CINXE.COM
North Africa - Wikipedia
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>North Africa - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"032b35af-9dc3-4551-9088-73542547b009","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"North_Africa","wgTitle":"North Africa","wgCurRevisionId":1282394972,"wgRevisionId":1282394972,"wgArticleId":21714,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","CS1 errors: generic name","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2021","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023","North Africa","Geography of North Africa","Regions of Africa"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"North_Africa","wgRelevantArticleId":21714,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q27381","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/1200px-North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/800px-North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/640px-North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="North Africa - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-North_Africa rootpage-North_Africa skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=North+Africa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=North+Africa" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=North+Africa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=North+Africa" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Historic movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Genetic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity_and_ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_and_ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Antiquity and ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_and_ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_conquest_to_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_conquest_to_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Arab conquest to modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_conquest_to_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Country statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">North Africa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 141 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">141 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Bar%C3%B4h" title="Afrika Barôh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Afrika Barôh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Afrika" title="Noord-Afrika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordafrika" title="Nordafrika – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nordafrika" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB" title="ስሜን አፍሪካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስሜን አፍሪካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tave-Afrik" title="Tave-Afrik – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tave-Afrik" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شمال إفريقيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمال إفريقيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_de_Bise" title="Africa de Bise – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Africa de Bise" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_del_Norte" title="África del Norte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="África del Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimali_Afrika" title="Şimali Afrika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimali Afrika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="قوزئی آفریقا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوزئی آفریقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="উত্তর আফ্রিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর আফ্রিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Hui-chiu" title="Pak Hui-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pak Hui-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Төньяҡ Африка – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төньяҡ Африка" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паўночная Афрыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночная Афрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паўночная Афрыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўночная Афрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Северна Африка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северна Африка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Afrika" title="Sjeverna Afrika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sjeverna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_an_Norzh" title="Afrika an Norzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Afrika an Norzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_del_Nord" title="Àfrica del Nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àfrica del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%95%D1%80_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Çурçĕр Африка – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурçĕр Африка" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Afrika" title="Severní Afrika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní Afrika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afurika_ye_Maodzanyemba" title="Afurika ye Maodzanyemba – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Afurika ye Maodzanyemba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogledd_Affrica" title="Gogledd Affrica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gogledd Affrica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordafrika" title="Nordafrika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordafrika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordafrika" title="Nordafrika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordafrika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Aafrika" title="Põhja-Aafrika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhja-Aafrika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Βόρεια Αφρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρεια Αφρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_%C3%81frica" title="Norte de África – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Norte de África" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Afriko" title="Nord-Afriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nord-Afriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iparraldeko_Afrika" title="Iparraldeko Afrika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iparraldeko Afrika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="شمال آفریقا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شمال آفریقا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrique_du_Nord" title="Afrique du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Afrique du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noard-Afrika" title="Noard-Afrika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noard-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Afraic_Thuaidh" title="An Afraic Thuaidh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Afraic Thuaidh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Affrick_Hwoaie" title="Yn Affrick Hwoaie – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Affrick Hwoaie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_do_Norte" title="África do Norte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="África do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="북아프리카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북아프리카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arewacin_Afirka" title="Arewacin Afirka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Arewacin Afirka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Հյուսիսային Աֆրիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուսիսային Աֆրիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर अफ़्रीका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तर अफ़्रीका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewjerna_Afrika" title="Sewjerna Afrika – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sewjerna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Afrika" title="Sjeverna Afrika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeverna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Afrika" title="Nord-Afrika – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amianan_nga_Aprika" title="Amianan nga Aprika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Amianan nga Aprika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Utara" title="Afrika Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Afrika Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Цæгат Африкæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæгат Африкæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Norður-Afríka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norður-Afríka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordafrica" title="Nordafrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nordafrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="צפון אפריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צפון אפריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Lor" title="Afrika Lor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Afrika Lor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಉತ್ತರ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ತರ ಆಫ್ರಿಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ჩრდილოეთი აფრიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთი აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%81" title="شمالی افریقہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شمالی افریقہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Солтүстік Африка – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солтүстік Африка" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_ya_Kaskazini" title="Afrika ya Kaskazini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Afrika ya Kaskazini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afelika_ya_Node" title="Afelika ya Node – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Afelika ya Node" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentefa_Afrika" title="Lentefa Afrika – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Lentefa Afrika" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrik_din%C3%B2" title="Afrik dinò – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Afrik dinò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afr%C3%AEkaya_Bakur" title="Afrîkaya Bakur – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Afrîkaya Bakur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_del_Norte" title="Afrika del Norte – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Afrika del Norte" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Septentrionalis" title="Africa Septentrionalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Africa Septentrionalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BC%C4%81frika" title="Ziemeļāfrika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļāfrika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_Afrika" title="Šiaurės Afrika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Afrika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naord-Afrika" title="Naord-Afrika – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Naord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afil%C3%ADka_ya_Nola" title="Afilíka ya Nola – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Afilíka ya Nola" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_norde" title="Africa norde – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Africa norde" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szak-Afrika" title="Észak-Afrika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észak-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Северна Африка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Северна Африка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Avaratra" title="Afrika Avaratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Afrika Avaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="ഉത്തരാഫ്രിക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉത്തരാഫ്രിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80wherika-ki-te-raki" title="Āwherika-ki-te-raki – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Āwherika-ki-te-raki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर आफ्रिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्तर आफ्रिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ოორუე აფრიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოორუე აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شمال افريقيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شمال افريقيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="آفریقای شمال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آفریقای شمال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Utara" title="Afrika Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Afrika Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Кельмеширень Африкась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кельмеширень Африкась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Умард Африк – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Умард Африк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Afrika" title="Noord-Afrika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB" title="北アフリカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北アフリカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%9D%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%AC_%DF%9E%DF%90%DF%AC%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%AE" title="ߊߝߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߐ߬ߘߎ߮ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߝߙߌߞߌ߬ ߞߐ߬ߘߎ߮" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Къилбаседа Африка – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилбаседа Африка" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurdafrikoo" title="Nuurdafrikoo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurdafrikoo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Afrika" title="Nord-Afrika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Afrika" title="Nord-Afrika – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Africa del Nòrd – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Africa del Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimoliy_Afrika" title="Shimoliy Afrika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shimoliy Afrika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="شمالی افریقا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی افریقا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7" title="شمالي افريقا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمالي افريقا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afryka_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Afryka Północna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afryka Północna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_de_%C3%81frica" title="Norte de África – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Norte de África" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqa_Afrika" title="Arqa Afrika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Arqa Afrika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Nordic%C4%83" title="Africa Nordică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Africa Nordică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Сіверна Африка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сіверна Африка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Северная Африка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северная Африка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хоту Африка – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хоту Африка" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_de_su_Norti" title="Àfrica de su Norti – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àfrica de su Norti" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africae" title="North Africae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="North Africae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Leboa" title="Afrika Leboa – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Afrika Leboa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Leboa" title="Afrika Leboa – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Afrika Leboa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_veriore" title="Afrika veriore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Afrika veriore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_d%C3%BB_Nord" title="Àfrica dû Nord – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Àfrica dû Nord" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North Africa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%A1_Afrika" title="Severná Afrika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Severná Afrika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severna_Afrika" title="Severna Afrika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Severna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%8D%C5%82nocn%C5%8F_Afryka" title="Pōłnocnŏ Afryka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pōłnocnŏ Afryka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqooyiga_Afrika" title="Waqooyiga Afrika – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waqooyiga Afrika" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="باکووری ئەفریقا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باکووری ئەفریقا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Северна Африка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северна Африка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Afrika" title="Sjeverna