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Companionship of Muhammad subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Companionship_of_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Event_of_the_mubahala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Event_of_the_mubahala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Event of the mubahala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Event_of_the_mubahala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Political career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Military career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghadir_Khumm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghadir_Khumm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ghadir Khumm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghadir_Khumm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_under_Rashidun_Caliphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_under_Rashidun_Caliphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Life under Rashidun Caliphs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_under_Rashidun_Caliphs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life under Rashidun Caliphs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_under_Rashidun_Caliphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Succession_to_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession_to_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Succession to Muhammad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_to_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saqifa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saqifa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Saqifa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saqifa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attack_on_Fatima's_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_on_Fatima's_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1.1 Attack on Fatima's house </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_on_Fatima's_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliphate_of_Abu_Bakr_(r._632–634)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliphate_of_Abu_Bakr_(r._632–634)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Caliphate of Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caliphate_of_Abu_Bakr_(r._632–634)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliphate_of_Umar_(r._634–644)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliphate_of_Umar_(r._634–644)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Caliphate of Umar (r. 634–644) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caliphate_of_Umar_(r._634–644)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_of_Uthman_(644)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_Uthman_(644)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Election of Uthman (644) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_Uthman_(644)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliphate_of_Uthman_(r._644–656)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliphate_of_Uthman_(r._644–656)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Caliphate of Uthman (r. 644–656) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caliphate_of_Uthman_(r._644–656)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_Uthman_(656)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_Uthman_(656)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Assassination of Uthman (656) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_Uthman_(656)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Caliphate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caliphate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Caliphate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_(656)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_(656)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Election (656) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_(656)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Legitimacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Religious authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Fiscal policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Rules of war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Camel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Camel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Battle of the Camel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Camel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Account_of_the_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Account_of_the_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Account of the battle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Account_of_the_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Siffin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Siffin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Battle of Siffin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Siffin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Account_of_the_battle_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Account_of_the_battle_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Account of the battle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Account_of_the_battle_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Call_to_arbitration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Call_to_arbitration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Call to arbitration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call_to_arbitration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arbitration_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbitration_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Arbitration agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbitration_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Kharijites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Kharijites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 Formation of the Kharijites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Kharijites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arbitration_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbitration_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.5 Arbitration proceedings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbitration_proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Nahrawan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Nahrawan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Battle of Nahrawan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Nahrawan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Final years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Assassination and burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants_of_Ali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_of_Ali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Descendants of Ali </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Descendants_of_Ali-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Descendants of Ali subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Descendants_of_Ali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Under_the_Umayyads_(661–750)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Umayyads_(661–750)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Under the Umayyads (661–750) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Umayyads_(661–750)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Abbasids_(750–1258)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Abbasids_(750–1258)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Under the Abbasids (750–1258) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Abbasids_(750–1258)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nahj_al-balagha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nahj_al-balagha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Nahj al-balagha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nahj_al-balagha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghurar_al-hikam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghurar_al-hikam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Ghurar al-hikam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghurar_al-hikam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mushaf_of_Ali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mushaf_of_Ali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Mushaf of Ali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mushaf_of_Ali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kitab_Ali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitab_Ali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Kitab Ali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitab_Ali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Other works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_Islamic_sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_Islamic_sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Contributions to Islamic sciences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_Islamic_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Names and titles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Character </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Assessment and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assessment and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 In Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.1 In the Quran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_hadith_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_hadith_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.2 In hadith literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_hadith_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.3 In Sufism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sunni_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sunni_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.4 In Sunni Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sunni_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Shia_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Shia_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.5 In Shia Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Shia_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Alawism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Alawism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.6 In Alawism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Alawism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 In other religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Encyclopedias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Encyclopædia_Iranica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopædia_Iranica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2.1 Encyclopædia Iranica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopædia_Iranica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopaedia_of_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2.2 Encyclopaedia of Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encyclopaedia_Islamica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encyclopaedia_Islamica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2.3 Encyclopaedia Islamica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encyclopaedia_Islamica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2.4 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals_and_theses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals_and_theses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Journals and theses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals_and_theses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ali</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" > 119 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bin_Abi_Thalib" title="Ali bin Abi Thalib – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ali bin Abi Thalib" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%93%E1%88%8A_%E1%8A%A5%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A2_%E1%89%B3%E1%88%8A%E1%89%A5" title="ዓሊ እብን አቢ ታሊብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዓሊ እብን አቢ ታሊብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%AB" title="Alī – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Alī" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="علي بن أبي طالب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علي بن أبي طالب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AD" title="Alí – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alí" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ibn_Abi_T%C3%A1lib" title="Ali Ibn Abi Tálib – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ali Ibn Abi Tálib" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fli" title="Əli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ایمام علی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایمام علی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="আলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D3%98%D0%B1%D2%AF_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Али ибн Әбү Талип – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Али ибн Әбү Талип" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1" title="Алі ібн Абу Таліб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алі ібн Абу Таліб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Алі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Али ибн Аби Талиб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Али ибн Аби Талиб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ebu-Talib" title="Ali ibn Ebu-Talib – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ali ibn Ebu-Talib" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AD_ibn_Abi-T%C3%A0lib" title="Alí ibn Abi-Tàlib – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alí ibn Abi-Tàlib" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AD" title="Alí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="علي بن أبي طالب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="علي بن أبي طالب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAl%C4%AB_ibn_Ab%C4%AB_T%C4%81lib" title="ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A9%DE%8E%DE%AC%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%AA" title="ޢަލީގެފާނު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢަލީގެފާނު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Al%C4%AB_ibn_Ab%C4%AB_%C5%A2%C4%81lib" title="‘Alī ibn Abī Ţālib – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="‘Alī ibn Abī Ţālib" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AF_%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80" title="Αλί ιμπν Αμπού Τάλιμπ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλί ιμπν Αμπού Τάλιμπ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ibn_Abi_T%C3%A1lib" title="Ali Ibn Abi Tálib – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ali Ibn Abi Tálib" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="علی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talyb" title="Ali ibn Abi Talyb – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talyb" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%E2%80%8C%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="علي بن أبي‌طالب – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="علي بن أبي‌طالب" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%EC%95%84%EB%B9%84_%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EB%B8%8C" title="알리 이븐 아비 탈리브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알리 이븐 아비 탈리브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu_Ibn_Abi_%C9%97alib" title="Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%AB_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A2" title="Ալի իբն Աբի Տալիբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալի իբն Աբի Տալիբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC" title="अली इब्न अबी तालिब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अली इब्न अबी तालिब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Thalib" title="Ali ibn Abi Thalib – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Thalib" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bin_Abi_Thalib" title="Ali bin Abi Thalib – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ali bin Abi Thalib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AD_ibn_Abu_Talib" title="Alí ibn Abu Talib – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alí ibn Abu Talib" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAl%C4%AB_ibn_%CA%BEAb%C4%AB_%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib" title="ʿAlī ibn ʾAbī Ṭālib – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ʿAlī ibn ʾAbī Ṭālib" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91" title="עלי בן אבי טאלב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עלי בן אבי טאלב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bin_Abi_Tholib" title="Ali bin Abi Tholib – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ali bin Abi Tholib" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ალი იბნ აბუ ტალიბი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალი იბნ აბუ ტალიბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="علی ابن ابی طالب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="علی ابن ابی طالب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D3%98%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Әли ибн Әбу Талиб – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әли ибн Әбу Талиб" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abu_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abu Talib – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ali ibn Abu Talib" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%AE" title="Elî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Азирети Али – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Азирети Али" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Abitalibi_filius" title="Ali Abitalibi filius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ali Abitalibi filius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%AB_bin_Ab%C4%AB_T%C4%81libs" title="Alī bin Abī Tālibs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alī bin Abī Tālibs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Али ибн Абу ТӀалиб – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Али ибн Абу ТӀалиб" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_kalifa" title="Ali kalifa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ali kalifa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B1%D1%83-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Али ибн Ебу-Талиб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Али ибн Ебу-Талиб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="അലി ബിൻ അബീത്വാലിബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലി ബിൻ അബീത്വാലിബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ალი იბნ აბუ ტალიბი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალი იბნ აბუ ტალიბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="على بن ابى طالب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="على بن ابى طالب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="علی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="علی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bin_Abi_Talib" title="Ali bin Abi Talib – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ali bin Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bin_Abi_Thalib" title="Ali bin Abi Thalib – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ali bin Abi Thalib" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Aboe_Talib" title="Ali ibn Aboe Talib – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ali ibn Aboe Talib" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="हजरत अली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हजरत अली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%96" title="アリー・イブン・アビー・ターリブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アリー・イブン・アビー・ターリブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Ӏалий ибн Абу ТӀалиб – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏалий ибн Абу ТӀалиб" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਲੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C" title="علی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="علی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="علي بن ابي طالب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="علي بن ابي طالب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8" title="អាលី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាលី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81liy" title="Áliy – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Áliy" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Ali" title="Imam Ali – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Imam Ali" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Али ибн Абу Талиб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Али ибн Абу Талиб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B6%DB%8C%D9%B0" title="امام علی المرتضیٰ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="امام علی المرتضیٰ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliu" title="Aliu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aliu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="علي بن ابی طالب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="علي بن ابی طالب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%AD" title="Alí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_(kalif)" title="Ali (kalif) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ali (kalif)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali" title="Cali – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cali" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="عەلی کوڕی ئەبووتاڵیب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەلی کوڕی ئەبووتاڵیب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Алија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bin_Abi_Tolib" title="Ali bin Abi Tolib – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ali bin Abi Tolib" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ali ibn Abi Talib" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80" title="அலீ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அலீ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D3%98%D0%B1%D2%AF_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Гали ибне Әбү Талиб – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гали ибне Әбү Талиб" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D" title="అలీ ఇబ్న్ అబీ తాలిబ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలీ ఇబ్న్ అబీ తాలిబ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A" title="อะลี อิบน์ อะบี ฏอลิบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะลี อิบน์ อะบี ฏอลิบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D3%A3_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Алӣ ибни Абутолиб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алӣ ибни Абутолиб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1" title="Али ибн Аби Талиб – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Али ибн Аби Талиб" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1" title="Алі ібн Абу Таліб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алі ібн Абу Таліб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8" title="علی ابن ابی طالب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علی ابن ابی طالب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%A8" title="ئەلى بىن ئەبى تالىب – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەلى بىن ئەبى تالىب" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bin_Abu_Talib" title="Ali bin Abu Talib – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ali bin Abu Talib" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_(calife)" title="Ali (calife) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ali (calife)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ali" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C" title="阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C_(%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96)" title="阿里 (領袖) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿里 (領袖)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli" title="Eli – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Eli" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%9C" title="阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_bin_Abi_Thalib" title="Ali bin Abi Thalib – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ali bin Abi Thalib" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%84%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89_%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%89_%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1" title="ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴰⴱⵉ ⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴰⴱⵉ ⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">4th Rashidun caliph (656–661) and 1st Shia imam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Islamic figure. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ali_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ali (disambiguation)">Ali (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ali عَلِيّ</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Turab" title="Abu Turab">Abu Turab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="1639" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Calligraphic panel bearing Ali's name</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">17 June 656 – 28 January 661</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Abolished position <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a> (as <a href="/wiki/List_of_caliphs#Hasan_ibn_Ali's_Caliphate_(661)" title="List of caliphs">caliph</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shia Imam</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">8 June 632 – 28 January 661</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Established position</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 CE <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 28 January 661 CE (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <a href="/wiki/21_Ramadan" title="21 Ramadan">21</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> 40 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>) (aged <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 60) <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Believed to be <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Imam Ali Shrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ali&params=31.996111_N_44.314167_E_">31°59′46″N 44°18′51″E / 31.996111°N 44.314167°E / 31.996111; 44.314167</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima bint Muhammad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Umama_bint_Abi_al-As" title="Umama bint Abi al-As">Umama bint Abi al-As</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Banin" title="Umm al-Banin">Fatima bint Huzam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Asma_bint_Umais" title="Asma bint Umais">Asma bint Umais</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khawla_al-Hanafiyya" title="Khawla al-Hanafiyya">Khawla al-Hanafiyya</a></li><li>Layla bint Mas'ud</li><li>Al-Sahba bint Rabi'a</li><li>Umm Sa'id bint Urwa</li><li>Muhayya bint Imru al-Qays</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Muhsin_ibn_Ali" title="Muhsin ibn Ali">Muhsin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyya" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya">Muhammad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Ali" title="Abbas ibn Ali">Abbas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Ali" title="Ruqayya bint Ali">Ruqayya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Abdullah ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib">Abdullah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Ali" title="Ja'far ibn Ali">Ja'far</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Awsat_ibn_Ali" title="Muhammad al-Awsat ibn Ali">Muhammad al-Awsat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Ali" title="Uthman ibn Ali">Uthman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Umar_ibn_Ali" title="Umar ibn Ali">Umar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_Ali" title="Abu Bakr ibn Ali">Abu Bakr</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Asghar_ibn_Ali" title="Muhammad al-Asghar ibn Ali">Muhammad al-Asghar</a></li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Tribe</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Talib_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Asad" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima bint Asad">Fatima bint Asad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #dcf5dc;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ali"><img alt="Ali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg/140px-Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg/210px-Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2508" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:2px 0px 0px 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_view_of_Ali" title="Sunni view of Ali">Sunni view of Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Shia view of Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Life</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Birthplace of Ali ibn Abi Talib">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali" title="Assassination of Ali">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ali%27s_life" title="Timeline of Ali's life">Timeline of Ali's life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Event of Ghadir Khumm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Legacy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghadir" title="Al-Ghadir">Al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Ali Mosque">Imam Ali Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurar_al-Hikam_wa_Durar_al-Kalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim">Ghurar al-Hikam wa Durar al-Kalim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Ali" title="Military career of Ali">Military career of Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_as_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali as Caliph">Ali as Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imam</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">The Twelve Imams</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_in_the_Quran" title="Ali in the Quran">Ali in the Quran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Burial places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Imam Ali Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Ali_Mazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazrat Ali Mazar">Hazrat Ali Mazar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kufa" title="Great Mosque of Kufa">Great Mosque of Kufa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ali" title="Category:Ali">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ali" title="Template:Ali"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ali" title="Template talk:Ali"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ali" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ali"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ali ibn Abi Talib (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عَلِيُّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600–661 CE) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and was the fourth <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun caliph">Rashidun caliph</a> who ruled from 656 CE to 661, as well as the first <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shia imam</a>. Born to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Talib_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Asad" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima bint Asad">Fatima bint Asad</a>, young Ali was raised by his elder cousin Muhammad and was <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslims" title="Early Muslims">among the first</a> to accept his teachings. Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> when <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> were severely persecuted in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. After immigration (<a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">hijra</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> in 622, Muhammad gave his daughter <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a> to Ali in marriage and swore a pact of brotherhood with him. Ali served as Muhammad's secretary and deputy in this period, and was the flag bearer of his army. Numerous sayings of Muhammad praise Ali, the most controversial of which was uttered in 632 at the <a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a>, "Whoever I am his <a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawla</a>, this Ali is his mawla." The interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Polysemous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemous">polysemous</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word mawla is disputed: For <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslims</a>, Muhammad thus invested Ali with his religious and political authority, while <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a> view this as a mere statement of friendship and rapport. When Muhammad died in the same year, a group of Muslims met in the absence of Ali and appointed <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 632–634) as their leader. Ali later relinquished his claims to leadership and resigned from public life during the reigns of Abu Bakr and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 634–644). Even though his advice was occasionally sought, the conflicts between Ali and the first two caliphs are epitomized by his refusal to follow their practices. This refusal cost Ali the caliphate to the benefit of <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 644–656), who was thus appointed to succeed Umar by the electoral council. Ali was also highly critical of Uthman, who was widely accused of nepotism and corruption. Yet Ali also repeatedly mediated between the caliph and the provincial dissidents angered by his policies. Following <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Uthman" title="Assassination of Uthman">Uthman's assassination</a> in June 656, Ali was elected caliph in Medina. He immediately faced two separate rebellions, both ostensibly to avenge Uthman: The triumvirate of <a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Talha ibn Ubayd Allah">Talha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr</a>, both companions of Muhammad, and his widow <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Iraq</a> but were defeated by Ali in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel" title="Battle of the Camel">Battle of the Camel</a> in 656. Elsewhere, <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya</a>, whom Ali had just removed from the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a>, fought against Ali the inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a> in 657, which ended in a failed arbitration process that alienated some of Ali's supporters. These formed the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>, who later terrorized the public and were crushed by Ali in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nahrawan" title="Battle of Nahrawan">Battle of Nahrawan</a> in 658. Ali was assassinated in 661 by the Kharijite dissident <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muljam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Muljam">Ibn Muljam</a>, which paved the way for Mu'awiya to seize power and found the dynastic <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>. Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity, and equal treatment of all Muslims. For his admirers, he has thus become the archetype of uncorrupted Islam and pre-Islamic chivalry. Sunni Muslims regard him as the last of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">rashidun</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'rightly-guided') caliphs, while Shia Muslims venerate him as their first <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">imam</a>, that is, the rightful religious and political successor to Muhammad. Ali's place is said to be second only to Muhammad in Shia <a href="/wiki/Muslim_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim culture">Muslim culture</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">shrine of Ali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, Iraq, is a major destination for Shia pilgrimage. The legacy of Ali is collected and studied in numerous books, the most famous of which is <a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-balagha" title="Nahj al-balagha">Nahj al-balagha</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Birthplace of Ali ibn Abi Talib">Birthplace of Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslims" title="Early Muslims">Early Muslims</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of warning">Hadith of warning</a></div> Ali was born in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Talib_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatima bint Asad</a> around 600 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> His date of birth is possibly 13 <a href="/wiki/Rajab" title="Rajab">Rajab</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> which is the occasion celebrated annually by <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239-4">[4]</a> Ali may have been the only person born inside the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Ka'ba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> the holiest site of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which is located in Mecca. Ali's father was a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a>, a clan within the Meccan tribe of <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a> Abu Talib also raised his nephew Muhammad after his parents died. Later, when Abu Talib fell into poverty, Ali was taken in at the age of about five and raised by Muhammad and his wife <a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Al%C3%AE_mounted_on_his_blue_mule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%27Al%C3%AE_mounted_on_his_blue_mule.jpg/220px-%27Al%C3%AE_mounted_on_his_blue_mule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%27Al%C3%AE_mounted_on_his_blue_mule.jpg/330px-%27Al%C3%AE_mounted_on_his_blue_mule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%27Al%C3%AE_mounted_on_his_blue_mule.jpg/440px-%27Al%C3%AE_mounted_on_his_blue_mule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption>Ali in an illustrated copy of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> epic <a href="/wiki/Siyer-i_Nebi" title="Siyer-i Nebi">Siyer-i nebi</a></figcaption></figure> Aged about eleven,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> Ali was among the first to accept Muhammad's teachings and profess Islam. Ali did so either after Khadija or after Khadija and Muhammad's successor, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>. While, the precise order here is debated among Shia and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> scholars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> the earliest sources place Ali before Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> Muhammad's call to Islam in Mecca lasted from 610 to 622, during which Ali assiduously supported the small Muslim community, especially the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> Some three years after his first revelation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1995130-6">[6]</a> Muhammad gathered his relatives for a <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_warning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of warning">feast</a>, invited them to Islam, and asked for their assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198512-7">[7]</a> Aged about fourteen,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198512-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202134-8">[8]</a> Ali was the only relative there who offered his support, after which Muhammad told his guests that Ali was his brother and his successor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198512-7">[7]</a> according to the Sunni historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 923). The Shia interpretation of this episode is that Muhammad had already designated Ali as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198512-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1995136–7-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Companionship_of_Muhammad">Companionship of Muhammad</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Event of the mubahala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Ali" title="Military career of Ali">Military career of Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_position" title="Hadith of the position">Hadith of the position</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></div> When tipped off about an assassination plot in 622, Muhammad escaped to Yathrib, now known as <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, but Ali stayed behind as his decoy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuart2012a-10">[10]</a> That Ali risked his life for Muhammad is said to be the reason for the revelation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> passage, "But there is also a kind of man who gives his life away to please God."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201371,_98-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202146,_206-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a> This emigration marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> (AH). Ali too escaped Mecca after returning the goods entrusted to Muhammad there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Later in Medina, Muhammad selected Ali as his brother when he paired <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> for <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_among_the_Sahabah" title="Brotherhood among the Sahabah">fraternity pacts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> Around 623–625, Muhammad gave his daughter <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a> to Ali in marriage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-15">[15]</a> aged about twenty-two at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> Muhammad had earlier turned down marriage proposals for Fatima by some of his <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a>, notably, Abu Bakr and <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005186-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006248-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Event_of_the_mubahala">Event of the mubahala</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Event of the mubahala</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:83_Imam_Ali_searching_of_Doldol_from_Khavaran_Nameh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/83_Imam_Ali_searching_of_Doldol_from_Khavaran_Nameh.jpg/220px-83_Imam_Ali_searching_of_Doldol_from_Khavaran_Nameh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/83_Imam_Ali_searching_of_Doldol_from_Khavaran_Nameh.jpg/330px-83_Imam_Ali_searching_of_Doldol_from_Khavaran_Nameh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/83_Imam_Ali_searching_of_Doldol_from_Khavaran_Nameh.jpg/440px-83_Imam_Ali_searching_of_Doldol_from_Khavaran_Nameh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3344" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad and Ali, a folio from the fifteenth century <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> epic Khavarannama</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> envoy from <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a>, arrived in Medina circa 632 and negotiated a peace treaty with Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198513–14-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmucker2012-19">[19]</a> The envoy also debated with Muhammad the nature of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, human or divine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199716-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015110-21">[21]</a> Linked to this episode is verse 3:61 of the Quran,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr_et_al.2015379-22">[22]</a> which instructs Muhammad to challenge his opponents to mubahala (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'mutual cursing'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201435-23">[23]</a> perhaps when their debate had reached a deadlock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015110-21">[21]</a> Even though the delegation ultimately withdrew from the challenge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmucker2012-19">[19]</a> Muhammad appeared for the occasion of mubahala, accompanied by Ali, his wife Fatima, and their two sons, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201436-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> The inclusion of these four by Muhammad in the mubahala ritual, as his witnesses and guarantors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAuliffe2023-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-26">[26]</a> likely raised their religious rank within the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199716-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200629-27">[27]</a> If the word 'ourselves' in the verse is a reference to Ali and Muhammad, as Shia authors argue, then the former naturally enjoys a similar religious authority in the Quran as the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201372-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillWilliams200229-29">[29]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levha_(panel)_in_honor_of_Imam_%27Ali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Levha_%28panel%29_in_honor_of_Imam_%27Ali.jpg/220px-Levha_%28panel%29_in_honor_of_Imam_%27Ali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Levha_%28panel%29_in_honor_of_Imam_%27Ali.jpg/330px-Levha_%28panel%29_in_honor_of_Imam_%27Ali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Levha_%28panel%29_in_honor_of_Imam_%27Ali.jpg/440px-Levha_%28panel%29_in_honor_of_Imam_%27Ali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The topmost Arabic text reads, "There is no brave youth except Ali and there is no sword except Zulfiqar"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_career">Political career</h3></div> In Medina, Ali acted as Muhammad's secretary and deputy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198513-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> He was also one of the scribes tasked with committing the Quran to writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> In 628, Ali wrote down the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_al-Hudaybiya" title="Treaty of al-Hudaybiya">Treaty of al-Hudaybiya</a>, the peace treaty between Muslims and Meccan pagans. In 630, divine orders pushed Muhammad to replace Abu Bakr with Ali for a key Quranic announcement in Mecca,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198514-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2014-32">[32]</a> according to the canonical Sunni source <a href="/wiki/Al-Sunan_al-Sughra" title="Al-Sunan al-Sughra">Sunan al-Nasa'i</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a> Ali also helped ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a> in 630 was bloodless and later destroyed the idols housed in Ka'ba.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> In 631, Ali was sent to preach Islam in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> as a consequence of which the <a href="/wiki/Hamdanids_(Yemen)" title="Hamdanids (Yemen)">Hamdanids</a> peacefully converted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuart2012a-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a> Ali also peacefully resolved a blood feud between Muslims and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Jadhimah" title="Banu Jadhimah">Banu Jadhima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_career">Military career</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Ali" title="Military career of Ali">Military career of Ali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/220px-Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/330px-Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg/440px-Sword_and_shield_reproduction_from_Bab_al_Nasr_gate_Cairo_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Zulfiqar with and without its shield, carved on <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Nasr_(Cairo)" title="Bab al-Nasr (Cairo)">Bab al-Nasr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Cairo" title="Islamic Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt</figcaption></figure> Ali accompanied Muhammad in all of his military missions except the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a> in 630, during which Ali was left behind in charge of Medina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuart2012a-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_position" title="Hadith of the position">hadith of the position</a> is linked to this occasion, "Are you not content, Ali, to stand to me as <a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Aaron</a> stood to <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a>, except that there will be no prophet after me?" This statement appears in the canonical Sunni sources <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskinzoda201569-33">[33]</a> For the Shia, this <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> signifies Ali's usurped right to succeed Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskinzoda201576–7-34">[34]</a> In the absence of Muhammad, Ali commanded the expedition to <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib_(Fadak)" title="Expedition of Ali ibn Abi Talib (Fadak)">Fadak</a> in 628.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazrat_Ali_slays_Marhab.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hazrat_Ali_slays_Marhab.JPG/220px-Hazrat_Ali_slays_Marhab.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hazrat_Ali_slays_Marhab.JPG/330px-Hazrat_Ali_slays_Marhab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hazrat_Ali_slays_Marhab.JPG/440px-Hazrat_Ali_slays_Marhab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Ali in the Battle of Khaybar</figcaption></figure> Ali was renowned for his bravery on the battlefield,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> and for his magnanimity towards his defeated enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201946-35">[35]</a> He was the <a href="/wiki/Standard-bearer" title="Standard-bearer">standard-bearer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a> (624) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a> (628).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198513-30">[30]</a> He vigorously defended Muhammad in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a> (625) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a> (630),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> and Muslims' victory in the Battle of Khaybar has been attributed to his courage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> where he is said to have torn off the iron gate of the enemy fort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> Ali also defeated the pagan champion <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Abd_al-Wud" title="Amr ibn Abd al-Wud">Amr ibn Abd Wudd</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a> in 627.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a> According to al-Tabari,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a> Muhammad reported hearing a divine voice at Uhud, "[There is] no sword but <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a> [Ali's sword], [there is] no chivalrous youth (fata) but Ali."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2014-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> Ali and another companion, <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr</a>, apparently oversaw the killing of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a> men for treachery in 626–627,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> though the historicity of this account has been doubted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaizer2006-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner201072–3-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArafat1976-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghadir_Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/220px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/330px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/440px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>The Investiture of Ali at the Ghadir Khumm (<a href="/wiki/MS_Arab_161" class="mw-redirect" title="MS Arab 161">MS Arab 161</a>, fol. 162r, 1307–8 <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanid">Ilkhanid</a> manuscript illustration)</figcaption></figure> On his return trip from the <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Hajj pilgrimage in 632</a>, Muhammad halted the large caravan of pilgrims at the <a href="/wiki/Ghadir-e_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadir-e Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a> and addressed them after the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_prayer_(Islam)" title="Congregational prayer (Islam)">congregational prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200734–9-39">[39]</a> After the prayer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201379-40">[40]</a> Muhammad delivered a sermon to a large number of Muslims in which he emphasized the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">ahl al-bayt</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'people of the house', his family).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2014-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198516-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201380-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012b-44">[44]</a> Taking Ali by the hand, Muhammad then asked if he was not awla (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'have more authority over' or 'closer to') the believers than themselves,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012b-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200070–71-45">[45]</a> this is evidently a reference to verse 33:6 of the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200734-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200071-47">[47]</a> When they affirmed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012b-44">[44]</a> Muhammad then declared, "He whose <a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawla</a> I am, Ali is his mawla."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200734–7-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012b-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Musnad_Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Musnad Ibn Hanbal</a>, a canonical Sunni source, adds that Muhammad repeated this statement three or four more times and that Umar congratulated Ali after the sermon, "You have now become the mawla of every faithful man and woman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198515-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201380-43">[43]</a> Muhammad had earlier alerted Muslims about his impending death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012d-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2014-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2009-51">[51]</a> Shia sources describe the event in greater detail, linking the announcement to verses 5:3 and 5:67 of the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012d-50">[50]</a> The authenticity of the Ghadir Khumm is rarely contested,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012b-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201320-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200735-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2014-41">[41]</a> as its "among the most extensively acknowledged and substantiated" reports in classical Islamic sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani2011-54">[54]</a> However, mawla is a <a href="/wiki/Polysemous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemous">polysemous</a> Arabic word and its interpretation in the context of the Ghadir Khumm is split along sectarian lines. Shia sources interpret mawla as 'leader', 'master', and 'patron', <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197920-55">[55]</a> while Sunni sources interpret it as love or support for Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200745-56">[56]</a> Shias, therefore, view the Ghadir Khumm as the investiture of Ali with Muhammad's religious and political authority,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani20132-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200747-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a> while Sunnis regard it as a statement about the rapport between the two men,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2014-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197921-59">[59]</a> or that Ali should execute Muhammad's will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> Shias point to the extraordinary nature of the announcement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200745-56">[56]</a> give Quranic and textual evidence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201370-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012d-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2014-41">[41]</a> and argue to eliminate other meanings of mawla in the hadith except for authority,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200746-61">[61]</a> while Sunnis minimize the importance of the Ghadir Khumm by casting it as a simple response to earlier complaints about Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200744–5-62">[62]</a> During his <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>, Ali is known to have asked Muslims to come forward with their testimonies about the Ghadir Khumm,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani2006590-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997253-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2017§2.IV-65">[65]</a> presumably to counter challenges to his legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200741-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_under_Rashidun_Caliphs">Life under Rashidun Caliphs</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saqifa" title="Saqifa">Saqifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fatima%27s_house" title="Attack on Fatima's house">Attack on Fatima's house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fadak" title="Fadak">Fadak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sermon_of_Fadak" title="Sermon of Fadak">Sermon of Fadak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_Muhammad%27s_inheritance" title="Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance">Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Fatima" title="Burial of Fatima">Burial of Fatima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_view_of_Ali#Political_views" title="Sunni view of Ali">Sunni view of Ali § Political views</a>, <a href="/wiki/Election_of_Uthman" title="Election of Uthman">Election of Uthman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Uthman" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Uthman">Siege of Uthman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Uthman" title="Assassination of Uthman">Assassination of Uthman</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_to_Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambigram_-_Muhammad_and_Ali2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ambigram_-_Muhammad_and_Ali2.svg/220px-Ambigram_-_Muhammad_and_Ali2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ambigram_-_Muhammad_and_Ali2.svg/330px-Ambigram_-_Muhammad_and_Ali2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ambigram_-_Muhammad_and_Ali2.svg/440px-Ambigram_-_Muhammad_and_Ali2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ambigram" title="Ambigram">Ambigram</a> depicting Muhammad (right) and Ali (left) written in a single word. The 180-degree inverted form shows both words.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saqifa">Saqifa</h4></div> Muhammad died in 632 when Ali was in his early thirties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin201351-67">[67]</a> As he and other close relatives prepared for the burial,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198518-69">[69]</a> a group of the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a> (Medinan natives, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'helpers') gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">Saqifa</a> to discuss the future of Muslims or to retake control of their city, Medina. Abu Bakr and Umar were among the few representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Meccan converts, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'migrants') at the Saqifa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730–2-70">[70]</a> The case of Ali was unsuccessfully brought up at the Saqifa in his absence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197937-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199735-72">[72]</a> and, ultimately, those present there appointed Abu Bakr to leadership after a heated debate that is said to have become violent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731–33-73">[73]</a> Clan rivalries at the Saqifa played a key role in favor of Abu Bakr,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198518–9-74">[74]</a> and the outcome may have been different in a broad council (<a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">shura</a>) with Ali as a candidate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199736,_40-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2017§1.III-76">[76]</a> In particular, the Quraysh tradition of hereditary succession strongly favored Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19975-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201334-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeaney2021§3.1-79">[79]</a> even though his youth weakened his case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin201351-67">[67]</a> By contrast, the succession (caliphate) of Abu Bakr is often justified on the basis that he led some of the prayers in Muhammad's final days,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20143-80">[80]</a> but the veracity and political significance of such reports have been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2012-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197116-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Attack_on_Fatima's_house">Attack on Fatima's house</h5></div> While the appointment of Abu Bakr was met with little resistance in Medina,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20143-80">[80]</a> the Banu Hashim and some companions of Muhammad soon gathered in protest at Ali's house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201331–2-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732-84">[84]</a> Among them were Zubayr and Muhammad's uncle <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib">Abbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732-84">[84]</a> These protestors held Ali to be the rightful successor to Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele2018-85">[85]</a> probably in reference to the Ghadir Khumm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2014-41">[41]</a> Among others,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-86">[86]</a> al-Tabari reports that Umar then led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters did not pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini20068-89">[89]</a> The scene soon grew violent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197941-90">[90]</a> but the mob retreated after Ali's wife, Fatima, pleaded with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940-87">[87]</a> Abu Bakr later placed a successful boycott on the Banu Hashim,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743–4-91">[91]</a> who eventually abandoned their support for Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743–4-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940–1-92">[92]</a> Most likely, Ali himself did not pledge his allegiance to Abu Bakr until Fatima died within six months of her father, Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199786-93">[93]</a> In Shia sources, the death (and miscarriage) of the young Fatima are attributed to an <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fatima%27s_house" title="Attack on Fatima's house">attack on her house</a> to subdue Ali by the order of Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201378-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele2018-85">[85]</a> Sunnis categorically reject these reports,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202198-95">[95]</a> but there is evidence in their early sources that a mob entered Fatima's house by force and arrested Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199784–5-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201417–20-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201335-98">[98]</a> an incident that Abu Bakr regretted on his deathbed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199784-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201338-100">[100]</a> Likely a political move to weaken the Banu Hashim,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197947-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199750-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013116-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997104–105-104">[104]</a> Abu Bakr had earlier confiscated from Fatima the rich lands of Fadak, which she considered her inheritance (or a gift) from her father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2018-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012c-106">[106]</a> The confiscation of Fadak is often justified in Sunni sources with a hadith about <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_Muhammad%27s_inheritance" title="Hadith of Muhammad's inheritance">prophetic inheritance</a>, the authenticity of which has been doubted partly because it contradicts Quranic injunctions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajjadi2018-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997100-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caliphate_of_Abu_Bakr_(r._632–634)">Caliphate of Abu Bakr (r. 632–634)</h3></div> In the absence of popular support, Ali eventually accepted the temporal rule of Abu Bakr, probably for the sake of Muslim unity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519–20-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo201740-110">[110]</a> In particular, Ali turned down proposals to forcefully pursue the caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197944-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> He nevertheless viewed himself as the most qualified candidate for leadership by virtue of his merits and his kinship with Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141,_253-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013113–114-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198562-114">[114]</a> Evidence suggests that Ali further considered himself as the designated successor of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013114,_117-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997253-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201979-116">[116]</a> Unlike Muhammad's lifetime,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-118">[118]</a> Ali retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr and his successors, Umar and <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> Ali did not participate in the <a href="/wiki/Ridda_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridda wars">Ridda wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> though he remained an advisor to Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters.,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> However, their conflicts with Ali is also well-documented,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2005122-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199742,_52–54,_213–4-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202194-121">[121]</a> but largely ignored in Sunni sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197945-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201978-123">[123]</a> These tensions were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-117">[117]</a> In contrast, Shia sources view Ali's pledge to Abu Bakr as a (coerced) act of political expediency (<a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">taqiya</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201981-124">[124]</a> The conflicts with Ali are probably magnified in Shia sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197945-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caliphate_of_Umar_(r._634–644)">Caliphate of Umar (r. 634–644)</h3></div> Before his death in 634, Abu Bakr designated Umar as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200750-125">[125]</a> Ali was not