CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Yemen - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"78a31fbf-7712-4dbf-b69e-2f56fcac47f5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Yemen","wgTitle":"Yemen","wgCurRevisionId":1258101447,"wgRevisionId":1258101447,"wgArticleId":350939,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Arabic-language text","CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)","CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2013","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with dead external links from February 2013", "Source attribution","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use dmy dates from June 2024","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015","Articles needing additional references from April 2021","All articles needing additional references","Articles needing additional references from October 2021","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from December 2013","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023","Articles needing additional references from January 2019","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Yemen","Countries in Asia", "Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language","Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation","Least developed countries","1990 establishments in Yemen","Member states of the Arab League","Member states of the United Nations","States and territories established in 1990","West Asian countries"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Yemen","wgRelevantArticleId":350939,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false, "nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":15.348333333333334,"lon":44.20638888888889},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q805","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles": "ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/800px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/640px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Yemen - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Yemen rootpage-Yemen skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Yemen" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Yemen" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Yemen" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Yemen" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advent_of_Islam_and_the_three_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advent_of_Islam_and_the_three_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Advent of Islam and the three dynasties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advent_of_Islam_and_the_three_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulayhid_dynasty_(1047–1138)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulayhid_dynasty_(1047–1138)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Sulayhid dynasty (1047–1138) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulayhid_dynasty_(1047–1138)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayyubid_conquest_(1171–1260)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayyubid_conquest_(1171–1260)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Ayyubid conquest (1171–1260) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayyubid_conquest_(1171–1260)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rasulid_dynasty_(1229–1454)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rasulid_dynasty_(1229–1454)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Rasulid dynasty (1229–1454) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rasulid_dynasty_(1229–1454)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tahirid_dynasty_(1454–1517)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tahirid_dynasty_(1454–1517)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Tahirid dynasty (1454–1517) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tahirid_dynasty_(1454–1517)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Portuguese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Zaydis_and_Ottomans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Zaydis_and_Ottomans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 The Zaydis and Ottomans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Zaydis_and_Ottomans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain_and_the_nine_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain_and_the_nine_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Great Britain and the nine regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain_and_the_nine_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Ottoman return </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mutawakkilite_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutawakkilite_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Mutawakkilite Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutawakkilite_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Aden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Aden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.5 Colonial Aden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Aden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.6 Two states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification_and_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_and_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.7 Unification and civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_and_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Contemporary Yemen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_hierarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_hierarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Social hierarchy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Revolution and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regions_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Regions and climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Export_and_import" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Export_and_import"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Export and import </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Export_and_import-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 State budget </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 People </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 World Heritage sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Yemen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 243 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-243" aria-hidden="true" > 243 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95_(%E1%8A%A0%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD)" title="የመን (አገር) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የመን (አገር)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="यमन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यमन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemen" title="Gemen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gemen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Иемен – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Иемен" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="اليمن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اليمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%A2" title="ܝܡܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B4%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Եմէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եմէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A8men" title="Yèmen – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Yèmen" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="য়েমেন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="য়েমেন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeme" title="Yeme – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yeme" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="गणतन्त्र यमन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गणतन्त्र यमन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jem%E1%BA%BD" title="Jemẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jemẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Йаман – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Йаман" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99m%C9%99n" title="Yəmən – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəmən" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="یمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ইয়েমেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়েমেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Йәмән – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йәмән" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Емен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Емен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Емэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Емэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="यमन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यमन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡེ་མེན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡེ་མེན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemen" title="Iemen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iemen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni" title="Yemeni – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Yemeni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemen" title="Iemen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iemen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ليامان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليامان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%94%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޔަމަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޔަމަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%A1di%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1hj%C3%AD_%C3%81s%C3%A1%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Shádiʼááhjí Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Shádiʼááhjí Ásáí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="यमन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="यमन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeemen" title="Jeemen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jeemen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Υεμένη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υεμένη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemeno" title="Jemeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jemeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="یمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9men" title="Yémen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yémen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89imin" title="Éimin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éimin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Yeaman" title="Yn Yeaman – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Yeaman" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemen" title="Iemen – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iemen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemen" title="Iemen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iemen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8" title="યેમેન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યેમેન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8" title="यॅमॅन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="यॅमॅन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EB%A9%98" title="예멘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예멘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemene" title="Iemene – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Iemene" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Եմեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եմեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="यमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ইয়েমেন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইয়েমেন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYemen" title="IYemen – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IYemen" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="תימן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenii" title="Yemenii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yemenii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯಮನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯಮನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="იემენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იემენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni" title="Yemeni – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Yemeni" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yem%C3%A8n" title="Yemèn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Yemèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9men" title="Yémen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Yémen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemen" title="Iemen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Iemen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemenia" title="Iemenia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iemenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemena" title="Jemena – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jemena" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemenas" title="Jemenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jemenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeme" title="Jeme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jeme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yem%C3%A9ni" title="Yeméni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Yeméni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iaman" title="Iaman – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Iaman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="यमन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="यमन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Јемен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јемен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemena" title="Iemena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iemena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="യെമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യെമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAemene" title="Īemene – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Īemene" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="येमेनचे प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="येमेनचे प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="იემენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იემენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="اليمن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليمن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="یمن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یمن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯌꯦꯃꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯦꯃꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A9men" title="Iémen – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Iémen" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ယီမင်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယီမင်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="यमन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="यमन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="गणतन्त्र यमन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गणतन्त्र यमन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3" title="イエメン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イエメン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Йаман – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йаман" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iem%C3%A8n" title="Iemèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iemèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ୟେମେନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୟେମେନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਯਮਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="यमन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="यमन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="یمن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یمن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="يمن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يمن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93" title="យេម៉ែន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="យេម៉ែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A9men" title="Iémen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iémen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ємен – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ємен" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Йиэмэн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Йиэмэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemene" title="Iemene – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iemene" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="यमन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यमन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱭᱮᱢᱮᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="یمن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="یمن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemeni" title="Jemeni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jemeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="යේමනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යේමනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="يمن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يمن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYemeni" title="IYemeni – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IYemeni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jymyn" title="Jymyn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jymyn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86" title="یەمەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەمەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Јемен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јемен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="யெமன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யெமன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamen" title="Yamen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Yamen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Йәмән – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йәмән" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%84%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းယႄႇမႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းယႄႇမႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="యెమన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యెమన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemen" title="Iemen – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Iemen" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศเยเมน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเยเมน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Яман – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Яман" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemeni" title="Iemeni – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Iemeni" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Demen" title="Ýemen – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýemen" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Йемен – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Йемен" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%90%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨐᨆᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨐᨆᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ємен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ємен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="یمن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یمن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86" title="يەمەن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەمەن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A4m%C3%A4n" title="Yämän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Yämän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeemen" title="Jeemen – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jeemen" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%96%80" title="也門 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="也門" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemen" title="Jemen – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Jemen" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%96%80" title="也門 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="也門" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="תימן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="תימן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%96%80" title="也門 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="也門" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yemen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeem%E2%80%99n" title="Jeem’n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Jeem’n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemens" title="Jemens – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jemens" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8" title="也门 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="也门" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman" title="Yaman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Yaman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%95%E1%A5%A5%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A6%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥥᥱ ᥛᥦᥢᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥕᥥᥱ ᥛᥦᥢᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C9%99m%C9%99n" title="Jəmən – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Jəmən" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q805#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Yemen" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yemen">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemen&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemen&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yemen">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemen&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemen&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Yemen" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Yemen" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemen&oldid=1258101447" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemen&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Yemen&id=1258101447&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYemen">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYemen">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Yemen&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemen&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Yemen" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yemen" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Yemen" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q805" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yemen&params=15_20_54_N_44_12_23_E_region:YE_type:city">15°20′54″N 44°12′23″E / 15.34833°N 44.20639°E / 15.34833; 44.20639</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country in West Asia. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yemen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yemen (disambiguation)">Yemen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Yemen</div><div class="ib-country-names">ٱلْجُمْهُورِيَّةُ ٱلْيَمَنِيَّةُ (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) al-Jumhūriyyatu l-Yamaniyyatu (formal) al-Jumhūriyyah l-Yamaniyyah (informal)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Yemen"><img alt="Flag of Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/125px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/188px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/250px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yemen" title="Flag of Yemen">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Yemen"><img alt="Emblem of Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Emblem_of_Yemen.svg/130px-Emblem_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Emblem_of_Yemen.svg/195px-Emblem_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Emblem_of_Yemen.svg/260px-Emblem_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="390" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yemen" title="Emblem of Yemen"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: ٱللَّهُ، ثُمَّ ٱلْوَطَنُ، ٱلثَوْرَةُ، ٱلْوَحْدَةُ Allāhu, thumma l-Waṭanu, ath-Thawratu, al-Waḥdatu "<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>, then Country, Revolution, Unity"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: الجمهورية المتحدة al-Jumhūriyyatu l-Muttaḥidatu "<a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Yemen" title="National anthem of Yemen">United Republic</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="49" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_United_Republic.