Afrika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverna Afrika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Kal%C3%A9r" title="Afrika Kalér – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Afrika Kalér" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjois-Afrikka" title="Pohjois-Afrikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjois-Afrikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordafrika" title="Nordafrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordafrika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilagang_Aprika" title="Hilagang Aprika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hilagang Aprika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="வடக்கு ஆப்பிரிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வடக்கு ஆப்பிரிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafriqt_n_ugafa" title="Tafriqt n ugafa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tafriqt n ugafa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafriqt_Ugafa" title="Tafriqt Ugafa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafriqt Ugafa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Төньяк Африка – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төньяк Африка" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="แอฟริกาเหนือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอฟริกาเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Африқои Шимолӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Африқои Шимолӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_Afrika" title="Kuzey Afrika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demirgazyk_Afrika" title="Demirgazyk Afrika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Demirgazyk Afrika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1za_Afi%CC%B1rika" title="A̱za Afi̱rika – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱za Afi̱rika" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Північна Африка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північна Африка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7" title="شمالی افریقا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمالی افریقا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%C3%A0frica" title="Nordàfrica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nordàfrica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Phi" title="Bắc Phi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Phi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrike_bijhrece" title="Afrike bijhrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Afrike bijhrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%B2" title="北阿非利加洲 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="北阿非利加洲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4ord-Afrika" title="Nôord-Afrika – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nôord-Afrika" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amihanan_nga_Aprik%C3%A1" title="Amihanan nga Apriká – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amihanan nga Apriká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ABj-g%C3%A0nnaaru_Afrig" title="Bëj-gànnaaru Afrig – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Bëj-gànnaaru Afrig" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北非" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="צפון אפריקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צפון אפריקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80r%C3%ADw%C3%A1_%C3%81fr%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Àríwá Áfríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àríwá Áfríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="北非" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikay_Z%C4%B1mey" title="Afrikay Zımey – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Afrikay Zımey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北非" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kob%C9%99son%C9%99_Afrik%C9%99" title="Kobəsonə Afrikə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kobəsonə Afrikə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27381#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:North_Africa" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/North_Africa" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/North_Africa" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&oldid=1282394972" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=North_Africa&id=1282394972&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNorth_Africa"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNorth_Africa"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=North_Africa&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North_Africa" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/North_Africa" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27381" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Northernmost region of Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Northern Africa" redirects here. For the region of the United Nations, see <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Africa#Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations geoscheme for Africa">United Nations geoscheme for Africa § Northern Africa</a>. For the region of the African Union, see <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union#Northern" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions of the African Union § Northern</a>. For the western part of the Arab world, see <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox geography"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">North Africa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="733" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>275,023,221 (2025)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Countries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><span class="nowrap">Sovereign states (6)</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;"><div><span class="nowrap">Other territories (3)</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li>  <b>•</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Madeira.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madeira.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li><li>  <b>•</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Canary_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li><li>  <b>•</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Ceuta.svg/60px-Flag_of_Ceuta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li><li>  <b>•</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg/40px-Flag_of_Melilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Melilla.svg/60px-Flag_of_Melilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li><li>  <b>•</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li><li>  <b>•</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran Island</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/60px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li><span class="nowrap">  <b>•</b> </span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lampedusa_e_Linosa-Stemma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lampedusa_e_Linosa-Stemma.svg/20px-Lampedusa_e_Linosa-Stemma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lampedusa_e_Linosa-Stemma.svg/40px-Lampedusa_e_Linosa-Stemma.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lampione" title="Lampione">Lampione</a></li></ul></div> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:whitesmoke;"><div><span class="nowrap">Partially recognized states (1)</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B00:00" title="UTC+00:00">UTC+00:00</a><br /><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a><br /><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_of_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Population_density_of_Africa.jpg/250px-Population_density_of_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Population_density_of_Africa.jpg/330px-Population_density_of_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Population_density_of_Africa.jpg/500px-Population_density_of_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>The population density of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> as of 2000</figcaption></figure> <p><b>North Africa</b> (sometimes <b>Northern Africa</b>) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common definition for the region's boundaries includes <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, the territory <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">disputed</a> between Morocco and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">partially recognized</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>’ definition includes all these countries as well as <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> defines the region similarly, only differing from the UN in excluding the Sudan and including <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara Desert</a>, can be considered as the southern boundary of North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Africa includes the Spanish cities of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">plazas de soberanía</a>. It can also be considered to include <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, as well as other Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish regions such as <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lampione" title="Lampione">Lampione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, which are all closer or as close to the African continent than Europe. </p><p>Northwest Africa has been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> since the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">eastern part</a> of North Africa has been home to the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the seventh and eighth centuries, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> swept across the region during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb" title="Arab migrations to the Maghreb">Arab migrations to the Maghreb</a> began immediately after, which started a long process of <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> that has defined the cultural landscape of North Africa ever since. Many but not all Berbers and Egyptians gradually merged into <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a>. </p><p>The countries and people of North Africa share a large amount of their genetic, ethnic, cultural and linguistic identity and influence with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>/<a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, a process that began with the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10,000 BC</span> and pre Dynastic Egypt. The countries of North Africa are also a major part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> influence in North Africa has remained dominant ever since, with the region being major part of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. North Africa is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in the realm of <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">Middle East-North Africa</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeria_Sahara_Desert_Photo_From_Drone_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Algeria_Sahara_Desert_Photo_From_Drone_5.jpg/220px-Algeria_Sahara_Desert_Photo_From_Drone_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Algeria_Sahara_Desert_Photo_From_Drone_5.jpg/330px-Algeria_Sahara_Desert_Photo_From_Drone_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Algeria_Sahara_Desert_Photo_From_Drone_5.jpg/440px-Algeria_Sahara_Desert_Photo_From_Drone_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">Sand dunes</a> in the Algerian <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg/250px-Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg/330px-Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg/500px-Djebel_Toubkal_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> in Morocco</figcaption></figure> <p>North Africa has three main geographic features: the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert in the south, the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> in the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile River</a> and delta in the east. The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> extend across much of northern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. These mountains are part of the <a href="/wiki/Fold_mountains" title="Fold mountains">fold mountain</a> system that also runs through much of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>. They recede to the south and east, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> landscape before meeting the Sahara desert, which covers more than 75 percent of the region. The tallest peaks are in the <a href="/wiki/High_Atlas" title="High Atlas">High Atlas</a> range in south-central Morocco, which has many snow-capped peaks. </p><p>South of the Atlas Mountains is the dry and barren expanse of the Sahara desert, the largest sand <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-geology.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In places the <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> is cut by irregular watercourses called <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadis</a>—streams that flow only after rainfall but are usually dry. The Sahara's major landforms include <a href="/wiki/Erg_(landform)" title="Erg (landform)">ergs</a>, large seas of sand that sometimes form into huge <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Hamada" title="Hamada">hammada</a>, a level rocky <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> without soil or sand; and the <a href="/wiki/Desert_pavement#Reg" title="Desert pavement">reg</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Desert_pavement" title="Desert pavement">desert pavement</a>. The Sahara covers the southern part of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, and most of Libya. Only two regions of Libya are outside the desert: <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> in the northwest and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> in the northeast. Most of Egypt is also desert, with the exception of the Nile River and the irrigated land along its banks. The Nile Valley forms a narrow fertile thread that runs along the length of the country. </p><p>Sheltered valleys in the Atlas Mountains, the Nile Valley and <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Delta</a>, and the Mediterranean coast are the main sources of fertile farming land. A wide variety of valuable crops including cereals, rice and cotton, and woods such as <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">cedar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quercus_suber" title="Quercus suber">cork</a>, are grown. Typical Mediterranean crops, such as olives, figs, dates and citrus fruits, also thrive in these areas. The Nile Valley is particularly fertile and most of Egypt lives close to the river. Elsewhere, irrigation is essential to improve crop yields on the desert margins. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/North_African_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Arabs">North African Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghrebis" title="Maghrebis">Maghrebis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haratins" class="mw-redirect" title="Haratins">Haratins</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa">Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa#North_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">List of ethnic groups of Africa § North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">List of African countries by population</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Africa#Ancient_orthographies" title="Writing systems of Africa">Writing systems of Africa § Ancient orthographies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beduin_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Beduin_women.jpg/250px-Beduin_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Beduin_women.jpg/330px-Beduin_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Beduin_women.jpg/500px-Beduin_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> women in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> in 1922</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Ethnic groups in Algeria">Ethnic groups in Algeria</a></div> <p>The inhabitants of North Africa are roughly divided in a manner corresponding to the principal geographic regions of North Africa: the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> valley, and the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>. The countries making up North Africa all have <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> as their official language. Additionally, Algeria and Morocco recognize <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> as a second official language after Arabic. French also serves as an administrative language in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. The most spoken dialects are <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a>, a form of ancient Arabic dating back from the 8th century AD, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a>. The largest and most numerous ethnic group in North Africa are the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Algeria and Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> are the second largest ethnic group after the Arab majority. Arabs constitute 70%<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 80%<sup id="cite_ref-:03_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the population of Algeria, 92%<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 97%<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Libya, 67%<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 70%<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Morocco and 98%<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Tunisia's population. The Berbers comprise 20%<sup id="cite_ref-:03_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Algeria, 10%<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Libya, 35%<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Morocco and 1%<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Tunisia's population. The region is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> minority in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and significant Christian minority—the <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>—in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Libya,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tunisia.