consulted about this appointment, which was initially resisted by some senior companions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197947–8-126">[126]</a> Ali himself did not press any claims this time and kept aloof from public affairs during the caliphate of Umar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198520-127">[127]</a> who nevertheless consulted Ali in certain matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a382-128">[128]</a> For instance, Ali is credited with the idea of adopting the migration to Medina (<a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">hijra</a>) as the beginning of the Islamic calendar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuart2012a-10">[10]</a> Yet Ali's political advice was probably ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> For example, Umar devised a state register (<a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">diwan</a>) to distribute excess state revenues according to Islamic precedence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin201332-129">[129]</a> but Ali held that those revenues should be equally distributed among Muslims, following the practice of Muhammad and Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201432-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Ali was also absent from the strategic meeting of notables near <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Ali did not participate in Umar's military expeditions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197946-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> although he does not seem to have publicly objected to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> Umar likely opposed the combination of prophethood and caliphate in the Banu Hashim,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé200140-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975158-133">[133]</a> and he thus <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_Pen_and_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of Pen and Paper">prevented Muhammad</a> from dictating his will on his deathbed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198516-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202189-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199722-135">[135]</a> possibly fearing that he might expressly designate Ali as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199766–7-136">[136]</a> Nevertheless, perhaps realizing the necessity of Ali's cooperation in his collaborative scheme of governance, Umar made some limited overtures to Ali and the Banu Hashim during his caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199762,_65-137">[137]</a> For instance, Umar returned Muhammad's estates in Medina to Ali, but kept Fadak and Khayber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199762–64-138">[138]</a> By some accounts, Umar also insisted on marrying Ali's daughter <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum</a>, to which Ali reluctantly agreed when the former enlisted public support for his demand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199767-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Election_of_Uthman_(644)">Election of Uthman (644)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_the_election_of_%27Othman_as_the_caliphate_of_Medina_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_the_election_of_%27Othman_as_the_caliphate_of_Medina_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_the_election_of_%27Othman_as_the_caliphate_of_Medina_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_the_election_of_%27Othman_as_the_caliphate_of_Medina_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_the_election_of_%27Othman_as_the_caliphate_of_Medina_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_the_election_of_%27Othman_as_the_caliphate_of_Medina_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_the_election_of_%27Othman_as_the_caliphate_of_Medina_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The election of Uthman, a folio from <a href="/wiki/Tarikhnama" title="Tarikhnama">Tarikhnama</a></figcaption></figure> Before his death in 644,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPellat1983-140">[140]</a> Umar tasked a small committee with choosing the next caliph among themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197950-141">[141]</a> Ali and Uthman were the strongest candidates in this committee,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197952-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201443-143">[143]</a> whose members were all early companions of Muhammad from the Quraysh tribe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197950-141">[141]</a> Another member, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf">Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf</a>, was given the deciding vote either by the committee or by Umar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199771-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197951-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198521-146">[146]</a> After deliberations, Ibn Awf appointed his brother-in-law Uthman as the next caliph,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197954-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201660-148">[148]</a> when the latter promised to follow the precedent of the first two caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197954-147">[147]</a> By contrast, Ali rejected this condition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197954-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198521-146">[146]</a> or gave an evasive answer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeaney2021§3.4-149">[149]</a> The Ansar were not represented in the committee,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197162–3-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197951-145">[145]</a> which was evidently biased toward Uthman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199771–2-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197952–3-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198521-146">[146]</a> Both of these factors worked against Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197951-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021116-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199768-154">[154]</a> who could have not been simply excluded from the proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197952–53,_55-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caliphate_of_Uthman_(r._644–656)">Caliphate of Uthman (r. 644–656)</h3></div> Uthman was widely accused of nepotism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199787-156">[156]</a> corruption,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri197067-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201984-158">[158]</a> and injustice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200752-159">[159]</a> Ali too criticized Uthman's conduct,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997108,_113-160">[160]</a> including his lavish gifts for his kinsmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197953-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997108-162">[162]</a> Ali also protected outspoken companions, such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dharr_al-Ghifari" title="Abu Dharr al-Ghifari">Abu Dharr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammar_ibn_Yasir" title="Ammar ibn Yasir">Ammar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1972a467-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997109-164">[164]</a> and overall acted as a restraining influence on Uthman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1972a467-163">[163]</a> Some supporters of Ali were part of the opposition movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197963-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201430-166">[166]</a> joined in their efforts by <a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Talha ibn Ubayd Allah">Talha</a> and Zubayr, both senior companions of Muhammad, and by his widow <a href="/wiki/A%27isha" class="mw-redirect" title="A'isha">Aisha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199798-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997100–2-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197963-165">[165]</a> Among such supporters of Ali were <a href="/wiki/Malik_al-Ashtar" title="Malik al-Ashtar">Malik al-Ashtar</a> and other religiously learned qurra (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Quran readers').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197959-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997108-162">[162]</a> These supporters wanted to see Ali as the next caliph but there is no evidence that he coordinated with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997107–8-170">[170]</a> Ali also rejected the requests to lead the rebels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198522-171">[171]</a> although he probably sympathized with their grievances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197962-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198522-171">[171]</a> He was therefore considered a natural focus for the opposition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo201749-173">[173]</a> at least morally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assassination_of_Uthman_(656)">Assassination of Uthman (656)</h4></div> As their grievances mounted, provincial dissidents poured into Medina in 656.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> opposition sought the advice of Ali, who urged them to negotiate with Uthman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997121-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997118–9-175">[175]</a> Ali similarly asked the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Iraqi</a> opposition to refrain from violence, which they heeded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997128-176">[176]</a> He also repeatedly mediated between Uthman and the dissidents,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201331-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997111-178">[178]</a> to address their economical and political grievances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri197068-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> In particular, Ali negotiated and guaranteed the agreement that ended the first siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997111,_119-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> He then convinced Uthman to publicly repent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997122-181">[181]</a> but the caliph soon retracted his statement, possibly pressed by his secretary <a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan ibn al-Hakam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997123-182">[182]</a> Egyptian rebels laid siege to Uthman's residence for a second time when they intercepted an official letter ordering their punishment. They demanded the caliph's abdication but he refused and maintained his innocence about the letter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997112-183">[183]</a> for which Marwan is often blamed in the early sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997127-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi_Della_VidaKhoury2012-185">[185]</a> Ali also sided with Uthman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997112-183">[183]</a> but the caliph apparently accused him about the letter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997126-186">[186]</a> This is probably when Ali refused to further intercede for Uthman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997112-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo201749-173">[173]</a> who was assassinated soon afterward by Egyptian rebels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997127-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1972a-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010152-188">[188]</a> Ali played no role in the deadly attack,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201665-189">[189]</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a> was injured while guarding Uthman's besieged residence at the request of Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012f-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197963-165">[165]</a> He also convinced the rebels to deliver water to Uthman's house during the siege.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997112-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1972a467-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caliphate">Caliphate</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Election_of_Ali_to_the_caliphate" title="Election of Ali to the caliphate">Election of Ali to the caliphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_policies_of_Ali" title="Administrative policies of Ali">Administrative policies of Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel" title="Battle of the Camel">Battle of the Camel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nahrawan" title="Battle of Nahrawan">Battle of Nahrawan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Syria_campaign_of_Ali" title="Second Syria campaign of Ali">Second Syria campaign of Ali</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_(656)">Election (656)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_swearing_of_allegiance_to_Ali_at_Kufa_after_the_murder_of_Osman._A_dark-skinned_youth,_possibly_Belal,_holds_Ali%27s_double-bladed_sword,_Zulfikar._From_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul_by_Lami%27i_Celebi,_late_16th_century_or_early_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_swearing_of_allegiance_to_Ali_at_Kufa_after_the_murder_of_Osman._A_dark-skinned_youth%2C_possibly_Belal%2C_holds_Ali%27s_double-bladed_sword%2C_Zulfikar._From_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul_by_Lami%27i_Celebi%2C_late_16th_century_or_early_17th_century.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_swearing_of_allegiance_to_Ali_at_Kufa_after_the_murder_of_Osman._A_dark-skinned_youth%2C_possibly_Belal%2C_holds_Ali%27s_double-bladed_sword%2C_Zulfikar._From_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul_by_Lami%27i_Celebi%2C_late_16th_century_or_early_17th_century.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_swearing_of_allegiance_to_Ali_at_Kufa_after_the_murder_of_Osman._A_dark-skinned_youth%2C_possibly_Belal%2C_holds_Ali%27s_double-bladed_sword%2C_Zulfikar._From_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul_by_Lami%27i_Celebi%2C_late_16th_century_or_early_17th_century.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Ali receiving pledges of allegiance, from a manuscript of Maktel-i Ali resul, dated late sixteenth or early seventeenth century.</figcaption></figure> When Uthman was assassinated in 656 by Egyptian rebels,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997127-184">[184]</a> the potential candidates for caliphate were Ali and Talha. The Umayyads had fled Medina, leaving the provincial rebels and the Ansar in control of the city. Among the Egyptians, Talha enjoyed some support, but the Iraqis and most of the Ansar supported Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141-108">[108]</a> The majority of the Muhajirun,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198522-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010157-191">[191]</a> and key tribal figures also favored Ali at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidus200256-192">[192]</a> The caliphate was offered by these groups to Ali, who, after some hesitation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198522-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> publicly took the oath of office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201481-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997142–3-195">[195]</a> Malik al-Ashtar might have been the first to pledge his allegiance to Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997142–3-195">[195]</a> Talha and Zubayr, who both aspired to the caliphate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198524-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201470-197">[197]</a> also gave their pledges to Ali, most likely willingly,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997143-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012f-190">[190]</a> but later broke their oaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997147-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197964-200">[200]</a> Ali probably did not force anyone to pledge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201481-193">[193]</a> and there is little evidence of any violence, even though many broke with Ali later, claiming that they had pledged under duress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997144–5-201">[201]</a> At the same time, the supporters, who were in majority in Medina, might have intimidated others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997144-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legitimacy">Legitimacy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Receiving_the_Bay%27a_(Swearing_of_Allegiance)_(painting,_recto;_text,_verso),_folio_from_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul_of_Lami%E2%80%98i_Chelebi,_late_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ali_Receiving_the_Bay%27a_%28Swearing_of_Allegiance%29_%28painting%2C_recto%3B_text%2C_verso%29%2C_folio_from_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul_of_Lami%E2%80%98i_Chelebi%2C_late_16th_century.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ali_Receiving_the_Bay%27a_%28Swearing_of_Allegiance%29_%28painting%2C_recto%3B_text%2C_verso%29%2C_folio_from_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul_of_Lami%E2%80%98i_Chelebi%2C_late_16th_century.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ali_Receiving_the_Bay%27a_%28Swearing_of_Allegiance%29_%28painting%2C_recto%3B_text%2C_verso%29%2C_folio_from_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul_of_Lami%E2%80%98i_Chelebi%2C_late_16th_century.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Ali receiving pledges of allegiance, same source</figcaption></figure> Ali thus filled the power vacuum created by the regicide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197171-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201331-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201485-204">[204]</a> His election, irregular and without a council,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141-108">[108]</a> faced little public opposition in Medina,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201665-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri197069-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197171-203">[203]</a> but the rebels' support for him left him exposed to accusations of complicity in Uthman's assassination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Even though underprivileged groups readily rallied around Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197172-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198524-196">[196]</a> he had limited support among the powerful Quraysh, some of whom aspired to caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010158-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141-108">[108]</a> Within the Quraysh, two camps opposed Ali: the Umayyads, who believed that the caliphate was their right after Uthman, and those who wished to restore the caliphate of Quraysh on the same principles laid by Abu Bakr and Umar. This second group was likely the majority within the Quraysh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997147-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201665-189">[189]</a> Ali was indeed vocal about the divine prerogative of Muhammad's kin to leadership,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeaney2021§3.5-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199772-209">[209]</a> which would have jeopardized the political ambitions of the rest of the Quraysh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021115-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_policies">Administrative policies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_coin,_Time_of_the_Rashidun._Khosrau_type._AH_31-41_AD_651-661.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Islamic_coin%2C_Time_of_the_Rashidun._Khosrau_type._AH_31-41_AD_651-661.jpg/220px-Islamic_coin%2C_Time_of_the_Rashidun._Khosrau_type._AH_31-41_AD_651-661.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Islamic_coin%2C_Time_of_the_Rashidun._Khosrau_type._AH_31-41_AD_651-661.jpg/330px-Islamic_coin%2C_Time_of_the_Rashidun._Khosrau_type._AH_31-41_AD_651-661.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Islamic_coin%2C_Time_of_the_Rashidun._Khosrau_type._AH_31-41_AD_651-661.jpg/440px-Islamic_coin%2C_Time_of_the_Rashidun._Khosrau_type._AH_31-41_AD_651-661.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Sasanian_coinage" title="Arab–Sasanian coinage">Arab–Sasanian coinage</a> minted in <a href="/wiki/Bishapur" title="Bishapur">Bishapur</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> of Ali contains both <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> symbols (image of the crowned <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">holy fire</a> center, and crescent-star, <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">bismillah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> on margin).<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Justice">Justice</h4></div> The caliphate of Ali was characterized by his strict justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997309–10-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198525-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> He implemented radical policies to restore his vision of prophetic governance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197543-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo201753-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201491-216">[216]</a> and dismissed nearly all of Uthman's governors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010158-207">[207]</a> whom he considered corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997148-217">[217]</a> Ali also distributed the treasury funds equally among Muslims, following the practice of Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197545-218">[218]</a> and is said to have shown zero tolerance for corruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2019105-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997272-220">[220]</a> Some of those affected by Ali's egalitarian policies soon revolted against him under the pretext of revenge for Uthman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197544-221">[221]</a> Among them was <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya</a>, the incumbent governor of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201430-166">[166]</a> Ali has therefore been criticized by some for political naivety and excessive rigorism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997149–50-222">[222]</a> and praised by others for righteousness and lack of political expediency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197544-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201491-216">[216]</a> His supporters identify similar decisions of Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201989-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197546-224">[224]</a> and argue that Islam never allows for compromising on a just cause, citing verse 68:9 of the Quran,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197546-224">[224]</a> "They wish that thou might compromise and that they might compromise."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197564-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDagliDakakeLumbard20153203-226">[226]</a> Some instead suggest that Ali's decisions were actually justified on a practical level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201989–90-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> For instance, the removal of unpopular governors was perhaps the only option available to Ali because injustice was the main grievance of the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_authority">Religious authority</h4></div> As evident from his public speeches,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997150-228">[228]</a> Ali viewed himself not only as the temporal leader of the Muslim community but also as its exclusive religious authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201977-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197173-230">[230]</a> He thus laid claim to the religious authority to interpret the Quran and <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197172–73-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201367–68-232">[232]</a> Some supporters of Ali indeed held him as their divinely-guided leader who deserved the same type of loyalty that Muhammad did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200757-233">[233]</a> They felt an absolute and all-encompassing bond of spiritual loyalty (walaya) to Ali that transcended politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201434-234">[234]</a> For instance, many of them publicly offered Ali their unconditional support circa 658.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200760-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997251–252-236">[236]</a> They justified their absolute loyalty to Ali on the basis of his merits, precedent in Islam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200759-237">[237]</a> his kinship with Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197971-238">[238]</a> and also the announcement by the latter at the Ghadir Khumm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201434-234">[234]</a> Many of these supporters also viewed Ali as the rightful successor to Muhammad after his death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200758–59-239">[239]</a> as evidenced in the poetry from that period, for instance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake2007262n30-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197967-241">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiscal_policies">Fiscal policies</h4></div> Ali opposed centralized control over provincial revenues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidus200256-192">[192]</a> He equally distributed excess taxes and booty among Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidus200256-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> following the precedent of Muhammad and Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021133-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197545-218">[218]</a> In comparison, Umar had distributed the state revenues according to perceived Islamic merit,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201990-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201483-244">[244]</a> and Uthman was widely accused of nepotism and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199787-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201984,_90-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri197067-157">[157]</a> The strictly egalitarian policies of Ali earned him the support of underprivileged groups, including the Ansar, the qurra, and the late immigrants to Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197172-206">[206]</a> By contrast, Talha and Zubayr were both Qurayshite companions of Muhammad who had amassed immense wealth under Uthman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197955–6-246">[246]</a> They both revolted against Ali when he refused to grant them favors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201494-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197545-218">[218]</a> Some other figures among the Quraysh similarly turned against Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201495-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo201764-249">[249]</a> who even withheld public funds from his relatives,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997264-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2019105–6-251">[251]</a> whereas his archenemy Mu'awiya readily offered bribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo201764-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997276-252">[252]</a> Ali instructed his officials to collect tax payments on a voluntary basis and without harassment, and to prioritize the poor when distributing public funds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021153-253">[253]</a> A letter attributed to Ali directs his governor to pay more attention to land development than taxation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambton1991xix,_xx-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021156-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rules_of_war">Rules of war</h4></div> During the Muslim civil war, Ali forbade his soldiers from looting,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck2023-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201994-257">[257]</a> and instead paid them from tax revenues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck2023-256">[256]</a> He also pardoned his enemies in victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201994-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201484-258">[258]</a> Both of these practices were later enshrined in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201994-257">[257]</a> Ali also advised his commander al-Ashtar not to reject any calls to peace, not to violate any agreements,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2019115-259">[259]</a> and ordered him not to commence hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014109-260">[260]</a> Ali similarly barred his troops from disturbing civilians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014108-261">[261]</a> killing the wounded and those who fled, mutilating the dead, entering homes without permission, looting, and harming women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014109–10-262">[262]</a> He prevented the enslavement of women in victory, even though some protested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a> with Mu'awiya, Ali did not retaliate and allowed his enemies to access drinking water when he gained the upper hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997227-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014111–2-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Camel">Battle of the Camel</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad%27s_widow,_Aisha,_battling_the_fourth_caliph_Ali_in_the_Battle_of_the_Camel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Muhammad%27s_widow%2C_Aisha%2C_battling_the_fourth_caliph_Ali_in_the_Battle_of_the_Camel.jpg/220px-Muhammad%27s_widow%2C_Aisha%2C_battling_the_fourth_caliph_Ali_in_the_Battle_of_the_Camel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Muhammad%27s_widow%2C_Aisha%2C_battling_the_fourth_caliph_Ali_in_the_Battle_of_the_Camel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Battle of the Camel, from a manuscript of Siyer-i nebi</figcaption></figure> Aisha publicly campaigned against Ali immediately after his accession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201489-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010158-207">[207]</a> She was joined in Mecca by her close relatives, Talha and Zubayr,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997133-266">[266]</a> who thus broke their earlier oaths of allegiance to Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997147-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197964-200">[200]</a> This opposition demanded the punishment of Uthman's assassins,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECappucci201419-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201331-177">[177]</a> and accused Ali of complicity in the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201331-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997147-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> They also called for the removal of Ali from office and for a Qurayshite council to appoint his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010158-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997157-268">[268]</a> Their primary goal was likely the removal of Ali, rather than vengeance for Uthman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997157-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2005132-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2017§2.II-270">[270]</a> against whom the triumvirate had stirred up public opinion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012f-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199798,_101,_107-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201488-272">[272]</a> The opposition failed to gain enough traction in <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hejaz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> and instead captured <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> killing many there. Ali raised an army from nearby <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012f-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1971361-273">[273]</a> which formed the core of Ali's forces in the coming battles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1971361-273">[273]</a> The two armies soon camped just outside of Basra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997166-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> both probably numbered around ten thousand men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazleton2009107-275">[275]</a> After three days of failed negotiations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997169-276">[276]</a> the two sides readied for battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997169-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Account_of_the_battle">Account of the battle</h4></div> The battle took place in December 656.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010159-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997169–70-278">[278]</a> The rebels commenced hostilities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012f-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997170-279">[279]</a> and Aisha was present on the battlefield, riding in an armored palanquin atop a red camel, after which the battle is named.