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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arab tribe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Banu Ma'qil<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">بَنُو مَعقِل</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="border-top: #aaa 1px solid; border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/Madhhaj" title="Madhhaj">Madhhaji</a> Arab tribe</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1894-02-08,_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_Americana,_Escenas_populares_marroqu%C3%ADes,_Danza_callejera_en_el_zoco_de_Mazag%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1894-02-08%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_Americana%2C_Escenas_populares_marroqu%C3%ADes%2C_Danza_callejera_en_el_zoco_de_Mazag%C3%A1n.jpg/220px-1894-02-08%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_Americana%2C_Escenas_populares_marroqu%C3%ADes%2C_Danza_callejera_en_el_zoco_de_Mazag%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1894-02-08%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_Americana%2C_Escenas_populares_marroqu%C3%ADes%2C_Danza_callejera_en_el_zoco_de_Mazag%C3%A1n.jpg/330px-1894-02-08%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_Americana%2C_Escenas_populares_marroqu%C3%ADes%2C_Danza_callejera_en_el_zoco_de_Mazag%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1894-02-08%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_Americana%2C_Escenas_populares_marroqu%C3%ADes%2C_Danza_callejera_en_el_zoco_de_Mazag%C3%A1n.jpg/440px-1894-02-08%2C_La_Ilustraci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_y_Americana%2C_Escenas_populares_marroqu%C3%ADes%2C_Danza_callejera_en_el_zoco_de_Mazag%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="2959" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The tribe in 1894.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nisba_(onomastics)" title="Nisba (onomastics)">Nisba</a></th><td class="infobox-data">al-Ma'qili<br />المعقلي</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent tribe</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madhhaj" title="Madhhaj">Banu Madhhaj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branches</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Ubayd Allah</li> <li>Mansur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_%E1%B8%A4ass%C4%81n" title="Beni Ḥassān">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaaliba" title="Thaaliba">Thaaliba</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Banu Ma'qil</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بنو معقل</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Banū Maʿqil</i></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> nomadic tribe that originated in <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> tribes in the 11th century. They mainly settled in and around the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> wolds and oases of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Tafilalt" title="Tafilalt">Tafilalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noun_River_(Morocco)" title="Noun River (Morocco)">Wad Nun</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Guelmim" title="Guelmim">Guelmim</a>), <a href="/wiki/Draa_River" title="Draa River">Draa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taourirt,_Morocco" title="Taourirt, Morocco">Taourirt</a>. With the Ma'qil being a <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribe that originated in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, like Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, they adapted perfectly to the climatic desert conditions of the Maghreb, discovering the same way of life as in the Arabian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ma'qil branch of <a href="/wiki/Beni_%E1%B8%A4ass%C4%81n" title="Beni Ḥassān">Beni Hassan</a> which came to dominate all of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, south <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and south-west <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, spread the <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya Arabic</a> dialect,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is very close to <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">classical Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact origin of the Ma'qil tribe is unknown,<sup id="cite_ref-pp78_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it has been established that they most likely originated in <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They claimed for themselves a prestigious <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Hashemite</a> descent from <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ja'far ibn Abi Talib">Ja'far ibn Abu Talib</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Talib_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Abu Talib</a> and brother of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abu Talib</a>. Some Arabian genealogists categorized them as <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Hilalians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pp78_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> hypothesized that both of these versions are false, since the Hashemites lived in urban cities and weren't nomadic nor ever wandered in the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-pp78_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He added that the Ma'qil is a name only found in Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-pp78_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Khaldun said that they were likely an Arab nomadic group from Yemen, and this is supported by <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_al-Kalbi" title="Hisham ibn al-Kalbi">Ibn al-Kalbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27id_al-Maghribi" title="Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi">Ibn Said</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pp78_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pp79_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp79-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Khaldun noted "the origin of the Ma'qil tribe is from the <a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Arabs of Yemen</a>, and their grandfather is Rabi'a bin Ka'b bin Rabi'a bin Ka'b bin al-Harith, and from al-Harith bin Ka'b bin 'Amr bin 'Ulah bin Jald bin <a href="/wiki/Madhhij" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhhij">Madhhij</a> bin Adad bin Zayd bin <a href="/wiki/Kahlan" title="Kahlan">Kahlan</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-tribes">Sub-tribes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sub-tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beni_Ubayd_Allah">Beni Ubayd Allah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beni Ubayd Allah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Banu Ubayd Allah descended from Ubayd Allah bin Sahir (or Saqil), son of the Ma'qil forefather.<sup id="cite_ref-pp79_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp79-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the biggest sub-group of the Ma'qil and lived as nomads in the southern hills between <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taourirt,_Morocco" title="Taourirt, Morocco">Taourirt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pp80_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp80-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their nomadic travel they reached as far as the <a href="/wiki/Moulouya_River" title="Moulouya River">Melwiya river</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Tuat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuat">Tuat</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-pp80_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp80-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beni Ubayd Allah later divided into two sub-tribes: The Haraj and The Kharaj.