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, the number of Christians in North Africa was estimated at 9 million, the majority of whom live in Egypt, with the remainder live in <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inhabitants of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> are of mixed Spanish and North African Berber ancestry, and the people of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> are of primarily Southern Italian/Sicilian, as well as, to a lesser extent, North African and Middle Eastern ancestry<sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and speak a <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">derivative of Arabic</a>. However, these areas are not generally considered part of North Africa, but rather Southern Europe, due to their proximity to mainland Europe and their European-based cultures and religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_movements">Historic movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historic movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Maghreb or western North Africa on the whole is believed to have been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> and their ancestors since at least 10,000 B.C.,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the eastern part of North Africa or the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> has mainly been home to the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubians</a>. Ancient Egyptians record extensive contact in their Western desert with people that appear to have been Berber or proto-Berber. As the <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a> and other rock art findings in the Sahara have shown, the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> also hosted various populations before its rapid <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> in 3500 B.C and even today continues to host small populations of <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">nomadic trans-Saharan peoples</a>. Laboratory examination of the <a href="/wiki/Uan_Muhuggiag" title="Uan Muhuggiag">Uan Muhuggiag</a> <a href="/wiki/Uan_Muhuggiag#Tashwinat_Mummy" title="Uan Muhuggiag">child mummy</a> and Tin Hanakaten child, suggested that the Central Saharan peoples from the <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral Period">Pastoral</a> periods possessed dark skin complexions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological evidence from the Holocene period has shown that <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a> speaking groups had populated the central and southern Sahara before the influx of <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> speakers, around 1500 years ago, who now largely populate the Sahara in the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/220px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/330px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg/440px-Griechischen_und_ph%C3%B6nizischen_Kolonien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> (in yellow) and <a href="/wiki/Second_Greek_colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Greek colonisation">Greek colonies</a> (in red) about 8th to 6th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_settlement_of_North_Africa" title="Phoenician settlement of North Africa">migrating to North Africa</a> in the 1st millennium BC, <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> settlers from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> established over 300 coastal colonies throughout the region and built a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">powerful empire</a> that controlled most of the region from the 8th century BC until the middle of the 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several waves of <a href="/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb" title="Arab migrations to the Maghreb">Arab migrations to the Maghreb</a> began in the 7th century, including the migration of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> westward into the Maghreb in the eleventh century, which introduced Arab culture and language to the countryside. Historians mark their movement as a critical moment in the Arabization of North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-AppiahGates2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppiahGates2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a> were pushed to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a> were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This heavily shifted the demographics of the Maghreb. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">trans-Saharan slave trade</a> resulted in increased levels of sub-Saharan African ancestry in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a> are commonly perceived as an endogamous group of former <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">slaves</a> or descendants of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_history">Genetic history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_North_Africa" title="Genetic history of North Africa">Genetic history of North Africa</a></div> <p>DNA studies of <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> peoples at <a href="/wiki/Taforalt" title="Taforalt">Taforalt</a>, Morocco dating to around 15,000 years ago have found them to have a distinctive Maghrebi ancestry formed from a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near Eastern</a> and African ancestry, which is still found as a part of the genome of modern Northwest Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, from around 7,500 years ago onwards, there was a migration into Northwest Africa of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">European Neolithic Farmers</a> from the Iberian Peninsula (who had originated in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> several thousand years prior), as well as pastoralists from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, both of whom also significantly contributed to the ancestry of modern Northwest Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Berber_language" title="Proto-Berber language">proto-Berber</a> tribes evolved from these prehistoric communities during the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a>- and early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron</a> ages.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Africa" title="Culture of North Africa">Culture of North Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_art#North_Africa" title="African art">African art § North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa#North_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture of Africa § North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_costume#Northern_Africa" title="Folk costume">Folk costume § Northern Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_cuisine#North_Africa" title="African cuisine">African cuisine § North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines#Central_African_cuisine" title="List of African cuisines">List of African cuisines § Central African cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa#North_Africa_and_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">Music of Africa § North Africa and the Horn of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa#North_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema of Africa § North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre#North_African_theatre" title="History of theatre">History of theatre § North African theatre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#North_Africa" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions § North Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biskra_market_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Biskra_market_1899.jpg/220px-Biskra_market_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Biskra_market_1899.jpg/330px-Biskra_market_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Biskra_market_1899.jpg/440px-Biskra_market_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7014" data-file-height="5145" /></a><figcaption>A market in <a href="/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Biskra</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a> in 1899</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_stringer_bel_-_Ait_Benhaddou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flickr_-_stringer_bel_-_Ait_Benhaddou.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_stringer_bel_-_Ait_Benhaddou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flickr_-_stringer_bel_-_Ait_Benhaddou.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_stringer_bel_-_Ait_Benhaddou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flickr_-_stringer_bel_-_Ait_Benhaddou.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_stringer_bel_-_Ait_Benhaddou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbah</a> of <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Benhaddou" title="Aït Benhaddou">Aït Benhaddou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of the people of the Maghreb and the Sahara regions speak <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">varieties of Arabic</a> and almost exclusively follow Islam. The Arabic and Berber languages are distantly related, both being members of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic language family</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a> Berber languages are notably more conservative<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is the meaning of conservative in this context? (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> than those of the coastal cities. </p><p>Over the years, Berbers have been influenced by contact with other cultures: <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africans</a>. The cultures of the Maghreb and the Sahara therefore combines Arab, indigenous Berber and African elements. In the Sahara, the distinction between sedentary <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> inhabitants and nomadic <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> Arabs and <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuaregs</a> is particularly marked. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> over the centuries have shifted their language from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> (in its late form, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">varieties of Coptic</a>) to modern <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a> while retaining a sense of national identity that has historically set them apart from other people in the region. Most Egyptians are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a>, although there is a significant minority of <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christians">Coptic Christians</a>. The Copts are the largest Christian denomination in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle East and North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Maghreb formerly had a significant Jewish population, almost all of whom emigrated to France or <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> when the North African nations gained independence. Prior to the modern establishment of Israel, there were about 500,000 Jews in Northern Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including both <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> (refugees from Spain, France and Portugal from the Renaissance era) as well as indigenous <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>. Today, less than 3,000 remain in the region, almost all in Morocco and Tunisia,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are mostly part of a French-speaking urban elite. (See <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_empires#North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires § North Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa#North_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa § North Africa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistoric North Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa#Prehistory" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa § Prehistory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png/250px-Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png/330px-Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png/500px-Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png 2x" data-file-width="4156" data-file-height="3950" /></a><figcaption>Vegetation and water bodies in early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> (top), between about 12,000 and 7,000 years ago, and <a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a> (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">recent African origin of modern humans</a>, the history of Prehistoric North Africa is important to the understanding of pre-hominid and early modern human history in Africa. Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Out of Africa</a> migration.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest inhabitants of central North Africa have left behind significant remains: early remnants of hominid occupation in North Africa, for example, were found in Ain-Hnech in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Setif</a> dating back 2.6 million years,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFda,_Algeria" title="Saïda, Algeria">Saïda</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200,000 BCE</span>); in fact, more recent investigations have found signs of <a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a> technology there, and indicate a date of up to 1.8 million BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent finds in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco have been found to contain some of the oldest <i>Homo sapiens</i> remains; This suggests that, rather than arising only in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> around 200,000 years ago, early <i>Homo sapiens</i> may already have been present across the length of Africa 100,000 years earlier. According to study author Jean-Jacques Hublin, "The idea is that early <i>Homo sapiens</i> dispersed around the continent and elements of human modernity appeared in different places, and so different parts of Africa contributed to the emergence of what we call modern humans today."<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early humans may have comprised a large, interbreeding population dispersed across Africa whose spread was facilitated by a wetter climate that created a "green Sahara", around 330,000 to 300,000 years ago. The rise of modern humans may thus have taken place on a continental scale rather than being confined to a particular corner of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scans</a>, of a virtual <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull shape</a> of the last common human ancestor to <a href="/wiki/Modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern human">modern humans</a>/<i>H. sapiens</i>, representative of the earliest modern humans, and suggested that modern humans arose between 260,000 and 350,000 years ago through a merging of populations in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20190910_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190910-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20190910_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20190910-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saharan_rock_art" title="Saharan rock art">cave paintings</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a>, north of Tamanrasset, Algeria, and at other locations depict vibrant and vivid scenes of everyday life in central North Africa during the <a href="/wiki/African_humid_period" title="African humid period">Neolithic Subpluvial period</a> (about 8000 to 4000 BCE). Some parts of North Africa began to participate in the Neolithic revolution in the 6th millennium BCE, just before the rapid desertification of the Sahara around 3500 B.C. largely due to a tilt in the Earth's orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily.com_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily.com-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during this period that domesticated plants and animals were introduced in the region, spreading from the north and east to the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been an inferred connection between areas of rapid drying and the introduction of livestock in which the natural (orbital) aridification was amplified by the spread of shrubs and open land due to grazing.