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/United_States_Navy_Band_-_United_Republic.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/United_States_Navy_Band_-_United_Republic.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_United_Republic.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_United_Republic.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_United_Republic.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_United_Republic.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_United_Republic.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_United_Republic.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_United_Republic.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yemen_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Yemen_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yemen_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Yemen_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yemen_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Yemen_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="680" /></a> Location in the Eastern Hemisphere</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_of_Aden_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gulf_of_Aden_map.png/220px-Gulf_of_Aden_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gulf_of_Aden_map.png/330px-Gulf_of_Aden_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Gulf_of_Aden_map.png/440px-Gulf_of_Aden_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2086" /></a> Yemen and its neighbors</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Leadership_Council" title="Presidential Leadership Council">Presidential Leadership Council</a> recognized by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[n 1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yemen&params=15_20_54_N_44_12_23_E_region:YE_type:city">15°20′54″N 44°12′23″E / 15.34833°N 44.20639°E / 15.34833; 44.20639</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital-in-exile</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[n 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>and national language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2000)<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">92.8% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> 3.7% <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> 3.5% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">other</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020),<a href="#cite_note-CIA-6">[4]</a> also see <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Religion in Yemen</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>~99.1% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Yemen" title="Islam in Yemen">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>) <ul><li>65% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li>35% <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li>~0.9% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yemenis" title="Yemenis">Yemeni</a> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">Yemenite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> provisional <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yemen" title="List of heads of state of Yemen">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Leadership_Council" title="Presidential Leadership Council">Presidential Leadership Council</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi" title="Rashad al-Alimi">Rashad al-Alimi</a> (disputed)<a href="#cite_note-7">[n 3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of Yemen">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Awad_bin_Mubarak" title="Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak">Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak</a> (disputed)<a href="#cite_note-8">[n 4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Yemen" title="List of speakers of the House of Representatives of Yemen">President of the House of Representatives</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Barakani" title="Sultan al-Barakani">Sultan al-Barakani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Shura_Council_(Yemen)" title="Shura Council (Yemen)">Speaker of the Shura Council</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Obaid_Bin_Dagher" title="Ahmed Obaid Bin Dagher">Ahmed Obaid Bin Dagher</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shura_Council_(Yemen)" title="Shura Council (Yemen)">Shura Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Unification</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 May 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yemen" title="Constitution of Yemen">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 May 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">530,000<a href="#cite_note-area-10">[a]</a> km2 (200,000 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">49th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">34,449,825<a href="#cite_note-11">[6]</a> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">48th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">65.0/km2 (168.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">152nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $69.963 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.YE-12">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">109th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,053<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.YE-12">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">180th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $21.045 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.YE-12">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">123th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $617<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.YE-12">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">184th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2014)</th><td class="infobox-data">36.7<a href="#cite_note-13">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.424<a href="#cite_note-HDI-14">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">186th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_rial" title="Yemeni rial">Yemeni rial</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">YER</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right<a href="#cite_note-15">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Yemen" title="Telephone numbers in Yemen">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Yemen" title="Telephone numbers in Yemen">+967</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:YE" title="ISO 3166-2:YE">YE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ye" title=".ye">.ye</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86." class="mw-redirect" title="اليمن.">اليمن.</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Yemen,<a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a> officially the Republic of Yemen,<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[11]</a> Located in <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">southern Arabia</a>, it borders <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> to the northeast, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to the west, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the south, sharing <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime borders</a> with <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. Covering roughly 528,000 square kilometres (203,861 square miles),<a href="#cite_note-19">[12]</a> with a coastline of approximately 2,000 kilometres (1,200 miles), Yemen is the second largest country on the Arabian Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-20">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a> is its constitutional capital and largest city. Yemen's estimated population is 34.7 million, mostly <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[14]</a> It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>. Owing to its geographic location, Yemen has been at the crossroads of many civilisations for over 7,000 years. In 1200 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a> formed a thriving commercial kingdom that included parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and Eritrea.<a href="#cite_note-Burrowes2010-22">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson2002-23">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kitchen2003-24">[17]</a> In 275 CE, it was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a>, which spanned much of Yemen's present-day territory and was heavily influenced by Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-25">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yemen" title="Christianity in Yemen">Christianity</a> arrived in the fourth century, followed by the rapid spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the seventh century. Yemenite troops played a crucial role in early Islamic conquests.<a href="#cite_note-26">[19]</a> Various dynasties emerged between the 9th and 16th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-27">[20]</a> During the 19th century, the country was divided between the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">British</a> empires. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Kingdom of Yemen</a> was established, which in 1962 became the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a> (North Yemen) following a coup. In 1967, the British <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a> became the independent <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">People's Democratic Republic of Yemen</a> (South Yemen), the first and only officially socialist state in the Arab world. In 1990, the two Yemeni states united to form the modern Republic of Yemen, with <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a> serving as the first president until his resignation in 2012 in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[22]</a> Since 2011, Yemen has been enduring <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">a political crisis</a>, marked by <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Revolution">street protests</a> against poverty, unemployment, corruption, and President Saleh's plan to amend <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yemen" title="Constitution of Yemen">Yemen's constitution</a> and eliminate the presidential term limit.<a href="#cite_note-Gelvin-30">[23]</a> By 2015, the country became engulfed by <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">an ongoing civil war</a> with multiple entities vying for governance, including the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Leadership_Council" title="Presidential Leadership Council">Presidential Leadership Council</a> of the internationally recognized government, and the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Political_Council" title="Supreme Political Council">Supreme Political Council</a>. This conflict, which has escalated to involve various foreign powers, has led to a <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yemeni_humanitarian_crisis" title="Timeline of the Yemeni humanitarian crisis">severe humanitarian crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-glorious-34">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-36">[29]</a> Yemen is one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries in the world</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a> facing significant obstacles to <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a> and is one of the poorest countries in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a> In 2019, the United Nations reported that Yemen had the highest number of people in need of humanitarian aid, amounting to about 24 million individuals, or nearly 75% of its population.