<sup id="cite_ref-pp81_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beni_Mansur">Beni Mansur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beni Mansur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Banu Mansur descended from Mansour bin Mohammed, the second son of the Ma'qil forefather.<sup id="cite_ref-pp87_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp87-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pp77_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They lived as nomads between Taourirt and the <a href="/wiki/Draa_River" title="Draa River">Draa</a> valley.<sup id="cite_ref-pp77_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one time they controlled the area between the <a href="/wiki/Moulouya_River" title="Moulouya River">Moulouya river</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a>, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Taza" title="Taza">Taza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tadla" title="Tadla">Tadla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pp77_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the second most numerous Ma'qil sub-tribe after the Beni Ubayd Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-pp87_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp87-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beni_Hassan">Beni Hassan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Beni Hassan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Banu Hassan descended from Hassan bin Mokhtar bin Mohamed, the second son of the Ma'qil forefather.<sup id="cite_ref-pp79_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp79-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were thus the cousins of Beni Mansour. The Banu Hassan sub-tribe is, however, not limited to the descendants of Hassan, they also include the Shebanat (sons of Shebana the brother of Hassan) and the Reguitat who descended from the other sons of Mohamed; namely Jalal, Salem and Uthman.<sup id="cite_ref-pp79_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp79-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pp91_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp91-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They wandered in the <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a> and the extreme-<a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a> (present-day southern Morocco)<sup id="cite_ref-pp77_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they had originally lived as nomads near the <a href="/wiki/Moulouya_River" title="Moulouya River">Melwiya river</a> neighboring their relatives; the Banu Ubayd Allah and Banu Mansour.<sup id="cite_ref-pp91_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp91-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their coming to the <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a> was a result of the Almohad governor of this region who invited them to fight for him when a rebellion broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-pp91_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp91-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thaaliba">Thaaliba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thaaliba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thaaliba" title="Thaaliba">Thaaliba</a> were the descendants of Thaalab bin Ali bin Bakr bin Sahir (or Saqir or Suhair) son of the Ma'qil forefather. This sub-tribe settled in a region close to <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mitidja" title="Mitidja">Mitidja</a> plain. They came to rule <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> from 1204 to 1516 until the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> took over control from Salim al-Tumi in the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">capture of Algiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration_to_the_Maghreb">Emigration to the Maghreb</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emigration to the Maghreb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ma'qils entered the Maghreb during the wave of emigration of the Arabian tribes (<a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a>, etc.) in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-pp77_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They adapted to the climatic desert conditions of the Maghreb, discovering the same way of life as in the Arabian Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> opposed their arrival and fought them off.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They later allied with the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and entered under their protection,<sup id="cite_ref-pp77_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which enabled them to wander in the Moroccan Sahara between the <a href="/wiki/Moulouya_River" title="Moulouya River">Moulouya River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tafilalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafilalet">Tafilalet</a> oases.<sup id="cite_ref-pp77_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tiny group of them however stayed in <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, during their westward transit in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, and briefly worked as viziers of the victorious <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Hilalians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a>, who had recently defeated the powerful <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pp77_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harry Norris noted "the Moorish Sahara is the western extremity of the Arab World. Western it certainly is, some districts further west than Ireland, yet in its way of life, its culture, its literature and in many of its social customs, it has much in common with the heart lands of the Arab East, in particular with the Hijaz and Najd and parts of the Yemen".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ma'qils quickly grew in numbers, this is due to the fact that parts of many other Arabian tribes joined them, which included:<sup id="cite_ref-pp78_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Fazara" title="Banu Fazara">Fezara</a> of Asheja</li> <li>Chetha of Kurfa</li> <li>Mehaya of Iyad</li> <li>Shuara of Hassin</li> <li>Sabah of al-Akhdar</li> <li>Some of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a></li></ul> <p>Once in Morocco, they allied with the <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> nomadic groups that neighbored them in the wolds. After the decline of <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> authority, the Ma'qil took advantage of the civil war between the different <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> groups and seized control of various <a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksours</a> and oases in the <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Draa" class="mw-redirect" title="Draa">Draa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuat">Tuat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taourirt,_Morocco" title="Taourirt, Morocco">Taourirt</a> upon which they imposed taxes, while giving a certain amount of the collected money to the local competing <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> kings.