</a> Lara Seligman and Natasha Bertand <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/12/ukraine-us-missile-weapons-russia-480985">(04/12/2021) Can Ukraine deploy U.S.-made weapons against the Russians?</a> <a href="/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin" title="FGM-148 Javelin">FGM-148 Javelin</a> anti-tank missiles barely overmatch Uran-9s </li> <li id="cite_note-eucomOnAlert-107"><a href="#cite_ref-eucomOnAlert_107-0">^</a> Lara Seligman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/12/ukraine-us-missile-weapons-russia-480985">(03/31/2021) Pentagon ‘watching’ as Russia steps up aggression in Eastern Europe</a> A ceasefire between the Ukraine Army and Donetsk separatists ended Jun 2020. EUCOM's <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)" title="V Corps (United States)">V Corps</a> has been on pre-planned maneuvers, but in a NATO partner's territory as of April 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-sanctionSeparatists-108"><a href="#cite_ref-sanctionSeparatists_108-0">^</a> Vivian Salama in Kyiv and William Mauldin in Washington <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-aims-sanctions-at-pro-russian-separatists-as-antony-blinken-plans-ukraine-russia-meetings-11642529955">(18 Jan 2022) U.S. Aims Sanctions at Pro-Russian Agents as Blinken Plans Ukraine, Russia Meetings</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-usMilitaryOptionsInUkraine-109"><a href="#cite_ref-usMilitaryOptionsInUkraine_109-0">^</a> Robert Burns <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/explainer-us-military-options-help-051846265.html">(19 Jan 2022) Explainer: What are US military options to help Ukraine?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-osceJammed-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osceJammed_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-osceJammed_110-1">b</a> Paul McLeary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/05/jamming-strikes-osce-drones-tracking-russian-forces/">(7 May 2021) Jamming Strikes OSCE Drones Tracking Russian Forces</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-tensOfThousands-111"><a href="#cite_ref-tensOfThousands_111-0">^</a> Olivia Gazis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/video/putin-russia-military-exercises-in-and-around-ukraine/">(22 Apr 2021)) After Putin's warning to West, Russia begins large-scale military exercises in and around Ukraine </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Nils Adler, Laura King Los Angeles Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/eastern-ukraine-trench-warfare-grinds-013859454.html">(21 Jan 2022) In eastern Ukraine, trench warfare grinds on against backdrop of invasion fears</a> <ul><li>Greg Ganske <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/opinion-why-war-ukraine-matter-155933627.html">(22 Jan 2022) Opinion: Why would war in Ukraine matter to the United States?</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-tanksNotPulledBack-113"><a href="#cite_ref-tanksNotPulledBack_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramerTroianovskiJakes2021" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew E.; <a href="/wiki/Anton_Troianovski" title="Anton Troianovski">Troianovski, Anton</a>; Jakes, Lara (2021-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/22/world/europe/russia-ukraine-military-pullback.html">"Russia Orders Partial Pullback From Ukraine Border Region"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Moscow and Kyiv. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Orders+Partial+Pullback+From+Ukraine+Border+Region&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft.au=Troianovski%2C+Anton&rft.au=Jakes%2C+Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F04%2F22%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-ukraine-military-pullback.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+projection" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-falseFlag-114"><a href="#cite_ref-falseFlag_114-0">^</a> Jim Garamone, DOD News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2900210/russia-trying-to-develop-pretext-for-ukraine-invasion-dod-official-says/">(14 Jan 2022) Russia Trying to Develop Pretext for Ukraine Invasion, DOD Official Says</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-osceMap-115"><a href="#cite_ref-osceMap_115-0">^</a> Michael Schwirtz New York Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/06/world/europe/ukraine-russia-war-front.html">(6 Dec 2021) On Ukrainian Front, Grinding War and Weary Anticipation of Invasion</a> Map of "Approximate line separating Ukrainian and Russian-backed forces" </li> <li id="cite_note-UkraineMap-116"><a href="#cite_ref-UkraineMap_116-0">^</a> New York Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/01/07/world/europe/ukraine-maps.html">Ukraine map (7 Jan 2022) How Russia's Military is Positioned To Threaten Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-schogolSzoldra-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schogolSzoldra_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schogolSzoldra_117-1">b</a> Jeff Schogol, Paul Szoldra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taskandpurpose.com/news/russia-ukraine-invasion/">(21 Feb 2022) Moscow orders Russian troops into Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-basesInDonetskLuhansk-118"><a href="#cite_ref-basesInDonetskLuhansk_118-0">^</a> Reuters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/putin-gets-green-light-deploy-164113297.html">(22 February 2022) Putin gets green light to deploy troops to eastern Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-riley-119"><a href="#cite_ref-riley_119-0">^</a> Charles Riley <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/22/business/sanctions-russia-ukraine/index.html">(22 February 2022) The sanctions that could really hurt Russia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-marketReaction-120"><a href="#cite_ref-marketReaction_120-0">^</a> Charles Riley <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/22/investing/russia-markets-ruble-economy/index.html">(22 February 2022) Russia is already paying a hefty financial price for its aggression</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pickrell-121"><a href="#cite_ref-pickrell_121-0">^</a> Ryan Pickrell <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/russian-forces-massing-ukraines-border-171102353.html">(25 Jan 2022) Russian forces are massing on Ukraine's border. Here's what Russia watchers think could be Putin's next big move.</a> Figures 2a-2c CSIS scenarios </li> <li id="cite_note-aillarionov-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aillarionov_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aillarionov_122-1">b</a> Andrei Illarionov <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/putin-was-not-ready-to-launch-a-war-in-the-spring/">(30 April 2021) Putin was not ready to launch a war in the Spring</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-germanyStopsNordStream2-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-germanyStopsNordStream2_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-germanyStopsNordStream2_123-1">b</a> Rick Rouan, Courtney Subramanian, Joey Garrison and David Jackson, USA Today <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/germany-stops-nord-stream-2-124518525.html">(22 February 2022) Biden levels sanctions on Russia for beginning an invasion of Ukraine: live updates</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-stepUpLngProduction-124"><a href="#cite_ref-stepUpLngProduction_124-0">^</a> natasha Bertrand <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/23/politics/us-gas-production-strategy-russia-ukraine-invasion/index.html">(23 Jan 2022) US putting together 'global' strategy to increase gas production if Russia invades Ukraine, officials say</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-swift-125"><a href="#cite_ref-swift_125-0">^</a> Charles Riley <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/26/investing/swift-russia-ukraine/index.html">(26 Jan 2022) What is SWIFT and why it might be the weapon Russia fears most</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-germanDefenseSpendTo2PercentOfGdp-126"><a href="#cite_ref-germanDefenseSpendTo2PercentOfGdp_126-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germany-commits-100-billion-to-defense-spending/a-60933724">(27 Feb 2022) Germany commits €100 billion to defense spending</a> Scholz: Germany has now agreed to a one-time $113 billion increase in its defense budget. </li> <li id="cite_note-nordstream2-127"><a href="#cite_ref-nordstream2_127-0">^</a> Christian Datoc <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/us-lifted-nord-stream-2-220700049.html">(15 July 2021) US lifted Nord Stream 2 sanctions to gain German cooperation in safeguarding Ukraine, Biden says</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-aBaerbock-128"><a href="#cite_ref-aBaerbock_128-0">^</a> Alexander Ratz and Pavel Polityuk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/germany-says-russia-pay-price-123941018.html">(17 Jan 2022) Germany says Russia will pay price if it moves on Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-binkov'sProjectionForRussia'sAction-129"><a href="#cite_ref-binkov'sProjectionForRussia'sAction_129-0">^</a> Binkov <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9c_HhpvBpg">(26 Jan 2022) What might happen if Russia does attack Ukraine? </a> Ukraine is outgunned. Russia would likely stop when resistance stiffens, in Spring 2022. Europe would be divided over heating supplies for impending winter. Ties between Russia and China would strengthen as Europe sanctions its trade with Russia due to war. </li> <li id="cite_note-picheta-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-picheta_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-picheta_130-1">b</a> Rob Picheta <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/29/europe/russia-ukraine-global-implications-cmd-intl/index.html">(29 Jan 2022) How a Russian invasion of Ukraine would reverberate around the world</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-leadersPutin-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leadersPutin_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leadersPutin_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leadersPutin_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leadersPutin_131-3">d</a> Leaders: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2022/01/29/a-war-in-ukraine-could-have-global-consequences">(29 Jan 2022) A war in Ukraine could have global consequences</a> "The likelihood of China invading Taiwan would surely rise." </li> <li id="cite_note-russGrandStrategy-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russGrandStrategy_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russGrandStrategy_132-1">b</a> Michael Kofman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frivarld.