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazleton2009113-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021139-281">[281]</a> Talha was soon killed by another rebel, Marwan, the secretary of Uthman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997171–2-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021140-283">[283]</a> Zubayr, an experienced fighter, deserted shortly after the battle had begun,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997170-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012f-190">[190]</a> but was pursued and killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997170-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012f-190">[190]</a> His desertion suggests he had serious moral misgivings about their cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997171-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012f-190">[190]</a> Ali won the day,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012f-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997172-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015-194">[194]</a> and Aisha was respectfully escorted back to Hejaz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021141-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012f-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010159-277">[277]</a> Ali then announced a public pardon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazleton2009121-287">[287]</a> setting free all war prisoners, even Marwan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997180-1-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021141-286">[286]</a> and prohibiting the enslavement of their women. Their seized properties were also returned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazleton2009122-289">[289]</a> Ali then stationed himself in Kufa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997182-290">[290]</a> which thus became his de facto capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010159-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2017§2.II-270">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Siffin">Battle of Siffin</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Fitna_Map,_Ali-Muawiya_Phase.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/First_Fitna_Map%2C_Ali-Muawiya_Phase.png/220px-First_Fitna_Map%2C_Ali-Muawiya_Phase.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/First_Fitna_Map%2C_Ali-Muawiya_Phase.png/330px-First_Fitna_Map%2C_Ali-Muawiya_Phase.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/First_Fitna_Map%2C_Ali-Muawiya_Phase.png/440px-First_Fitna_Map%2C_Ali-Muawiya_Phase.png 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a>; green territory under Ali's control; pink territory under Mu'awiya's control.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_Battle_of_Siffin_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_Battle_of_Siffin_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_Battle_of_Siffin_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_Battle_of_Siffin_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_Battle_of_Siffin_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_Battle_of_Siffin_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Balami_-_Tarikhnama_-_Battle_of_Siffin_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Combat between the forces of Ali and Mu'awiya during the Battle of Siffin, from the <a href="/wiki/Tarikhnama" title="Tarikhnama">Tarikhnama</a></figcaption></figure> Mu'awiya, the incumbent governor of Syria, was deemed corrupt and unfit by Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997148-217">[217]</a> who wrote to and removed him from his post.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997194-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen1958165-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201497-293">[293]</a> In turn, Mu'awiya, as Uthman's cousin, launched a propaganda campaign across Syria, blaming Ali for the regicide and calling for revenge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997190-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021144-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERahman199558-296">[296]</a> Mu'awiya also joined forces with <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010160-297">[297]</a> a military strategist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201499-298">[298]</a> who pledged to back the Umayyads against Ali in return for life-long governorship of Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997196-299">[299]</a> Yet Mu'awiya also secretly offered to recognize the caliphate of Ali in return for Syria and Egypt,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997203-300">[300]</a> which Ali rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997204-301">[301]</a> Mu'awiya then formally declared war, charging Ali with regicide, demanding his removal, and a Syrian council thereafter to elect the next caliph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997204–205-302">[302]</a> Contemporary authors tend to view Mu'awiya's call for revenge as a pretext for a power grab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201423-303">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197173-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201995–6-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997186-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201666-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo20172.III-307">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Account_of_the_battle_2">Account of the battle</h4></div> In the summer of 657, the armies of Ali and Mu'awiya camped at Siffin, west of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates River</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997226-308">[308]</a> numbering perhaps at 100,000 and 130,000, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecker2012-309">[309]</a> Many of Muhammad's companions were present in Ali's army, whereas Mu'awiya could only boast a handful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198525-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecker2012-309">[309]</a> The two sides negotiated for a while, to no avail,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201331-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010161-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197175-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201667-312">[312]</a> after which the main battle took place from Wednesday, 26 July 657,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo20172.III-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201423-303">[303]</a> until Friday or Saturday morning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997232-313">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010161-310">[310]</a> Ali probably refrained from initiating hostilities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015-194">[194]</a> and later fought alongside his men on the frontline, whereas Mu'awiya led from his pavilion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazleton2009198-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997234-315">[315]</a> and rejected a proposal to settle the matters in a personal duel with Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997235-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo20172.III-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014119-317">[317]</a> Among those killed fighting for Ali was Ammar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997234-315">[315]</a> In canonical Sunni sources, a prophetic hadith predicts Ammar's death at the hands of al-fi'a al-baghiya (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'rebellious aggressive group') who call to hellfire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021149-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecker2012-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010161-310">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Call_to_arbitration">Call to arbitration</h4></div> Fighting stopped when some Syrians raised pages of the Quran on their lances, shouting, "Let the Book of God be the judge between us."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997238-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010161-310">[310]</a> Since Mu'awiya had for long insisted on battle, this call for arbitration suggests that he now feared defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997238-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201331-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamec2017406-320">[320]</a> By contrast, Ali exhorted his men to fight, telling them that raising Qurans was for deception, but to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997238-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo20172.III-307">[307]</a> Through their representatives, the qurra and the <a href="/wiki/Ridda_Wars" title="Ridda Wars">ridda</a> tribesmen of Kufa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri197070-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197175-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010161-310">[310]</a> the largest bloc in Ali's army,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197175-311">[311]</a> both threatened Ali with mutiny if he did not answer the Syrians' call.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997238-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014123–4-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1972b97-323">[323]</a> Facing strong peace sentiments in his army, Ali accepted the arbitration proposal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997241-324">[324]</a> most likely against his own judgment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010161-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997241-324">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arbitration_agreement">Arbitration agreement</h4></div> Mu'awiya now proposed that representatives from both sides should find a Quranic resolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1972b98-325">[325]</a> Mu'awiya was represented by his ally Amr,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997241–2-326">[326]</a> whereas, despite Ali's opposition, the majority in his camp pressed for the neutral Abu Musa, the erstwhile governor of Kufa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin201353-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010161-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake20071–2-328">[328]</a> The arbitration agreement was written and signed on 2 August 657,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997243-329">[329]</a> stipulating that the two representatives should meet on neutral territory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake20071-330">[330]</a> adhere to the Quran and Sunna, and restore peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997243-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201423-303">[303]</a> Both armies left the battlefield after the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997247-331">[331]</a> The arbitration agreement thus divided Ali's camp, as many did not support his negotiations with Mu'awiya, whose claims they considered fraudulent. By contrast, the agreement strengthened Mu'awiya's position, who was now an equal contender for the caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997245-332">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_the_Kharijites">Formation of the Kharijites</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_under_the_Abbasid_Caliphate_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Iraq_under_the_Abbasid_Caliphate_%28cropped%29.png/220px-Iraq_under_the_Abbasid_Caliphate_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Iraq_under_the_Abbasid_Caliphate_%28cropped%29.png/330px-Iraq_under_the_Abbasid_Caliphate_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Iraq_under_the_Abbasid_Caliphate_%28cropped%29.png/440px-Iraq_under_the_Abbasid_Caliphate_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nahrawan_Canal" title="Nahrawan Canal">Nahrawan Canal</a> ran parallel to the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></figcaption></figure> Some of Ali's men left him in protest to the arbitration agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997247-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015-194">[194]</a> Many of them eventually rejoined Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauf2007191-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997248–249-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010163-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> while the rest gathered in the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Nahrawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nahrawan">al-Nahrawan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015-194">[194]</a> They became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'seceders'), who later took up arms against Ali in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nahrawan" title="Battle of Nahrawan">Battle of Nahrawan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi_Della_Vida2012-336">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010162-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> The Kharijites, many of whom belonged to the qurra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1972b100-338">[338]</a> were likely disillusioned with the arbitration process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1972b101-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> Their slogan was, "No judgment but that of God,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201423-303">[303]</a> highlighting their rejection of arbitration (by men) in reference to the Quranic verse 49:9.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauf2007190–191-340">[340]</a> Ali called this slogan a word of truth by which the seceders sought falsehood because he viewed the ruler as indispensable in the conduct of religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997249–50-341">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arbitration_proceedings">Arbitration proceedings</h4></div> The two arbitrators met together in <a href="/wiki/Dumat_al-Jandal" title="Dumat al-Jandal">Dumat al-Jandal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014129-342">[342]</a> perhaps in February 658.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> There they reached the verdict that Uthman had been killed wrongfully and that Mu'awiya had the right to seek revenge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997255-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2005137-344">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> They could not agree on anything else.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997256-345">[345]</a> Rather than a judicial ruling, this was a political concession by Abu Musa, who probably hoped that Amr would later reciprocate this gesture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997256-345">[345]</a> Ali denounced the conduct of the two arbitrators as contrary to the Quran and began organizing a second Syria campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997257-346">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Solely an initiative of Mu'awiya,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997255-343">[343]</a> there was also a second meeting in <a href="/wiki/Udhruh" title="Udhruh">Udhruh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997255-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015-194">[194]</a> The negotiations there also failed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997257-346">[346]</a> as the two arbitrators could not agree on the next caliph: Amr supported Mu'awiya,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> while Abu Musa nominated his son-in-law Abd Allah ibn Umar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé200140-132">[132]</a> who stood down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997286-347">[347]</a> At its closure, Abu Musa publicly deposed both Mu'awiya and Ali and called for a council to appoint his successor per earlier agreements with Amr. When Amr took the stage, however, he deposed Ali and appointed Mu'awiya as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé200140-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010165-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> The Kufan delegation reacted furiously to Abu Musa's concessions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997257-346">[346]</a> and the common view is that the arbitration failed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997255-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin201353-327">[327]</a> or was inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFadel201343-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauf2007191-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinds1972b102-350">[350]</a> It nevertheless strengthened the Syrians' support for Mu'awiya and weakened the position of Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997255-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197965-351">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198525-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201331-352">[352]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Nahrawan">Battle of Nahrawan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Nehrevan_(658_A.D.),_between_Ali_and_the_Havaric_(Kharijites)._Ali,_mounted_on_Duldul,_is_wielding_his_double-bladed_sword,_Zulfikar._From_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul,_Ottoman_Turkey,_late_16th_or_early_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Battle_of_Nehrevan_%28658_A.D.%29%2C_between_Ali_and_the_Havaric_%28Kharijites%29._Ali%2C_mounted_on_Duldul%2C_is_wielding_his_double-bladed_sword%2C_Zulfikar._From_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul%2C_Ottoman_Turkey%2C_late_16th_or_early_17th_century.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Battle_of_Nehrevan_%28658_A.D.%29%2C_between_Ali_and_the_Havaric_%28Kharijites%29._Ali%2C_mounted_on_Duldul%2C_is_wielding_his_double-bladed_sword%2C_Zulfikar._From_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul%2C_Ottoman_Turkey%2C_late_16th_or_early_17th_century.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Battle_of_Nehrevan_%28658_A.D.%29%2C_between_Ali_and_the_Havaric_%28Kharijites%29._Ali%2C_mounted_on_Duldul%2C_is_wielding_his_double-bladed_sword%2C_Zulfikar._From_a_manuscript_of_Maktel-i_Ali_Resul%2C_Ottoman_Turkey%2C_late_16th_or_early_17th_century.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Nahrawan, a folio from a manuscript of Maqtel-i Ali resul, late sixteenth or early seventeenth century</figcaption></figure> After the arbitration, Mu'awiya received the Syrians' pledge as caliph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997257–8-353">[353]</a> Ali then organized a new, much smaller,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> Syria campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010163-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé200140-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997255,_257-354">[354]</a> But he postponed the expedition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997259–60-355">[355]</a> and instead marched to Nahrawan with his army,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997259–60-355">[355]</a> when he learned that the Kharijites were interrogating and executing civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen190117–18-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997254-357">[357]</a> They killed many, apparently not even sparing women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevi_Della_Vida2012-336">[336]</a> Ali convinced many of the Kharijites to separate from their army, leaving about 1,500–1,800, or 2,800, out of about 4,000 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997260-358">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen190118-359">[359]</a> The rest of the Kharijites then attacked and were crushed by Ali's army of about 14,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997259–261-360">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen190118-359">[359]</a> The battle took place either on 17 July 658,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997260–1-361">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010163-335">[335]</a> or in 657.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen192785-362">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997260–1-361">[361]</a> Ali has been criticized by some for killing his erstwhile allies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014141,_171-363">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010164-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997262-365">[365]</a> many of whom were outwardly pious Muslims. For others, subduing the Kharijites was necessary, for they were violent and radicalized rebels who posed a danger to Ali's base in Kufa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997261-366">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelsay199387-367">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin201353-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201997–8-368">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3></div> Following the Battle of Nahrawan, Ali could not muster enough support for a second Syria campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014141-369">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997262-365">[365]</a> Perhaps his soldiers were demoralized,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010164-364">[364]</a> or perhaps they were recalled by their tribal leaders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197177-370">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979123-371">[371]</a> many of whom had been bribed and swayed by Mu'awiya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201668-372">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979123-371">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010164-364">[364]</a> By contrast, Ali did not grant any financial favors to tribal chiefs as a matter of principle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201495-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo201764-249">[249]</a> At any rate, the secession of so many of the qurra and the coolness of the tribal leaders weakened Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197177-370">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony201331-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy201669-373">[373]</a> Ali consequently lost Egypt to Mu'awiya in 658.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010165-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997268–9-374">[374]</a> Mu'awiya also began dispatching military detachments,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010165-348">[348]</a> which targeted civilians along the Euphrates river, near Kufa, and most successfully, in the Hejaz and Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997262,_288–291,_293-375">[375]</a> Ali could not mount a timely response to these assaults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> He eventually found sufficient support for a second Syria offensive, set to commence in late winter 661. His success was in part due to the public outrage over Syrian raids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997307-376">[376]</a> However, plans for a second campaign were abandoned after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali" title="Assassination of Ali">assassination of Ali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010166-377">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination_and_burial">Assassination and burial</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali" title="Assassination of Ali">Assassination of Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Imam Ali Shrine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Imam_Ali" title="Mausoleum of Imam Ali">Mausoleum of Imam Ali</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kufa_Mosque_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kufa_Mosque_1.jpg/220px-Kufa_Mosque_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kufa_Mosque_1.jpg/330px-Kufa_Mosque_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kufa_Mosque_1.jpg/440px-Kufa_Mosque_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kufa" title="Great Mosque of Kufa">Great Mosque of Kufa</a> in Kufa, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, where Ali was assassinated</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Meshed_ali_usnavy_(PD).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg/220px-Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg/330px-Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg/440px-Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1312" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Imam Ali Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, near Kufa, where Ali is believed to be buried</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpeg/220px-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpeg/330px-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpeg/440px-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hazrat_Ali_Mazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazrat Ali Mazar">Hazrat Ali Mazar</a>, also called Rawz-e-Sharif, in <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazar-i Sharif">Mazar-i Sharif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, where some claim Ali is buried.</div></div></div></div></div> Ali was assassinated during the <a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">morning prayer</a> on 28 January 661 (19 <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (calendar month)">Ramadan</a> 40 AH) at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kufa" title="Great Mosque of Kufa">Great Mosque of Kufa</a>. The other given dates are 26 and 30 January. He was struck over his head by the Kharijite dissident <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muljim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Muljim">Ibn Muljam</a> with a poison-coated sword,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012g-378">[378]</a> in revenge for their defeat in the Battle of Nahrawan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997308-379">[379]</a> Ali died from his wounds about two days later, aged sixty-two or sixty-three. By some accounts, he had long known about his fate by premonition or through Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012g-378">[378]</a> Before his death, Ali requested either a meticulous application of <a href="/wiki/Lex_talionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex talionis">lex talionis</a> to Ibn Muljam or his pardon. At any rate, Ibn Muljam was later executed by Hasan, the eldest son of Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012g-378">[378]</a> Fearing that his body might be exhumed and profaned by his enemies, Ali's burial place was kept a secret and remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Several sites are mentioned as containing Ali's remains, including the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">shrine of Ali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Ali">shrine of Ali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mazar,_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazar, Afghanistan">Mazar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1982-380">[380]</a> The former site was identified during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 786–809) and the town of Najaf developed around it, which has become a major destination for Shia pilgrimage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> The present shrine was built by the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> monarch <a href="/wiki/Safi_of_Persia" title="Safi of Persia">Safi</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1629–1642),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198526-381">[381]</a> near which lies an immense cemetery for Shias who wished to be buried next to their <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">imam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Najaf is also home to top religious colleges and prominent Shia scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> Other sites for Ali's burial are claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rayy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayy">Ray</a> while a minority of Shias believe it be somewhere in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohlberg1982-380">[380]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasan%E2%80%93Muawiya_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan–Muawiya treaty">Hasan–Muawiya treaty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_tradition_of_cursing_Ali" title="Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali">Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali</a></div> When Ali died, his son Hasan was acknowledged as the next caliph in Kufa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellhausen190118-359">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012e-382">[382]</a> As Ali's legatee, Hasan was the obvious choice for the Kufans, especially because Ali was vocal about the exclusive right of Muhammad's kin to leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997311-383">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012e-382">[382]</a> Most surviving companions of Muhammad were in Ali's army, and they also pledged their allegiance to Hasan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198526–7-384">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197991-385">[385]</a> but overall the Kufans' support for Hasan was likely weak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198527-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979109–10-387">[387]</a> Hasan later <a href="/wiki/Hasan%E2%80%93Muawiya_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan–Muawiya treaty">abdicated</a> in August 661 to Mu'awiya when the latter marched on Iraq with a large force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198527-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri1979109–10-387">[387]</a> Mu'awiya thus founded the dynastic <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>. Throughout his reign, he persecuted the family and supporters of Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997334-388">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2012-389">[389]</a> and mandated <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_tradition_of_cursing_Ali" title="Umayyad tradition of cursing Ali">regular public cursing of Ali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997334-388">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200767,_78-390">[390]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants_of_Ali">Descendants of Ali</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muhsin_ibn_Ali" title="Muhsin ibn Ali">Muhsin ibn Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasanids" title="Hasanids">Hasanids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Husaynids" title="Husaynids">Husaynids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelvers">Twelvers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaysanites" title="Kaysanites">Kaysanites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></div> The first marriage of Ali was to Fatima, who bore him three sons, Hasan, Husayn, and <a href="/wiki/Muhsin_ibn_Ali" title="Muhsin ibn Ali">Muhsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2012-389">[389]</a> Muhsin either died in infancy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-15">[15]</a> or Fatima miscarried him when she was injured in a <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fatima%27s_house" title="Attack on Fatima's house">raid</a> on her house during the succession crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201378-94">[94]</a> The descendants of Hasan and Husayn are known as the <a href="/wiki/Hasanids" title="Hasanids">Hasanids</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Husaynids" title="Husaynids">Husaynids</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2014-391">[391]</a> As the progeny of Muhammad, they are honored in Muslim communities by nobility titles such as <a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">sharif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">sayyid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> Ali and Fatima also had two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuart2012b-392">[392]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Fatima" title="Burial of Fatima">Fatima's death</a> in 632, Ali remarried multiple times and had more children, including <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Awsat_ibn_Ali" title="Muhammad al-Awsat ibn Ali">Muhammad al-Awsat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbas_ibn_Ali" title="Abbas ibn Ali">Abbas ibn Ali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuart2012b-392">[392]</a> In his life, Ali fathered seventeen daughters, and eleven, fourteen, or eighteen sons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2012-389">[389]</a> among whom, Hasan, Husayn, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyya" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya">Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya</a> played a historical role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Descendants of Ali are known as the <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2014-391">[391]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Umayyads_(661–750)">Under the Umayyads (661–750)</h3></div> Mu'awiya succeeded Ali in 661 and founded the dynastic Umayyad Caliphate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2003-393">[393]</a> during which Alids were severely persecuted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuart2012b-392">[392]</a> After Ali, his followers (shi'a) recognized his eldest son Hasan as their imam. When he died in 670, likely poisoned at the instigation of Mu'awiya,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198528-394">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2003-393">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013216-395">[395]</a> the Shia community followed Hasan's younger brother Husayn, who was killed by Umayyad forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> in 680, alongside many of his relatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2014-391">[391]</a> To revenge the Karbala massacre, soon followed in 685 the Shia uprising of <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">al-Mukhtar</a>, who claimed to represent Ibn al-Hanafiyya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2014-391">[391]</a> The main movements that followed this uprising were the now-extinct <a href="/wiki/Kaysanites" title="Kaysanites">Kaysanites</a> and the Imamites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2017104-396">[396]</a> The Kaysanites mostly followed <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyya" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya">Abu Hashim</a>, the son of Ibn al-Hanafiya. When Abu Hashim died around 716, this group largely aligned itself with the Abbasids, that is, the descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2014-391">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198569-397">[397]</a> On the other hand, the Imamites were led by quiescent descendants of Husayn, through his only surviving son, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali Zayn al-Abidin</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 713). An exception was Ali's son <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd</a>, who led a failed uprising against the Umayyads around 740.