<a href="#cite_note-ReliefWeb_2019-40">[33]</a> As of 2020, Yemen ranked highest on the <a href="/wiki/Fragile_States_Index" title="Fragile States Index">Fragile States Index</a><a href="#cite_note-fragilestatesindex.org-41">[34]</a> and second-worst on the <a href="/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a>, surpassed only by the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fragilestatesindex.org-41">[34]</a> Additionally, it has the lowest <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> out of all non-African countries. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a></div> The term Yamnat was first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" title="Old South Arabian">Old South Arabian</a> inscriptions on the title of one of the kings of the second <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Shammar_Yahri%27sh" title="Shammar Yahri'sh">Shammar Yahri'sh</a>. The term probably referred to the southwestern coastline of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and the southern coastline between <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Historical Yemen</a> included much greater territory than the current nation, stretching from northern <a href="/wiki/%27Asir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Province">'Asir</a> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> One etymology derives Yemen from ymnt, meaning literally "<a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South</a> [of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>]", and significantly plays on the notion of the land to the right (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/yam%C4%ABn-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/yamīn-">𐩺𐩣𐩬</a>).<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> Other sources claim that Yemen is related to yamn or yumn, meaning "felicity" or "blessed", as much of the country is fertile, in contrast to the barren land of most of Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> The Romans called it <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a> ("happy" or "fortunate" <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>"), as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Deserta" title="Arabia Deserta">Arabia Deserta</a> ("deserted Arabia"). Latin and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> writers referred to ancient Yemen as "India", which arose from the Persians calling the <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian people">Abyssinians</a> whom they came into contact with in South Arabia by the name of the black-skinned people who lived next to them.<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">History of Yemen</a></div> Yemen has existed at the crossroads of its civilisations for more than 7,000 years. The country was home to figures such as the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> who brought a caravan of gifts for King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>. For centuries, it became a primary producer of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> exported in the port of <a href="/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocha, Yemen">Mocha</a>. From its conversion to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the 7th century, Yemen became a center of Islamic learning, and much of its architecture survived until modern times. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history of Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Minaeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyarite Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/220px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/330px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/440px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3833" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Great Dam of Marib</a></figcaption></figure> With its long sea border between eastern and western civilizations, Yemen has long existed at a crossroads of cultures with a strategic location in terms of trade on the west of the Arabian Peninsula. Large settlements for their era existed in the mountains of northern Yemen as early as 5000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaean Kingdom</a> came into existence in at least the 12th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> The four major kingdoms or tribal confederations in <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> were Saba, <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Qataban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Ma'in</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: سَـبَـأ)<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> is thought to be biblical Sheba and was the most prominent federation.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> The Sabaean rulers adopted the title <a href="/wiki/Mukarrib" title="Mukarrib">Mukarrib</a> generally thought to mean unifier,<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> or a priest-king,<a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> or the head of the confederation of South Arabian kingdoms, the "king of the kings".<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> The role of the Mukarrib was to bring the various tribes under the kingdom and preside over them all.<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> The Sabaeans built the <a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Great Dam of Marib</a> around 940 BC.<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a> The dam was built to withstand the seasonal flash floods surging down the valley. By the third century BC, Qataban, Hadhramaut, and Ma'in became independent from Saba and established themselves in the Yemeni arena. Minaean rule stretched as far as <a href="/wiki/Dedanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Dedanites">Dedan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> with their capital at <a href="/wiki/Baraqish" title="Baraqish">Baraqish</a>. The Sabaeans regained their control over Ma'in after the collapse of Qataban in 50 BC. By the time of the Roman expedition to Arabia Felix in 25 BC, the Sabaeans were once again the dominating power in Southern Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Gallus" title="Aelius Gallus">Aelius Gallus</a> was ordered to lead a military campaign to establish Roman dominance over the Sabaeans.<a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> had a vague and contradictory geographical knowledge about Arabia Felix. A Roman army of 10,000 men was defeated before reaching <a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Marib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s close relationship with Aelius Gallus led him to attempt to justify his friend's defeat in his writings. It took the Romans six months to reach Marib and 60 days to return to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The Romans blamed their <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataean</a> guide and executed him for treachery.<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> No direct mention in Sabaean inscriptions of the Roman expedition has yet been found. After the Roman expedition (perhaps earlier) the country fell into chaos, and two clans, namely <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hamdan" title="Banu Hamdan">Hamdan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar">Himyar</a>, claimed kingship, assuming the title King of Sheba and <a href="/wiki/Himyar" title="Himyar">Dhu Raydan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a> Dhu Raydan, i.e., Himyarites, allied themselves with <a href="/wiki/Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksum">Aksum</a> in Ethiopia against the Sabaeans.<a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a> The chief of <a href="/wiki/Bakil" title="Bakil">Bakil</a> and king of Saba and Dhu Raydan, <a href="/wiki/Ilasaros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilasaros">El Sharih Yahdhib</a>, launched successful campaigns against the Himyarites and Habashat, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksum">Aksum</a>. El Sharih took pride in his campaigns and added the title Yahdhib to his name, which means "suppressor"; he used to kill his enemies by cutting them to pieces.<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> Sana'a came into prominence during his reign, as he built the <a href="/wiki/Ghumdan_Palace" title="Ghumdan Palace">Ghumdan Palace</a> as his place of residence. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_(bust).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg/220px-Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg/330px-Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg/440px-Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur_%28bust%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Himyarite" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite">Himyarite</a> King <a href="/wiki/Dhamar_Ali_Yahbur" title="Dhamar Ali Yahbur">Dhamar Ali Yahbur</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Yemen_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/British_Museum_Yemen_05.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Yemen_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/British_Museum_Yemen_05.jpg/330px-British_Museum_Yemen_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/British_Museum_Yemen_05.jpg/440px-British_Museum_Yemen_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaean</a> gravestone of a woman holding a stylized sheaf of wheat, a symbol of fertility in ancient Yemen</figcaption></figure> The Himyarites annexed Sana'a from Hamdan around 100 AD.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hashid" title="Hashid">Hashdi</a> tribesmen rebelled against them and regained Sana'a around 180.<a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammar_Yahri%27sh" title="Shammar Yahri'sh">Shammar Yahri'sh</a> had conquered Hadhramaut, <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a> by 275, thus unifying Yemen and consolidating Himyarite rule.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> The Himyarites rejected <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> and adhered to a consensual form of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> called <a href="/wiki/Rahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahmanism">Rahmanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> In 354, Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> sent an embassy headed by <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_the_Indian" title="Theophilos the Indian">Theophilos the Indian</a> to convert the Himyarites to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a>, the mission was resisted by local Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Shlomo_Sand_p.193-75">[68]</a> Several inscriptions have been found in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabaean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabaean language">Sabaean</a> praising the ruling house in Jewish terms for "...helping and empowering the People of Israel."<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> According to Islamic traditions, King <a href="/wiki/Tub%27a_Abu_Kariba_As%27ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tub'a Abu Kariba As'ad">As'ad the Perfect</a> mounted a military expedition to support the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Yathrib" class="mw-redirect" title="Yathrib">Yathrib</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> Abu Kariba As'ad, as known from the inscriptions, led a military campaign to central Arabia or <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> to support the vassal <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda" title="Kingdom of Kinda">Kingdom of Kinda</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Lakhmids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmids">Lakhmids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> However, no direct reference to Judaism or Yathrib was discovered from his lengthy reign. Abu Kariba died in 445, having reigned for almost 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> By 515, Himyar became increasingly divided along religious lines and a bitter conflict between different factions paved the way for an <a href="/wiki/Aksum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksum">Aksumite</a> intervention. The last Himyarite king Ma'adikarib Ya'fur was supported by Aksum against his Jewish rivals. Ma'adikarib was Christian and launched a campaign against the Lakhmids in southern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, with the support of other Arab allies of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_Johnson_282-80">[73]</a> The Lakhmids were a bulwark of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, which was intolerant to a proselytizing religion like Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> After the death of Ma'adikarib Ya'fur around 521, a Himyarite Jewish warlord called <a href="/wiki/Dhu_Nuwas" title="Dhu Nuwas">Dhu Nuwas</a> rose to power. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> sent an embassy to Yemen. He wanted the officially Christian Himyarites to use their influence on the tribes in inner Arabia to launch military operations against Persia. Justinian I bestowed the "dignity of king" upon the Arab <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikhs</a> of Kindah and <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassan</a> in central and northern Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_Johnson_293-82">[75]</a> From early on, Roman and Byzantine policy was to develop close links with the powers of the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. They were successful in converting[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Aksum and influencing their culture. The results concerning to Yemen were rather disappointing.<a href="#cite_note-Scott_Johnson_293-82">[75]</a> A Kendite prince called Yazid bin Kabshat rebelled against Abraha and his Arab Christian allies. A truce was reached once the Great Dam of Marib had suffered a breach.<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> Abraha died around 570. The <a href="/wiki/Sasanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanid Empire">Sasanid Empire</a> annexed Aden around 570. Under their rule, most of Yemen enjoyed great autonomy except for Aden and Sana'a. This era marked the collapse of ancient South Arabian civilization, since the greater part of the country was under several independent clans until the arrival of Islam in 630.<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Islamic history of Yemen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advent_of_Islam_and_the_three_dynasties">Advent of Islam and the three dynasties</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yu%27firids" title="Yu'firids">Yu'firids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziyadid_dynasty" title="Ziyadid dynasty">Ziyadid dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Sana%27a1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Great_Mosque_of_Sana%27a1.jpg/220px-Great_Mosque_of_Sana%27a1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Great_Mosque_of_Sana%27a1.jpg/330px-Great_Mosque_of_Sana%27a1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Great_Mosque_of_Sana%27a1.jpg/440px-Great_Mosque_of_Sana%27a1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Sana'a">Great Mosque of Sana'a</a>, the oldest mosque in Yemen</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> sent his cousin <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> to Sana'a and its surroundings around 630. At the time, Yemen was the most advanced region in Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hamdan" title="Banu Hamdan">Banu Hamdan</a> confederation was among the first to accept Islam. Muhammad sent <a href="/wiki/Muadh_ibn_Jabal" title="Muadh ibn Jabal">Muadh ibn Jabal</a>, as well to Al-Janad, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Taiz" title="Taiz">Taiz</a>, and dispatched letters to various tribal leaders.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> Major tribes, including Himyar, sent delegations to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> during the "year of delegations" around 630–631. Several Yemenis accepted Islam before 630, such as <a href="/wiki/Ammar_ibn_Yasir" title="Ammar ibn Yasir">Ammar ibn Yasir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ala%27a_Al-Hadrami" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami">Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miqdad_ibn_Aswad" title="Miqdad ibn Aswad">Miqdad ibn Aswad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_Ashaari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Musa Ashaari">Abu Musa Ashaari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sharhabeel_ibn_Hasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharhabeel ibn Hasana">Sharhabeel ibn Hasana</a>. A man named <a href="/wiki/Aswad_Ansi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aswad Ansi">'Abhala ibn Ka'ab Al-Ansi</a> expelled the remaining Persians and claimed he was a prophet of <a href="/wiki/Rahman_(Islamic_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahman (Islamic term)">Rahman</a>. He was assassinated by a Yemeni of Persian origin called <a href="/wiki/Fayruz_al-Daylami" title="Fayruz al-Daylami">Fayruz al-Daylami</a>. Christians, who were mainly staying in <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a> along with Jews, agreed to pay <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizyah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جِـزْيَـة), although some Jews converted to Islam, such as <a href="/wiki/Wahb_ibn_Munabbih" title="Wahb ibn Munabbih">Wahb ibn Munabbih</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ka%27ab_al-Ahbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'ab al-Ahbar">Ka'ab al-Ahbar</a>. Yemen was stable during the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>. Yemeni tribes played a pivotal role in the Islamic expansion into Egypt, Iraq, Persia, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Southern_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Southern Italy">Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> Yemeni tribes who settled in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> contributed significantly to the solidification of <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> rule, especially during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan I</a>. Powerful Yemenite tribes such as Kinda were on his side during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(684)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (684)">Battle of Marj Rahit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Ziyad founded the Ziyadid dynasty in <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a> around 818. The state stretched from <a href="/wiki/Al_Qunfudhah" title="Al Qunfudhah">Haly</a> (in present-day Saudi Arabia) to Aden. They nominally recognized the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> but ruled independently from <a href="/wiki/Zabid" title="Zabid">Zabid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated128-92">[85]</a> By virtue of its location, they developed a special relationship with <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Abyssinia</a>. The chief of the <a href="/wiki/Dahlak_Archipelago" title="Dahlak Archipelago">Dahlak islands</a> exported slaves, as well as amber and leopard hides, to the ruler of Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-Lunpor-93">[86]</a> They controlled only a small portion of the coastal strip in Tihamah along the Red Sea, and never exercised control over the highlands and Hadhramaut.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a> A Himyarite clan called the <a href="/wiki/Yufirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Yufirids">Yufirids</a> established their rule over the highlands from <a href="/wiki/Saada" title="Saada">Saada</a> to <a href="/wiki/Taiz" title="Taiz">Taiz</a>, while Hadhramaut was an Ibadi stronghold and rejected all allegiance to the Abbasids in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated128-92">[85]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidi</a> imam, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Yahya ibn al-Husayn</a>, arrived in Yemen in 893. He was a religious cleric and judge who was invited to come to Saada from Medina to arbitrate tribal disputes.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> Yahya persuaded local tribesmen to follow his teachings. The sect slowly spread across the highlands, as the tribes of <a href="/wiki/Hashid" title="Hashid">Hashid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakil" title="Bakil">Bakil</a>, later known as "the twin wings of the imamate", accepted his authority.<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> He founded the <a href="/wiki/Rassids" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassids">Zaidi imamate</a> in 897. Yahya established his influence in Saada and Najran. He also tried to capture Sana'a from the Yufirids in 901 but failed miserably. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sulayhid_dynasty_(1047–1138)">Sulayhid dynasty (1047–1138)</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jibla_IMG_5662.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jibla_IMG_5662.JPG/220px-Jibla_IMG_5662.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jibla_IMG_5662.JPG/330px-Jibla_IMG_5662.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jibla_IMG_5662.JPG/440px-Jibla_IMG_5662.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jibla,_Yemen" title="Jibla, Yemen">Jibla</a> became the capital of the dynasty. Featured is the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Arwa_Mosque" title="Queen Arwa Mosque">Queen Arwa Mosque</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Arwa_al-_Sulaihi_Palace_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Queen_Arwa_al-_Sulaihi_Palace_1.jpg/220px-Queen_Arwa_al-_Sulaihi_Palace_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Queen_Arwa_al-_Sulaihi_Palace_1.jpg/330px-Queen_Arwa_al-_Sulaihi_Palace_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Queen_Arwa_al-_Sulaihi_Palace_1.jpg/440px-Queen_Arwa_al-_Sulaihi_Palace_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Queen_Arwa" title="Palace of Queen Arwa">Queen Arwa al-Sulaihi Palace</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhid dynasty</a> was founded in the northern highlands around 1040; at the time, Yemen was ruled by different local dynasties. In 1060, <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sulayhi" title="Ali al-Sulayhi">Ali ibn Muhammad Al-Sulayhi</a> conquered Zabid and killed its ruler Al-Najah, founder of the Najahid dynasty. His sons were forced to flee to Dahlak.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> Hadhramaut fell into Sulayhid hands after their capture of Aden in 1162.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> By 1063, Ali had subjugated <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> He then marched toward <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and occupied <a href="/wiki/Makkah" class="mw-redirect" title="Makkah">Makkah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> Ali was married to <a href="/wiki/Asma_bint_Shihab" title="Asma bint Shihab">Asma bint Shihab</a>, who governed Yemen with her husband.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated14-101">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Khutba" class="mw-redirect" title="Khutba">Khutba</a> during <a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Friday prayers</a> was proclaimed in both her husband's name and hers. No other Arab woman had this honor since the advent of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated14-101">[94]</a> Ali al-Sulayhi was killed by Najah's sons on his way to Mecca in 1084. His son Ahmed Al-Mukarram led an army to Zabid and killed 8,000 of its inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> He later installed the Zurayids to govern Aden. al-Mukarram, who had been afflicted with facial paralysis resulting from war injuries, retired in 1087 and handed over power to his wife <a href="/wiki/Arwa_al-Sulayhi" title="Arwa al-Sulayhi">Arwa al-Sulayhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> Queen Arwa moved the seat of the Sulayhid dynasty from Sana'a to <a href="/wiki/Jibla,_Yemen" title="Jibla, Yemen">Jibla</a>, a small town in central Yemen near <a href="/wiki/Ibb" title="Ibb">Ibb</a>. She sent Ismaili missionaries to India, where a significant Ismaili community was formed that exists to this day.