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, changes in northern Africa's ecology after 3500 BCE provided the backdrop for the formation of dynastic civilizations and the construction of monumental architecture such as the <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">Pyramids of Giza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/250px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/330px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/500px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Giza_pyramid_complex" title="Giza pyramid complex">pyramids of Giza</a> are among the most recognizable symbols of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian civilization</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological evidence has attested that population settlements occurred in Nubia as early as the Late <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> era and from the 5th millennium BC onwards, whereas there is "no or scanty evidence" of human presence in the Egyptian Nile Valley during these periods, which may be due to problems in site preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several scholars have argued that the African origins of the Egyptian civilisation derived from pastoral communities which emerged in both the Egyptian and Sudanese regions of the Nile Valley in the fifth millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Egypt entered the Bronze Age,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Maghreb remained focused on small-scale subsistence in small, highly mobile groups.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> were established along the Mediterranean coast during the 7th century BCE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_ancient_Rome">Antiquity and ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Antiquity and ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa#Classical_period" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa § Classical period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_provincial_languages_150CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Roman_provincial_languages_150CE.png/220px-Roman_provincial_languages_150CE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Roman_provincial_languages_150CE.png/330px-Roman_provincial_languages_150CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Roman_provincial_languages_150CE.png/440px-Roman_provincial_languages_150CE.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Map of the regional <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Languages of the Roman Empire">languages of the Roman Empire</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150 AD</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg/250px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg/330px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg/500px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> emperor native to North Africa, born in <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most notable nations of antiquity in western North Africa are <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>. The Phoenicians colonized much of North Africa including Carthage and parts of present-day Morocco (including <a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Chellah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Essaouira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The Carthaginians were of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> origin, with the Roman myth of their origin being that <a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a>, a Phoenician princess, was granted land by a local ruler based on how much land she could cover with a piece of cowhide. She ingeniously devised a method to extend the cowhide to a high proportion, thus gaining a large territory. She was also rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, thus creating a historical enmity between Carthage and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, as Aeneas would eventually lay the foundations for Rome. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian Empire</a> was a commercial power and had a strong navy, but relied on mercenaries for land soldiers. The Carthaginians developed an empire in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and northwest <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the latter being the cause of <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a>. </p><p>Over a hundred years and more, all Carthaginian territory was eventually conquered by the Romans, resulting in the Carthaginian North African territories becoming the <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman province of Africa</a> in 146 B.C.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to tension and eventually <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">conflict</a> between <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> and Rome. The Numidian wars are notable for launching the careers of both <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>, and stretching the constitutional burden of the Roman republic as Marius required a professional army, something previously contrary to Roman values, to overcome the talented <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Jugurtha" title="Jugurtha">Jugurtha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> remained independent until being annexed to the Roman Empire by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> in 42 AD. </p><p>North Africa remained a part of the Roman Empire, producing notable citizens, including <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, until incompetent leadership from Roman commanders in the early fifth century allowed the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, to cross the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, whereupon they overcame the fickle Roman defense. The loss of North Africa is considered a pinnacle point in the fall of the Western Roman Empire as Africa had previously been an important grain province that maintained Roman prosperity despite the barbarian incursions, and the wealth required to create new armies. The issue of regaining North Africa became paramount to the Western Empire, but was frustrated by Vandal victories. The focus of Roman energy had to be on the emerging threat of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>. In 468 AD, the Romans made one last serious attempt to invade North Africa but were repelled. This perhaps marks the point of terminal decline for the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>The last Roman emperor was deposed in 476 by the <a href="/wiki/Herules" class="mw-redirect" title="Herules">Heruli</a> general <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade routes</a> between <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and North Africa remained intact until the coming of Islam. Some Berbers were members of the <a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a> (but evolved their own <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatist doctrine</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some were <a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a>, and some adhered to <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">traditional Berber religion</a>. <a href="/wiki/African_pope" class="mw-redirect" title="African pope">African pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a> served during the reign of Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>. Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Ottomans and Carthaginians the Kabyle people were the only or one of the few in North Africa who remained independent.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kabyle people were incredibly resistible so much so that even during the Arab conquest of North Africa they still had control and possession over their mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_conquest_to_modern_times">Arab conquest to modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arab conquest to modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa#Arrival_of_Islam" title="History of North Africa">History of North Africa § Arrival of Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_enclaves_in_North_Africa_before_1830" title="European enclaves in North Africa before 1830">European enclaves in North Africa before 1830</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">Colonisation of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_Africa#North_Africa" title="Postcolonial Africa">Postcolonial Africa § North Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">Neocolonialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Status_of_forces_agreement" title="Status of forces agreement">Status of forces agreement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairouan_Mosque_Courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kairouan_Mosque_Courtyard.jpg/250px-Kairouan_Mosque_Courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kairouan_Mosque_Courtyard.jpg/330px-Kairouan_Mosque_Courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kairouan_Mosque_Courtyard.jpg/500px-Kairouan_Mosque_Courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, founded by Arab general <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqba ibn Nafi</a> in 670, one of the oldest and most notable mosques in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a> included North Africa by 640. By 700, most of North Africa had come under Muslim rule. Indigenous Berbers subsequently started to form their own polities in response in places such as <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a>. In the eleventh century, a reformist movement made up of members that called themselves the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a> expanded south into <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. </p><p>North Africa's populous and flourishing civilization collapsed after exhausting its resources in internal fighting and suffering devastation from the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a>. Ibn Khaldun noted that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png/300px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png/450px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png/600px-Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of North Africa in the years 1880 and 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> much of the area was loosely under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> operated from the largely independent <a href="/wiki/Barbary_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary states">Barbary states</a> located on the coast of North Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> conquered several coastal cities between the 16th and 18th centuries. After the 19th century, the imperial and colonial presence of <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">the United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> left the entirety of the region under one form of European occupation. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> from 1940 to 1943 the area was the setting for the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North African Campaign</a>. During the 1950s and 1960s all of the North African states gained independence. There remains a dispute over <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> between <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a>. </p><p>The wider protest movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> began with revolutions in <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Revolution">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egypt</a> which ultimately led to the overthrow of their governments, as well as <a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan Civil War">civil war</a> in Libya. Large protests also occurred in Algeria and Morocco to a lesser extent. Many hundreds died in the uprisings.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country_statistics">Country statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Country statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:100%; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ececec;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries">Countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">territories</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">List of countries and dependencies by area</a><br />(km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">List of countries and dependencies by population</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">List of countries and dependencies by population density</a><br />(per km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">Capital</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">List of countries by GDP (nominal)</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span> billions)</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita</a><br />(<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$</span>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages">Official languages</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,381,741 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,973,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19.30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$224.107 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$4,874.706 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">Algerian dinar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">Presidential republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a> (both official), French is commonly used </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,010,408 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">110,990,103 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105.41 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$398.397 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$3,770.133 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,759,540 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,845,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.89 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$40.194 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$5,872.222 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libyan_dinar" title="Libyan dinar">Libyan dinar</a> </td> <td>United Nations Interim Democratic provisional authority </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">446,550 (undisputed), ~710,881 (claimed) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,022,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82.91 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$147.343 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$3,979.871 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_dirham" title="Moroccan dirham">Moroccan dirham</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a> (both official), French is commonly used </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,886,068 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,467,278 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$25.569 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$533.845 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Sudanese pound</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (both official) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">163,610 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,235,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74.78 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$51.271 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">$4,190.603 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_dinar" title="Tunisian dinar">Tunisian dinar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, French is commonly used. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">266,000 (total land area, control is split between Morocco and the SADR) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">576,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.17 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>disputed</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>disputed</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>disputed</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>disputed</i> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><i>disputed</i> </td> <td><i>Disputed</i>: commonly <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (Moroccan zone); commonly <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (SADR zone) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Further information in the sections of <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture of Africa</a>:</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa#North_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Prehistoric North African Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa#North_Africa_2" title="Architecture of Africa">Ancient North African Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa#North_Africa_3" title="Architecture of Africa">Medieval North African Architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Further information in the sections of <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">History of science and technology in Africa</a>:</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa_and_the_Nile_Valley" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa_and_the_Nile_Valley_2" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa_and_the_Nile_Valley_3" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa_and_the_Nile_Valley_4" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa_and_the_Nile_Valley_5" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa_and_the_Nile_Valley_6" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa_and_the_Nile_Valley_7" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Maritime technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa_and_the_Nile_Valley_8" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa_and_the_Nile_Valley_9" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Communication systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa,_Nile_Valley,_and_the_Sahel" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Northern_Africa_and_the_Nile_Valley_10" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#North_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">By country</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa">Demographics of the Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Digital_Archive_on_Soil_Maps_of_the_World" title="European Digital Archive on Soil Maps of the World">European Digital Archive on Soil Maps of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_North_Africa" title="List of modern conflicts in North Africa">List of modern conflicts in North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Latin_poets_and_writers_from_North_Africa" title="List of Roman Latin poets and writers from North Africa">List of Roman Latin poets and writers from North Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/northern-africa-population/">"Population of Northern Africa (2025)"</a>. <i>Worldometers</i>. 