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Drivers-of-Russian-Grand-Strategy.pdf">(Apr 2019) Drivers of Russian Grand Strategy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-caspianReport-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caspianReport_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-caspianReport_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-caspianReport_133-2">c</a> CaspianReport <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNIU6TRsRzk">(29 Jan 2022) What a Russian assault on Ukraine would look like</a> video clip 14:41 </li> <li id="cite_note-23feb2022-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-23feb2022_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-23feb2022_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-23feb2022_135-2">c</a> Jessie Yeung, Adam Renton, Rob Picheta, Ed Upright, Aditi Sangal, Adrienne Vogt and Melissa Macaya, CNN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56720589">(23 Feb 2022) The latest on the Ukraine-Russia crisis</a> Situation </li> <li id="cite_note-cyberAttackOnUkraine-136"><a href="#cite_ref-cyberAttackOnUkraine_136-0">^</a> Roman Olearchyk and Henry Foy, Financial Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/01/ukraine-says-government-websites-hit-by-massive-cyber-attack/">(14 Jan 2022) Ukraine says government websites hit by "massive cyber attack"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukraineViewOfStandoff-137"><a href="#cite_ref-ukraineViewOfStandoff_137-0">^</a> Howard Altman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armytimes.com/flashpoints/2022/01/19/russian-attack-could-happen-any-minute-ukraine-official-says/">(19 Jan 2022) Russian attack could happen 'any minute' Ukraine official says</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghitis-138"><a href="#cite_ref-ghitis_138-0">^</a> Frida Ghitis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/13/opinions/putin-russia-us-nato-miscalculation-ghitis/index.html">(13 Jan 2022) Putin's big miscalculation</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-galant-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-galant_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-galant_139-1">b</a> Richard Galant <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/01/23/opinions/putin-ominous-forecast-ukraine-column-galant/index.html">(23 Jan 2022) Putin confronts the mud of Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-vershinen-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vershinen_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vershinen_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vershinen_140-2">c</a> US Army Lieutenant Colonel Alex Vershinen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2021/11/feeding-the-bear-a-closer-look-at-russian-army-logistics/">(23 Nov 2021) Feeding the Bear: A Closer Look at Russian Army Logistics and the Fait Accompli</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fieldHospital-141"><a href="#cite_ref-fieldHospital_141-0">^</a> Matthew Chance, Kylie Atwood, Emmet Lyons and Ami Kaufman, CNN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/18/europe/ukraine-intelligence-russia-military-build-up-intl/index.html">(19 Jan 2021) Ukraine warns Russia has 'almost completed' build-up of forces near border</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seemorerocks.is/russia-sets-up-army-field-hospital-near-ukraine-moves-iskander-missiles-and-amphibious-landing-craft-from-caspian-sea-to-ukraine-coast/">(10 Apr 2021) Russia Sets Up Army Field Hospital Near Ukraine; Moves Iskander Missiles and Amphibious Landing Craft From Caspian Sea to Ukraine Coast!</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-counterBoggingDown-142"><a href="#cite_ref-counterBoggingDown_142-0">^</a> Eric Schmitt, Julian E. Barnes and Helene Cooper <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/russia-recruiting-mercenaries-syrians-ukraine-115514041.html">(7 Apr 2022) Russia Is Recruiting Mercenaries and Syrians to Ukraine, Western Officials Say</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-surgeInMaterielReqs-143"><a href="#cite_ref-surgeInMaterielReqs_143-0">^</a> Joe Gould <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2022/11/21/weapons-shortages-spark-tough-choices-for-ukraines-allies/">(21 Nov 2022) Weapons shortages spark tough choices for Ukraine’s allies</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruShortages-144"><a href="#cite_ref-ruShortages_144-0">^</a> Stephen Fidler and Ann M. Simmons <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/russias-munitions-shortages-raise-questions-over-how-long-it-can-continue-ukraine-war-11669107174">(22 Nov 2022) Russia’s Munitions Shortages Raise Questions Over How Long It Can Continue Ukraine War</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-putinTransformsNato-145"><a href="#cite_ref-putinTransformsNato_145-0">^</a> Rachel Nostrant <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/scramble-rearm-ukraine-transforming-nato-224700788.html">(22 Nov 2022) The scramble to rearm Ukraine is transforming NATO in a way that would've been hard without Putin's help</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-euDefenseInvest-146"><a href="#cite_ref-euDefenseInvest_146-0">^</a> Patrick Tucker <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenseone.com/policy/2022/11/why-defense-budgets-will-stay-high-after-ukraine-war/380110/">( Why Defense Budgets Will Stay High After the Ukraine War</a> "The war is exposing how European nations were underinvesting in defense, and the critical role that renewable energy will play in transatlantic security" </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/ukraine-receives-second-batch-us-weapons-russian-stand-off-2022-01-23/">(23 Jan 2022) Ukraine receives second batch of U.S. weapons in Russian stand-off</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukrainianCivilianResistance-149"><a href="#cite_ref-ukrainianCivilianResistance_149-0">^</a> Julie Coleman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/putin-afraid-us-regular-ukrainian-205128827.html">(1 Feb 2022) 'Putin should be afraid of us': Regular Ukrainian civilians are training to fight off a Russian invasion</a> Training in Kharkiv and Kyiv </li> <li id="cite_note-cooper-150"><a href="#cite_ref-cooper_150-0">^</a> Helene Cooper <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/14/us/politics/russia-ukraine-biden-military.html">(14 Jan 2022) U.S. Considers Backing an Insurgency if Russia Invades Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruForceDesign-151"><a href="#cite_ref-ruForceDesign_151-0">^</a> Michael Kofman and Rob Lee <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2022/06/not-built-for-purpose-the-russian-militarys-ill-fated-force-design/">(2 Jun 2022) Not Built For Purpose: The Russian Military's Ill-Fated Force Decision</a> Platoons on paper were half-sized in reality, leading to no dismounted infantry in motorized units. </li> <li id="cite_note-roblinGeorgiaModel-152"><a href="#cite_ref-roblinGeorgiaModel_152-0">^</a> Sebastien Roblin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/01/the-georgia-model-russias-plan-for-invading-ukraine/">(21 Jan 2022) The ‘Georgia Model’: Russia’s Plan For Invading Ukraine?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-putinAbsentG20-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-putinAbsentG20_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-putinAbsentG20_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-putinAbsentG20_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-putinAbsentG20_153-3">d</a> Allegra Goodwin CNN in London <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-11-14-22/index.html">(14 Nov 2022) Russia becoming a "pariah state," British PM Sunak says as he attends G20 summit</a> UK Prime Minister "Sunak said it was 'telling' that Putin would not attend" G20 in Indonesia, in light of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_Invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian Invasion of Ukraine</a>. <ul><li>Mark Galleoti <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/11/opinions/after-putin-power-health-regime-galeotti/index.html">(11 Nov 2022) Opinion: Putin can cling on to power, but his legend is dead</a> "Multiple security forces balance each other: in Moscow, for example, the military garrison, a special division of the National Guard and the Kremlin Regiment, all report to different chains of command. The Federal Security Service watches all three – and the Federal Protection Service in turn watch them".</li> <li>Simone McCarthy, CNN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/18/asia/asia-summits-apec-russia-vladimir-putin-bangkok-thailand-intl-hnk/index.html">(18 Nov 2022) World leaders met all week to address global issues. Putin appears to no longer have a seat at the table</a> "Putin ... is increasingly isolated".