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated51-104">[97]</a> Queen Arwa continued to rule securely until her death in 1138.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated51-104">[97]</a> She is still remembered as a great and much-loved sovereign, as attested in Yemeni historiography, literature, and popular lore, where she is referred to as Balqis al-sughra ("the junior queen of Sheba").<a href="#cite_note-105">[98]</a> Shortly after Arwa's death, the country was split between five competing petty dynasties along religious lines.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> in Egypt. A few years after their rise to power, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> dispatched his brother <a href="/wiki/Turan_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Turan Shah">Turan Shah</a> to conquer Yemen in 1174.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ayyubid_conquest_(1171–1260)">Ayyubid conquest (1171–1260)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Turan_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Turan Shah">Turan Shah</a> conquered Zabid from the <a href="/wiki/Mahdids" title="Mahdids">Mahdids</a> in 1174, then marched toward Aden in June and captured it from the Zurayids.<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanid sultans">Hamdanid sultans</a> of Sana'a resisted the Ayyubid in 1175, and the Ayyubids did not manage to secure Sana'a until 1189.<a href="#cite_note-Farhad_Daftary_2007_260-109">[102]</a> The Ayyubid rule was stable in southern and central Yemen, where they succeeded in eliminating the ministates of that region, while Ismaili and Zaidi tribesmen continued to hold out in several fortresses.<a href="#cite_note-Farhad_Daftary_2007_260-109">[102]</a> The Ayyubids failed to capture the Zaydis stronghold in northern Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> In 1191, Zaydis of <a href="/wiki/Shibam_Kawkaban_District" title="Shibam Kawkaban District">Shibam Kawkaban</a> rebelled and killed 700 Ayyubid soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Abdallah" title="Al-Mansur Abdallah">Abdullah bin Hamza</a> proclaimed the imamate in 1197 and fought al-Mu'izz Ismail, the Ayyubid Sultan of Yemen. Imam Abdullah was defeated at first but was able to conquer Sana'a and <a href="/wiki/Dhamar,_Yemen" title="Dhamar, Yemen">Dhamar</a> in 1198,<a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> and al-Mu'izz Ismail was assassinated in 1202.<a href="#cite_note-113">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Abdallah" title="Al-Mansur Abdallah">Abdullah bin Hamza</a> carried on the struggle against the Ayyubid until his death in 1217. After his demise, the Zaidi community was split between two rival imams. The Zaydis were dispersed, and a truce was signed with the Ayyubid in 1219.<a href="#cite_note-Mohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi_1987_407-114">[107]</a> The Ayyubid army was defeated in <a href="/wiki/Dhamar,_Yemen" title="Dhamar, Yemen">Dhamar</a> in 1226.<a href="#cite_note-Mohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi_1987_407-114">[107]</a> Ayyubid Sultan Mas'ud Yusuf left for Mecca in 1228, never to return.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander_D._Knysh_1999_230-115">[108]</a> Other sources suggest that he was forced to leave for Egypt instead in 1223.<a href="#cite_note-Abdul_Ali_1996_84-116">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rasulid_dynasty_(1229–1454)">Rasulid dynasty (1229–1454)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_Castle_GardenTaiz,Yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cairo_Castle_GardenTaiz%2CYemen.jpg/220px-Cairo_Castle_GardenTaiz%2CYemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cairo_Castle_GardenTaiz%2CYemen.jpg/330px-Cairo_Castle_GardenTaiz%2CYemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cairo_Castle_GardenTaiz%2CYemen.jpg/440px-Cairo_Castle_GardenTaiz%2CYemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahira_Castle" title="Al-Qahira Castle">Al-Qahira Castle</a>'s Garden in Taiz, the capital of Yemen during the <a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasulid's era</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasulid dynasty</a> was established in 1229 by Umar ibn Rasul, who was appointed deputy governor by the Ayyubids in 1223. When the last Ayyubid ruler left Yemen in 1229, Umar stayed in the country as caretaker. He subsequently declared himself an independent king by assuming the title "al-Malik Al-Mansur" (the king assisted by <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Abdul_Ali_1996_84-116">[109]</a> Umar first established himself at Zabid, then moved into the mountainous interior, taking the important highland centre Sana'a. However, the Rasulid capitals were Zabid and Taiz. He was assassinated by his nephew in 1249.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander_D._Knysh_1999_230-115">[108]</a> Omar's son Yousef defeated the faction led by his father's assassins and crushed several counterattacks by the Zaydi imams who still held on in the northern highland. Mainly because of the victories he scored over his rivals, he assumed the honorific title "al-Muzaffar" (the victorious).<a href="#cite_note-Abdul_Ali_1996_86-117">[110]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">fall of Baghdad</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in 1258, al-Muzaffar Yusuf I appropriated the title of <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdul_Ali_1996_86-117">[110]</a> He chose the city of Taiz to become the political capital of the kingdom because of its strategic location and proximity to Aden.<a href="#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri,_Jere_L._Bacharach_2006_669-118">[111]</a> The Rasulid sultans built numerous <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a> to solidify the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school of thought, which is still the dominant school of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a> amongst Yemenis today.<a href="#cite_note-David_J_Wasserstein,_Ami_Ayalon_2013_201-119">[112]</a> Under their rule, Taiz and Zabid became major international centres of Islamic learning.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander_D._Knysh_1999_231-120">[113]</a> The kings were educated men in their own right, who not only had important libraries but also wrote treatises on a wide array of subjects, ranging from astrology and medicine to agriculture and genealogy.<a href="#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri,_Jere_L._Bacharach_2006_669-118">[111]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/220px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/330px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/440px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>A 13th-century book illustration produced in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mahmud_al-Wasiti" title="Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti">al-Wasiti</a> showing a slave-market in the town of <a href="/wiki/Zabid" title="Zabid">Zabid</a> in Yemen</figcaption></figure>They had a difficult relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Mamluks_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks of Egypt">Mamluks of Egypt</a> because the latter considered them a vassal state.<a href="#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri,_Jere_L._Bacharach_2006_669-118">[111]</a> Their competition centred over the Hejaz and the right to provide <a href="/wiki/Kiswa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiswa">kiswa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27aba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'aba">Ka'aba</a> in Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri,_Jere_L._Bacharach_2006_669-118">[111]</a> The dynasty became increasingly threatened by disgruntled family members over the problem of succession, combined with periodic tribal revolts, as they were locked in a war of attrition with the Zaydi imams in the northern highlands.<a href="#cite_note-Alexander_D._Knysh_1999_231-120">[113]</a> During the last 12 years of Rasulid rule, the country was torn between several contenders for the kingdom. The weakening of the Rasulid provided an opportunity for the <a href="/wiki/Tahirids_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids (Yemen)">Banu Taher</a> clan to take over and establish themselves as the new rulers of Yemen in 1454 AD.<a href="#cite_note-David_J_Wasserstein,_Ami_Ayalon_2013_201-119">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tahirid_dynasty_(1454–1517)">Tahirid dynasty (1454–1517)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assault_on_Aden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Assault_on_Aden.jpg/220px-Assault_on_Aden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Assault_on_Aden.jpg/330px-Assault_on_Aden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Assault_on_Aden.jpg/440px-Assault_on_Aden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> failed twice to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aden" title="Siege of Aden">conquer Aden</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> managed to rule <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> until 1511</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tahirids_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids (Yemen)">Tahirids</a> were a local clan based in <a href="/wiki/Rada%27_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rada' District">Rada'a</a>. They built schools, mosques, and irrigation channels, as well as water cisterns and bridges in Zabid, Aden, <a href="/wiki/Rada%27a" title="Rada'a">Rada'a</a>, and Juban. Their best-known monument is the <a href="/wiki/Amiriya_Madrasa" title="Amiriya Madrasa">Amiriya Madrasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rada%27_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rada' District">Rada' District</a>, which was built in 1504.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> The Tahirids were too weak either to contain the Zaydi imams or to defend themselves against foreign attacks. Realizing how rich the Tahirid realm was, the Mamluks decided to conquer it.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated59-122">[115]</a> The Mamluk army, with the support of forces loyal to Zaydi Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_Yahya_Sharaf_ad-Din" title="Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din">Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din</a>, conquered the entire Tahirid realm but failed to capture Aden in 1517. The Mamluk victory was short-lived. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> conquered Egypt, hanging the last Mamluk Sultan in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated59-122">[115]</a> The Ottomans had not decided to conquer Yemen until 1538. The Zaydi highland tribes emerged as national heroes<a href="#cite_note-Abdul_Ali_1996_94-123">[116]</a> by offering stiff, vigorous resistance to the Turkish occupation.<a href="#cite_note-:4-124">[117]</a> The Mamluks tried to attach Yemen to Egypt and the Portuguese led by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, occupied the island of <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> and made an unsuccessful attack on Aden in 1513.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h3></div> Starting in the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> intervened, dominating the port of Aden for about 20 years and maintaining a fortified enclave on the island of Socotra during this period. From the 16th century, the Portuguese posed an immediate threat to Indian Ocean trade. The Mamluks therefore sent an army under Hussein al-Kurdi to fight the intruders <a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> The Mamluk sultan went to Zabid in 1515 and entered into diplomatic talks with the Tahiri sultan 'Amir bin Abdulwahab for money that would be needed for the jihad against the Portuguese. Instead of confronting them, the Mamluks, who were running out of food and water, landed on the coast of Yemen and began harassing the villagers of Tihamah to obtain the supplies they needed. The interest of Portugal on the Red Sea consisted on the one hand of guaranteeing contacts with a Christian ally in Ethiopia and on the other of being able to attack Mecca and the Arab territories from the rear, while still having absolute dominance over trade of spices, the main intention was to dominate the commerce of the cities on the coast of Africa and Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> To this end, Portugal sought to influence and dominate by force or persuasion all the ports and kingdoms that fought among themselves. It was common for Portugal to keep under its influence the Arab allies that were interested in maintaining independence from other Arab states in the region.