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2014-391">[391]</a> For his followers, known as the <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydites</a>, any learned Hasanid or Husaynid who rose against tyranny qualified as imam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198549,_50-398">[398]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Abbasids_(750–1258)">Under the Abbasids (750–1258)</h3></div> Alids were also persecuted under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a>, who toppled the Umayyads in 750.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2014-391">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198571-399">[399]</a> Some of the Alids thus revolted,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2012-389">[389]</a> while some established regional dynasties in remote areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2014-391">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner199926-400">[400]</a> In particular, through imprisonment or surveillance, the Abbasids removed the imams of the Imamites from public life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198125-401">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake2007211-402">[402]</a> and they are thought to be responsible for the imams' deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierce201644-403">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198544-404">[404]</a> Mainstream Imamites were the antecedents of the <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelvers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2017107-405">[405]</a> who believe that their twelfth and final imam, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>, was born around 868,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985161-406">[406]</a> but was hidden from the public in 874 for fear of persecution. He remains in occultation by divine will until his reappearance at the end of time to eradicate injustice and evil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-407">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2017108-408">[408]</a> The only historic split among the Imamites happened when their sixth imam, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, died in 765.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2014-391">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2017107-405">[405]</a> Some claimed that his designated successor was his son <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il</a>, who had predeceased al-Sadiq. These were the antecedents of the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2014-391">[391]</a> who found political success at the turn of the tenth century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201492-409">[409]</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> in Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary20072,_110,_128-410">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-balagha" title="Nahj al-balagha">Nahj al-balagha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_good_governance_in_the_letter_of_Ali_to_al-Ashtar" title="Principles of good governance in the letter of Ali to al-Ashtar">Principles of good governance in the letter of Ali to al-Ashtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghurar_al-hikam" title="Ghurar al-hikam">Ghurar al-hikam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mushaf_of_Ali" title="Mushaf of Ali">Mushaf of Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ali" title="Kitab Ali">Kitab Ali</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shaqshaqiya_sermon" title="Shaqshaqiya sermon">Shaqshaqiya sermon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Jafr_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jafr (book)">al-Jafr (book)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Du%27a_Kumayl" class="mw-redirect" title="Du'a Kumayl">Du'a Kumayl</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folio_from_a_Nahj_al-Balagha.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Folio_from_a_Nahj_al-Balagha.gif/220px-Folio_from_a_Nahj_al-Balagha.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Folio_from_a_Nahj_al-Balagha.gif/330px-Folio_from_a_Nahj_al-Balagha.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Folio_from_a_Nahj_al-Balagha.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Folio from an old manuscript of Nahj al-balagha, circa 1150 CE</figcaption></figure> Most of the works attributed to Ali were first delivered as speeches and later committed to writing by others. There are also supplications, such as <a href="/wiki/Du%27a_Kumayl" class="mw-redirect" title="Du'a Kumayl">Du'a Kumayl</a>, which he may have taught others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nahj_al-balagha">Nahj al-balagha</h3></div> Nahj al-balagha (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the path of eloquence') is an eleventh-century collection of sermons, letters, and sayings, all attributed to Ali, compiled by <a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Radi" title="Al-Sharif al-Radi">Sharif al-Radi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1015), a prominent Twelver scholar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008-411">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003227-412">[412]</a> Because of its sometimes sensitive content, the authenticity of Nahj al-balagha has long been polemically debated. However, by tracking its content in earlier sources, recent academic research has attributed most of Nahj al-balagha to Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2006-413">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjebli2012-414">[414]</a> The book, particularly its letter of <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib_to_Malik_al-Ashtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter of Ali ibn Abi Talib to Malik al-Ashtar">instructions</a> addressed at al-Ashtar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> has served as an ideological basis for Islamic governance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003227-412">[412]</a> The book also includes detailed discussions about social responsibilities, emphasizing that greater responsibilities result in greater rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003227-412">[412]</a> Nahj al-balagha also contains sensitive material, such as sharp criticism of Ali's predecessors in its <a href="/wiki/Shaqshaqiya_sermon" title="Shaqshaqiya sermon">Shaqshaqiya sermon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> and disapproval of Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr, who had revolted against Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008-411">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake2007225-415">[415]</a> Celebrated as an example of the most eloquent Arabic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> Nahj al-balagha has significantly influenced the Arabic literature and rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2006-413">[413]</a> Numerous commentaries have been written about the book, including the comprehensive work of the <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazilite</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abil-Hadid</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1258).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghurar_al-hikam">Ghurar al-hikam</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghurar_al-Hikam_wa_Durar_al-Kalim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ghurar_al-Hikam_wa_Durar_al-Kalim.jpg/220px-Ghurar_al-Hikam_wa_Durar_al-Kalim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Ghurar_al-Hikam_wa_Durar_al-Kalim.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Folio from an old manuscript of Ghurar al-hikam</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ghurar_al-hikam_wa_durar_al-kalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurar al-hikam wa durar al-kalim">Ghurar al-hikam wa durar al-kalim</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'exalted aphorisms and pearls of speech') was compiled by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd_al-Wahid_Amidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abd al-Wahid Amidi (page does not exist)">Abd al-Wahid al-Amidi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1116), who was either a <a href="/wiki/Shafi%CA%BDi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafiʽi school">Shafi'i</a> jurist or a Twelver scholar. The book contains thousands of short sayings of Ali on piety and ethics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi20074-416">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> These aphorisms and other works attributed to Ali have considerably influenced the <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Islamic mysticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoziShah-Kazemi2015-417">[417]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mushaf_of_Ali">Mushaf of Ali</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mushaf_of_Imam_Ali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Mushaf_of_Imam_Ali.jpg/220px-The_Mushaf_of_Imam_Ali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Mushaf_of_Imam_Ali.jpg/330px-The_Mushaf_of_Imam_Ali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/The_Mushaf_of_Imam_Ali.jpg/440px-The_Mushaf_of_Imam_Ali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The first three verses of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Burooj" title="Al-Burooj">Surah al-buruj</a> (85:1–3) in what might be a folio from the Mushaf of Ali in the library of the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Imam Ali shrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>, Iraq</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mushaf_of_Ali" title="Mushaf of Ali">Mushaf of Ali</a> is a recension of the Quran compiled by Ali, who was one of its first scribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi20032-418">[418]</a> By some Shia accounts, this codex (<a href="/wiki/Mushaf" title="Mushaf">mushaf</a>) of Ali was rejected for official use during the succession crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199313-419">[419]</a> Some early Shia traditions also suggest differences with the standard <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran#Uthman_ibn_Affan_and_the_canonization" title="History of the Quran">Uthmanid codex</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi200924-420">[420]</a> although now the prevalent Shia view is that Ali's recension matches the Uthmanid codex, save for the order of its content.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198577,_81-421">[421]</a> Ali's codex is said to be in the possession of Muhammad al-Mahdi, who would reveal the codex (and its authoritative commentary by Ali) when he reappears.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi199489-422">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-407">[407]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitab_Ali">Kitab Ali</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Kitab_Ali" title="Kitab Ali">Kitab Ali</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'book of Ali') is a non-extant collection of prophetic sayings gathered by Ali. The book may have concerned matters of lawfulness (<a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>) and unlawfulness (<a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a>), including a detailed penal code. Kitab Ali is also often linked to <a href="/wiki/Al-Jafr_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jafr (book)">al-Jafr</a>, which is said to contain the esoteric teachings of Muhammad for his household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsposito2003175–176-423">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi20035-424">[424]</a> Copies of Kitab Ali were likely available until the early eighth century, and parts of it have survived in later Shia and Sunni works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchi2015-425">[425]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Du%27a%27_Kumayl" title="Du'a' Kumayl">Du'a' Kumayl</a> is a popular Shia supplication attributed to Ali, transmitted by his companion, <a href="/wiki/Kumayl_ibn_Ziyad" title="Kumayl ibn Ziyad">Kumayl ibn Ziyad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> Also attributed to Ali is Kitab al-Diyat on Islamic law, fully quoted in the Shia hadith collection <a href="/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih" title="Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man la yahduruhu al-faqih</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi200312–13-426">[426]</a> The judicial decisions and executive orders of Ali during his caliphate have also been recorded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi200317-427">[427]</a> Other extant works attributed to Ali are collected in <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a> and other Shia sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions_to_Islamic_sciences">Contributions to Islamic sciences</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ali_and_Islamic_sciences" title="Ali and Islamic sciences">Ali and Islamic sciences</a></div> The standard recitation of the Quran has been traced back to Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi20033-428">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes200845-429">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198525-213">[213]</a> and his written legacy is dotted with Quranic commentaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchi2015-425">[425]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a>, a leading early exegete, credited Ali with his interpretations of the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200628-430">[430]</a> Ali also related several hundred prophetic hadiths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchi2015-425">[425]</a> He is further credited with the first systematic evaluations of hadiths, and is often considered a founding figure for hadith sciences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchi2015-425">[425]</a> Ali is also regarded by some as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Islamic theology</a>, and his sayings contain the first rational proofs of the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">unity of God</a> (tawhid) in Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr20062,_120-431">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2014-32">[32]</a> In later <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>, Ali's sayings and sermons were mined for metaphysical knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> In particular, Nahj al-balagha is a vital source for Shia philosophical doctrines, after the Quran and Sunna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbin200635–36-432">[432]</a> As a Shia imam, statements and practices attributed to Ali are widely studied in Shia Islam, where they are viewed as the continuation of prophetic teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPakatchi2015-425">[425]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_titles">Names and titles</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abu_Turab" title="Abu Turab">Abu Turab</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_writing2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mirror_writing2.jpg/220px-Mirror_writing2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mirror_writing2.jpg/330px-Mirror_writing2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mirror_writing2.jpg/440px-Mirror_writing2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3163" data-file-height="1983" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mirror_writing" title="Mirror writing">Mirror writing</a> of "Ali is the vicegerent of God" (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>, circa 1720–1730)</figcaption></figure> Ali is known by many honorifics in the Islamic tradition, some of which are especially used by Shias.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> His main <a href="/wiki/Kunya_(Arabic)" title="Kunya (Arabic)">kunya</a> (teknonym) was <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan" title="Abu al-Hasan">ʾAbū al-Ḥasan</a> ("father of al-Hasan").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2015-433">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> His titles include <a href="/wiki/Murtaza" title="Murtaza">al-Murtaḍā</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'one with whom [God] is pleased' or 'one who is chosen and contented'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2015-433">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asadullah" title="Asadullah">Asad Allāh</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'lion of God'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlizadeh2015-434">[434]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haydar" title="Haydar">Ḥaydar</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'lion', the name initially her mother gave him),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2015-433">[433]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amīr al-Muʾminīn</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'commander of the faithful' or 'prince of the faithful'), and Imām al-Muttaqin (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'leader of the God-fearing').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaj_Manouchehri2015-433">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> In particular, Twelvers consider the title of Amir al-Mu'minin to be unique to Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb2012-435">[435]</a> He is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Turab" title="Abu Turab">Abū Turāb</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'father of dust'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> which might have initially been a pejorative by his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character">Character</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bab_al-Nasr_in_2017,_photo_by_Hatem_Moushir_26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bab_al-Nasr_in_2017%2C_photo_by_Hatem_Moushir_26.jpg/220px-Bab_al-Nasr_in_2017%2C_photo_by_Hatem_Moushir_26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bab_al-Nasr_in_2017%2C_photo_by_Hatem_Moushir_26.jpg/330px-Bab_al-Nasr_in_2017%2C_photo_by_Hatem_Moushir_26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bab_al-Nasr_in_2017%2C_photo_by_Hatem_Moushir_26.jpg/440px-Bab_al-Nasr_in_2017%2C_photo_by_Hatem_Moushir_26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Ali's sword and shield carved on the Bab al-Nasr, Cairo</figcaption></figure> Often praised for his piety and courage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198525-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201972-436">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Ali fought to uphold his beliefs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteigerwald2004-437">[437]</a> but was also magnanimous in victory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997309–310-438">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198525-213">[213]</a> even risking the ire of some supporters to prevent the enslavement of women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> He also showed his grief, wept for the dead, and reportedly prayed over his enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Yet Ali has also been criticized for his idealism and political inflexibility,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997149–50-222">[222]</a> for his egalitarian policies and strict justice antagonized many.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014134-439">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197544-221">[221]</a> Or perhaps these qualities were also present in Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197546-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201989-223">[223]</a> whom the Quran addresses as, "They wish that thou [Muhammad] might compromise and that they might compromise."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197546,_64-440">[440]</a> At any rate, these qualities of Ali, rooted in his religious beliefs, contributed to his image today for his followers as a paragon of Islamic virtues,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997310-441">[441]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014134-439">[439]</a> particularly justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a> Ali is also viewed as the model par excellence for Islamic chivalry (<a href="/wiki/Futuwwa" title="Futuwwa">futuwwa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2007189n1-442">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé200141-443">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198590-444">[444]</a> Historical accounts about Ali are often tendentious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> For instance, in person, Ali is described in some Sunni sources as bald, heavy-built, short-legged, with broad shoulders, hairy body, long white beard, and affected by eye inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> Shia accounts about the appearance of Ali are markedly different. Those perhaps better match his reputation as a capable warrior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202163-445">[445]</a> Likewise, in manner, Ali is presented in some Sunni sources as rough, brusque, and unsociable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">[5]</a> By contrast, Shia sources describe him as generous, gentle, and cheerful,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé200141-443">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a> to the point that the Syrian war propaganda accused him of frivolity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2019105-219">[219]</a> Shia and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> sources are also replete with reports about his acts of kindness, especially to the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201935–36-446">[446]</a> The necessary qualities in a commander, described in a letter attributed to Ali, may have well been a portrait of himself: slow to anger, happy to pardon, kind to the weak, and severe with the strong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2019104-447">[447]</a> His companion, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27sa%27a_bin_Sohan" title="Sa'sa'a bin Sohan">Sa'sa'a ibn Suhan</a>, described him similarly, "He [Ali] was amongst us as one of us, of gentle disposition, intense humility, leading with a light touch, even though we were in awe of him with the kind of awe that a bound prisoner has before one who holds a sword over his head."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2019104-447">[447]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ali_in_the_Quran" title="Ali in the Quran">Ali in the Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_in_hadith_literature" title="Ali in hadith literature">Ali in hadith literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunni_view_of_Ali" title="Sunni view of Ali">Sunni view of Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Shia view of Ali</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_policies_of_Ali" title="Administrative policies of Ali">Administrative policies of Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Ali</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:The_first_three_Shiite_Imams-_Ali_with_his_sons_Hasan_and_Husayn,_illustration_from_a_Qajar_manuscript,_Iran,_1837-38_(gouache_on_paper).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_first_three_Shiite_Imams-_Ali_with_his_sons_Hasan_and_Husayn%2C_illustration_from_a_Qajar_manuscript%2C_Iran%2C_1837-38_%28gouache_on_paper%29.jpg/150px-The_first_three_Shiite_Imams-_Ali_with_his_sons_Hasan_and_Husayn%2C_illustration_from_a_Qajar_manuscript%2C_Iran%2C_1837-38_%28gouache_on_paper%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_first_three_Shiite_Imams-_Ali_with_his_sons_Hasan_and_Husayn%2C_illustration_from_a_Qajar_manuscript%2C_Iran%2C_1837-38_%28gouache_on_paper%29.jpg/225px-The_first_three_Shiite_Imams-_Ali_with_his_sons_Hasan_and_Husayn%2C_illustration_from_a_Qajar_manuscript%2C_Iran%2C_1837-38_%28gouache_on_paper%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_first_three_Shiite_Imams-_Ali_with_his_sons_Hasan_and_Husayn%2C_illustration_from_a_Qajar_manuscript%2C_Iran%2C_1837-38_%28gouache_on_paper%29.jpg/300px-The_first_three_Shiite_Imams-_Ali_with_his_sons_Hasan_and_Husayn%2C_illustration_from_a_Qajar_manuscript%2C_Iran%2C_1837-38_%28gouache_on_paper%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="550" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Gouache illustration of Ali (centre) and his sons, Hasan and Husayn, 1838, by an unknown painter</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Caliph</li><li>Imam</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> <a href="/wiki/Druze_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze Faith">Druze Faith</a> <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Imam Ali Shrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Islam">In Islam</h3></div> Ali's place is said to be second only to Muhammad in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Muslim culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity, and equal treatment of all Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997309–310-438">[438]</a> For his admirers, he has thus become the archetype of uncorrupted Islam and pre-Islamic chivalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997310-441">[441]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Quran">In the Quran</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_stone_Imam_Reza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Memorial_stone_Imam_Reza.jpg/220px-Memorial_stone_Imam_Reza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Memorial_stone_Imam_Reza.jpg/330px-Memorial_stone_Imam_Reza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Memorial_stone_Imam_Reza.jpg/440px-Memorial_stone_Imam_Reza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The verse of walaya, possibly the most controversial statement in the Quran linked to Ali, is engraved on the margins of this memorial stone, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> era</figcaption></figure> Ali regularly represented Muhammad in missions which are commonly linked to Quranic injunctions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani2006-448">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198511–12-449">[449]</a> For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_walaya" title="Verse of walaya">verse of walaya</a> (5:55) is a reference to when Ali gave his ring to a beggar, while praying in the mosque, according to Shia and some Sunni accounts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr_et_al.2015706-450">[450]</a> If so, then this verse gives Ali the same spiritual authority (<a href="/wiki/Walaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Walaya">walaya</a>) as Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrDagliDakakeLumbard2015706-7-451">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201346-452">[452]</a> In Shia sources, the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_tabligh" title="Verse of tabligh">verse of tabligh</a> (5:67) spurred Muhammad to designate Ali as his successor at the Ghadir Khumm, while the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_ikmal_al-din" title="Verse of ikmal al-din">verse of ikmal al-din</a> (5:3) subsequently announced the perfection of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201370–71-453">[453]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">verse of purification</a> (33:33) concerns the status of purity of the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'people of the house'), which is limited to Ali, Fatima, and their two sons in Shia and some Sunni sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198516,_17-454">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeaman2006-455">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198516–7,_325-456">[456]</a> Another reference to the Ahl al-Bayt might be the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_mawadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Verse of mawadda">verse of mawadda</a> (42:23).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200066-457">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985152-458">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201341,_60-459">[459]</a> For Shias, this verse is a Quranic mandate to love and follow the Ahl al-Bayt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201341-460">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200066-457">[457]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_hadith_literature">In hadith literature</h4></div> Muhammad frequently praise the qualities of Ali. The most controversial such statement, "He whose mawla I am, Ali is his mawla," was delivered at the Ghadir Khumm. This gave Ali the same spiritual authority (walaya) as Muhammad, according to the Shia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197535-461">[461]</a> Elsewhere, the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_position" title="Hadith of the position">hadith of the position</a> likens Muhammad and Ali to Moses and Aaron,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskinzoda201569-33">[33]</a> and thus supports the usurped right of Ali to succeed Muhammad in Shia Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskinzoda201576-462">[462]</a> Other examples in standard Shia and Sunni collections of hadith include, "There is no youth braver than Ali," "No-one but a believer loves Ali, and no-one but a hypocrite (<a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">munafiq</a>) hates Ali," "I am from Ali, and Ali is from me, and he is the wali (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'patron' or 'guardian') of every believer after me," "The truth revolves around him [Ali] wherever he goes," "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate (<a href="/wiki/Bab_(Shia_Islam)" title="Bab (Shia Islam)">bab</a>)," "Ali is with the Quran and the Quran is with Ali. They will not separate until they return to me at the [paradisal] pool."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198514–15-463">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2014-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Sufism">In Sufism</h4></div> Ali is the common source of mystical and spiritual currents within both Sunni and Shia sects of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2007134-464">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouër202030-465">[465]</a> In particular, Ali is the spiritual head of some Sufi movements,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> for Sufis believe that Ali inherited from Muhammad his esoteric knowledge and saintly authority,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> which guide believers on their journey toward God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> Nearly all Sufi orders trace their lineage to Muhammad through Ali, an exception being the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandis</a>, who reach Muhammad through Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Sunni_Islam">In Sunni Islam</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/220px-Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/330px-Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia.jpg/440px-Arabic_caligraphic_seal_in_Hagia_Sophia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The word 'Ali' in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a>, inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> In Sunni Islam, Ali is venerated as a close companion of Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauf2007201-466">[466]</a> a foremost authority on the Quran and Islamic law,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200628-430">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauf2007202-467">[467]</a> and the fountainhead of wisdom in Sunni spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2007134-464">[464]</a> When the prophet died in 632, Ali had his claims to leadership, perhaps in reference to the Ghadir Khumm,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519–20-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2014-41">[41]</a> but he eventually accepted the temporal rule of the first three caliphs in the interest of Muslim unity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeaney2021136-468">[468]</a> Ali is portrayed in Sunni sources as a trusted advisor of the first three caliphs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> while their conflicts with Ali are minimized,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197945-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201978-123">[123]</a> in line with the Sunni tendency to show accord among companions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201978-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas2004255-84-469">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997120-470">[470]</a> As the fourth and final Rashidun caliph, Ali holds a particularly high status in Sunni Islam, although this doctrinal reverence for Ali is a recent development for which the prominent Sunni traditionist <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ibn Hanbal</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 855) is likely to be credited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> Sunni hierarchy of companions places Ali below his three predecessors and above those who fought against him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrone2005135-471">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERauf2007201-466">[466]</a> This ordering has required Sunni reinterpretation of those prophetic sayings that explicitly elevate Ali above all companions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Shia_Islam">In Shia Islam</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shi%27i_talismanic_piece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shi%27i_talismanic_piece.jpg/220px-Shi%27i_talismanic_piece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shi%27i_talismanic_piece.jpg/330px-Shi%27i_talismanic_piece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Shi%27i_talismanic_piece.jpg/440px-Shi%27i_talismanic_piece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9923" data-file-height="10290" /></a><figcaption>Ali with his sons, nineteenth century <a href="/wiki/Iranian_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian carpet">Iranian tapestry</a></figcaption></figure> Ali takes center stage in Shia Islam:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> The Arabic word shi'a itself is short for 'shi'a of Ali' (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'followers of Ali'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShomali200314-472">[472]</a> his name is incorporated into the daily call to prayer (<a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">adhan</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> and he is regarded as the foremost companion of Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteigerwald200436-473">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala2014305-474">[474]</a> The defining doctrine of Shia Islam is that Ali was the rightful successor of Muhammad through divinely-ordained designation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985147-475">[475]</a> which is primarily a reference to the Ghadir Khumm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015172-476">[476]</a> Ali is thought to have inherited the political and religious authority of Muhammad, even before his ascension to the caliphate in 656.