<sup id="cite_ref-pp78_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_under_the_Almohads">Evolution under the Almohads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Evolution under the Almohads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> era, the Ma'qils stayed loyal, paid taxes and neither looted nor attacked any villages, <a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksours</a> or passing trading Caravans.<sup id="cite_ref-pp78_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the power of the Almohads declined, the Ma'qils took advantage of the lack of central state authority and the civil war between the Zenata, and seized the control of many <a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksours</a> around <a href="/wiki/Tafilalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafilalet">Tafilalet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Draa" class="mw-redirect" title="Draa">Draa</a> Valley and Tawrirt.<sup id="cite_ref-pp78_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp78-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pp92_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp92-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almohad caliph <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> encouraged the settlement of Banu Ma'qil and other Arabian tribes in coastal Morocco, an area which was largely depopulated by the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghawata</a> by the Almohads.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migration and presence of Arab nomads led to further Arabic influence and added an important element to the local power equation, of which when one of the Marinid sultans went in public procession, he was escorted by a <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> on one side and an Arab on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_under_the_Zayyanids_and_Marinids">Evolution under the Zayyanids and Marinids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evolution under the Zayyanids and Marinids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kharaj of Banu Ubayd Allah initially opposed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Zayyanids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pp80_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp80-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later allied with them after they were defeated in a battle with the sultan, <a href="/wiki/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan">Ibn Zyan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pp80_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp80-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pp81_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Marinids replaced the Zayyanids, the Kharaj remained faithful to the Zayyanids since they had given them tax collection privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-pp81_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marinid Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Abu al-Hassan</a> then stripped them of these acquired advantages and gave them instead to the <a href="/wiki/Iznasen" title="Iznasen">Beni Iznassen</a> tribe,<sup id="cite_ref-pp81_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in a rebellion by the Kharaj which killed the Marinid governor of the Saharan <a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksours</a>, Yahya ibn Al-iz.<sup id="cite_ref-pp81_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp81-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pp82_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp82-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Arabs expanded their domains in Morocco and <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabized</a> many Berbers, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> became the common language, which the Marinids made the official language.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabs also increased their influence and power in Morocco, and no one could have ruled there without their co-operation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When riding in state, the Marinid sultan was flanked on either side by an Arab and a Zenata chief as a symbol of the dual character of the <a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_to_Mauritania">Migration to Mauritania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Migration to Mauritania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 14th and 15th centuries, the nomadic Arab tribes of Banu Ma'qil moved into <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and were over time able to establish complete dominance over the Berbers<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after defeating both Berbers and Black Africans in the region and pushing them to the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal river</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> of Mauritania started following the Arab victory in the <a href="/wiki/Char_Bouba_war" title="Char Bouba war">Char Bouba war</a> in 1677. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Hassan">Beni Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelmim" title="Guelmim">Guelmim</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSabatierHimpan2019" class="citation book cs1">Sabatier, Diane Himpan; Himpan, Brigitte (2019-03-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gjpvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110"><i>Nomads of Mauritania</i></a>. Vernon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">110–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62273-410-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62273-410-8"><bdi>978-1-62273-410-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads+of+Mauritania&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.pub=Vernon+Press&rft.date=2019-03-31&rft.isbn=978-1-62273-410-8&rft.aulast=Sabatier&rft.aufirst=Diane+Himpan&rft.au=Himpan%2C+Brigitte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgjpvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOuld-Mey1996" class="citation book cs1">Ould-Mey, Mohameden (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWxZ9JV-UOEC&dq=banu+maqil&pg=PA68"><i>Global Restructuring and Peripheral States: The Carrot and the Stick in Mauritania</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-3051-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-3051-7"><bdi>978-0-8226-3051-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Restructuring+and+Peripheral+States%3A+The+Carrot+and+the+Stick+in+Mauritania&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8226-3051-7&rft.aulast=Ould-Mey&rft.aufirst=Mohameden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWxZ9JV-UOEC%26dq%3Dbanu%2Bmaqil%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp78-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp78_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp78_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp78_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp78_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp78_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp78_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp78_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp78_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp78_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1377" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman</a> (1377). <i>تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر</i>. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%3A+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1&rft.date=1377&rft.aulast=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.aufirst=Abderahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp79-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp79_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp79_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp79_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp79_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1377" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman</a> (1377). <i>تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر</i>. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%3A+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1&rft.date=1377&rft.aulast=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.aufirst=Abderahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhaldûn2015" class="citation book cs1">Khaldûn, Ibn (2015-04-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRCnDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History - Abridged Edition</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16628-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16628-5"><bdi>978-0-691-16628-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muqaddimah%3A+An+Introduction+to+History+-+Abridged+Edition&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16628-5&rft.aulast=Khald%C3%BBn&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRCnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp80-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp80_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp80_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp80_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp80_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1377" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman</a> (1377). <i>تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر</i>. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%3A+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1&rft.date=1377&rft.aulast=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.aufirst=Abderahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp81-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp81_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp81_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp81_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp81_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp81_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1377" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman</a> (1377). <i>تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر</i>. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%3A+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1&rft.date=1377&rft.aulast=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.aufirst=Abderahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp87-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp87_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp87_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1377" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman</a> (1377). <i>تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر</i>. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%3A+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1&rft.date=1377&rft.aulast=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.aufirst=Abderahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp77-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp77_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp77_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp77_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp77_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp77_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp77_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp77_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp77_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1377" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman</a> (1377). <i>تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر</i>. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%3A+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1&rft.date=1377&rft.aulast=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.aufirst=Abderahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp91-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pp91_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp91_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pp91_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1377" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman</a> (1377). <i>تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر</i>. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%3A+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1&rft.date=1377&rft.aulast=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.aufirst=Abderahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFبن_عتو2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">بن عتو, حمدون (2017-03-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/25240">"الثعالبة في الجزائر من خلال المصادر المحلية د. حمدون بن عتو"</a>. <i>الحوار المتوسطي</i> (in Arabic). <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">437–</span>445. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2571-9742">2571-9742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%AF.+%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%88&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E445&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.issn=2571-9742&rft.aulast=%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%88&rft.aufirst=%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asjp.cerist.dz%2Fen%2Farticle%2F25240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2010" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, David (2010). <i>Les sociétés Musulmanes Africains</i>. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+Musulmanes+Africains&rft.pages=140&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOuld-Mey1996" class="citation book cs1">Ould-Mey, Mohameden (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWxZ9JV-UOEC&pg=PA69"><i>Global Restructuring and Peripheral States: The Carrot and the Stick in Mauritania</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-3051-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8226-3051-7"><bdi>978-0-8226-3051-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Restructuring+and+Peripheral+States%3A+The+Carrot+and+the+Stick+in+Mauritania&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8226-3051-7&rft.aulast=Ould-Mey&rft.aufirst=Mohameden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWxZ9JV-UOEC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp92-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pp92_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1377" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman</a> (1377). <i>تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر</i>. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%3A+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1&rft.date=1377&rft.aulast=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.aufirst=Abderahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsichei1997" class="citation book cs1">Isichei, Elizabeth (1997-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3C2tzBSAp3MC&pg=PA190"><i>A History of African Societies to 1870</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45599-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45599-2"><bdi>978-0-521-45599-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+African+Societies+to+1870&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45599-2&rft.aulast=Isichei&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3C2tzBSAp3MC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp82-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pp82_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Khaldun1377" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman</a> (1377). <i>تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر</i>. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%3A+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D9%88+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1&rft.date=1377&rft.aulast=Ibn+Khaldun&rft.aufirst=Abderahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFageOliver1975" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&pg=PA360"><i>The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20981-6"><bdi>978-0-521-20981-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa%3A+From+c.+500+B.C.+to+A.D.+1050&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20981-6&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Roland+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGWjxR61xAe0C%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGall2006" class="citation book cs1">Gall, Timothy L. (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZgRAQAAMAAJ&q=banu+maqil"><i>Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations</i></a>. Thomson Gale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-1089-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-1089-0"><bdi>978-1-4144-1089-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+the+Nations&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2006-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4144-1089-0&rft.aulast=Gall&rft.aufirst=Timothy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZgRAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbanu%2Bmaqil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLombardo2021" class="citation book cs1">Lombardo, Jennifer (2021-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sn9eEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"><i>Mauritania</i></a>. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-6305-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5026-6305-4"><bdi>978-1-5026-6305-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauritania&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2021-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5026-6305-4&rft.aulast=Lombardo&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsn9eEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaqil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_tribes_in_Morocco91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Arab_tribes_of_Morocco" title="Template:Arab tribes of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_tribes_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:Arab tribes of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_tribes_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab tribes of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_tribes_in_Morocco91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arab tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_(Morocco)" title="Abda (Morocco)">Abda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_Rachida" title="Ahl Rachida">Ahl Rachida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Oussa" title="Aït Oussa">Aït Oussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azwafit" title="Azwafit">Azwafit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banu Ma'qil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Banu Tamim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Ahsen" title="Beni Ahsen">Beni Ahsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Amir">Beni Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Guil" title="Beni Guil">Beni Guil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_%E1%B8%A4ass%C4%81n" title="Beni Ḥassān">Beni Ḥassān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Khirane" title="Beni Khirane">Beni Khirane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Mathar" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Mathar">Beni Mathar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Moussa" title="Beni Moussa">Beni Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Zemmour" title="Beni Zemmour">Beni Zemmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaouia_(Morocco)" title="Chaouia (Morocco)">Chaouia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukkala" title="Doukkala">Doukkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyayna" title="Hyayna">Hyayna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlout" title="Khlout">Khlout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzab_(Moroccan_tribe)" title="Mzab (Moroccan tribe)">Mzab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudaya" title="Oudaya">Oudaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulad_Bou_Sbaa" title="Oulad Bou Sbaa">Oulad Bou Sbaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulad_Delim" title="Oulad Delim">Oulad Delim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulad_Tidrarin" title="Oulad Tidrarin">Oulad Tidrarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulad_Zyan" title="Oulad Zyan">Oulad Zyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahamna" title="Rahamna">Rahamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reguibat" title="Reguibat">Reguibat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sless" title="Sless">Sless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%C3%ABr" title="Zaër">Zaër</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyayda" title="Zyayda">Zyayda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_tribes" title="Template:Arab tribes">Arab tribes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_Arab_tribes155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_Arab_tribes" title="Template:Historical Arab tribes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_Arab_tribes" title="Template talk:Historical Arab tribes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_Arab_tribes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical Arab tribes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_Arab_tribes155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arab tribes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>These prefixes ignored in the alphabetical ordering: Al, Bani, Banu.