<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Yemen" title="Modern history of Yemen">Modern history of Yemen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Zaydis_and_Ottomans">The Zaydis and Ottomans</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Yemen Eyalet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Zaidi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Zaidi State">Yemeni Zaidi State</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts" title="Yemeni–Ottoman conflicts">Yemeni–Ottoman conflicts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jemen1988-153_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jemen1988-153_hg.jpg/220px-Jemen1988-153_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jemen1988-153_hg.jpg/330px-Jemen1988-153_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jemen1988-153_hg.jpg/440px-Jemen1988-153_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4061" data-file-height="2562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Al-Bakiriyya_Mosque" title="Al-Bakiriyya Mosque">Al Bakiriyya Ottoman Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a">Sana'a</a>, was built in 1597.</figcaption></figure> The Ottomans had two fundamental interests to safeguard in Yemen: The Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina, and the trade route with India in spices and textiles—both threatened, and the latter virtually eclipsed, by the arrival of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea in the early 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Had%C4%B1m_Suleiman_Pasha" title="Hadım Suleiman Pasha">Hadım Suleiman Pasha</a>, the Ottoman governor of <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Egypt">Egypt</a>, was ordered to command a fleet of 90 ships to conquer Yemen. The country was in a state of incessant anarchy and discord as Pasha described it by saying:<a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Yemen is a land with no lord, an empty province. It would be not only possible but easy to capture, and should it be captured, it would be master of the lands of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a> and send every year a great amount of gold and jewels to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.</blockquote> Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_Yahya_Sharaf_ad-Din" title="Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din">al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din</a> ruled over the northern highlands including Sana'a, while Aden was held by the last Tahiride Sultan 'Amir ibn Dauod. Pasha stormed Aden in 1538, killing its ruler, and extended Ottoman authority to include Zabid in 1539 and eventually Tihamah in its entirety.<a href="#cite_note-Nahrawālī88-131">[124]</a> Zabid became the administrative headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Yemen Eyalet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nahrawālī88-131">[124]</a> The Ottoman governors did not exercise much control over the highlands. They held sway mainly in the southern coastal region, particularly around Zabid, Mocha, and Aden.<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> Of 80,000 soldiers sent to Yemen from Egypt between 1539 and 1547, only 7,000 survived.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_W._Stookey_1978_134-133">[126]</a> The Ottoman accountant-general in Egypt remarked:<a href="#cite_note-Robert_W._Stookey_1978_134-133">[126]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We have seen no foundry like Yemen for our soldiers. Each time we have sent an expeditionary force there, it has melted away like salt dissolved in water.</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman soldiers and Yemeni locals</figcaption></figure> The Ottomans sent yet another expeditionary force to Zabid in 1547, while Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_Yahya_Sharaf_ad-Din" title="Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din">al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din</a> was ruling the highlands independently. Yahya chose his son Ali to succeed him, a decision that infuriated his other son <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutahhar" title="Al-Mutahhar">al-Mutahhar</a> ibn Yahya.<a href="#cite_note-Nahrawālī95-134">[127]</a> Al-Mutahhar was lame, so he was not qualified for the imamate.<a href="#cite_note-Nahrawālī95-134">[127]</a> He urged Oais Pasha, the Ottoman colonial governor in <a href="/wiki/Zabid" title="Zabid">Zabid</a>, to attack his father.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> Indeed, Ottoman troops supported by tribal forces loyal to Imam al-Mutahhar stormed Taiz and marched north toward Sana'a in August 1547. The Turks officially made Imam al-Mutahhar a <a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">Sanjak-bey</a> with authority over <a href="/wiki/%27Amran" title="'Amran">'Amran</a>. Imam al-Mutahhar assassinated the Ottoman colonial governor and recaptured Sana'a, but the Ottomans, led by <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zdemir_Pasha" title="Özdemir Pasha">Özdemir Pasha</a>, forced al-Mutahhar to retreat to his fortress in <a href="/wiki/Thula" title="Thula">Thula</a>. Özdemir Pasha effectively put Yemen under Ottoman rule between 1552 and 1560. Özdemir died in Sana'a in 1561 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Pasha_(governor)" title="Mahmud Pasha (governor)">Mahmud Pasha</a>. Mahmud Pasha was described by other Ottoman officials as a corrupt and unscrupulous governor, and he was displaced by Ridvan Pasha in 1564. By 1565, Yemen was split into two provinces, the highlands under the command of Ridvan Pasha and Tihamah under Murad Pasha. Imam al-Mutahhar launched a propaganda campaign in which he claimed that the prophet Mohammed came to him in a dream and advised him to wage jihad against the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> Al-Mutahhar led the tribes to capture Sana'a from Ridvan Pasha in 1567. When Murad tried to relieve Sana'a, highland tribesmen ambushed his unit and slaughtered all of them.<a href="#cite_note-Nahrawālī180-137">[130]</a> Over 80 battles were fought. The last decisive encounter took place in Dhamar around 1568, in which Murad Pasha was beheaded and his head sent to al-Mutahhar in Sana'a.<a href="#cite_note-Nahrawālī180-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdul_Ali_1996_103-138">[131]</a> By 1568, only Zabid remained under the possession of the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-Abdul_Ali_1996_103-138">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thula_fortification2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thula_fortification2.jpg/620px-Thula_fortification2.jpg" decoding="async" width="620" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thula_fortification2.jpg/930px-Thula_fortification2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Thula_fortification2.jpg/1240px-Thula_fortification2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center;"> Ruins of Thula fortress in <a href="/wiki/%27Amran" title="'Amran">'Amran</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutahhar" title="Al-Mutahhar">al-Mutahhar</a> ibn Yahya barricaded himself against Ottoman attacks</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mocha1692.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mocha1692.jpg/220px-Mocha1692.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mocha1692.jpg/330px-Mocha1692.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mocha1692.jpg/440px-Mocha1692.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mokha" title="Mokha">Mokha</a> was Yemen's busiest port in the 17th and 18th centuries.</figcaption></figure> In 1632, Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad sent an expeditionary force of 1,000 men to conquer Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-Faulder-139">[132]</a> The army entered the city in triumph and killed its governor.<a href="#cite_note-Faulder-139">[132]</a> The Ottomans sent an army from Egypt to fight the Yemenites.<a href="#cite_note-Faulder-139">[132]</a> Seeing that the Turkish army was too numerous to overcome, the Yemeni army retreated to a valley outside Mecca.<a href="#cite_note-R._Faulder-140">[133]</a> Ottoman troops attacked the Yemenis by hiding at the wells that supplied them with water. This plan proceeded successfully, causing the Yemenis over 200 casualties, most from thirst.<a href="#cite_note-R._Faulder-140">[133]</a> The tribesmen eventually surrendered and returned to Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad died in 1644. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_Isma%27il" title="Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il">Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il</a>, another son of al-Mansur al-Qasim, who conquered Yemen in its entirety.<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> Yemen became the sole <a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">coffee</a> producer in the world.<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> The country established diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> of Persia, Ottomans of Hejaz, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in India, and Ethiopia, as well. In the first half of the 18th century, the Europeans broke Yemen's monopoly on coffee by smuggling coffee trees and cultivating them in their own colonies in the East Indies, East Africa, the West Indies, and Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> The imamate did not follow a cohesive mechanism for succession, and family quarrels and tribal insubordination led to the political decline of the Qasimi dynasty in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Britain_and_the_nine_regions">Great Britain and the nine regions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Lahej" title="Sultanate of Lahej">Sultanate of Lahej</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yem5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Yem5.jpg/220px-Yem5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Yem5.jpg/330px-Yem5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Yem5.jpg/440px-Yem5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>The building of the Legislative Council of Aden, built by the English in the 19th century as St. Mary's Church, was converted into the building of the Legislative Council in the 1960s, and is now a museum.</figcaption></figure> The British were looking for a coal depot to service their steamers en route to India. It took 700 tons of coal for a round-trip from <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>. <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> officials decided on <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> tried to reach an agreement with the Zaydi imam of Sana'a, permitting them a foothold in Mocha, and when unable to secure their position, they extracted a similar agreement from the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Lahej" title="Sultanate of Lahej">Sultan of Lahej</a>, enabling them to consolidate a position in Aden.<a href="#cite_note-Caesar_E._Farah_2002_120-149">[142]</a> The British managed to occupy Aden and evicted the Sultan of Lahej from Aden and forced him to accept their "protection".<a href="#cite_note-Caesar_E._Farah_2002_120-149">[142]</a> In November 1839, 5,000 tribesmen tried to retake the town but were repulsed and 200 were killed. With emigrants from India, East Africa, and Southeast Asia, Aden grew into a world city. In 1850, only 980 Arabs were registered as original inhabitants of the city.