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004-477">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201352,_53-478">[478]</a> In particular, Ali's predecessors are regarded as illegitimate rulers and usurpers of his rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a> The all-encompassing bond of loyalty between Shia Muslims and their imams (and Muhammad in his capacity as imam) is known as walaya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201434-234">[234]</a> Ali is also thought to be endowed with the privilege of <a href="/wiki/Shafa%27a" title="Shafa'a">intercession</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgment Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a> Early on, some Shias even attributed divinity to Ali,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteigerwald200436-473">[473]</a> but such extreme views were gradually rooted out of Shi'ism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198567–68-479">[479]</a> In Shia belief, Ali also inherited the esoteric knowledge of Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteigerwald200437-480">[480]</a> for instance, in view of the prophetic hadith, "I [Muhammad] am the city of knowledge, and Ali is its gate."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">[2]</a> Ali is thus regarded, after Muhammad, as the interpreter, par excellence, of the Quran and the sole authoritative source of its (esoteric) teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2015172-476">[476]</a> Unlike Muhammad, however, Ali is not thought to have received <a href="/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">divine revelation</a> (wahy), though he might have been guided by divine inspiration (ilham).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004-477">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201352–53-481">[481]</a> Verse 21:73 of the Quran is sometimes cited here, "We made them imams, guiding by Our command, and We revealed (awhayna') to them the performance of good deeds, the maintenance of prayers, and the giving of <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a> (alms), and they used to worship Us."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975186–189-482">[482]</a> Shia Muslims also believe in the <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">infallibility</a> of Ali, as with Muhammad, that is, their divine protection from sins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201442-483">[483]</a> Here, the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">verse of purification</a> is sometimes cited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201368-484">[484]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985155-485">[485]</a> Ali's <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">words and deeds</a> are therefore considered a model for the Shia community and a source for their religious injunctions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985174-486">[486]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015a38-487">[487]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Alawism">In Alawism</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> venerate Ali, the first of the Twelve Imams, as the physical manifestation of God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002116-488">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosmanJones2009407-489">[489]</a> Even, the Alawite testimony of faith (<a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a>) translates as "there is no God but Ali".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtwan201558-490">[490]</a> The Alawite trinity envisions God as being composed of three distinct manifestations, Ma'na (meaning), Ism (Name) and Bab (Door); which together constitute an "indivisible trinity". Ma'na symbolises the "source and meaning of all things" in Alawite mythology. According to Alawite doctrines, Ma'na generated the Ism, which in turn built the Bab. These beliefs are closely tied to the Alawite doctrine of reincarnations of the trinity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201667-491">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosa1987311–312-492">[492]</a> The final trinity of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> in the Alawite trinity consists of Ali (Ma'na), Muhammad (Ism) and <a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a> (Bab). Alewites depict them as the sky, sun and moon respectively. Alawites deify Ali as the "last and supreme manifestation of God" who built the universe, attribute to him divine superiority, and believe that Ali created Muhammad and gave him the mission to spread Qur'anic teachings on earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoosa1987312-493">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspositoMoosa199564-494">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail201667-491">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENisan2002115,_117-495">[495]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_religions">In other religions</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> faith, Ali is considered a "minor prophet," like <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-496">[496]</a> Even though the faith originally developed out of the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> branch of Shia Islam, the Druze are not Muslims,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobs2014193-497">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaurin1979114-498">[498]</a> and do not accept the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">five pillars of Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaurin1979114-498">[498]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a>, a religion founded by the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish</a> mystic <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Sahak" title="Sultan Sahak">Sultan Sahak</a>, Ali is thought to be an incarnation of God,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar1994513-499">[499]</a> and superior to Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar1994513-499">[499]</a> but their image as a <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'exaggerators' or 'extremists') subsect of Shia Islam is incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlgar1994513-499">[499]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography of early Islam</a></div> Much has been written about Ali in Islamic literature, second only to Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> However, much of this material is colored by a positive or negative bias towards Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sources">primary sources</a> about Ali are the Quran, hadiths, and other <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">early Islamic works</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> the most notable being <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays">The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays</a>, attributed to a companion of Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke200559-500">[500]</a> Such works were initially scarce, but this changed with the introduction of affordable paper in the Abbasid period. For instance, at least twenty-one monographs were composed on the Battle of Siffin between 750 and 950, thirteen of which were authored by the early historian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mikhnaf" title="Abu Mikhnaf">Abu Mikhnaf</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 773–774). Most of these monographs are not extant except through quotations in later collections, such as the tenth-century <a href="/wiki/Tarikh_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarikh al-Tabari">Tarikh al-Tabari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200327,_28,_34-501">[501]</a> In addition to numerous works authored by Muslims, the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">secondary sources</a> about Ali include writings of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Arab Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>, and also works by Western scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">[3]</a> When writing about Ali, early Western scholars often dismissed as fabricated the reports gathered in later periods because their authors often advanced their own Sunni or Shia partisan views. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Leone_Caetani" title="Leone Caetani">L. Caetani</a> (d. 1935) often rejected the historical reports attributed to the pro-Ali Ibn Abbas and anti-Ali Aisha. Caetani instead preferred accounts reported without <a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">isnad</a> by early historians like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 767). By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">W. Madelung</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 2023) argued that the tendentiousness of a report alone does not imply its fabrication. Madelung instead advocated for the authentication of historical reports on the basis of their compatibility with other events and figures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997xi,_19,_20-502">[502]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2008-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2008_1-29">ad</a> <a href="#CITEREFGleave2008">Gleave 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2015b_2-14">o</a> <a href="#CITEREFShah-Kazemi2015b">Shah-Kazemi 2015b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddinNasr2023_3-34">ai</a> <a href="#CITEREFAfsaruddinNasr2023">Afsaruddin & Nasr 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985239_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2012a_5-38">am</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012a">Veccia Vaglieri 2012a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1995130-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1995130_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1995">Rubin 1995</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198512-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198512_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198512_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198512_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198512_7-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202134-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas202134_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbas2021">Abbas 2021</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubin1995136–7-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubin1995136–7_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubin1995">Rubin 1995</a>, pp. 136–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuart2012a-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuart2012a_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuart2012a_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuart2012a_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuart2012a_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuart2012a">Huart 2012a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201371,_98-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201371,_98_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 71, 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202146,_206-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas202146,_206_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbas2021">Abbas 2021</a>, pp. 46, 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982_13-39">an</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoonawala1982">Poonawala 1982</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKassamBlomfield2015_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKassamBlomfield2015">Kassam & Blomfield 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186_15-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuehler2014">Buehler 2014</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005186-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlemm2005186_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlemm2005">Klemm 2005</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006248-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006248_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQutbuddin2006">Qutbuddin 2006</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198513–14-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198513–14_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmucker2012-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmucker2012_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmucker2012_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmucker2012">Schmucker 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199716-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199716_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199716_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsman2015110-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015110_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsman2015110_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOsman2015">Osman 2015</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr_et_al.2015379-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr_et_al.2015379_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNasr_et_al.2015">Nasr et al. 2015</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201435-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201435_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaider201436-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaider201436_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaider2014">Haider 2014</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAuliffe2023-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcAuliffe2023_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcAuliffe2023">McAuliffe 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele201856-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFedele201856_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFedele2018">Fedele 2018</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200629-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200629_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLalani2006">Lalani 2006</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201372-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201372_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillWilliams200229-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillWilliams200229_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBillWilliams2002">Bill & Williams 2002</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198513-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198513_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198513_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198514-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198514_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2014-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2014_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2014_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2014_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2014_32-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShah-Kazemi2014">Shah-Kazemi 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskinzoda201569-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskinzoda201569_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskinzoda201569_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiskinzoda2015">Miskinzoda 2015</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskinzoda201576–7-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskinzoda201576–7_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiskinzoda2015">Miskinzoda 2015</a>, pp. 76–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201946-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201946_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShah-Kazemi2019">Shah-Kazemi 2019</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaizer2006-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaizer2006_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaizer2006">Faizer 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner201072–3-37"><a 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href="#CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012d">Veccia Vaglieri 2012d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2009-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2009_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2009">Jones 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201320-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201320_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200735-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake200735_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDakake2007">Dakake 2007</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani2011-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani2011_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLalani2011">Lalani 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197920-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197920_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200745-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake200745_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDakake200745_56-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDakake2007">Dakake 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pp. 31–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198518–9-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198518–9_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 18–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199736,_40-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199736,_40_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, pp. 36, 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2017§1.III-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2017§1.III_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcHugo2017">McHugo 2017</a>, §1.III. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19975-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung19975_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201334-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMavani201334_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMavani2013">Mavani 2013</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeaney2021§3.1-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeaney2021§3.1_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeaney2021">Keaney 2021</a>, §3.1. </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015_194-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015_194-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015_194-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBahramian2015_194-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFBahramian2015">Bahramian 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997142–3-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997142–3_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997142–3_195-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, pp. 142–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198524-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198524_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198524_196-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201470-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub201470_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyoub2014">Ayoub 2014</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997143-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997143_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997147-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997147_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997147_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997147_199-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997147_199-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197964-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197964_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197964_200-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997144–5-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997144–5_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, pp. 144–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997144-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997144_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197171-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaban197171_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaban197171_203-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaban1971">Shaban 1971</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201485-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub201485_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyoub2014">Ayoub 2014</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri197069-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri197069_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri1970">Veccia Vaglieri 1970</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197172-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaban197172_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaban197172_206-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaban1971">Shaban 1971</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonner2010158-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010158_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010158_207-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010158_207-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonner2010158_207-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonner2010">Donner 2010</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeaney2021§3.5-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeaney2021§3.5_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeaney2021">Keaney 2021</a>, §3.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199772-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199772_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021115-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbbas2021115_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbbas2021">Abbas 2021</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> It was only when Yazdegerd died (A.D. 651) that some mark of Arab authority was added to the coinage (Plate II, 1; Marv, 651-52). Most early drahms have only a short Arabic religious inscription in the margin (such as besm Allāh, "in the name of God"), with the name of Yazdegerd or his predecessor Ḵosrow II, but a few have the name of ʿAbdallāh b. ʿĀmer, conqueror and governor of southern and eastern Iran. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck2023_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck2023_256-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeck2023">Heck 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201994-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201994_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201994_257-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi201994_257-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShah-Kazemi2019">Shah-Kazemi 2019</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201484-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub201484_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyoub2014">Ayoub 2014</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2019115-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi2019115_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShah-Kazemi2019">Shah-Kazemi 2019</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014109-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014109_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyoub2014">Ayoub 2014</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014108-261"><a 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.side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Ali at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ali" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Ali">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ali" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Ali">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ali" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Ali">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ali" class="extiw" title="q:Ali">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ali" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Ali">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ali" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Ali">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ali" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Ali">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abbas_(scholar)" title="Hassan Abbas (scholar)">Abbas, H.</a> (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25205-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25205-7"><bdi>978-0-300-25205-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%27s+Heir%3A+The+Life+of+Ali+ibn+Abi+Talib&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-300-25205-7&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamec2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_W._Adamec" title="Ludwig W. Adamec">Adamec, L.W.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historical-dictionary-of-islam-third-edition/mode/2up">Historical Dictionary of Islam</a> (Third ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7723-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7723-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-7723-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7723-6&rft.aulast=Adamec&rft.aufirst=L.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorical-dictionary-of-islam-third-edition%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfsaruddin2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asma_Afsaruddin" title="Asma Afsaruddin">Afsaruddin, A.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-first-muslims-history-and-memory-by-asma-afsaruddin/mode/2up">The First Muslims: History and Memory</a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-518-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-518-9"><bdi>978-1-85168-518-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Muslims%3A+History+and+Memory&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-518-9&rft.aulast=Afsaruddin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-first-muslims-history-and-memory-by-asma-afsaruddin%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Amir-Moezzi" title="Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi">Amir-Moezzi, M.A.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thedivineguideinearlyshiism1/mode/1up">The Divine Guide In Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam</a>. Translated by Streight, David. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2122-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2122-8"><bdi>0-7914-2122-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Guide+In+Early+Shi%27ism%3A+The+Sources+of+Esotericism+in+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7914-2122-8&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthedivineguideinearlyshiism1%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2009" class="citation book cs1">Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (2009). "Information, Doubts and Contradictions in Islamic Sources". In Kohlberg, E.; Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/KohlbergMoezziREVELATIONANDFALSIFICATIONTheKitabAlQiratOfAhmadB.MuhammadAlSayyariLeiden2009./mode/2up">Revelation and Falsification</a>. Brill. pp. 12–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16782-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16782-7"><bdi>978-90-04-16782-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Information%2C+Doubts+and+Contradictions+in+Islamic+Sources&rft.btitle=Revelation+and+Falsification&rft.pages=12-23&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16782-7&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKohlbergMoezziREVELATIONANDFALSIFICATIONTheKitabAlQiratOfAhmadB.MuhammadAlSayyariLeiden2009.%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Aslan, R.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RezaAslanNoGodButGod">No god but God: The Origins and Evolution of Islam</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58836-445-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58836-445-3"><bdi>1-58836-445-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+god+but+God%3A+The+Origins+and+Evolution+of+Islam&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58836-445-3&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FRezaAslanNoGodButGod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoub2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Ayoub, M.M.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisofmuslimhi0000ayou/mode/2up">The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam</a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-674-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-674-6"><bdi>978-1-78074-674-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Muslim+History%3A+Religion+and+Politics+in+Early+Islam&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-674-6&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrisisofmuslimhi0000ayou%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1">Bill, J.; Williams, J.A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romancatholicssh0000bill/mode/2up">Roman Catholics and Shi'i Muslims: Prayer, Passion, and Politics</a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2689-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2689-8"><bdi>0-8078-2689-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholics+and+Shi%27i+Muslims%3A+Prayer%2C+Passion%2C+and+Politics&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8078-2689-8&rft.aulast=Bill&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromancatholicssh0000bill%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspositoMoosa1995" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L.; Moosa, Matti (1995). "Alawiyyah". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509612-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509612-6"><bdi>0-19-509612-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alawiyyah&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-509612-6&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.au=Moosa%2C+Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2016" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Raihan (2016). Saudi Clerics and Shī'a Islam. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023331-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023331-0"><bdi>978-0-19-023331-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Clerics+and+Sh%C4%AB%27a+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023331-0&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Raihan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Crone, P.</a> (2005). Medieval Islamic Political Thought. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-2194-6"><bdi>0-7486-2194-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7486-2194-6&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwan2015" class="citation book cs1">Atwan, Abdel Bari (2015). Islamic State: The Digital Caliphate. Oakland: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28928-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28928-4"><bdi>978-0-520-28928-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+State%3A+The+Digital+Caliphate&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28928-4&rft.aulast=Atwan&rft.aufirst=Abdel+Bari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2005" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, L. (2005). "The Rise and Decline of Taqiyya in Twelver Shi'ism". In Lawson, T. (ed.). Reason and Inspiration in Islam: Theology, Philosophy and Mysticism in Muslim Thought. I.B. 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I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-333-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-333-8"><bdi>978-0-85772-333-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-333-8&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013_202104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, F.</a> (2015). "Shi'i Communities in History". In Daftary, F.; Sajoo, A.B.; Jiwa, S. (eds.). The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity. I.B. Tauris. pp. 169–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-477-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-477-6"><bdi>978-1-78453-477-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shi%27i+Communities+in+History&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27i+World%3A+Pathways+in+Tradition+and+Modernity&rft.pages=169-209&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78453-477-6&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakake2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Massi_Dakake" title="Maria Massi Dakake">Dakake, M.M.