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_%27Akk" title="Banu 'Akk">Akk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Amila" title="Banu Amila">Amila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Amr" title="Banu Amr">Banu Amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anmar" title="Anmar">Anmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Asad" title="Banu Asad">Banu Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ash%27ar" title="Banu Ash'ar">Ash'ar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aslam" title="Banu Aslam">Aslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariq" title="Bariq">Bariq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Daws" title="Banu Daws">Daws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghamd" title="Ghamd">Ghamd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahran_tribe" title="Zahran tribe">Zahran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajila" title="Bajila">Bajila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hamdan" title="Banu Hamdan">Hamdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haram_(tribe)" title="Al-Haram (tribe)">Al-Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hudhayl" title="Banu Hudhayl">Hudhayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Judham" title="Banu Judham">Judham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ju%27fa" title="Banu Ju'fa">Ju'fa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurhum" title="Jurhum">Jurhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Kanz" title="Banu Kanz">Banu Kanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahlan" title="Kahlan">Kahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khath%27am" title="Khath'am">Khath'am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Khuza%27ah" title="Banu Khuza'ah">Khuza'a</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Mustaliq" title="Banu Mustaliq">Mustaliq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinana" title="Kinana">Kinana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Bakr_ibn_Abd_Manat" title="Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat">Bakr ibn Abd Manat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Damrah" title="Banu Damrah">Damrah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ghifar" title="Banu Ghifar">Ghifar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Jadhimah" title="Banu Jadhimah">Jadhima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Abd-Shams" title="Banu Abd-Shams">Abd-Shams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Umayya" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Umayya">Umayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Adi" title="Banu Adi">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Hashim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Jumah" title="Banu Jumah">Jumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Sahm" title="Banu Sahm">Sahm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Taym" title="Banu Taym">Taym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Zuhrah" title="Banu Zuhrah">Zuhra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinda_(tribe)" title="Kinda (tribe)">Kinda</a></li> <li>Khuthir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Lahyan" title="Banu Lahyan">Lihyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Lakhm" title="Banu Lakhm">Lakhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhaj" title="Madhhaj">Madhhaj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_al-Hakam" title="Banu al-Hakam">Banu al-Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ansi" title="Al-Ansi">Ans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Awd" title="Banu Awd">Awd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukha_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukha (tribe)">Nukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubaid" title="Zubaid">Zubaid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Muzaina" title="Banu Muzaina">Muzayna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabi%60ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi`ah">Rabi'a</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qays" title="Abd al-Qays">Abd al-Qays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anizah" title="Anizah">Anizah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Bakr" title="Banu Bakr">Bakr ibn Wa'il</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Dhuhl" title="Banu Dhuhl">Banu Dhuhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hanifa" title="Banu Hanifa">Hanifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ijl" title="Banu Ijl">Ijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Shayban" title="Banu Shayban">Shayban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taym_Allah" title="Taym Allah">Taym Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Yashkur" title="Banu Yashkur">Banu Yashkur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghlib" title="Taghlib">Taghlib</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qays" title="Qays">Qays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghatafan" title="Ghatafan">Ghatafan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Dhubyan" title="Banu Dhubyan">Dhubyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Fazara" title="Banu Fazara">Fazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Murra" title="Banu Murra">Murra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Talabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Talabah">Tha'laba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Abs" title="Banu Abs">Abs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawazin" title="Hawazin">Hawazin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Sa%27d" title="Banu Sa'd">Sa'd ibn Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Thaqif" title="Banu Thaqif">Thaqif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Amir" title="Banu Amir">Amir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Hilal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ka%27b" title="Banu Ka'b">Ka'b</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Uqayl" title="Banu Uqayl">Uqayl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafaja" title="Khafaja">Khafaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Kilab" title="Banu Kilab">Kilab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qushayr" title="Banu Qushayr">Qushayr</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Sulaym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ghani" title="Banu Ghani">Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahila" title="Bahila">Bahila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Muharib" title="Banu Muharib">Muharib</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quda%27a" title="Quda'a">Quda'a</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahra%27" title="Bahra'">Bahra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_(tribe)" title="Bali (tribe)">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_al-Qayn" title="Banu al-Qayn">Balqayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarm" title="Jarm">Jarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhaynah" title="Juhaynah">Juhaynah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Kalb" title="Banu Kalb">Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salihids" title="Salihids">Salih</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_al-Samayda" title="Banu al-Samayda">al-Samayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Sa%27ida" title="Banu Sa'ida">Sa'ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Shehr" class="mw-redirect" title="Bani Shehr">Shehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Shuja" title="Banu Shuja">Shuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Tamim" title="Banu Tamim">Tamim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hanzala" title="Banu Hanzala">Hanzala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Sa%27d_ibn_Zayd_Manat" title="Banu Sa'd ibn Zayd Manat">Sa'd ibn Zayd Manat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanukhids">Tanukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tayy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Fadl" title="Al Fadl">Al Fadl</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaman_(tribal_group)" title="Yaman (tribal group)">Yaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_tribes" title="Template:Arab tribes">Arab tribes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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