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Worldometers&rft.atitle=Population+of+Northern+Africa+%282025%29&rft.date=2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Fnorthern-africa-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrett" class="citation web cs1">Brett, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa">"Definition: North Africa (region, Africa)"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition%3A+North+Africa+%28region%2C+Africa%29&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FNorth-Africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMattar2004" class="citation book cs1">Mattar, Philip (1 June 2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo00phil_0"><i>Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa</i></a></span>. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028657691" title="Special:BookSources/9780028657691"><bdi>9780028657691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.isbn=9780028657691&rft.aulast=Mattar&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo00phil_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a> government of parts of <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, claimant to the whole area).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrett" class="citation web cs1">Brett, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa">"Definition: North Africa (region, Africa)"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition%3A+North+Africa+%28region%2C+Africa%29&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FNorth-Africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/#geo-regions">"UNSD — Methodology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116123522/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/#geo-regions">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.atitle=UNSD+%E2%80%94+Methodology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmethodology%2Fm49%2F%23geo-regions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles2">"Member States"</a>. <i>African Union</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250102031050/https://au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles2">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Union&rft.atitle=Member+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fau.int%2Fen%2Fmember_states%2Fcountryprofiles2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFes-Sadi1898" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">es-Sadi, Abderrahman (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarikhalsudan00sadauoft/page/n6"><i>Tarikh es soudan</i></a> (in Arabic). Paris E. Leroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tarikh+es+soudan&rft.pub=Paris+E.+Leroux&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=es-Sadi&rft.aufirst=Abderrahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftarikhalsudan00sadauoft%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2001" class="citation journal cs1">Andrew, McGregor (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215035243/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol10num1/mcgregor.pdf">"The Circassian Qubbas of Abbas Avenue, Khartoum: Governors and Soldiers in 19th Century Sudan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nordic Journal of African Studies</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol10num1/mcgregor.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Circassian+Qubbas+of+Abbas+Avenue%2C+Khartoum%3A+Governors+and+Soldiers+in+19th+Century+Sudan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=McGregor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njas.helsinki.fi%2Fpdf-files%2Fvol10num1%2Fmcgregor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerglee2016" class="citation book cs1">Berglee, Royal (17 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/8-3-north-africa-and-the-african-transition-zone/">"North Africa and the African Transition Zone"</a>. <i>World Regional Geography</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201145428/https://open.lib.umn.edu/worldgeography/chapter/8-3-north-africa-and-the-african-transition-zone/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+Africa+and+the+African+Transition+Zone&rft.btitle=World+Regional+Geography&rft.date=2016-06-17&rft.aulast=Berglee&rft.aufirst=Royal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.lib.umn.edu%2Fworldgeography%2Fchapter%2F8-3-north-africa-and-the-african-transition-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cairoscene.com/Buzz/National-Geographic-s-DNA-Analysis-Proves-Egyptians-Are-Only-17-Arab"><i>National Geographic's DNA Analysis Concludes that Egyptians are Only 17% Arab</i></a>, CairoScene, 16 January 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic%27s+DNA+Analysis+Concludes+that+Egyptians+are+Only+17%25+Arab&rft.pub=CairoScene&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcairoscene.com%2FBuzz%2FNational-Geographic-s-DNA-Analysis-Proves-Egyptians-Are-Only-17-Arab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGüneyGökcan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Güney, Aylın; Gökcan, Fulya (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14650040903420370">"The 'Greater Middle East' as a 'Modern' Geopolitical Imagination in American Foreign Policy"</a>. <i>Geopolitics</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">22–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14650040903420370">10.1080/14650040903420370</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11693%2F22476">11693/22476</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geopolitics&rft.atitle=The+%27Greater+Middle+East%27+as+a+%27Modern%27+Geopolitical+Imagination+in+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11693%2F22476&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14650040903420370&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCney&rft.aufirst=Ayl%C4%B1n&rft.au=G%C3%B6kcan%2C+Fulya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14650040903420370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geology.com-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geology.com_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.com/records/largest-desert.shtml">"Largest Desert in the World"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Largest+Desert+in+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.com%2Frecords%2Flargest-desert.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroup2013" class="citation book cs1">Group, The Diagram (26 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ&q=Numbering+over+100+million%2C+Arabs+are+the+most+numerous+ethnic+group+in+North+Africa."><i>Encyclopedia of African Peoples</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96341-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96341-5"><bdi>978-1-135-96341-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+Peoples&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96341-5&rft.aulast=Group&rft.aufirst=The+Diagram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJQuAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DNumbering%2Bover%2B100%2Bmillion%252C%2BArabs%2Bare%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bnumerous%2Bethnic%2Bgroup%2Bin%2BNorth%2BAfrica.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qBm4-HivM0C&pg=PA8"><i>The Report: Algeria 2007</i></a>. Oxford Business Group. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-70-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902339-70-2"><bdi>978-1-902339-70-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410070904/https://books.google.com/books?id=3qBm4-HivM0C&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Algeria+2007&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-902339-70-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qBm4-HivM0C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaaredj-Campbell2015" class="citation book cs1">Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7UvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-11633-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-11633-0"><bdi>978-3-658-11633-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164800/https://books.google.com/books?id=C7UvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Female+Literacy+Practices+in+Algeria%3A+Empirical+Study+on+Cultural+Construction+of+Gender+and+Empowerment&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.isbn=978-3-658-11633-0&rft.aulast=Laaredj-Campbell&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7UvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYakan2017" class="citation book cs1">Yakan, Mohamad (30 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_hADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62"><i>Almanac of African Peoples and Nations</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-28930-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-28930-6"><bdi>978-1-351-28930-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanac+of+African+Peoples+and+Nations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.isbn=978-1-351-28930-6&rft.aulast=Yakan&rft.aufirst=Mohamad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_hADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalcolmLosleben2004" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_l87ixBRpKIC&pg=PA62"><i>Libya</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1702-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1702-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-1702-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410070902/https://books.google.com/books?id=_l87ixBRpKIC&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1702-6&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Losleben%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_l87ixBRpKIC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fs0Fog7XneUC&pg=PA11"><i>The Report: Morocco 2012</i></a>. Oxford Business Group. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-54-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907065-54-5"><bdi>978-1-907065-54-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307021801/https://books.google.com/books?id=fs0Fog7XneUC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Report%3A+Morocco+2012&rft.pub=Oxford+Business+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-907065-54-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfs0Fog7XneUC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSonPress2002" class="citation book cs1">Son, George Philip &; Press, Oxford University (26 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UD0kOEb1XIC&pg=PA161"><i>Encyclopedic World Atlas</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521920-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521920-3"><bdi>978-0-19-521920-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+World+Atlas&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2002-12-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521920-3&rft.aulast=Son&rft.aufirst=George+Philip+%26&rft.au=Press%2C+Oxford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UD0kOEb1XIC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia/">"Tunisia"</a>, <i>The World Factbook</i>, Central Intelligence Agency, 2 December 2022, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110024851/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia/">archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Tunisia&rft.date=2022-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftunisia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZurutuza" class="citation web cs1">Zurutuza, Karlos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/1/6/libyas-berbers-fear-ethnic-conflict">"Berbers fear ethnic conflict"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129190339/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/1/6/libyas-berbers-fear-ethnic-conflict">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Berbers+fear+ethnic+conflict&rft.aulast=Zurutuza&rft.aufirst=Karlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F1%2F6%2Flibyas-berbers-fear-ethnic-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanver2015" class="citation book cs1">Danver, Steven L. (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46400-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46400-6"><bdi>978-1-317-46400-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315191149/https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Groups%2C+Cultures+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46400-6&rft.aulast=Danver&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvf4TBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm">"Q&A: The Berbers"</a>. 12 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112181804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+The+Berbers&rft.date=2004-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F3509799.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bdAdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44"><i>The Rebirth of the Middle East</i></a>. Hamilton Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-4846-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-4846-2"><bdi>978-0-7618-4846-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Hamilton+Books&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-4846-2&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Jerry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbdAdAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174">Sadek Lekdja, <i>Christianity in Kabylie</i>, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134716/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFP_S_Rowe2018" class="citation book cs1">P S Rowe, Paul (2018). <i>Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East</i>. Routledge. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23379-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-23379-4"><bdi>978-1-317-23379-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-317-23379-4&rft.aulast=P+S+Rowe&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f4361e72.html">"Refworld – Morocco: General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity, and specifically those who converted to Catholicism; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities, including state protection (2008–2011)"</a>. <i>Refworld.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld.org&rft.atitle=Refworld+%E2%80%93+Morocco%3A+General+situation+of+Muslims+who+converted+to+Christianity%2C+and+specifically+those+who+converted+to+Catholicism%3B+their+treatment+by+Islamists+and+the+authorities%2C+including+state+protection+%282008%E2%80%932011%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4f4361e72.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorganFalolaOyeniyi2012" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Jason; Falola, Toyin; Oyeniyi, Bukola Adeyemi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R65iYMCuK6gC"><i>Culture and Customs of Libya</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37860-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37860-7"><bdi>978-0-313-37860-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Libya&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37860-7&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Falola%2C+Toyin&rft.au=Oyeniyi%2C+Bukola+Adeyemi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR65iYMCuK6gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFahlbusch2003" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ly4DgtT3LkC&pg=PA653"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity: J-O</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2415-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2415-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-2415-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christianity%3A+J-O&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2415-8&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ly4DgtT3LkC%26pg%3DPA653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJuangMorrissette2008" class="citation book cs1">Juang, Richard M.; Morrissette, Noelle (2008). <i>Africa and the Americas [3 Volumes]: Culture, Politics, and History</i>. UK: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">929–</span>930. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88952-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88952-0"><bdi>978-0-521-88952-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Americas+%5B3+Volumes%5D%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E929-%3C%2Fspan%3E930&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88952-0&rft.aulast=Juang&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.au=Morrissette%2C+Noelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyer2008" class="citation book cs1">Juergensmeyer, Mark (2008). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976764-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976764-9"><bdi>978-0-19-976764-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Global+Religions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=317&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976764-9&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20070805/opinion/genetic-origin-of-contemporary-maltese.9032"><i>Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese People</i></a>. 5 August 2007. <q>Repopulation is likely to have occurred by a clan or clans (possibly of Arab or Arab-like speaking people) from neighbouring Sicily and Calabria. Possibly, they could have mixed with minute numbers of residual inhabitants, with a constant input of immigrants from neighbouring countries and later, even from afar. There seems to be little input from North Africa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetic+Origin+of+Contemporary+Maltese+People&rft.date=2007-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20070805%2Fopinion%2Fgenetic-origin-of-contemporary-maltese.9032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Hull, <i>The Malta Language Question: A Case Study in Cultural Imperialism</i>, Valletta: Said International, 1993, pp. 317–330. Scientific etymologies of the longest-established Maltese family names are given in Geoffrey Hull, "The Oldest Maltese Surnames: A Window on Sicily's Medieval History", in Claudia Karagoz and Giovanna Summerfield (eds), <i>Sicily and the Mediterranean: Migration, Exchange, Reinvention</i>, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, pp. 78–108; "Late Medieval Maltese Surnames of Arabic and Greek Origin", <i>Symposia Melitensia</i> No. 11 (2015), pp. 129–143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20070805/opinion/genetic-origin-of-contemporary-maltese.9032"><i>Genetic Origin of Contemporary Maltese People</i></a>. 5 August 2007. <q>Together with colleagues from other institutions across the Mediterranean and in collaboration with the group led by David Goldstein at the University College, London, we have shown that the contemporary males of Malta most likely originated from Southern Italy, including Sicily and up to Calabria. There is a minuscule amount of input from the Eastern Mediterranean with genetic affinity to Christian Lebanon....We documented clustering of the Maltese markers with those of Sicilians and Calabrians. The study is published in the Annals of Human Genetics by C. Capelli, N. Redhead, N. Novelletto, L. Terrenato, P. Malaspina, Z. Poulli, G. Lefranc, A. Megarbane, V. Delague, V. Romano, F. Cali, V.F. Pascali, M. Fellous, A.E. Felice, and D.B. Goldstein; "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin; A Y Chromosome Perspective", AHG, 69, 1–20, 2005..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetic+Origin+of+Contemporary+Maltese+People&rft.date=2007-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofmalta.com%2Farticles%2Fview%2F20070805%2Fopinion%2Fgenetic-origin-of-contemporary-maltese.9032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIlahine2006" class="citation book cs1">Ilahine, Hsain (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0E8qp_k515oC"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)</i></a>. Historical Dictionaries of Peoples and Cultures. Scarecrow Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-6490-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-6490-8"><bdi>0-8108-6490-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Berbers+%28Imazighen%29&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Peoples+and+Cultures&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8108-6490-8&rft.aulast=Ilahine&rft.aufirst=Hsain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0E8qp_k515oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoukopova2013" class="citation book cs1">Soukopova, Jitka (16 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07wwBwAAQBAJ&q=Tuareg&pg=PR5"><i>Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4579-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4579-3"><bdi>978-1-4438-4579-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Round+Heads%3A+The+Earliest+Rock+Paintings+in+the+Sahara&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-4579-3&rft.aulast=Soukopova&rft.aufirst=Jitka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07wwBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTuareg%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrakeBlenchArmitageBristow2011" class="citation journal cs1">Drake, Nick A.; Blench, Roger M.; Armitage, Simon J.; Bristow, Charlie S.; White, Kevin H. (11 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021035">"Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>108</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">458–</span>462. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108..458D">2011PNAS..108..458D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1012231108">10.1073/pnas.1012231108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3021035">3021035</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21187416">21187416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Ancient+watercourses+and+biogeography+of+the+Sahara+explain+the+peopling+of+the+desert&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E458-%3C%2Fspan%3E462&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3021035%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..108..458D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21187416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1012231108&rft.issn=1091-6490&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Nick+A.&rft.au=Blench%2C+Roger+M.&rft.au=Armitage%2C+Simon+J.&rft.au=Bristow%2C+Charlie+S.&rft.au=White%2C+Kevin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3021035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolmer2017" class="citation book cs1">Woolmer, Mark (30 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lbmKDwAAQBAJ&dq=300+colonies+phoenician+strabo&pg=PA201"><i>A Short History of the Phoenicians</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-217-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-217-1"><bdi>978-1-78672-217-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Phoenicians&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017-04-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78672-217-1&rft.aulast=Woolmer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlbmKDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D300%2Bcolonies%2Bphoenician%2Bstrabo%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AppiahGates2005-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AppiahGates2005_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_AppiahHenry_Louis_Gates2005" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA360"><i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517055-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517055-9&rft.au=Anthony+Appiah&rft.au=Henry+Louis+Gates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMZMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaridaHouriaLakhdarAmine2022" class="citation book cs1">Farida, Benouis; Houria, Chérid; Lakhdar, Drias; Amine, Semar (30 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmaWEAAAQBAJ"><i>An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria</i></a>. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902966-14-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902966-14-8"><bdi>978-3-902966-14-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Architecture+of+Light.+Islamic+Art+in+Algeria.&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Museum+With+No+Frontiers%2C+MWNF+%28Museum+Ohne+Grenzen%29&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.isbn=978-3-902966-14-8&rft.aulast=Farida&rft.aufirst=Benouis&rft.au=Houria%2C+Ch%C3%A9rid&rft.au=Lakhdar%2C+Drias&rft.au=Amine%2C+Semar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmaWEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-60568-8">"Understanding the genomic heterogeneity of North African Imazighen: from broad to microgeographical perspectives"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a></i>. 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+genomic+heterogeneity+of+North+African+Imazighen%3A+from+broad+to+microgeographical+perspectives&rft.date=2024-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-024-60568-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_AppiahHenry_Louis_Gates2010" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA549"><i>Encyclopedia of Africa</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533770-9"><bdi>978-0-19-533770-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533770-9&rft.au=Anthony+Appiah&rft.au=Henry+Louis+Gates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC%26pg%3DPA549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "Haratine. Social caste in several northwestern African countries consisting of blacks, many of whom are former slaves (...)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_de_LoosdrechtBouzouggarHumphreyPosth2018" class="citation journal cs1">van de Loosdrecht, Marieke; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Humphrey, Louise; Posth, Cosimo; Barton, Nick; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Nagel, Sarah; Talbi, El Hassan; El Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Amzazi, Saaïd; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Pääbo, Svante; Schiffels, Stephan; Meyer, Matthias (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aar8380">"Pleistocene North African genomes link Near Eastern and sub-Saharan African human populations"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>360</b> (6388): <span class="nowrap">548–</span>552. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...360..548V">2018Sci...360..548V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aar8380">10.1126/science.aar8380</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545507">29545507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Pleistocene+North+African+genomes+link+Near+Eastern+and+sub-Saharan+African+human+populations&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=6388&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E548-%3C%2Fspan%3E552&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aar8380&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29545507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...360..548V&rft.aulast=van+de+Loosdrecht&rft.aufirst=Marieke&rft.au=Bouzouggar%2C+Abdeljalil&rft.au=Humphrey%2C+Louise&rft.au=Posth%2C+Cosimo&rft.au=Barton%2C+Nick&rft.au=Aximu-Petri%2C+Ayinuer&rft.au=Nickel%2C+Birgit&rft.au=Nagel%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Talbi%2C+El+Hassan&rft.au=El+Hajraoui%2C+Mohammed+Abdeljalil&rft.au=Amzazi%2C+Saa%C3%AFd&rft.au=Hublin%2C+Jean-Jacques&rft.au=P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo%2C+Svante&rft.au=Schiffels%2C+Stephan&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aar8380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimõesGüntherMartínez-SánchezVera-Rodríguez2023" class="citation journal cs1">Simões, Luciana G.; Günther, Torsten; Martínez-Sánchez, Rafael M.; Vera-Rodríguez, Juan Carlos; Iriarte, Eneko; Rodríguez-Varela, Ricardo; Bokbot, Youssef; Valdiosera, Cristina; Jakobsson, Mattias (15 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10266975">"Northwest African Neolithic initiated by migrants from Iberia and Levant"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>618</b> (7965): <span class="nowrap">550–</span>556. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Natur.618..550S">2023Natur.618..550S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06166-6">10.1038/s41586-023-06166-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10266975">10266975</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37286608">37286608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Northwest+African+Neolithic+initiated+by+migrants+from+Iberia+and+Levant&rft.volume=618&rft.issue=7965&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E550-%3C%2Fspan%3E556&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10266975%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Natur.618..550S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37286608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-023-06166-6&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.aulast=Sim%C3%B5es&rft.aufirst=Luciana+G.&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther%2C+Torsten&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-S%C3%A1nchez%2C+Rafael+M.&rft.au=Vera-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Iriarte%2C+Eneko&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Varela%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Bokbot%2C+Youssef&rft.au=Valdiosera%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Jakobsson%2C+Mattias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10266975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mário Curtis Giordani, <i>História da África. Anterior aos descobrimentos.</i> Editora Vozes, Petrópolis (Brasil) 1985, pp. 42f., 77f. Giordani references Bousquet, <i>Les Berbères</i> (Paris 1961).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN1_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/09/middleeast/egypt-coptic-christians/index.html">"Who are Egypt's Coptic Christians?"</a>. CNN. 10 April 2017. <q>The largest Christian community in the Middle East, Coptic Christians make up the majority of Egypt's roughly 9 million Christians. About 1 million more Coptic Christians are spread across Africa, Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, according to the World Council of Churches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+are+Egypt%27s+Coptic+Christians%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2017-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F04%2F09%2Fmiddleeast%2Fegypt-coptic-christians%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jews-of-the-maghreb-on-the-eve-of-world-war-ii">"Jews of the Maghreb on the eve of World War II"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Jews+of+the+Maghreb+on+the+eve+of+World+War+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fjews-of-the-maghreb-on-the-eve-of-world-war-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Jerry M. (28 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bdAdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA44"><i>The Rebirth of the Middle East</i></a>. Hamilton Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-4846-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-4846-2"><bdi>978-0-7618-4846-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Hamilton+Books&rft.date=2009-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-4846-2&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Jerry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbdAdAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalter2011" class="citation journal cs1">Balter, Michael (7 January 2011). "Was North Africa the Launch Pad for Modern Human Migrations?". <i>Science</i>. <b>331</b> (6013): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...331...20B">2011Sci...331...20B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.331.6013.20">10.1126/science.331.6013.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21212332">21212332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Was+North+Africa+the+Launch+Pad+for+Modern+Human+Migrations%3F&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=6013&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2011-01-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21212332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.331.6013.20&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...331...20B&rft.aulast=Balter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrucianiTrombettaMassaiaDestro-Bisol2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3113241">"A Revised Root for the Human y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>88</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">814–</span>818. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2011.05.002">10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3113241">3113241</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21601174">21601174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+Revised+Root+for+the+Human+y+Chromosomal+Phylogenetic+Tree%3A+The+Origin+of+Patrilineal+Diversity+in+Africa&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E814-%3C%2Fspan%3E818&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3113241%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21601174&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2011.05.002&rft.aulast=Cruciani&rft.aufirst=Fulvio&rft.au=Trombetta%2C+Beniamino&rft.au=Massaia%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Destro-Bisol%2C+Giovanni&rft.au=Sellitto%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Scozzari%2C+Rosaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3113241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHublinBoutakioutEgginsGrün2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Boutakiout, Mohamed; Eggins, Stephen; Grün, Rainer; Reid, Donald J.; Tafforeau, Paul; Smith, Tanya M. (10 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828706">"Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>104</b> (15): <span class="nowrap">6128–</span>6133. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..104.6128S">2007PNAS..104.6128S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0700747104">10.1073/pnas.0700747104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1828706">1828706</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17372199">17372199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Earliest+evidence+of+modern+human+life+history+in+North+African+early+Homo+sapiens&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6128-%3C%2Fspan%3E6133&rft.date=2007-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1828706%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17372199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0700747104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..104.6128S&rft.aulast=Hublin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rft.au=Boutakiout%2C+Mohamed&rft.au=Eggins%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Gr%C3%BCn%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Reid%2C+Donald+J.&rft.au=Tafforeau%2C+Paul&rft.au=Smith%2C+Tanya+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1828706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iphes.cat/19-million-and-24-million-year-old-artefacts-and-stone-tool-cutmarked-bones-ain-boucherit-algeria">"1.9 million and 2.4 million-year-old artefacts and stone tool cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria | Iphes"</a>. <i>www.iphes.cat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iphes.cat&rft.atitle=1.9+million+and+2.4+million-year-old+artefacts+and+stone+tool+cutmarked+bones+from+Ain+Boucherit%2C+Algeria+%7C+Iphes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iphes.cat%2F19-million-and-24-million-year-old-artefacts-and-stone-tool-cutmarked-bones-ain-boucherit-algeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510140017/http://www.gi.ulpgc.es/tarha/Ain_Hanech.pdf">"Sahnouni 1998"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gi.ulpc.es</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gi.ulpgc.es/tarha/Ain_Hanech.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gi.ulpc.es&rft.atitle=Sahnouni+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gi.ulpgc.es%2Ftarha%2FAin_Hanech.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iphes.cat/19-million-and-24-million-year-old-artefacts-and-stone-tool-cutmarked-bones-ain-boucherit-algeria">"1.9 million and 2.4 million-year-old artefacts and stone tool cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria | Iphes"</a>. <i>www.iphes.cat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iphes.cat&rft.atitle=1.9+million+and+2.4+million-year-old+artefacts+and+stone+tool+cutmarked+bones+from+Ain+Boucherit%2C+Algeria+%7C+Iphes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iphes.cat%2F19-million-and-24-million-year-old-artefacts-and-stone-tool-cutmarked-bones-ain-boucherit-algeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/25/eritrea-human-rights-united-nations">"Eritrea's human rights record comes under fire at United Nations"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Associated Press. 25 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eritrea%27s+human+rights+record+comes+under+fire+at+United+Nations&rft.date=2013-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Foct%2F25%2Feritrea-human-rights-united-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2017" class="citation news cs1">Gibbons, Ann (7 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.356.6342.993">"World's oldest <i>Homo sapiens</i> fossils found in Morocco"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (magazine)">Science</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.356.6342.993">10.1126/science.356.6342.993</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=World%27s+oldest+Homo+sapiens+fossils+found+in+Morocco&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.356.6342.993&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.356.6342.993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20190910-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20190910_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2019" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Zimmer, Carl</a> (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/science/human-ancestor-skull-computer.html">"Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor — on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Scientists+Find+the+Skull+of+Humanity%27s+Ancestor+%E2%80%94+on+a+Computer+%E2%80%93+By+comparing+fossils+and+CT+scans%2C+researchers+say+they+have+reconstructed+the+skull+of+the+last+common+forebear+of+modern+humans.&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F09%2F10%2Fscience%2Fhuman-ancestor-skull-computer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20190910-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20190910_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMounierLahr2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6736881">"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>10</b> (1): 3406. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10.3406M">2019NatCo..10.3406M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-11213-w">10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6736881">6736881</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31506422">31506422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Deciphering+African+late+middle+Pleistocene+hominin+diversity+and+the+origin+of+our+species&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3406&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6736881%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31506422&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-019-11213-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatCo..10.3406M&rft.aulast=Mounier&rft.aufirst=Aur%C3%A9lien&rft.au=Lahr%2C+Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6736881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencedaily.com-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sciencedaily.com_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/green-sahara-african-humid-periods-paced-by-82884405/">"Green Sahara: African humid periods paced by Earth's orbital changes"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. 12 July 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191042/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/07/990712080500.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Green+Sahara%3A+African+humid+periods+paced+by+Earth%27s+orbital+changes&rft.date=1999-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Fknowledge%2Flibrary%2Fgreen-sahara-african-humid-periods-paced-by-82884405%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuper2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kuper, Rudolf (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1130989">"Climate-Controlled Holocene Occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa's Evolution"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>313</b> (5788): <span class="nowrap">803–</span>708. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...313..803K">2006Sci...313..803K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1130989">10.1126/science.1130989</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16857900">16857900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20003260">20003260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Climate-Controlled+Holocene+Occupation+in+the+Sahara%3A+Motor+of+Africa%27s+Evolution&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=5788&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E803-%3C%2Fspan%3E708&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1130989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20003260%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16857900&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...313..803K&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1130989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeart.2017.00004">"Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Earth Science</i>. <b>5</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00004">https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FrEaS...5....4W">2017FrEaS...5....4W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeart.2017.00004">10.3389/feart.2017.00004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Earth+Science&rft.atitle=Humans+as+Agents+in+the+Termination+of+the+African+Humid+Period&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%2Ffeart.2017.00004&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffeart.2017.00004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017FrEaS...5....4W&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffeart.2017.00004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGatto2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gatto, Maria (2015). "Holocene supra-regional environmental changes as trigger for major socio-cultural processes in northeastern Africa and the Sahara". <i>African Archaeological Review</i>. <b>32</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">301–</span>333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-015-9191-x">10.1007/s10437-015-9191-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126834892">126834892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Archaeological+Review&rft.atitle=Holocene+supra-regional+environmental+changes+as+trigger+for+major+socio-cultural+processes+in+northeastern+Africa+and+the+Sahara&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E333&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10437-015-9191-x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126834892%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gatto&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGatto" class="citation web cs1">Gatto, Maria C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/545582">"The Nubian Pastoral Culture as Link between Egypt and Africa: A View from the Archaeological Record"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nubian+Pastoral+Culture+as+Link+between+Egypt+and+Africa%3A+A+View+from+the+Archaeological+Record&rft.aulast=Gatto&rft.aufirst=Maria+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F545582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWengrowDeeFosterStevenson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wengrow, David; Dee, Michael; Foster, Sarah; Stevenson, Alice; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00050249">"Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: a prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>88</b> (339): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00050249">10.1017/S0003598X00050249</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49229774">49229774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Cultural+convergence+in+the+Neolithic+of+the+Nile+Valley%3A+a+prehistoric+perspective+on+Egypt%27s+place+in+Africa&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=339&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49229774%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00050249&rft.aulast=Wengrow&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Dee%2C+Michael&rft.au=Foster%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Alice&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Christopher+Bronk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0003598X00050249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Stuart Tyson (1 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43275151">"Gift of the Nile? Climate Change, the Origins of Egyptian Civilization and Its Interactions within Northeast Africa"</a>. <i>Across the Mediterranean – Along the Nile: Studies in Egyptology, Nubiology and Late Antiquity Dedicated to László Török. Budapest</i>: <span class="nowrap">325–</span>345.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Across+the+Mediterranean+%E2%80%93+Along+the+Nile%3A+Studies+in+Egyptology%2C+Nubiology+and+Late+Antiquity+Dedicated+to+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k.+Budapest&rft.atitle=Gift+of+the+Nile%3F+Climate+Change%2C+the+Origins+of+Egyptian+Civilization+and+Its+Interactions+within+Northeast+Africa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Tyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43275151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBader2015" class="citation book cs1">Bader, Bettina (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935413-e-35"><i>Egypt and the Mediterranean in the Bronze Age: The Archaeological Evidence</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935413.013.35">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993541-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993541-3"><bdi>978-0-19-993541-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+and+the+Mediterranean+in+the+Bronze+Age%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935413.013.35&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993541-3&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935413.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199935413-e-35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker2005" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Graema (2005). "Agriculture, Pastoralism, and Mediterranean Landscapes in Prehistory". <i>The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">46–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470773536.ch3">10.1002/9780470773536.ch3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-77353-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-77353-6"><bdi>978-0-470-77353-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agriculture%2C+Pastoralism%2C+and+Mediterranean+Landscapes+in+Prehistory&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Mediterranean+Prehistory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470773536.ch3&rft.isbn=978-0-470-77353-6&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Graema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC._Michael_Hogan2007" class="citation web cs1">C. Michael Hogan (18 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=14906">"Volubilis – Ancient Village or Settlement in Morocco"</a>. The Megalithic Portal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volubilis+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Village+or+Settlement+in+Morocco&rft.pub=The+Megalithic+Portal&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.au=C.+Michael+Hogan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.megalithic.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fsid%3D14906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBagnall2002" class="citation book cs1">Bagnall, Nigel (2002). <i>The Punic Wars 264–146 BC</i>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472895530" title="Special:BookSources/9781472895530"><bdi>9781472895530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punic+Wars+264%E2%80%93146+BC&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781472895530&rft.aulast=Bagnall&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a>, <i>De Bello Iugurthino</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page66.shtml">"The Berbers"</a>. <i>BBC World Service</i>. The Story of Africa. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+Service&rft.atitle=The+Berbers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fspecials%2F1624_story_of_africa%2Fpage66.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEur" class="citation book cs1">Eur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156"><i>The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-132-2"><bdi>978-1-85743-132-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+Pg+156&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-132-2&rft.au=Eur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CfBKvsiWeQC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalmsley1858" class="citation web cs1">Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118">"Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux Walmsley: Pg 118"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+Algeria+During+the+Kabyle+War+By+Hugh+Mulleneux+Walmsley%3A+Pg+118&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Walmsley&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Mulleneux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D83koAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWysner2013" class="citation book cs1">Wysner, Glora M. (30 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167"><i>The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner</i></a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4474-8352-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4474-8352-6"><bdi>978-1-4474-8352-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kabyle+People+By+Glora+M.+Wysner&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4474-8352-6&rft.aulast=Wysner&rft.aufirst=Glora+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqF8CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ&q=Kabylia"><i>The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568</i></a>. Grolier. 