</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-obduracy-154"><a href="#cite_ref-obduracy_154-0">^</a> Sergey Radchenko <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2022/02/moscow-musings-on-brinksmanship-from-stalin-to-putin/">(22 February 2022) Moscow Musings on Brinksmanship From Stalin to Putin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Anton Troianovski <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdnews24.com/politics/2021/09/10/russia-and-belarus-inch-closer-to-a-full-blown-merger">(10 Sep 2021) Russia and Belarus inch closer to a full-blown merger</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Michael Kofman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2021/09/zapad-2021-what-to-expect-from-russias-strategic-military-exercise/">(8 Sep 2021) Zapad-2021: What to Expect From Russia's Strategic Military Exercise</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-socomUnmannedCyber-157"><a href="#cite_ref-socomUnmannedCyber_157-0">^</a> James Stavridis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/u-military-needs-learn-ukraine-100039536.html">(11 Apr 2022) What the U.S. Military Needs to Learn from the Ukraine War</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pctGdp-158"><a href="#cite_ref-pctGdp_158-0">^</a> Alexander Bratersky <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2021/09/03/private-companies-at-army-2021-forum-strive-for-survival-as-russian-military-orders-shrink/">(3 Sep 2021) Private companies at ‘Army 2021’ forum strive for survival as Russian military orders shrink</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-uran9-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uran9_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uran9_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-uran9_159-2">c</a> Combat Approved <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_qMMZqlByg">(13 Feb 2021) Episode 44. The Uran-9 Russia’s First Combat Robot</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-beltran2021-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beltran2021_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-beltran2021_160-1">b</a> Isabella Beltran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/30592/20210410/robotic-russian-tanks-deployed-near-future-despite-ukraine-war-fears.htm">(10 Apr 2021) Uran-9, Russian Robotic Tanks Slated to be Deployed "Soon" Despite Flaws During Syrian Tests, The Sciencetimes</a> (Mixed-font I in 'science' appears deliberate.) </li> <li id="cite_note-roblin-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roblin_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roblin_161-1">b</a> Sebastien Roblin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/robot-tank-russia-used-syria-89866">(21 October 2019) This Is the Robot Tank Russia Used in Syria</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20ugvs-162"><a href="#cite_ref-20ugvs_162-0">^</a> Axx <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOQk2gRU-Ls">(14 Sep 2021) Russia one step ahead, Why Russia's strike robots is scary enough</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ugvControlSystem-163"><a href="#cite_ref-ugvControlSystem_163-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(TV_channel)" title="Zvezda (TV channel)">Zvezda (TV channel)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDeWeQ1Z8Lc">Воины будущего. Какими возможностями обладают поступившие на вооружение ВС РФ боевые роботы «Уран-9»</a> Uran-9 Control system </li> <li id="cite_note-armyTechology-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-armyTechology_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-armyTechology_164-1">b</a> Army Technology.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army-technology.com/projects/uran-9-unmanned-ground-combat-vehicle/">(2016) Uran-9 Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsirkon-165"><a href="#cite_ref-tsirkon_165-0">^</a> James Crump <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-defense-ministry-tsirkon-hypersonic-missile-test-putin-weapons-combat-alert-1622512">(24 Aug 2021) Russia Orders Hypersonic Missiles As Putin Vows to Put Weapons on 'Combat Alert'</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9M729-166"><a href="#cite_ref-9M729_166-0">^</a> Alexander Marrow and Mark Trevelyan (Reuters) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/russia-says-lack-nato-security-075933695.html">(13 Dec 2021) Russia says it may be forced to deploy mid-range nuclear missiles in Europe</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7feb2022rcd-167"><a href="#cite_ref-7feb2022rcd_167-0">^</a> Roger McDermott <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2022/02/07/the_role_of_hypersonic_weapons_in_russian_military_strategy_815512.html">(7 Feb 2022) The Role of Hypersonic Weapons in Russian Military Strategy</a> Giperzvukovogo Oruzhiya—(GZO); or Giperzvukovyye letatel’nyye apparaty—(GZLA) Kinzhal, Tsirkon, Kalibr, Poseidon, Avangard, Burevestnik, Sarmat, </li> <li id="cite_note-vostok2022-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vostok2022_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vostok2022_168-1">b</a> The Moscow Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/09/01/russia-stages-scaled-down-war-games-with-china-india-a78694">(1 September 2022) Russia Stages Scaled-down War Games With China, India</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-winterMateriel-169"><a href="#cite_ref-winterMateriel_169-0">^</a> Paul McLeary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/10/19/ukraine-nato-russia-winter-equipment-00062596">(19 October 2022) NATO is rushing equipment to Ukraine as troops hunker down for the winter</a> "The war begins a new phase as Russia launches missiles and temperatures fall" </li> <li id="cite_note-reaganForum-170"><a href="#cite_ref-reaganForum_170-0">^</a> Brian Bender and Laura Seligman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/12/04/pentagon-industry-struggle-to-arm-ukraine-00072125">(4 Dec 2022) "We haven't got this figured out just yet": Pentagon, industry struggle to arm Ukraine</a> "The Russia problem takes center stage at this year's Reagan National Defense Forum". </li> <li id="cite_note-400thousandContractors-171"><a href="#cite_ref-400thousandContractors_171-0">^</a> Ukrayinska Pravda <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/russian-army-replenished-400-000-032206330.html">(15 Mar 2023) Russian army to be replenished with 400,000 new contract service personnel</a> starting 1 Apr 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-diffRadarOnS200-172"><a href="#cite_ref-diffRadarOnS200_172-0">^</a> David Axe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/08/20/add-a-new-radar-to-an-old-air-defense-missile-and-youd-get-the-ukrainian-5v28-kyivs-most-potent-deep-strike-weapon/?sh=7f93c967ec9b">(20 Aug 2023) Add A New Radar To An Old Air-Defense Missile, And You'd Get The Ukrainian 5V28—Kyiv's Most Potent Deep-Strike Weapon</a> Moscow shows no black/brown clouds of AK27F/TG02 propellant in its skies, to back its claims of an intercept </li> <li id="cite_note-zhRuEconCoop-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zhRuEconCoop_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhRuEconCoop_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhRuEconCoop_173-2">c</a> Evelyn Chang <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/22/china-and-russia-affirm-multi-year-economic-cooperation.html">(22 Mar 2023) China and Russia affirm economic cooperation for the next several years</a> Presidents Xi Jinping, V.V. Putin, respectively </li> <li id="cite_note-7mar2019Aps-174"><a href="#cite_ref-7mar2019Aps_174-0">^</a> Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/us-gets-its-ass-handed-to-it-in-wargames-heres-a-24-billion-fix/">(7 March 2019) US ‘Gets Its Ass Handed To It’ In Wargames: Here’s A $24 Billion Fix</a> Army prepositioned stocks (APS) vulnerability </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Defense News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.defensenews.com/top-100/">(July 2019) Top 100 for 2019</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-KrieteStratcom-176"><a href="#cite_ref-KrieteStratcom_176-0">^</a> Theresa Hitchens <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2019/07/competition-with-china-is-the-new-deterrence-us-military-leader-say/">(31 July 2019) Competition (With China) IS The New Deterrence, US Military Leaders Say</a> Vice Adm. David Kriete of <a href="/wiki/US_Strategic_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="US Strategic Command">US Strategic Command</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hypersonicNuclearWeapon-177"><a href="#cite_ref-hypersonicNuclearWeapon_177-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tech.slashdot.org/story/19/10/01/1754209/china-confirms-new-hypersonic-nuclear-missile-on-70th-anniversary">aj.com (1 Oct 2019) China Confirms New Hypersonic Nuclear Missile On 70th Anniversary </a> <a href="/wiki/DF-17" title="DF-17">DF-17</a> <ul><li>Kristin Huang <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3023972/chinas-hypersonic-df-17-missile-threatens-regional-stability">(23 Aug 2019) China’s hypersonic DF-17 missile threatens regional stability, analyst warns</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnDUjOl69Zw">(1 Oct 2019) China unveils Dongfeng-17 conventional missiles in military parade</a> See minute 0:05 to 0:49 for 16 Hypersonic Glide Vehicles (white-tipped contrast atop their DF-17 fuselages mounted on booster rockets)</li> <li>Kathrin Hille in Taipei and Qianer Liu in Beijing <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/07c7cfb0-e125-11e9-9743-db5a370481bc">(1 Oct 2019) China displays military advances in show of strength to rivals</a> Lists missile armaments. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FRDfF0V-iI">FT video</a> FT estimates 1/3rd of China's missile arsenal is on display in 1 Oct parade</li> <li>BILL POWELL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/chinas-hypersonic-missiles-aka-carrier-killers-are-holy-st-moment-us-military-1462794">(10/3/19) China's Hypersonic Missile, AKA 'Carrier Killers,' Are a 'Holy S**t Moment' for US Military</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-jl,3-178"><a href="#cite_ref-jl,3_178-0">^</a> Bill Gertz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/dec/24/china-tests-submarine-launched-jl-3-missile-capabl/">(24 December 2019) China's test of sub-launched missile a threat to peace, retired captain warns</a> <a href="/wiki/JL-3" title="JL-3">JL-3</a> is an <a href="/wiki/SLBM" class="mw-redirect" title="SLBM">SLBM</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-idexUae2023-179"><a href="#cite_ref-idexUae2023_179-0">^</a> Ashley Roque <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2023/02/as-us-worries-over-beijings-influence-in-middle-east-chinese-defense-firms-flock-to-idex-2023/">(22 Feb 2023) As US worries over Beijing’s influence in Middle East, Chinese defense firms flock to IDEX 2023</a> International Defense Exhibition in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates </li> <li id="cite_note-2049goalChina-180"><a href="#cite_ref-2049goalChina_180-0">^</a> Robert Burns <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2020/08/27/esper-visit-to-tiny-palau-highlights-us-china-competition/">(27 Aug 2020) Esper visit to tiny Palau highlights US-China competition </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-uscc.gov-181"><a href="#cite_ref-uscc.gov_181-0">^</a> uscc.gov <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/Chapter%204%20Section%201%20-%20Beijing%E2%80%99s%20%E2%80%9CWorld-Class%E2%80%9D%20Military%20Goal.pdf">(Nov 2019) Chapter 4: China's Global Ambitions</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021airShow-182"><a href="#cite_ref-2021airShow_182-0">^</a> David Kirton <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/chinas-high-end-military-technology-043204687.html">(30 Sep 2021) China's high-end military technology touted at biggest air show</a> Airshow China in Zhuhai </li> <li id="cite_note-deanCheng-183"><a href="#cite_ref-deanCheng_183-0">^</a> Dean Cheng <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/11/chinese-party-sets-bold-military-goal-mechanized-informationized-by-2027/">(23 Nov 2020) Chinese Party Sets Bold Military Goal: ‘Mechanized & Informationized’ By 2027</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-JointGangyao-184"><a href="#cite_ref-JointGangyao_184-0">^</a> Dean Cheng <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/05/how-chinas-thinking-about-the-next-war/">(19 May 2021) How China’s Thinking About The Next War</a> Proposed doctrine: brigade-based, joint MDO </li> <li id="cite_note-j31j20f35Jadc2-185"><a href="#cite_ref-j31j20f35Jadc2_185-0">^</a> Kris Osborn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warriormaven.com/future-weapons/china-military-piracy-j-31-j-20-f-35-jadc2">(4 Feb 2022) China is Trying to Steal and Copy U.S. Military Multi-Domain Warfare Tactics</a> "accompanied by an effort to replicate emerging U.S. strategies and warfare maneuvers" including JADC2 </li> <li id="cite_note-demographics-186"><a href="#cite_ref-demographics_186-0">^</a> Deutsche Welle <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=uGPije50LcI">(21 May 2021) China releases population census with enormous implications for the country's future</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-birthrateFalling-187"><a href="#cite_ref-birthrateFalling_187-0">^</a> Tanner Brown <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrons.com/articles/chinas-population-crisis-is-complicated-what-it-means-for-the-countrys-economy-51642406402">(17 Jan 2022) China’s Population Crisis Is Complicated. What It Means for the Country’s Economy.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-popDrop22-188"><a href="#cite_ref-popDrop22_188-0">^</a> Evelyn Cheng <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slashdot.org/story/23/01/17/0318204/chinas-population-drops-for-the-first-time-in-decades">(17 Jan 2023) China's Population Drops For the First Time In Decades</a> in 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-chrisCappy-189"><a href="#cite_ref-chrisCappy_189-0">^</a> Task & Purpose <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FgykoiAxR8">(22 Mar 2023) 4 Reasons China's Outta Time to Invade Taiwan</a> 1) Demographics; 2) TSMC; 3) Russia is now the largest oil supplier to China; 4) Ukraine as cautionary example. </li> <li id="cite_note-navyReadiness-190"><a href="#cite_ref-navyReadiness_190-0">^</a> 60 Minutes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEc5hsWNsCQ">(19 Mar 2023) Is the Navy ready? How the U.S. is preparing amid a naval buildup in China </a> USS Nimitz </li> <li id="cite_note-warByTimeframe-191"><a href="#cite_ref-warByTimeframe_191-0">^</a> Michael C Horowitz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2021/11/war-by-timeframe-responding-to-chinas-pacing-challenge/">(19 Nov 2021) War by Timeframe: Responding to China's Pacing Challenge</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-udcgNov22-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-udcgNov22_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-udcgNov22_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-udcgNov22_192-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-udcgNov22_192-3">d</a> CNN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m313YnbWU1U">(16 November 2022) Pentagon gives update after missile hits Poland</a> 4 hour Ukraine Defense Contact Group meeting with 50 nations 47:21 </li> <li id="cite_note-usUkOnUkraineChina-193"><a href="#cite_ref-usUkOnUkraineChina_193-0">^</a> Jim Garamone, DOD News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3239311/us-uk-military-chiefs-discuss-ukraine-china/">(7 Dec 2022) U.S., U.K. Military Chiefs Discuss Ukraine, China</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-spaceForceAssessment-195"><a href="#cite_ref-spaceForceAssessment_195-0">^</a> Paul McLeary and Alexander Ward <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/11/20/hypersonic-technology-us-behind-china-russia-523130">(20 Nov 2021) U.S. ‘not as advanced’ as China and Russia on hypersonic tech, Space Force general warns</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhRetention-196"><a href="#cite_ref-zhRetention_196-0">^</a> TAYLOR A. LEE and PETER W. SINGER <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2023/01/plas-people-problem/381728/">(7 Feb 2023) The PLA’s People Problem</a> "China’s military has long struggled to field quality personnel". </li> <li id="cite_note-pamuk2023-197"><a href="#cite_ref-pamuk2023_197-0">^</a> Humeyra Pamuk <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/blinken-wrap-up-rare-visit-china-may-meet-xi-jinping-2023-06-18/">(19 Jun 2023) Xi, Blinken agree to stabilise U.S.-China relations in rare Beijing talks</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-zakariaGpsMilley-198"><a href="#cite_ref-zakariaGpsMilley_198-0">^</a> Fareed Zakaria, GPS <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/09/17/exp-gps-0917-general-milley-on-chinas-military.cnn">(14 Sep 2023) On GPS: Gen. Mark Milley on estimating China's military power</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-denialWorst-199"><a href="#cite_ref-denialWorst_199-0">^</a> JACOB HEIM, ZACHARY BURDETTE, AND NATHAN BEAUCHAMP-MUSTAFAGA <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2024/06/denial-is-the-worst-except-for-all-the-others-getting-the-u-s-theory-of-victory-right-for-a-war-with-china/">(11 Jun 2024) DENIAL IS THE WORST EXCEPT FOR ALL THE OTHERS: GETTING THE U.S. THEORY OF VICTORY RIGHT FOR A WAR WITH CHINA</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-robotics-200"><a href="#cite_ref-robotics_200-0">^</a> Roopinder Tara <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineering.com/story/almost-half-of-industrial-robots-are-in-china">(22 Sep 2022) Almost Half of Industrial Robots Are in China</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nexperia-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Nexperia_201-0">^</a> Ryan Browne <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/16/chinese-takeover-of-biggest-uk-chip-plant-blocked-by-government.html">(16 Nov 2022) Chinese takeover of the UK’s biggest chip plant blocked on national security grounds</a> as reported in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hardware.slashdot.org/story/22/11/20/0221224/chinese-takeover-of-uks-largest-chip-plant-blocked-on-national-security-grounds">(20 Nov 2022) Chinese Takeover of UK's Largest Chip Plant Blocked on National Security Grounds</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-prc2017-202"><a href="#cite_ref-prc2017_202-0">^</a> Reuters World News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-security-lawmaking-idUSKBN19I1FW">(27 June 2017) China passes tough new intelligence law</a> National Intelligence Law </li> <li id="cite_note-1hour-203"><a href="#cite_ref-1hour_203-0">^</a> Defense updates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lx7PsFBqXdI">(30 Apr 2020) 3 Reasons Chinese Liaoning Will Not Last an Hour Against USS Ronald Reagan Protecting Japan!</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-balloon23-204"><a href="#cite_ref-balloon23_204-0">^</a> Smerconish <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/02/04/smr-balloon-and-china-relations.cnn">(6 Feb 2023) Chang: Not shooting down balloon could embolden China</a> 'By not shooting down the balloon, "we convince the Chinese we're incapable," says Gordon Chang, author of The Great US-China Tech War. "It could push them to do things which can't be undone." ' </li> <li id="cite_note-3rdGenGPS-205"><a href="#cite_ref-3rdGenGPS_205-0">^</a> Sutirtho Patranobis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/science/china-says-its-beidou-system-now-fully-operational-to-challenge-us-s-gps/ar-BB17p0yn">(31 Jul 2020) China says its Beidou system now fully operational, to challenge US’s GPS</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeiDou-206"><a href="#cite_ref-BeiDou_206-0">^</a> P.W. Singer and Taylor A. Lee <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/story/blogs/eastern-arsenal/beidou-china-gps-gnss/">(31 March 2020) China’s version of GPS is almost complete. Here's what that means.