</a> (2007). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7033-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7033-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-7033-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charismatic+Community%3A+Shi%27ite+Identity+in+Early+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7033-6&rft.aulast=Dakake&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farhaddaftarytheismailistheirhistoryanddoctrines2ndedition/mode/">The Ismā'īlīs: Their History and Doctrines</a> (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-35561-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-35561-5"><bdi>978-0-511-35561-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ism%C4%81%27%C4%ABl%C4%ABs%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-511-35561-5&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffarhaddaftarytheismailistheirhistoryanddoctrines2ndedition%2Fmode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1933" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Dwight M. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512558-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512558-4"><bdi>0-19-512558-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-512558-4&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxforddictionary00bada%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauf2007" class="citation book cs1">Rauf, F.A. (2007). "What is Sunni Islam?". In Cornell, V.J. (ed.). Voices of Islam. Vol. 1. Praeger. pp. 185–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98733-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98733-6"><bdi>978-0-275-98733-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Sunni+Islam%3F&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Islam&rft.pages=185-216&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98733-6&rft.aulast=Rauf&rft.aufirst=F.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider2014" class="citation book cs1">Haider, N. (2014). Shi'i Islam: An Introduction. 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Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-587-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-587-8"><bdi>978-1-62616-587-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Sunnis+and+Shi%27is&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-62616-587-8&rft.aulast=McHugo&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaurin1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_D._McLaurin" title="Ronald D. McLaurin">McLaurin, Ronald D.</a> (1979). The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East. Michigan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780030525964" title="Special:BookSources/9780030525964"><bdi>9780030525964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Role+of+Minority+Groups+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Michigan+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780030525964&rft.aulast=McLaurin&rft.aufirst=Ronald+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModarressi2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Modarressi" title="Hossein Modarressi">Modarressi, H.</a> (2003). Tradition and Survival: A Bibliographical Survey of Early Shī'ite Literature. Vol. 1. 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Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53209-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53209-9"><bdi>978-0-385-53209-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Prophet%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+the+Shia-Sunni+Split+in+Islam&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53209-9&rft.aulast=Hazleton&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faftertheprophettheepicstoryoftheshiasunnisplitinislampdfdrive.com%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr_et_al.2015" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M.; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up">The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary</a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-112586-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-112586-7"><bdi>978-0-06-112586-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+Quran%3A+A+New+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-112586-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthestudyquran_201909%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShomali2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Shomali" title="Mohammad Ali Shomali">Shomali, M.A.</a> (2003). Shi'i Islam: Origins, Faith and Practices. Islamic College for Advanced Studies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904063-11-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-904063-11-X"><bdi>1-904063-11-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27i+Islam%3A+Origins%2C+Faith+and+Practices&rft.pub=Islamic+College+for+Advanced+Studies+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-904063-11-X&rft.aulast=Shomali&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoonawala2014" class="citation book cs1">Poonawala, I.K. (2014). "The Evolution of al-Qādi al-Nu'man's Theory of Ismaili Jurisprudence as Reflected in the Chronology of his Works on Jurisprudence". In Daftary, F.; Miskinzoda, G. (eds.). The Study of Shi'i Islam: History, Theology, and Law. I.B. Tauris. pp. 295–351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-506-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-506-8"><bdi>978-1-78076-506-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+al-Q%C4%81di+al-Nu%27man%27s+Theory+of+Ismaili+Jurisprudence+as+Reflected+in+the+Chronology+of+his+Works+on+Jurisprudence&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Shi%27i+Islam%3A+History%2C+Theology%2C+and+Law&rft.pages=295-351&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-506-8&rft.aulast=Poonawala&rft.aufirst=I.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah-Kazemi2015a" class="citation book cs1">Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015a). "Imam Ali". In Daftary, F.; Sajoo, A.B.; Jiwa, S. (eds.). The Shi'i World: Pathways in Tradition and Modernity. I.B. Tauris. pp. 33–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-477-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-477-6"><bdi>978-1-78453-477-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imam+Ali&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27i+World%3A+Pathways+in+Tradition+and+Modernity&rft.pages=33-55&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-78453-477-6&rft.aulast=Shah-Kazemi&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclopædia_Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Amir-Moezzi" title="Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi">Amir-Moezzi, M.A.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eschatology-iii">"Eschatology iii. Imami Shi'ism"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eschatology+iii.+Imami+Shi%27ism&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=575-581&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=2330-4804&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feschatology-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohlberg1982" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kohlberg, E. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb#pt2">"ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB ii. ʿAlī as seen by the Community"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAL%C4%AA+B.+AB%C4%AA+%E1%B9%AC%C4%80LEB+ii.+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+as+seen+by+the+Community&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Kohlberg&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fali-b-abi-taleb%23pt2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, W.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131117041057/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-b-ali">"Ḥasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Ṭāleb"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 26–28. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-b-ali">the original</a> on 17 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4asan+b.+%27Ali+b.+Abi+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81leb&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=26-28&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=2330-4804&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhasan-b-ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellat1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pellat, Ch. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-loloa-a-persian-slave-of-mogira-b">"Abū Lo'Lo'a"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. I/3. pp. 333–334. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ab%C5%AB+Lo%27Lo%27a&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=333-334&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=2330-4804&rft.aulast=Pellat&rft.aufirst=Ch.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabu-loloa-a-persian-slave-of-mogira-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoonawala1982" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Poonawala" title="Ismail Poonawala">Poonawala, I.K.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ali-b-abi-taleb#pt1">"'Alī b. Abī Ṭāleb I. Life"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica (Online ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81leb+I.+Life&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.edition=Online&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Poonawala&rft.aufirst=I.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fali-b-abi-taleb%23pt1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclopaedia_of_Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlgar1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Algar, Hamid (1994). "EHL-i HAK". <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m_Ansiklopedisi" title="İslâm Ansiklopedisi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a> (in Turkish). Vol. 10. pp. 513–515.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=EHL-i+HAK&rft.btitle=%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+Ansiklopedisi&rft.pages=513-515&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Algar&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Amir-Moezzi, M.A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419">"Ghadīr Khumm"</a>. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26961-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26961-3"><bdi>978-90-04-26961-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghad%C4%ABr+Khumm&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26961-3&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Daftary, F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329">"'Alids"</a>. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17137-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17137-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17137-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Alids&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17137-4&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjebli2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Djebli, M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5752">"Nahd̲j̲ al-Balāg̲h̲a"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5752">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5752</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nahd%CC%B2j%CC%B2+al-Bal%C4%81g%CC%B2h%CC%B2a&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5752&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Djebli&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gibb, H.A.R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0617">"Amīr al-Mu'minīn"</a>. Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0617">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0617</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186002378">186002378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Am%C4%ABr+al-Mu%27min%C4%ABn&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186002378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0617&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.A.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleave2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gleave, R.M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324">"'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib"</a>. In Fleet; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17137-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17137-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17137-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+ibn+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17137-4&rft.aulast=Gleave&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuart2012a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Huart, Cl. (2012a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_COM_0020">"'Ali"</a>. In Houtsma, M.Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). 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Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0046">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0046&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Veccia+Vaglieri&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012d" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0217">"Fāṭima"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0217">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0217</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADima&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0217&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Veccia+Vaglieri&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012e" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012e). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0272">"(al-)Ḥasan b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0272">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28al-%29%E1%B8%A4asan+b.+%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0272&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Veccia+Vaglieri&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2012c). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2218">"Fadak"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_2218">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_2218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fadak&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_2218&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Veccia+Vaglieri&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_2218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Montgomery_Watt" title="W. Montgomery Watt">Watt, M.W.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0165">"Abū Bakr"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0165">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ab%C5%AB+Bakr&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0165&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=M.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclopaedia_Islamica">Encyclopaedia Islamica</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlizadeh2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Alizadeh, M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 11. The Iconography of Imam 'Alī in Persianate Islamic Art"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, F.</a> (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Negahban, F. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib+11.+The+Iconography+of+Imam+%27Al%C4%AB+in+Persianate+Islamic+Art&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rft.aulast=Alizadeh&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahramian2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bahramian, A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 3. Caliphate"</a>. In Daftary, Farhad (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, M. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib+3.+Caliphate&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rft.aulast=Bahramian&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaj_Manouchehri2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Haj Manouchehri, F. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 1. Names and Titles"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, F.</a> (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib+1.+Names+and+Titles&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rft.aulast=Haj+Manouchehri&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoziShah-Kazemi2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jozi, M.R.; <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah-Kazemi" title="Reza Shah-Kazemi">Shah-Kazemi, R.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 6. Mysticism (Taṣawwuf and 'Irfān)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, F.</a> (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Brown, K. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib+6.+Mysticism+%28Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf+and+%27Irf%C4%81n%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rft.aulast=Jozi&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rft.au=Shah-Kazemi%2C+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakatchi2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pakatchi, A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 4. Qur'ān and Ḥadīth Sciences"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, F.</a> (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Valey, M.I. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib+4.+Qur%27%C4%81n+and+%E1%B8%A4ad%C4%ABth+Sciences&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rft.aulast=Pakatchi&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSajjadi2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sajjadi, S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">"Fadak"</a>. In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Khaleeli, A. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126">10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_036126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fadak&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rft.aulast=Sajjadi&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1875-9831_isla_COM_036126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah-Kazemi2015b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shah-Kazemi, R. (2015b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324">"'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib 2. Biography"</a>. In Daftary, F. (ed.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, M. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324">10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17137-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17137-4"><bdi>978-90-04-17137-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+b.+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib+2.+Biography&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17137-4&rft.aulast=Shah-Kazemi&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_ei3_COM_26324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfsaruddin2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Afsaruddin, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/218/mode/2up">"Ghadir Khumm"</a>. In Leaman, O. (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-32639-1" title="Special:BookSources/9-78-0-415-32639-1"><bdi>9-78-0-415-32639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghadir+Khumm&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9-78-0-415-32639-1&rft.aulast=Afsaruddin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquranencyclopedi2006unse%2Fpage%2F218%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfsaruddinNasr2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asma_Afsaruddin" title="Asma Afsaruddin">Afsaruddin, A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, S.H.</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph">"Ali"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ali&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Afsaruddin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Nasr%2C+S.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAli-Muslim-caliph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anthony, S.W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/">"Ali b. Abi Talib"</a>. In Bowering, G. (ed.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 30–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13484-0"><bdi>978-0-691-13484-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ali+b.+Abi+Talib&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=30-32&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13484-0&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=S.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincetonencyclo0000unse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuehler2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Buehler, A.F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up">"Fatima"</a>. In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-178-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-178-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-178-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatima&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=182-187&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-178-9&rft.aulast=Buehler&rft.aufirst=A.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappucci2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cappucci, J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/page/18/mode/2up">"'A'isha"</a>. In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 18–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-178-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-178-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-178-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27A%27isha&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=18-20&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-178-9&rft.aulast=Cappucci&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1%2Fpage%2F18%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaizer2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Faizer, R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603/page/n797/mode/2up?q=%222%3A207%22">"Sira"</a>. In Meri, J.W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 754. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96692-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96692-2"><bdi>0-415-96692-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sira&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=754&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-96692-2&rft.aulast=Faizer&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603%2Fpage%2Fn797%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%25222%253A207%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadel2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fadel, M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/">"Arbitration"</a>. In Bowering, G. (ed.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13484-0"><bdi>978-0-691-13484-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arbitration&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13484-0&rft.aulast=Fadel&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincetonencyclo0000unse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedele2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fedele, V. (2018). "Fatima". In de-Gaia, S. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4850-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4850-6"><bdi>978-1-4408-4850-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatima&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-4850-6&rft.aulast=Fedele&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glassé, C., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/page/39/mode/2up">"'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (598-40/598-661)"</a>. The New Encyclopedia of Islam. AltaMira Press. pp. 39–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0189-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0189-2"><bdi>0-7591-0189-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+ibn+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib+%28598-40%2F598-661%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=39-41&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7591-0189-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000glas%2Fpage%2F39%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleave2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gleave, R. (2004). "Imamate". In Martin, R.C. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 350–351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865604-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865604-0"><bdi>0-02-865604-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imamate&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+world&rft.pages=350-351&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-02-865604-0&rft.aulast=Gleave&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeck2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Heck, P.L. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00149">"Politics and the Quran"</a>. In Pink, J. (ed.). 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quranencyclopedi2006unse/page/28/mode/2up">"'Ali ibn Abi Talib"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Leaman, O.</a> (ed.). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. 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In Pink, J. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00153">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F%C4%81%E1%B9%ADima&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%27%C4%81n&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00153&rft.aulast=McAuliffe&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQutbuddin2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Qutbuddin, T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603/page/n291/mode/2up">"Fatima (al-Zahra') bint Muhammad"</a>. In Meri, J.W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 248–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96692-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96692-2"><bdi>0-415-96692-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatima+%28al-Zahra%27%29+bint+Muhammad&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=248-250&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-96692-2&rft.aulast=Qutbuddin&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603%2Fpage%2Fn291%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah-Kazemi2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah-Kazemi" title="Reza Shah-Kazemi">Shah-Kazemi, R.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603/page/n79/mode/2up">"'Ali ibn Abi Talib"</a>. In Meri, J.W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Routledge. pp. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0"><bdi>978-0-415-96690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Ali+ibn+Abi+Talib&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96690-0&rft.aulast=Shah-Kazemi&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603%2Fpage%2Fn79%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah-Kazemi2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shah-Kazemi, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up">"'Ali ibn Abi Talib"</a>. In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-610-69177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-610-69177-2"><bdi>978-1-610-69177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Ali+ibn+Abi+Talib&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=182-187&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-610-69177-2&rft.aulast=Shah-Kazemi&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteigerwald2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Steigerwald, D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse/page/34/mode/2up">"'Ali"</a>. In Martin, R.C. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 1. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 35–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028656040" title="Special:BookSources/0028656040"><bdi>0028656040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Ali&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=35-38&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0028656040&rft.aulast=Steigerwald&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofis0001unse%2Fpage%2F34%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thomas, D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0000unse_h2t8/mode/2up">"Nahj al-balagha"</a>. In Netton, I.R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion. Routledge. pp. 477–478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1588-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1588-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1588-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nahj+al-balagha&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Civilisation+and+Religion&rft.pages=477-478&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1588-6&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofis0000unse_h2t8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, A.H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up">"Abu Bakr al-Siddiq"</a>. In Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H. (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610691789" title="Special:BookSources/9781610691789"><bdi>9781610691789</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu+Bakr+al-Siddiq&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610691789&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals_and_theses">Journals and theses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArafat1976" class="citation journal cs1">Arafat, W.N. (1976). "New Light on the Story of Banū Qurayẓa and the Jews of Medina". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 108 (2): 100–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+Story+of+Ban%C5%AB+Quray%E1%BA%93a+and+the+Jews+of+Medina&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=100-107&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Arafat&rft.aufirst=W.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinds1971" class="citation journal cs1">Hinds, M. (1971). "Kûfan Political Alignments and Their Background in the Mid-Seventh Century A.D.". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2 (4): 346–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800001306">10.1017/S0020743800001306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155455942">155455942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=K%C3%BBfan+Political+Alignments+and+Their+Background+in+the+Mid-Seventh+Century+A.D.&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=346-367&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155455942%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800001306&rft.aulast=Hinds&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinds1972a" class="citation journal cs1">Hinds, M. (1972a). "The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 3 (4): 450–469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800025216">10.1017/S0020743800025216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159763369">159763369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Murder+of+the+Caliph+%27Uthman&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=450-469&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800025216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159763369%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hinds&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinds1972b" class="citation journal cs1">Hinds, M. (1972b). "The Siffin Arbitration Agreement". Journal of Semitic Studies. 17 (1): 93–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjss%2F17.1.93">10.1093/jss/17.1.93</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Siffin+Arbitration+Agreement&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-129&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjss%2F17.1.93&rft.aulast=Hinds&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhetia2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Khetia, V. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/976817/">Fatima as a Motif of Contention and Suffering in Islamic Sources</a> (Thesis). Concordia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Fatima+as+a+Motif+of+Contention+and+Suffering+in+Islamic+Sources&rft.inst=Concordia+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Khetia&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.library.concordia.ca%2F976817%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalani2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lalani, A. (2011). "Ghadir Khumm". Islamic Studies. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195390155-0105">10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Ghadir+Khumm&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195390155-0105&rft.aulast=Lalani&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiskinzoda2015" class="citation journal cs1">Miskinzoda, G. (2015). "The Significance of the ḥadīth of the Position of Aaron for the Formulation of the Shī'ī Doctrine of Authority". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 78 (1): 67–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X14001402">10.1017/S0041977X14001402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159678004">159678004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+the+%E1%B8%A5ad%C4%ABth+of+the+Position+of+Aaron+for+the+Formulation+of+the+Sh%C4%AB%27%C4%AB+Doctrine+of+Authority&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-82&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X14001402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159678004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miskinzoda&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModarressi1993" class="citation journal cs1">Modarressi, H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1595789">"Early Debates on the Integrity of the Qur'ān: A Brief Survey"</a>. Studia Islamica. 77 (77): 5–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595789">10.2307/1595789</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595789">1595789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Early+Debates+on+the+Integrity+of+the+Qur%27%C4%81n%3A+A+Brief+Survey&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=77&rft.pages=5-39&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1595789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1595789%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Modarressi&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F1595789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen1958" class="citation journal cs1">Petersen, E.L. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5617%2Fao.5297">"'Alī and Mu'āwiah: The Rise of the Umayyad Caliphate 656–661"</a>. Acta Orientalia. 23: 157–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5617%2Fao.5297">10.5617/ao.5297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia&rft.atitle=%27Al%C4%AB+and+Mu%27%C4%81wiah%3A+The+Rise+of+the+Umayyad+Caliphate+656%E2%80%93661&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=157-196&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5617%2Fao.5297&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=E.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5617%252Fao.5297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoufi1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Soufi, D.L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304390529">The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought</a> (PhD thesis). Princeton University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/304390529">304390529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Image+of+Fatima+in+Classical+Muslim+Thought&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Princeton+University&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Soufi&rft.aufirst=D.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F304390529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hamidullah, Muhammad (1988). The Prophet's Establishing a State and His Succession. University of California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-8016-22-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-8016-22-7"><bdi>978-969-8016-22-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%27s+Establishing+a+State+and+His+Succession&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-969-8016-22-7&rft.aulast=Hamidullah&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Merrick, James L. (2005). The Life and Religion of Mohammed as Contained in the Sheeah Traditions. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-5536-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-5536-7"><bdi>978-1-4179-5536-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Religion+of+Mohammed+as+Contained+in+the+Sheeah+Traditions&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-5536-7&rft.aulast=Merrick&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAli" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Ali</div><div><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></div>Born: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 Died: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 28 January 661 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Caliphs">Caliph of Islam</a> 4th Rashidun Caliph 656–661 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="4">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/Khatam_an-Nabiyyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatam an-Nabiyyin">Final prophet</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a> Imam<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidi</a> Imam<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilis">Ismaili</a> Imam<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a> Imam<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawite</a> Imam 632–661 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></div>as Imam </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Companions_of_Ali" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ali%27s_companions" title="Template:Ali's companions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ali%27s_companions" title="Template talk:Ali's companions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ali%27s_companions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ali's companions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Companions_of_Ali" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Companions of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Abd Allah ibn Ja'far">Abd Allah ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Abi_Bakr" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr">Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Aswad_al-Du%27ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali">Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Ansari" title="Abu Ayyub al-Ansari">Abu Ayyub al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dharr_al-Ghifari" title="Abu Dharr al-Ghifari">Abu Dharr al-Ghifari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_ibn_Hatim" title="Adi ibn Hatim">Adi ibn Hatim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_ibn_Yasir" title="Ammar ibn Yasir">Ammar ibn Yasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Rabah" title="Bilal ibn Rabah">Bilal ibn Rabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_ibn_Madhahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Habib ibn Madhahir">Habib ibn Madhahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harith_al-Hamdani" title="Harith al-Hamdani">Harith al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashim_ibn_Utbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashim ibn Utbah">Hashim ibn Utbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujr_ibn_Adi" title="Hujr ibn Adi">Hujr ibn 'Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudhayfah_ibn_al-Yaman" title="Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman">Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Abi_Talib" title="Ja'far ibn Abi Talib">Ja'far ibn Abi Talib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Abd_Allah" title="Jabir ibn Abd Allah">Jabir ibn Abd Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawn_bin_Huwai" title="Jawn bin Huwai">Jawn bin Huwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khuzaima_ibn_Thabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzaima ibn Thabit">Khuzaima ibn Thabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumayl_ibn_Ziyad" title="Kumayl ibn Ziyad">Kumayl ibn Ziyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_al-Ashtar" title="Malik al-Ashtar">Malik al-Ashtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maytham_al-Tammar" title="Maytham al-Tammar">Maytham al-Tammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miqdad_ibn_Aswad" title="Miqdad ibn Aswad">Miqdad ibn Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abu_Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr">Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qays_ibn_Sa%27d" title="Qays ibn Sa'd">Qays ibn Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qambar_(person)" title="Qambar (person)">Qambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Mu%27adh" title="Sa'd ibn Mu'adh">Sa'd ibn Mu'adh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27sa%27a_bin_Sohan" title="Sa'sa'a bin Sohan">Sa'sa'a bin Sohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman the Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="Sulaym ibn Qays">Sulaym ibn Qays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Surad" title="Sulayman ibn Surad">Sulayman ibn Surad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Hunaif" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Hunaif">Uthman ibn Hunaif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwais_al-Qarani" class="mw-redirect" title="Uwais al-Qarani">Uwais al-Qarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Suhan" title="Zayd ibn Suhan">Zayd ibn Suhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rashidun_Caliphs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rashidun Caliphs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rashidun_Caliphs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shia_Imams" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shia_Imams" title="Template:Shia Imams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Imams" title="Template talk:Shia Imams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Imams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Imams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shia_Imams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shia Imams</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a>§</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali</a> ("Asās" or "Wāsih" of <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Nabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>)</li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah (Wafi Ahmad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad (Taqi Muhammad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn (Radhi Abdallah)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_al-Mahdi_Billah" title="Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">Muhammad al-Qa'im</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Ahmad al-Musta'li</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Mansur al-Amir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hafiz" title="Al-Hafiz">Abd al-Majid al-Hafiz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zafir" title="Al-Zafir">Isma'il al-Zafir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fa%27iz_bi-Nasr_Allah" title="Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah">Isa al-Fa'iz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">Abdallah al-Adid</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoud_ibn_al-Adid" title="Daoud ibn al-Adid">Dawud al-Hamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Daoud" title="Sulayman ibn Daoud">Sulayman Badr al-Din</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali</a> ("Asās" or "Wāsih" of <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Nabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>)</li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah (Wafi Ahmad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad (Taqi Muhammad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn (Radhi Abdallah)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">Muhammad al-Qa'im</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27li" title="Al-Musta'li">Ahmad al-Musta'li</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amir_bi-Ahkami%27l-Lah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amir bi-Ahkami'l-Lah">Mansur al-Amir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Qasim_al-Tayyib" title="Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib">Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib</a>‡</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> (Qasim-Shahi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah (Wafi Ahmad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad (Taqi Muhammad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn (Radhi Abdallah)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi_ibn_Nizar" title="Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar">Ali al-Hadi</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Muhtadi (Nizari imam)">Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Qahir" title="Hasan al-Qahir">Hasan (I) al-Qahir</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Alamut" title="Hassan II of Alamut">Hasan (II) Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad II of Alamut">Nur al-Din Muhammad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_III_of_Alamut" title="Hassan III of Alamut">Jalal al-Din Hasan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad III of Alamut">Ala al-Din Muhammad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Din_Khurshah" title="Rukn al-Din Khurshah">Rukn al-Din Khurshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_(Nizari_imam)" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a></li> <li>Qasim Shah</li> <li>Islam Shah</li> <li>Muhammad ibn Islam Shah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah_II_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Mustansir Billah II (Nizari imam)">Ali Shah (al-Mustansir Billah II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Salam_Shah" title="Abd al-Salam Shah">Abd al-Salam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharib_Mirza" title="Gharib Mirza">Gharib Mirza (al-Mustansir Billah III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dharr_Ali" title="Abu Dharr Ali">Abu Dharr Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Mirza" title="Murad Mirza">Murad Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Allah_I" title="Khalil Allah I">Khalil Allah I (Dhu'l-Faqar Ali)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Dahr_Ali" title="Nur al-Dahr Ali">Nur al-Dahr Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Allah_II_Ali" title="Khalil Allah II Ali">Khalil Allah II Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nizar_II" title="Shah Nizar II">Shah Nizar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Ali_(Nizari_imam)" title="Sayyid Ali (Nizari imam)">Sayyid Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Hasan_Ali" title="Sayyid Hasan Ali">Sayyid Hasan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qasim_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qasim Ali (page does not exist)">Qasim Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu%27l-Hasan_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ali (page does not exist)">Abu'l-Hasan Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Khalil_Allah_III" title="Shah Khalil Allah III">Shah Khalil Allah III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_I" title="Aga Khan I">Aga Khan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_II" title="Aga Khan II">Aga Khan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> (Mu'mini)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Husayn_Zayn_al-Abidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Isma'il ibn Ja'far">Isma'il ibn Ja'far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Isma%27il" title="Muhammad ibn Isma'il">Muhammad ibn Isma'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Wafi" title="Ahmad al-Wafi">Abdallah (Wafi Ahmad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_at-Taqi_(Isma%27ili)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili)">Ahmad (Taqi Muhammad)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radi_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Radi Abdullah">Husayn (Radhi Abdallah)</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Mahdi_Billah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah">Abdallah al-Mahdi</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Fatimid_caliph)" title="Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)">al-Qa'im</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_bi-Nasr_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah">Isma'il al-Mansur</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_li-Din_Allah" title="Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah">Ma'ad al-Mu'izz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aziz_Billah" title="Al-Aziz Billah">Nizar al-Aziz</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Mansur al-Hakim</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_li-i%27zaz_Din_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah">Ali al-Zahir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_Billah" title="Al-Mustansir Billah">Ma'ad al-Mustansir</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_al-Mustansir" title="Nizar ibn al-Mustansir">Nizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi_ibn_Nizar" title="Ali al-Hadi ibn Nizar">Ali al-Hadi</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi_(Nizari_imam)" title="Al-Muhtadi (Nizari imam)">Muhammad (I) al-Muhtadi</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Qahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan al-Qahir">Hasan (I) al-Qahir</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Alamut" title="Hassan II of Alamut">Hasan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad II of Alamut">Nur al-Din Muhammad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_III_of_Alamut" title="Hassan III of Alamut">Jalal al-Din Hasan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Alamut" title="Muhammad III of Alamut">Ala al-Din Muhammad III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukn_al-Din_Khurshah" title="Rukn al-Din Khurshah">Rukn al-Din Khurshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_(Nizari_imam)" title="Shams al-Din Muhammad (Nizari imam)">Shams al-Din Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ala_al-Din_Mu%27min_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah (page does not exist)">Ala al-Din Mu'min Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Shah_ibn_Mu%27min_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Shah ibn Mu'min Shah (page does not exist)">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radi_al-Din_ibn_Muhammad_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radi al-Din ibn Muhammad Shah (page does not exist)">Radi al-Din I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahir_ibn_Radi_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahir ibn Radi al-Din (page does not exist)">Tahir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radi_al-Din_ibn_Tahir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radi al-Din ibn Tahir (page does not exist)">Radi al-Din II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Tahir" title="Shah Tahir">Shah Tahir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haydar_ibn_Shah_Tahir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydar ibn Shah Tahir (page does not exist)">Haydar I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadr_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Haydar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadr al-Din Muhammad ibn Haydar (page does not exist)">Sadr al-Din Miuhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27in_al-Din_ibn_Sadr_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu'in al-Din ibn Sadr al-Din (page does not exist)">Mu'in al-Din I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atiyyat_Allah_ibn_Mu%27in_al-Din&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atiyyat Allah ibn Mu'in al-Din (page does not exist)">Atiyyat Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aziz_Shah_ibn_Atiyyat_Allah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aziz Shah ibn Atiyyat Allah (page does not exist)">Aziz Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27in_al-Din_ibn_Aziz_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu'in al-Din ibn Aziz Shah (page does not exist)">Mu'in al-Din II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Muhammad_ibn_Mu%27in_al-Din_al-Musharraf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Muhammad ibn Mu'in al-Din al-Musharraf (page does not exist)">Amir Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haydar_ibn_Muhammad_al-Mutahhar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydar ibn Muhammad al-Mutahhar (page does not exist)">Haydar II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amir_Muhammad_ibn_Haydar_al-Baqir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amir Muhammad ibn Haydar al-Baqir (page does not exist)">Amir Muhammad II</a>‡</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>§ in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">occultation</a></li> <li># <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> caliphs</li> <li>‡ in <a href="/wiki/Satr_(Isma%27ilism)" title="Satr (Isma'ilism)">concealment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised_–_al-ʿashara_al-mubashshara" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ten_companions_of_Muhammad" title="Template:Ten companions of Muhammad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ten_companions_of_Muhammad" title="Template talk:Ten companions of Muhammad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ten_companions_of_Muhammad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ten companions of Muhammad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised_–_al-ʿashara_al-mubashshara" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_ten_to_whom_Paradise_was_promised" title="The ten to whom Paradise was promised">The ten to whom Paradise was promised – al-ʿashara al-mubashshara</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Talha ibn Ubayd Allah">Talha ibn Ubayd Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr ibn al-Awwam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf">Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" title="Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Zayd" title="Sa'id ibn Zayd">Sa'id ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubayda_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39619#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39619#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39619#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012279054X">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000447153020">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34436377">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/174158790507738850788">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1804105/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjdm49xqwqxcdjvWBcXVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118846582">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50039100">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13518682d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13518682d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV168948">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35752825">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20071219001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1722249">Spain</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1179849">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070495289">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90156097">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000104127&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000830671">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=183517">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prrd3w22rsfsj">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810552124805606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/34569">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257686705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02412439?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1071648">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118846582.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118846582">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050192558">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rj51cd">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ali">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali&oldid=1258532143">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali&oldid=1258532143</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ali" title="Category:Ali">Ali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:600_births" title="Category:600 births">600 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:661_deaths" title="Category:661 deaths">661 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_caliphs" title="Category:7th-century caliphs">7th-century caliphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_monarchs_in_Asia" title="Category:7th-century monarchs in Asia">7th-century monarchs in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_generals" title="Category:Arab generals">Arab generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_politicians" title="Category:Arab politicians">Arab politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_caliphs" title="Category:Assassinated caliphs">Assassinated caliphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_Shia_imams" title="Category:Assassinated Shia imams">Assassinated Shia imams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deified_men" title="Category:Deified men">Deified men</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Family_of_Muhammad" title="Category:Family of Muhammad">Family of Muhammad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_Muslims" title="Category:Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_blade_weapons" title="Category:Deaths by blade weapons">Deaths by blade weapons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_philosophers" title="Category:Islamic philosophers">Islamic philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Writers of the medieval Islamic world">Writers of the medieval Islamic world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_First_Fitna" title="Category:People of the First Fitna">People of the First Fitna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Mecca" title="Category:People from Mecca">People from Mecca</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philanthropists" title="Category:Philanthropists">Philanthropists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rashidun_caliphs" title="Category:Rashidun caliphs">Rashidun caliphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sahabah_martyrs" title="Category:Sahabah martyrs">Sahabah martyrs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sahabah_who_participated_in_the_battle_of_Uhud" title="Category:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud">Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sahabah_who_participated_in_the_battle_of_Badr" title="Category:Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr">Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_imams" title="Category:Shia imams">Shia imams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zaydi_imams" title="Category:Zaydi imams">Zaydi imams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Twelve_Imams" title="Category:Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lions_in_religion" title="Category:Lions in religion">Lions in religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Category:Companions of the Prophet">Companions of the Prophet</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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Template:Infobox"," 4.39% 179.345 930 Template:Main_other"," 3.26% 132.940 1 Template:Reflist"," 2.34% 95.445 1 Template:Lang"," 2.05% 83.506 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.711","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18193013,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbbas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamec2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfsaruddin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfsaruddin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfsaruddinNasr2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlgar1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlizadeh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthony2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArafat1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAslan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtwan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyoub2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahramian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillWilliams2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuehler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCappucci2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorteseCalderini2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosmanJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaftary2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaftary2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaftary2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaftary2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDakake2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjebli2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonner1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspositoMoosa1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFadel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaizer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedele2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibb2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlassé2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleave2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleave2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaider2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaj_Manouchehri2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajjar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalm2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazleton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeck2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinds1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinds1972a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinds1972b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuart2012a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuart2012b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulmes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmail2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJafri1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoziShah-Kazemi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKassamBlomfield2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeaney2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelsay1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhetia2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlemm2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohlberg1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalani2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLalani2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambton1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapidus2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeaman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLecker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLecomte2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi_Della_Vida2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevi_Della_VidaKhoury2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouër2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadelung1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadelung2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadelung2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMavani2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAuliffe2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcHugo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaurin1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiskinzoda2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModarressi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModarressi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMomen1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoosa1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasr2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasrDagliDakakeLumbard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasr_et_al.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNisan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPakatchi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPellat1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierce2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoonawala1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoonawala2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQutbuddin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRauf2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachedina1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSajjadi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmucker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaban1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah-Kazemi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah-Kazemi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah-Kazemi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah-Kazemi2015a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah-Kazemi2015b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah-Kazemi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShomali2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoufi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteigerwald2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabatabai1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012e\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012f\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2012g\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWainHashim_Kamali2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatt1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatt1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellhausen1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWellhausen1927\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Ali\"] = 1,\n [\"Ali's companions\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CE\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 57,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Clear\"] = 4,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Died in\"] = 9,\n [\"Endash\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox saint\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 17,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 36,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Rashidun Caliphs\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 7,\n [\"Refend\"] = 7,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 5,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-rel\"] = 2,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 909,\n [\"Shia Imams\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Ten companions of Muhammad\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 94,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","820","28.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","420","14.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","320","11.0"],["?","240","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","3.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.1"],["validate \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:4232\u003E","40","1.4"],["[others]","540","18.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2fxxf","timestamp":"20241123210855","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ali","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ali","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q39619","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q39619","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-09T12:21:50Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T06:38:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/Istanbul_-_Santa_Sofia_-_Medall%C3%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG","headline":"4th Rashidun Caliph (r. 656\u2013661) and first 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