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0121-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0121-1"><bdi>978-0-7172-0121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana%2C+Volume+1%3A+Pg+568&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7172-0121-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpv80AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DKabylia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodichon1865" class="citation journal cs1">Bodichon (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45">"Kabyle Pottery"</a>. <i>The Art-Journal</i>. <b>4</b>. London: 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art-Journal&rft.atitle=Kabyle+Pottery&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=45&rft.date=1865&rft.au=Bodichon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGI5CAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFField1893" class="citation web cs1">Field, Henry Martyn (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93">"The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Barbary+Coast+By+Henry+Martyn+Field%3A+Pg+93&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Henry+Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJU5CAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKüng2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Küng, Hans</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sm0BfUKwct0C&pg=PA248"><i>Tracing The Way: Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9423-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9423-8"><bdi>978-0-8264-9423-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+The+Way%3A+Spiritual+Dimensions+of+the+World+Religions&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9423-8&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCng&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsm0BfUKwct0C%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span>, page 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/Newsletters/GINL9603/PopCrises3.htm">Populations Crises and Population Cycles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527170154/http://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/Newsletters/GINL9603/PopCrises3.htm">Archived</a> 27 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell, Galton Institute, March 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEssa2011" class="citation news cs1">Essa, Azad (21 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2011/02/201122164254698620.html">"In search of an African revolution"</a>. Al Jazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+search+of+an+African+revolution&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft.aulast=Essa&rft.aufirst=Azad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2011%2F02%2F201122164254698620.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cesari, Jocelyne. <i>The awakening of Muslim democracy: Religion, modernity, and the state</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2014).</li> <li>Fischbach, ed. Michael R. <i>Biographical encyclopedia of the modern Middle East and North Africa</i> (Gale Group, 2008).</li> <li>Ilahiane, Hsain. <i>Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017).</li> <li>Issawi, Charles. <i>An economic history of the Middle East and North Africa</i> (Routledge, 2013).</li> <li>Naylor, Phillip C. <i>North Africa, Revised Edition: A History from Antiquity to the Present</i> (University of Texas Press, 2015).</li> <li>Willie Molesi, <i>Black Africa versus Arab North Africa: The Great Divide</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8332308994" title="Special:BookSources/979-8332308994">979-8332308994</a></li> <li>Willie Molesi, <i>Relations Between Africans and Arabs: Harsh Realities</i>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8334767546" title="Special:BookSources/979-8334767546">979-8334767546</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Northern_Africa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a></b></i> and <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:North_Africa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:North Africa">North Africa</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121220115001/http://www.amazighworld.org/">Human Rights for Indigenous Peoples</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takoumba.com">North Africa's Weather Forecasts and Weather Conditions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.north-africa.com">North Africa news and analysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117005910/http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf">Africa Interactive Map</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Africa">United States Army Africa</a> (archived 17 January 2010)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Partially recognized state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a><sup>1</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Vélez de la Gomera</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halaib_Triangle" title="Halaib Triangle">Hala'ib Triangle</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa_Salient" title="Wadi Halfa Salient">Wadi Halfa Salient</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Tawil" title="Bir Tawil">Bir Tawil</a><sup>5</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafia_Kingi" title="Kafia Kingi">Kafia Kingi</a><sup>6</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aouzou_Strip" title="Aouzou Strip">Aouzou Strip</a><sup>7</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island" title="Perejil Island">Perejil</a><sup>8</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><sup>1</sup>Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a>.</i> <i><sup>2</sup>Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco.</i> <i><sup>3</sup>Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain.</i> <i><sup>4</sup>Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan.</i> <i><sup>5</sup><a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Unclaimed territory</a> located between Egypt and the Sudan.</i> <i><sup>6</sup>Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan.</i> <i><sup>7</sup>Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya.</i> <i><sup>8</sup>Disputed between Morocco and Spain</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Africa168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Africa" title="Template:Regions of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Regions of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Africa168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Africa" title="Subregion">Regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Lopez" title="Cape Lopez">Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayombe" title="Mayombe">Mayombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbaise" title="Mbaise">Mbaise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_Malebo" title="Pool Malebo">Pool Malebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin" title="Chad Basin">Chad Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Highlands_forests" title="Cameroonian Highlands forests">Cameroonian Highlands forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sudanian_savanna" title="East Sudanian savanna">East Sudanian savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolian_rainforests" title="Congolian rainforests">Congolian rainforests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouadda%C3%AF_highlands" title="Ouaddaï highlands">Ouaddaï highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennedi_Plateau" title="Ennedi Plateau">Ennedi Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Rift" title="Albertine Rift">Albertine Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Rift" title="Gregory Rift">Gregory Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_Valley_lakes" title="Rift Valley lakes">Rift Valley lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virunga_Mountains" title="Virunga Mountains">Virunga Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavirondo" title="Kavirondo">Kavirondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanj" title="Zanj">Zanj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_montane_forests" title="East African montane forests">East African montane forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arc_Mountains" title="Eastern Arc Mountains">Eastern Arc Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_Triangle" title="Afar Triangle">Afar Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Habash" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Habash">Al-Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbaria_(East_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbaria (East Africa)">Barbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Alps" title="Danakil Alps">Danakil Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoro_Islands" title="Comoro Islands">Comoro Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_Archipelago" title="Lamu Archipelago">Lamu Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Madagascar)" title="Central Highlands (Madagascar)">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Highlands" title="Northern Highlands">Northern Highlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Archipelago" title="Zanzibar Archipelago">Zanzibar Archipelago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile Valley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashmur" title="Bashmur">Bashmur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">Cataracts of the Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Egypt" title="Middle Egypt">Middle Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuba_Mountains" title="Nuba Mountains">Nuba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sudans" title="The Sudans">The Sudans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibesti_Mountains" title="Tibesti Mountains">Tibesti Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(region)" title="Rhodesia (region)">Rhodesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thembuland" title="Thembuland">Thembuland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_Karoo" title="Succulent Karoo">Succulent Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_Karoo" title="Nama Karoo">Nama Karoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushveld" title="Bushveld">Bushveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maputaland" title="Maputaland">Maputaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highveld" title="Highveld">Highveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fynbos" title="Fynbos">Fynbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_coastal_belt" title="Indian Ocean coastal belt">Indian Ocean coastal belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_thickets" title="Albany thickets">Albany thickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_Coast" title="Skeleton Coast">Skeleton Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okavango_Delta" title="Okavango Delta">Okavango Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Peninsula" title="Cape Peninsula">Cape Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_Bay" title="False Bay">False Bay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Coast" title="Pepper Coast">Pepper Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Palmas" title="Cape Palmas">Cape Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Mesurado" title="Cape Mesurado">Cape Mesurado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Forests_of_West_Africa" title="Guinean Forests of West Africa">Guinean Forests of West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Guinean_forests" title="Upper Guinean forests">Upper Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Guinean_forests" title="Lower Guinean forests">Lower Guinean forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Highlands" title="Guinea Highlands">Guinea Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey_Gap" title="Dahomey Gap">Dahomey Gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macro-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afromontane" title="Afromontane">Afromontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Africa" title="Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7afrique" title="Françafrique">Françafrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guineo-Congolian_region" title="Guineo-Congolian region">Guineo-Congolian region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Africa" title="Islands of Africa">Islands of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Arabic is an official language">List of countries where Arabic is an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MENASA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENASA">MENASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miombo_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Miombo woodlands">Miombo woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroland" title="Negroland">Negroland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Portuguese-speaking African countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan (region)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">Sudanian savanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Africa">Tropical Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezian_region" title="Zambezian region">Zambezian region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27381#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27381#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27381#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315124797">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm97RjDtRFbfrVbjjPJDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042482-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85001631">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Afrika severní"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128640&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007293827905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046309">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐5c6f46dcf‐jg68s Cached time: 20250331025738 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.163 seconds Real time usage: 1.461 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8251/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 241693/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 5773/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 42/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 310762/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.727/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 15648658/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1198.350 1 -total 47.90% 574.045 1 Template:Reflist 15.45% 185.089 3 Template:Navbox 15.22% 182.401 1 Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa 11.90% 142.581 19 Template:Cite_web 11.50% 137.847 33 Template:Cite_book 8.69% 104.100 1 Template:In_lang 8.57% 102.718 1 Template:Infobox 7.03% 84.290 15 Template:Cite_journal 6.06% 72.673 3 Template:Collapsible_list --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:21714:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250331025738 and revision id 1282394972. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&oldid=1282394972">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&oldid=1282394972</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_Africa" title="Category:North Africa">North Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_North_Africa" title="Category:Geography of North Africa">Geography of North Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Africa" title="Category:Regions of Africa">Regions of Africa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 March 2025, at 04:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Africa&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">North Africa</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>141 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-xnw78","wgBackendResponseTime":206,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.163","walltime":"1.461","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8251,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":241693,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5773,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":42,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":310762,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1198.350 1 -total"," 47.90% 574.045 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.45% 185.089 3 Template:Navbox"," 15.22% 182.401 1 Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa"," 11.90% 142.581 19 Template:Cite_web"," 11.50% 137.847 33 Template:Cite_book"," 8.69% 104.100 1 Template:In_lang"," 8.57% 102.718 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.03% 84.290 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.06% 72.673 3 Template:Collapsible_list"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.727","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15648658,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-jg68s","timestamp":"20250331025738","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"North Africa","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Africa","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q27381","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q27381","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-01T03:51:20Z","dateModified":"2025-03-26T04:10:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/99\/North_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg","headline":"northernmost region of the African continent"}</script> </body> </html>