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeiDou30-207"><a href="#cite_ref-BeiDou30_207-0">^</a> Elizabeth Howell <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/china-postpone-launch-bds-3-satellite-launch.html">(16 June 2020) China postpones launch of Beidou global navigation satellite</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-400satsIn2years-208"><a href="#cite_ref-400satsIn2years_208-0">^</a> Adil Brar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/china-military-satellites-space-tracking-conflict-1898177">(8 May 2024) China's Military Satellites Are Watching America's Every Move</a> "China has added over 400 satellites in the past two years", 200 with tracking capability. </li> <li id="cite_note-yumen-209"><a href="#cite_ref-yumen_209-0">^</a> Huizhong Wu and Jon Gambrell, The Associated Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2021/07/30/us-military-warns-china-is-building-more-nuclear-missile-silos/">(30 July 2021) US military warns China is building more nuclear missile silos</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mDaltonSummary-210"><a href="#cite_ref-mDaltonSummary_210-0">^</a> C. Todd Lopez, DOD News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3910495/">(18 Sep 2024) With Two Nuclear-Armed Strategic Competitors, U.S. Modernization Top Priority</a> Summary of Nuclear Triad by Melissa Dalton, UnderSecretary, USAF </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> James Anderson (31 July 2020) China's troubling nuclear buildup The New York Times Op-Ed p. A25. —James Anderson is Acting undersecretary of defense for policy </li> <li id="cite_note-strategicDeterrenceBy2027-212"><a href="#cite_ref-strategicDeterrenceBy2027_212-0">^</a> Dean Cheng <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/10/china-calls-for-new-strategic-guidance-at-20th-party-congress/">(28 Oct 2022) China calls for new ‘strategic guidance’ at 20th Party Congress </a> in a call for strategic deterrence [standoff] by 2027 </li> <li id="cite_note-nuclearAndConventional-213"><a href="#cite_ref-nuclearAndConventional_213-0">^</a> Colin Clark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/06/chinese-nuke-modernization-prompts-shift-in-dod-strategy/">(18 Jun 2021) Chinese Nuke Modernization Prompts Shift In DoD Strategy</a> cites SIPRI as authority </li> <li id="cite_note-balancePowerNuclearEnergy-214"><a href="#cite_ref-balancePowerNuclearEnergy_214-0">^</a> DANIEL SHATS and PETER W. SINGER <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2022/10/balance-power-shifting-among-nuclear-energy-titans/378067/">(5 Oct 2022) The Balance of Power Is Shifting Among Nuclear-Energy Titans</a> RosAtom vs CNNC, CGN </li> <li id="cite_note-rareEarths-215"><a href="#cite_ref-rareEarths_215-0">^</a> Sun Yu and Demetri Sevastopulo, Financial Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/02/china-targets-rare-earth-export-curbs-to-hobble-us-defense-industry/">(16 Feb 2021) China targets rare earth export curbs to hobble US defense industry</a> <ul><li>Gabriel Crossley and Min Zhang <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-says-underpricing-rare-earths-030211176.html">(28 Feb 2021) China says domestic competition hurting rare earth prices</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-afghanRareEarths-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afghanRareEarths_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-afghanRareEarths_216-1">b</a> Small Wars journal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/letter-editor-critical-afghanistan-assessment">(14 Aug 2021) Letter to the Editor: Critical Afghanistan Assessment</a> "Now the rare earth minerals in Afghanistan will fall into the hands of the CCP." </li> <li id="cite_note-afghanMilitaryFailure-217"><a href="#cite_ref-afghanMilitaryFailure_217-0">^</a> Daniel L. Davis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZ8FbzqSlAc">(6 Aug 2021): Defense Priorities fellow Daniel Davis BBC to discuss Afghanistan withdrawal</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-killPigsList-218"><a href="#cite_ref-killPigsList_218-0">^</a> Fergus Ryan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/china-takes-on-its-tech-leaders/">(26 Aug 2021) China Takes on Its Tech Leaders</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinaCleansingWebsites-219"><a href="#cite_ref-chinaCleansingWebsites_219-0">^</a> Bloomberg <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slashdot.org/story/21/08/30/1732217/china-to-cleanse-online-content-that-bad-mouths-its-economy">(30 Aug 2021) China To Cleanse Online Content That 'Bad-Mouths' Its Economy </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinaHackingRussia-220"><a href="#cite_ref-chinaHackingRussia_220-0">^</a> Ben Watson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2021/08/the-d-brief-august-06-2021/184342/">(6 Aug 2021) China is hacking Russia</a> who cites <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/SamBendett/status/1423304084183031812">Sam Bendet's tweet</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-goalOf2030forAiParity-221"><a href="#cite_ref-goalOf2030forAiParity_221-0">^</a> Brandi Vincent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/02/ai-algorithms-could-rapidly-deploy-battlefield-under-new-initiative/361819/">(9 Feb 2022) New Operating System Aims to Speed AI to the Battlefield</a> China has goal of 2030 for Parity with US on AI —Lt. Gen. Michael Groen, for DoD's Artificial Intelligence and Data Accelerator (AIDA) </li> <li id="cite_note-taiwanTimeline-222"><a href="#cite_ref-taiwanTimeline_222-0">^</a> Mallory Shelbourne <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.usni.org/2022/10/19/chinas-accelerated-timeline-to-take-taiwan-pushing-navy-in-the-pacific-says-cno-gilday">(19 Oct 2022) China’s Accelerated Timeline to Take Taiwan Pushing Navy in the Pacific, Says CNO Gilday</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-taiwanODC-223"><a href="#cite_ref-taiwanODC_223-0">^</a> Lee Hsi-min and Eric Lee <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2020/11/taiwans-overall-defense-concept-explained/">(3 Nov 2020) Taiwan’s Overall Defense Concept, Explained</a> "The concept’s developer explains the asymmetric approach to Taiwan’s defense". </li> <li id="cite_note-149aircraft-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-149aircraft_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-149aircraft_224-1">b</a> Colin Clark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/10/149-chinese-fighters-bombers-sweep-across-taiwan-adiz-in-4-days/">(4 Oct 2021) 149 Chinese Fighters, Bombers Sweep Across Taiwan ADIZ In 4 Days</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-taiwanOptions-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taiwanOptions_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taiwanOptions_225-1">b</a> Harry Halem and Eyck Freymann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2022/04/ukraine-shows-why-taiwan-needs-more-air-defense/">(7 Apr 2022) Ukraine Shows Why Taiwan Needs More Air Defense</a> options: "transferring air-defense systems to Taiwan, funding Taiwan’s domestic air-defense programs, and deploying American-made integrated air-defense technology" </li> <li id="cite_note-3reasonsUkraineTaiwan-226"><a href="#cite_ref-3reasonsUkraineTaiwan_226-0">^</a> Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/04/three-reasons-why-defense-is-beating-offense-in-ukraine-and-why-it-matters-for-taiwan/">(8 Apr 2022) Three reasons why defense is beating offense in Ukraine – and why it matters for Taiwan</a> 1) precision-guided firepower 2) sprawling urbanization 3) mass mobilization </li> <li id="cite_note-canTaiwan-227"><a href="#cite_ref-canTaiwan_227-0">^</a> Covert Cabal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqyIKHkSDns">(10 Oct 2021) Can Taiwan Stop a Chinese Invasion?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-as2030-228"><a href="#cite_ref-as2030_228-0">^</a> Military Aviation History <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvyLGeEcjgc">(4 Feb 2018) Air Superiority 2030 - How America Wants To Retain Dominance</a> Encapsulates the factors for 2030 </li> <li id="cite_note-mig19Drones-229"><a href="#cite_ref-mig19Drones_229-0">^</a> Mike Yeo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2021/10/20/china-shows-off-drones-recycled-from-soviet-era-fighter-jets/">(20 Oct 2021) China shows off drones recycled from Soviet-era fighter jets</a> J-6=Mig-19 Drones </li> <li id="cite_note-usTrainingTaiwan-230"><a href="#cite_ref-usTrainingTaiwan_230-0">^</a> Oren Liebermann, CNN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/23/politics/us-taiwan-forces-training/index.html">(24 Feb 2023) US plans to expand training of Taiwanese forces</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell40-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell40_231-0">^</a> Heather Penney <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitchellaerospacepower.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Scale_Scope_Speed_Survivability_-KillChain_-Policy_Paper_40-New.pdf">(May 2023) Scale, Scope, Speed & Survivability: Winning the Kill Chain Competition</a> Mitchell Institutem Policy Paper 40 seeks to counter China's Warfighting Strategy of “System Destruction” of "sensor networks, datalinks, C2 architectures, and other nodes" </li> <li id="cite_note-2021AnnualRept-232"><a href="#cite_ref-2021AnnualRept_232-0">^</a> Tara Copp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2021/11/china-likely-have-least-1000-nukes-2030-pentagon-estimates/186597/">(3 Nov 2021) China Likely to Have ‘At Least’ 1,000 Nukes by 2030, Pentagon Estimates</a> CJCS views Taiwan invasion unlikely over next two years. <ul><li>Office of Secretary of Defense <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2021/Nov/03/2002885874/-1/-1/0/2021-CMPR-FINAL.PDF">(3 Nov 2021) Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China</a> Annual report to Congress</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhRevEngRu-233"><a href="#cite_ref-zhRevEngRu_233-0">^</a> THOMAS CORBETT and PETER W. SINGER <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2023/04/china-eating-russias-lunch-defense-market/384736/">(3 Apr 2023) China Is Eating Russia’s Lunch in the Defense Market</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rogers-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_234-2">c</a> Mike Rogers <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/03/china-is-watching-ukraine-closely-the-us-should-watch-china/">(4 Mar 2022) China is watching Ukraine closely, the US should watch China</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-javelinsAndStingers-235"><a href="#cite_ref-javelinsAndStingers_235-0">^</a> Joe Gould <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2022/04/07/putins-probably-given-up-on-kyiv-as-ukraine-war-enters-new-phase/">(7 April 2022) Putin’s ‘probably given up’ on Kyiv as Ukraine war enters new phase</a> <ul><li>C. Todd Lopez, DOD News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2991979/dod-more-javelins-approved-for-ukraine-switchblades-on-their-way/">(6 April 2022) DOD: More Javelins Approved for Ukraine; Switchblades On their Way </a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-rainInUkraine-236"><a href="#cite_ref-rainInUkraine_236-0">^</a> Ben Watson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2022/10/the-d-brief-october-28-2022/379042/">(28 Oct 2022) Today's D Brief: Difficult years ahead for Europe; Rain slows Ukraine fight; Pentagon’s strategy trio; US Army’s new training center; And a bit more.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ftuas1Bct-237"><a href="#cite_ref-ftuas1Bct_237-0">^</a> Ashley Roque <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.janes.com/defence-news/c4isr-command-tech/latest/us-army-picks-aerovironments-jump-20-for-ftuas-increment-1">(22 Aug 2022) US Army picks AeroVironment's Jump 20 for FTUAS Increment 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpce-238"><a href="#cite_ref-cpce_238-0">^</a> Jaspreet Gill <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/01/army-well-on-its-way-to-first-oconus-cloud-in-indo-pacific/">(14 Jan 2022) Army ‘well on its way’ to first OCONUS cloud in Indo-Pacific</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-daps-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-daps_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-daps_239-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peoiews.army.mil/pm-pnt/">Alternative PNT & Area Protection</a> DAPS </li> <li id="cite_note-updated24-240"><a href="#cite_ref-updated24_240-0">^</a> Andrew Eversden <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/12/heres-the-armys-24-programs-in-soldiers-hands-by-2023/">(Feb. 2, 2022 at 12:09 PM ET update) Here’s the Army’s 24 programs in soldiers’ hands by 2023</a> Updated by AFC </li> <li id="cite_note-mdaa-241"><a href="#cite_ref-mdaa_241-0">^</a> MDAA <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/defense-systems/lower-tier-air-and-missile-defense-sensor-ltamds/">(24 Jul 2020) Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (LTAMDS)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50kwHels-242"><a href="#cite_ref-50kwHels_242-0">^</a> Jen Judson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/army-readies-deliver-first-set-181848878.html">(13 Jan 2022) Army readies to deliver first set of Strykers with 50-kilowatt laser weapons</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mccarthy2019-243"><a href="#cite_ref-mccarthy2019_243-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army.mil/e2/downloads/rv7/2019_army_modernization_strategy_final.pdf">Grinston, McConville, and McCarthy (2019) 2019 Army Modernization Strategy: Investing in the future</a> 7 —Figure 3. Current Cross Functional Teams and Signature Efforts </li> <li id="cite_note-by2023-244"><a href="#cite_ref-by2023_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.army.mil/article/251126/chief_of_staff_most_signature_systems_to_be_fielded_by_2023_people_still_no_1_priority">"Chief of staff: Most signature systems to be fielded by 2023, people still No. 1"</a>. www.army.mil. 13 October 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.army.mil&rft.atitle=Chief+of+staff%3A+Most+signature+systems+to+be+fielded+by+2023%2C+people+still+No.+1&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil%2Farticle%2F251126%2Fchief_of_staff_most_signature_systems_to_be_fielded_by_2023_people_still_no_1_priority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+projection" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34signaturePrograms-245"><a href="#cite_ref-34signaturePrograms_245-0">^</a> Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/05/army-braces-for-post-covid-cuts-gen-murray">(20 May 2020) Army Braces For Post-COVID Cuts: Gen. Murray </a> 34 Signature Programs: 31 in Futures Command, 3 in RCCTO </li> <li id="cite_note-mapWins-246"><a href="#cite_ref-mapWins_246-0">^</a> MG <a href="/wiki/Cedric_T._Wins" title="Cedric T. Wins">Cedric T. Wins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asc.army.mil/web/news-alt-jfm19-rdecoms-road-map-to-modernizing-the-army-next-generation-combat-vehicle/">(5 Dec 2018) RDECOM’S ROAD MAP TO MODERNIZING THE ARMY: NEXT GENERATION COMBAT VEHICLE</a> MODULAR ACTIVE PROTECTION SYSTEMS. Second in a series. </li> <li id="cite_note-flraaRFI-248"><a href="#cite_ref-flraaRFI_248-0">^</a> Jen Judson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2019/04/04/us-army-plans-to-field-a-future-long-range-assault-helicopter-by-2030/">(4 April 2019) US Army plans to field a future long-range assault helicopter by 2030</a> FLRAA <ul><li>RFI posted on the Federal Business Opportunities, 4 April</li> <li>Contract award: fourth quarter of FY21</li> <li>preliminary design review (PDR) second quarter of FY23</li> <li>first flight in the third quarter of FY24</li> <li>critical design review (CDR) in the fourth quarter of FY24</li> <li>fielding to first unit in second quarter of FY30</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-fvlEntersServiceFy2030-249"><a href="#cite_ref-fvlEntersServiceFy2030_249-0">^</a> Steve Trimble <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/us-army-upgrades-vision-future-vertical-lift-programs">(24 July 2020) U.S. Army Upgrades Vision For Future Vertical Lift Programs</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-omfvByPhasesFor2023,25,28-250"><a href="#cite_ref-omfvByPhasesFor2023,25,28_250-0">^</a> Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2020/02/omfv-army-seeks-industry-advice-on-bradley-replacement/">(10 April 2020) Army Revamps OMFV Bradley Replacement For Russian Front </a> OMFV digital designs by 2023, prototypes by 2025, operational by 2028 <ul><li>OMFV <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.sam.gov/opp/9f5bdc9e53bf49fb85a1dfbccc3c6730/view?keywords=omfv&sort=-relevance&index=&is_active=true&page=1">OPTIONALLY MANNED FIGHTING VEHICLE (OMFV) INDUSTRY DAY & PROGRAM QUESTIONS (9-April-2020)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417071016/https://beta.sam.gov/opp/9f5bdc9e53bf49fb85a1dfbccc3c6730/view?keywords=omfv&sort=-relevance&index=&is_active=true&page=1">Archived</a> 17 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 14 pages</li> <li>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/03/a-war-with-china-would-spread-to-land-says-army-tanker/">(11 Mar 2021) A War With China Would Spread To Land, Says Army Tanker</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-mRNA-252"><a href="#cite_ref-mRNA_252-0">^</a> Brian Yang <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scrip.pharmaintelligence.informa.com/SC147467/China-Set-To-Green-Light-First-mRNA-Vaccine">(2 December 2022) China Set To Green-Light First mRNA Vaccine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-noWesternVaccines-253"><a href="#cite_ref-noWesternVaccines_253-0">^</a> Rebecca Cohen, Morgan McFall-Johnsen, and Paola Rosa-Aquino <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-wont-use-western-covid-19-vaccines-protests-2022-11">(29 Nov 2022) China's refusal to use Western COVID-19 vaccines is making its protest problems even worse</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-moreCities-254"><a href="#cite_ref-moreCities_254-0">^</a> Bloomberg <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/more-china-cities-ease-curbs-041834787.html">(4 Dec 2022) China's Covid Pivot Accelerates as Cities Ease Testing Rules</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwAfghan-255"><a href="#cite_ref-dwAfghan_255-0">^</a> Deutsche Welle DW News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-3yoZvOQmo">(16 Aug 2021) Taliban back in power: What does it mean for the Indo-Pacific region?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-turkishDrones-256"><a href="#cite_ref-turkishDrones_256-0">^</a> The Print Team <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/how-drones-helped-azerbaijan-defeat-armenia-and-the-implications-for-future-modern-warfare/544668/">(14 Nov 2020) How drones helped Azerbaijan defeat Armenia, and the implications for future modern warfare</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-gilgit-257"><a href="#cite_ref-gilgit_257-0">^</a> Indian Express <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/china-deploys-11-000-troops-in-gilgit-area-in-occupied-kashmir/673770">(28 Aug 2010) China deploys 11,000 troops in Gilgit area in Occupied Kashmir</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-indiaJapanTies-258"><a href="#cite_ref-indiaJapanTies_258-0">^</a> Press Trust of India <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-japan-to-enhance-defence-ties-to-bolster-their-strategic-partnership-122090800957_1.html">(9 Sep 2022) India, Japan to enhance defence ties to bolster their strategic partnership</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-sixEyes-259"><a href="#cite_ref-sixEyes_259-0">^</a> Daishi Abe and Rieko Miki <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/Interview/Japan-wants-de-facto-Six-Eyes-intelligence-status-defense-chief">(14 Aug 2020) Japan wants de facto 'Six Eyes' intelligence status: defense chief</a> <ul><li>Masay Kato <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Japan-s-deeper-ties-with-Five-Eyes-hinge-on-how-it-keeps-secrets">(13 Aug 2020) Japan's deeper ties with Five Eyes hinge on how it keeps secrets</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-burton-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burton_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burton_260-1">b</a> Brian Burton <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2021/06/as-allies-design-fighter-aircraft-the-united-states-faces-a-decision/">(28 Jun 2021) As Allies Design Fighter Aircraft, The United States Faces a Decision</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-putin2019-261"><a href="#cite_ref-putin2019_261-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ba6hfm9GwG8">Russia Insight (26 December 2019) Putin Stunned By Words Of Japanese Journalist: What Are You Talking About!?</a> Video clip: 6:51 </li> <li id="cite_note-senseOfCrisis-262"><a href="#cite_ref-senseOfCrisis_262-0">^</a> Colin Clark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2021/07/sense-of-crisis-on-china-taiwan-japan-defense-white-paper/">(15 Jul 2021) 'Sense Of Crisis' On China-Taiwan: Japan Defense White Paper</a> Japan draws closer to Taiwan </li> <li id="cite_note-warFooting-263"><a href="#cite_ref-warFooting_263-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Zack_Cooper" title="Zack Cooper">Zack Cooper</a> and Eric Sayers <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2023/01/japans-shift-to-war-footing/">(12 Jan 2023) JAPAN’S SHIFT TO WAR FOOTING</a> '2+2 Meeting' of defense/state us/japan bilateral agreements </li> <li id="cite_note-sensitivePatents-264"><a href="#cite_ref-sensitivePatents_264-0">^</a> Reuters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/japan-pay-companies-keep-sensitive-204158588.html">(25 Dec 2021) Japan to pay companies to keep sensitive patents secret- Nikkei</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CecJapan-265"><a href="#cite_ref-CecJapan_265-0">^</a> Mike Yeo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/2022/11/22/japanese-destroyers-intercept-ballistic-missiles-in-tests-with-us-navy/">(22 Nov 2022) Japanese destroyers intercept ballistic missiles in tests with US Navy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-tnsr-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tnsr_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tnsr_266-1">b</a> Aaron L. Friedberg <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tnsr.org/2022/01/the-growing-rivalry-between-america-and-china-and-the-future-of-globalization/">(Winter 2021/2022) The Growing Rivalry Between America and China and the Future of Globalization</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pZ-267"><a href="#cite_ref-pZ_267-0">^</a> The Changing Order <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atCXhFiveeg">(9 Feb 2022) —Peter Zeihan: How Deglobalization Works, Full Webinar</a> video 58:24 </li> <li id="cite_note-globDefSpend-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globDefSpend_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-globDefSpend_268-1">b</a> FORECAST INTERNATIONAL STAFF, FORECAST INTERNATIONAL <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2024/04/global-defense-spending-annual-snapshot-part-1/395853/">(18 Apr 2024) Global defense spending jumped in 2023</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fink-269"><a href="#cite_ref-fink_269-0">^</a> Anna Cooban <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/24/business/blackrock-globalization/index.html">(24 March 2022) BlackRock says Russia’s war in Ukraine is the end of globalization</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-deDollarization-270"><a href="#cite_ref-deDollarization_270-0">^</a> Akhil Ramesh <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3262514-are-we-witnessing-the-beginning-of-de-dollarization/">( Are we witnessing the beginning of de-dollarization?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-deglobalizationZeihan-271"><a href="#cite_ref-deglobalizationZeihan_271-0">^</a> JackCarrUSA video 1:01:50 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_QvRX41Las">Peter Zeihan (June 2022): The End of the World Is Just the Beginning</a> hardcover </li> <li id="cite_note-zeihanCorroboration-272"><a href="#cite_ref-zeihanCorroboration_272-0">^</a> China Observer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBGrprepVFM">(12 Aug 2023) No Orders From US & EU, No Money to Pay Salaries, China Faced Its Worst Manufacturing Year in 2023</a> <ul><li>Zeihan on Geopolitics <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A9-wfHgjTB8">(10 Aug 2023) The Chinese Slide Into Deflation (The Final Straw?)</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-caspianRpt-274"><a href="#cite_ref-caspianRpt_274-0">^</a> Caspian Report <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzCoJXxb5xI">(14 Jun 2022) How Russia could collapse (again)</a> Local republics could blockade other republics of the Federation to preserve local stability, which appears to be the choice of the people. </li> <li id="cite_note-cSebastian-275"><a href="#cite_ref-cSebastian_275-0">^</a> Clare Sebastian, CNN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/28/business/russia-economy-ukraine-six-months/index.html">(28 Aug 2022) 'Slower burn.' Russia dodges economic collapse but the decline has started</a> Russia now selling oil to Asia, six months after sanctions by West. </li> <li id="cite_note-putinWatchers-276"><a href="#cite_ref-putinWatchers_276-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/01/26/russia-ukraine-putin-experts-00000019">(26 Jan 2022) Will There Be a War Over Ukraine? 13 Putin Watchers Weigh In</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-howTopUkrGeneralPreparedForWar-277"><a href="#cite_ref-howTopUkrGeneralPreparedForWar_277-0">^</a> David M. Herszenhorn and Paul McLeary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/ukraine-iron-general-hero-hes-083000614.html">(8 Apr 2022) Ukraine’s 'iron general' is a hero, but he's no star</a> ala SoF </li> <li id="cite_note-ukUkrainePolandPact-278"><a href="#cite_ref-ukUkrainePolandPact_278-0">^</a> Sebastian Sprenger <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/ukraine-uk-poland-announce-security-212021540.html">(17 Feb 2022) Ukraine, UK, Poland announce security pact amid heightened tensions</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-adamowskiVandiverMcLeary-279"><a href="#cite_ref-adamowskiVandiverMcLeary_279-0">^</a> Jaroslaw Adamowski <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2021/07/09/poland-could-purchase-m1-abrams-tanks-from-us/">(9 Jul 2021) Poland could purchase M1 Abrams tanks from US</a> 250 M1A2 SEPv3s, + dozen tracked vehicles, purchase confirmed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/land/2021/07/14/polish-defence-ministry-confirms-plan-to-buy-m1-abrams-tanks/">14 July 2021 </a> <ul><li>John Vandiver <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stripes.com/theaters/europe/2022-02-18/tanks-poland-united-states-defense-5067639.html">(18 Feb 2022) US will sell Poland tanks to bolster NATO defense</a></li> <li>Paul McLeary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/mr-putin-did-not-want-133913427.html">(18 Feb 2022) ‘What Mr. Putin did not want’: U.S. approves $6B tank deal with Poland</a> State Department approval, so the tanks are not yet available for shipment from Vendor</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-shadowWar-280"><a href="#cite_ref-shadowWar_280-0">^</a> Douglas London, Foreign Affairs <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russia-fsu/2022-04-11/shadow-war-against-putin">(11 Apr 2022) A Shadow War Against Putin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nemtsova-281"><a href="#cite_ref-nemtsova_281-0">^</a> Anna Nemtsova <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/putin-lost-us-city-russian-204500815.html">(28 Jan 2022) ‘Putin Lost Us’: A City of Russian-Speaking Ukrainians Is Vowing To Fight Moscow’s Aggression</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kottasová-282"><a href="#cite_ref-kottasová_282-0">^</a> Ivana Kottasová, Tamara Qiblawi and Helen Regan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/21/europe/russia-ukraine-tensions-monday-intl/index.html">(22 Feb 2022) Putin orders troops into pro-Russian regions of eastern Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-radchenko-283"><a href="#cite_ref-radchenko_283-0">^</a> Sergey Radchenko <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2022/02/moscow-musings-on-brinksmanship-from-stalin-to-putin/">(22 Feb 2022) MOSCOW MUSINGS ON BRINKSMANSHIP FROM STALIN TO PUTIN</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-amphibGroupInBlackSea-284"><a href="#cite_ref-amphibGroupInBlackSea_284-0">^</a> Sam LaGrone <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.usni.org/2022/02/08/six-ship-russian-navy-amphibious-group-attack-sub-approach-black-sea-as-warships-mass-in-the-mediterranean">(8 Feb 2022) UPDATED: Russian Navy Amphibious Group Enters Black Sea as Warships Mass in the Mediterranean</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-uncoiling-285"><a href="#cite_ref-uncoiling_285-0">^</a> Liudas Dapkus and Dasha Litvinova <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.militarytimes.com/flashpoints/ukraine/2022/02/19/russia-uncoiling-and-poised-to-strike-says-us-defense-secretary/">(19 Feb 2022) Russia ‘uncoiling and poised to strike’ says US defense secretary</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-opnZ-286"><a href="#cite_ref-opnZ_286-0">^</a> Jack Watling and Nick Reynolds <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.rusi.org/special-report-202204-operation-z-web.pdf">(22 Apr 2022) Operation Z: The Death Throes of an Imperial Delusion</a> 26 pages </li> <li id="cite_note-restockingDoomed-287"><a href="#cite_ref-restockingDoomed_287-0">^</a> Reuben Johnson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/05/russian-attempts-to-restock-its-military-may-be-doomed-to-failure/">(19 May 2022) Russian attempts to restock its military may be doomed to failure</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8warningSigns-288"><a href="#cite_ref-8warningSigns_288-0">^</a> Kyle Mizokami <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a38873856/russia-ukraine-conflict-warning-signs/">(27 Jan 2022) Russia Won't Start a War With Ukraine Out of the Blue. Look For These 8 Warning Signs.</a> <ol><li>Fuel and Ammunition Stockpiles</li> <li>Cyberwarfare</li> <li>GPS Jamming, Spoofing</li> <li>Attack submarine sorties</li> <li>Electronic warfare</li> <li>Social media blackout</li> <li>Little green men Events</li> <li>Drone reconnaissance</li></ol> </li> <li id="cite_note-warningSigns-289"><a href="#cite_ref-warningSigns_289-0">^</a> Jeremy Herb, Katie Bo Lillis, Barbara Starr and Sean Lyngaas, CNN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/10/politics/ukraine-russia-invasion-signs/index.html">(10 February 2022) What the US is watching that could signal Russia is launching an invasion of Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70percentLevel-290"><a href="#cite_ref-70percentLevel_290-0">^</a> Phil Stewart and Humeyra Pamuk, Reuters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/russian-forces-70-level-needed-204542600.html?fr=sycsrp_catchall">(5 Feb 2022) Russian forces at 70% of level needed for full Ukraine invasion - U.S. officials</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kofman-291"><a href="#cite_ref-kofman_291-0">^</a> Michael Kofman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2022/01/putins-wager-in-russias-standoff-with-the-west/">(24 Jan 2022) Putin's Wager in Russia's Standoff With the West</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-russiaCouldInvadeInDays-292"><a href="#cite_ref-russiaCouldInvadeInDays_292-0">^</a> Karen DeYoung, Dan Lamothe, John Hudson and Shane Harris. The Washington Post <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressherald.com/2022/02/05/russia-could-invade-ukraine-within-days-causing-up-to-50000-civilian-deaths-u-s-intelligence-assessments-find/">(5 Feb 2022) Russia could invade Ukraine within days, causing up to 50,000 civilian deaths, U.S. intelligence assessments find</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytMaps-293"><a href="#cite_ref-nytMaps_293-0">^</a> The New York Times <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/world/europe/ukraine-maps.html">(24 Feb 2022) Maps: Tracking the Russian Invasion of Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-treismanOpinion-294"><a href="#cite_ref-treismanOpinion_294-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Treisman" title="Daniel Treisman">Daniel Treisman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/22/opinions/putin-russia-ukraine-plan-donbas-treisman/index.html">(22 Feb 2022) Putin isn't likely to stop here</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ukraineDraftingReservists18to60-295"><a href="#cite_ref-ukraineDraftingReservists18to60_295-0">^</a> Reuters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/ukraine-starts-drafting-reservists-aged-18-60-after-presidents-order-2022-02-23/">(23 Feb 2022) Ukraine starts drafting reservists aged 18-60 after president's order</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-harringtonMcCabe-296"><a href="#cite_ref-harringtonMcCabe_296-0">^</a> Jake Harrington and Riley McCabe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2022/02/keeping-pace-in-the-gray-zone-recommendations-for-the-u-s-intelligence-community/">(1 Feb 2022) Keeping Pace in the Gray ZOne: Three Recommendations for the U.S. Intelligence Community</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-russiaSeeksRegimeChange-297"><a href="#cite_ref-russiaSeeksRegimeChange_297-0">^</a> Michael Kofman <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2022/02/23/michael-kofman-an-expert-on-russias-armed-forces-explains-why-the-kremlin-will-seek-regime-change-in-ukraine">(23 Feb 2022) Michael Kofman, an expert on Russia’s armed forces, explains why the Kremlin will seek regime change in Ukraine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-insinna-298"><a href="#cite_ref-insinna_298-0">^</a> Valerie Insinna <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/02/russia-aiming-to-decapitate-ukrainian-government-us-official/">(24 Feb 2022) Russia aiming to ‘decapitate’ Ukrainian government: US official</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-breakingDefense-299"><a href="#cite_ref-breakingDefense_299-0">^</a> Valerie Insinna <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakingdefense.com/2022/03/top-american-generals-on-three-key-lessons-learned-from-ukraine/">(11 March 2022 at 12:35 PM) Top American generals on three key lessons learned from Ukraine</a> Marine Corps Commandant Gen. David Berger, Army Chief of Staff Gen. James McConville, and Air Combat Command head Gen. Mark Kelly: 1) Humble “Legacy” Technology Can Still Play a Role Against a Sophisticated Adversary, 2) The Human Element (Still) Matters, and 3) Logistics Are Not Optional </li> <li id="cite_note-ZYaohCWtyyA-300"><a href="#cite_ref-ZYaohCWtyyA_300-0">^</a> Sky News <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYaohCWtyyA">(28 Apr 2022) Can Russia be pushed out of Ukraine entirely?</a> Retired Air Vice Marshal Sean Bell 2:25/4:08 use 155mm howitzers, coupled with counterfire radar (i.e. <a href="/wiki/AN/TPQ-53_Quick_Reaction_Capability_Radar" title="AN/TPQ-53 Quick Reaction Capability Radar">TPQ-53</a>) against Russian artillery </li> <li id="cite_note-MsfUiTJv2lE-301"><a href="#cite_ref-MsfUiTJv2lE_301-0">^</a> Frontline (Mar 15, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsfUiTJv2lE">Putin's Road to War (full documentary) </a> 53:18 </li> <li id="cite_note-vindmanCrimea-302"><a href="#cite_ref-vindmanCrimea_302-0">^</a> Francis P. 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Circa 6.000 i militari impegnati all'estero e 7.200 in Italia"</a>. 2018-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COI%2C+visita+del+sottosegretario+Tofalo.+Circa+6.000+i+militari+impegnati+all%27estero+e+7.200+in+Italia&rft.date=2018-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reportdifesa.it%2Fcoi-visita-del-sottosegretario-tofalo-seimila-i-militari-impegnati-allestero-e-7-200-in-italia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+projection" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tr.euronews.com/2020/01/17/turkiye-nin-yabanci-topraklarda-askeri-varligi-ne-hangi-ulkelerde-us-bulunduruyor">"Türkiye'nin hangi ülkelerde askeri üssü var?"</a>. euronews (in Turkish). 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2021-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+hangi+%C3%BClkelerde+askeri+%C3%BCss%C3%BC+var%3F&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.euronews.com%2F2020%2F01%2F17%2Fturkiye-nin-yabanci-topraklarda-askeri-varligi-ne-hangi-ulkelerde-us-bulunduruyor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+projection" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-315"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_315-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indyturk.com/node/316736/her-yedi-askerden-biri-s%C4%B1n%C4%B1rlar%C4%B1n-%C3%B6tesinde-tskn%C4%B1n-yurtd%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1ndaki-g%C3%BCc%C3%BC-50-bini-a%C5%9Ft%C4%B1#.Y">"Her yedi askerden biri sınırların ötesinde: TSK'nın yurtdışındaki gücü 50 bini aştı"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Her+yedi+askerden+biri+s%C4%B1n%C4%B1rlar%C4%B1n+%C3%B6tesinde%3A+TSK%27n%C4%B1n+yurtd%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1ndaki+g%C3%BCc%C3%BC+50+bini+a%C5%9Ft%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indyturk.com%2Fnode%2F316736%2Fher-yedi-askerden-biri-s%25C4%25B1n%25C4%25B1rlar%25C4%25B1n-%25C3%25B6tesinde-tskn%25C4%25B1n-yurtd%25C4%25B1%25C5%259F%25C4%25B1ndaki-g%25C3%25BCc%25C3%25BC-50-bini-a%25C5%259Ft%25C4%25B1%23.Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APower+projection" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_projection&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_power_projection" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Military power projection">Military power projection</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/100-10-1/ch1.htm">US Army Field Manual 100-10 Chapter 1: Power Projection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/100-7/f1007_11.htm#REF53h2">US Army Field Manual 100-7 Chapter 6: Force Projection</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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aria-labelledby="Power_in_international_relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_power" title="Template:International power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_power" title="Template talk:International power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Power_in_international_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power in international relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_power" title="Maritime power">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_power" title="National power">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_power" title="Sharp power">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_power" title="Smart power">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Least of the Great Powers">Least Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower" title="Potential superpower">Potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Super</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Century" title="Asian Century">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Century" title="Indian Century">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Century" title="Pacific Century">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">List of ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">List of modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Philosophy of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Polarity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_transition_theory" title="Power transition theory">Power transition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Superpower">Second Superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower collapse">Superpower collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_disengagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower disengagement">Superpower disengagement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Index_of_National_Capability" title="Composite Index of National Capability">Composite Index of National Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_National_Power" title="Comprehensive National Power">Comprehensive National Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations_and_groups_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Organizations and groups</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System (SICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union (EU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group (V4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">North America–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Oceania–Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.25em;">Non–regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Speaking_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries">Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E9_(countries)" title="E9 (countries)">E9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Uniting for Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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