<a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> The English presence in Aden put them at odds with the Ottomans. The Turks asserted to the British that they held sovereignty over the whole of Arabia, including Yemen as the successor of Mohammed and the Chief of the Universal Caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_return">Ottoman return</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mukhtar_Pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mukhtar_Pasha.jpg/220px-Mukhtar_Pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mukhtar_Pasha.jpg/330px-Mukhtar_Pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mukhtar_Pasha.jpg/440px-Mukhtar_Pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> and <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a> of Yemen <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Muhtar_Pasha" title="Ahmed Muhtar Pasha">Ahmed Muhtar Pasha</a></figcaption></figure> The Ottomans were concerned about the British expansion from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British ruled subcontinent</a> to the Red Sea and Arabia. They returned to the Tihamah in 1849 after an absence of two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-152">[145]</a> Rivalries and disturbances continued among the Zaydi imams, between them and their deputies, with the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a>, with the heads of tribes, as well as with those who belonged to other sects. Some citizens of Sana'a were desperate to return law and order to Yemen and asked the Ottoman Pasha in Tihamah to pacify the country.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869 strengthened the Ottoman decision to remain in Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-B._Z._Eraqi_Klorman_1993_11-154">[147]</a> By 1873, the Ottomans succeeded in conquering the northern highlands. Sana'a became the administrative capital of <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Yemen Vilayet</a>. The Ottomans learned from their previous experience and worked on the disempowerment of local lords in the highland regions. They even attempted to secularize the Yemeni society, while <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> came to perceive themselves in Yemeni nationalist terms.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> The Ottomans appeased the tribes by forgiving their rebellious chiefs and appointing them to administrative posts. They introduced a series of reforms to enhance the country's economic welfare. However, corruption was widespread in the Ottoman administration in Yemen. This was because only the worst of the officials were appointed because those who could avoid serving in Yemen did so.<a href="#cite_note-Doğan_Gürpınar_2013_71-156">[149]</a> The Ottomans had reasserted control over the highlands for a temporary duration.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-152">[145]</a> The so-called <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms were considered heretic by the Zaydi tribes. In 1876, the Hashid and Bakil tribes rebelled against the Ottomans; the Turks had to appease them with gifts to end the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> The tribal chiefs were difficult to appease and an endless cycle of violence curbed Ottoman efforts to pacify the land. <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a> proposed that the Ottoman army evacuate the highlands and confine itself to Tihamah, and not unnecessarily burden itself with continuing military operation against the Zaydi tribes.<a href="#cite_note-Doğan_Gürpınar_2013_71-156">[149]</a> Imam <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_Hamid_ed-Din" title="Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din">Yahya Hamidaddin</a> led a rebellion against the Turks in 1904; the rebels disrupted the Ottoman ability to govern.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> The revolts between 1904 and 1911 were especially damaging to the Ottomans, costing them as many as 10,000 soldiers and as much as 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a> per year.<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> The Ottomans signed a treaty with imam <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_Hamid_ed-Din" title="Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din">Yahya Hamidaddin</a> in 1911. Under the treaty, Imam Yahya was recognized as an autonomous leader of the Zaydi northern highlands. The Ottomans continued to rule <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> areas in the mid-south until their departure in 1918. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutawakkilite_Kingdom">Mutawakkilite Kingdom</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Kingdom of Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dar_al_hajar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dar_al_hajar.jpg/220px-Dar_al_hajar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dar_al_hajar.jpg/330px-Dar_al_hajar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Dar_al_hajar.jpg/440px-Dar_al_hajar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Imam <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_Hamid_ed-Din" title="Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din">Yahya Hamid Ed-Din</a>'s house near Sana'a</figcaption></figure> Imam Yahya hamid ed-Din al-Mutawakkil was ruling the northern highlands independently from 1911, from which he began a conquest of the Yemen lands. In 1925 Yahya captured al-Hudaydah from the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated509-160">[153]</a> In 1927, Yahya's forces were about 50 km (30 mi) away from Aden, Taiz, and Ibb, and were bombed by the British for five days; the imam had to pull back.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated34-161">[154]</a> Small <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> forces, mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Madh%27hij" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hij">Madh'hij</a> confederation of <a href="/wiki/Marib" title="Marib">Marib</a>, attacked <a href="/wiki/Shabwah_Governorate" title="Shabwah Governorate">Shabwah</a> but were bombed by the British and had to retreat. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> was the first to recognize Yahya as the king of Yemen in 1926. This created a great deal of anxiety for the British, who interpreted it as recognition of Imam Yahya's claim to sovereignty over Greater Yemen, which included the Aden protectorate and Asir.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> The Idrisis turned to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> seeking his protection from Yahya. However, in 1932, the Idrisis broke their accord with Ibn Saud and went back to Yahya seeking help against Ibn Saud, who had begun liquidating their authority and expressed his desire to annex those territories into his own Saudi domain.<a href="#cite_note-Madawi_al-Rasheed_2002_101-163">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> Yahya demanded the return of all Idrisi dominion.<a href="#cite_note-Madawi_al-Rasheed_2002_101-163">[156]</a> Negotiations between Yahya and Ibn Saud proved fruitless. After the 1934 Saudi-Yemeni war, Ibn Saud announced a ceasefire in May 1934.<a href="#cite_note-Madawi_al-Rasheed_97-165">[158]</a> Imam Yahya agreed to release Saudi hostages and the surrender of the Idrisis to Saudi custody. Imam Yahya ceded the three provinces of Najran, Asir, and <a href="/wiki/Jizan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Jizan Region">Jazan</a> for 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> and signed another treaty with the British government in 1934. The imam recognized the British sovereignty over Aden protectorate for 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> Out of fear for <a href="/wiki/Al_Hudaydah" title="Al Hudaydah">Hudaydah</a>, Yahya did submit to these demands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_Aden">Colonial Aden</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_in_Aden_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Queen_Elizabeth_in_Aden_1954.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_in_Aden_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Queen_Elizabeth_in_Aden_1954.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_in_Aden_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Queen_Elizabeth_in_Aden_1954.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_in_Aden_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> holding a sword, prepared to <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a> subjects in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> as part of a <a href="/wiki/1954_royal_visit_to_Aden_by_Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 royal visit to Aden by Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">1954 visit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> is at right.</figcaption></figure> Starting in 1890, hundreds of Yemeni people from Hajz, Al-Baetha, and Taiz migrated to Aden to work at ports, and as labourers. This helped the population of Aden once again become predominantly Arab after, having been declared a free zone, it had become mostly foreigners. During World War II, Aden had increasing economic growth and became the second-busiest port in the world after <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wealth_p.117-168">[161]</a> After the rise of labour unions, a rift was apparent between the sectors of workers and the first signs of resistance to the occupation started in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Wealth_p.117-168">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Luqman" title="Muhammad Ali Luqman">Muhammad Ali Luqman</a> founded the first Arabic club and school in Aden, and was the first to start working towards a union.<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Aden">Colony of Aden</a> was divided into an eastern colony and a western colony. Those were further divided into 23 sultanates and emirates, and several independent tribes that had no relationships with the sultanates. The deal between the sultanates and Britain detailed protection and complete control of foreign relations by the British. The Sultanate of Lahej was the only one in which the sultan was referred to as His Highness.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">Federation of South Arabia</a> was created by the British to counter <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> by giving more freedom to the rulers of the nations.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a> inspired many in the south to rise against the British rule. The <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Liberation Front (Yemen)">National Liberation Front</a> (NLF) of Yemen was formed with the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Qahtan_Muhammad_al-Shaabi" title="Qahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi">Qahtan Muhammad Al-Shaabi</a>. The NLF hoped to destroy all the sultanates and eventually unite with the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a>. Most of the support for the NLF came from <a href="/wiki/Radfan" title="Radfan">Radfan</a> and Yafa, so the British launched Operation Nutcracker, which completely burned Radfan in January 1964.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Two_states">Two states</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg/220px-Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg/330px-Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg/440px-Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">Egyptian military intervention</a> in North Yemen, 1962</figcaption></figure> Arab nationalism had an influence in some circles who opposed the lack of modernization efforts in the Mutawakkilite monarchy. This became apparent when Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Yahya" title="Ahmad bin Yahya">Ahmad bin Yahya</a> died in 1962. He was succeeded by his son, but army officers attempted to seize power, sparking the <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> The Hamidaddin royalists were supported by Saudi Arabia, Britain, and Jordan (mostly with weapons and financial aid, but also with small military forces), whilst the military rebels were backed by Egypt. Egypt provided the rebels with weapons and financial assistance, but also sent a large military force to participate in the fighting. Israel covertly supplied weapons to the royalists to keep the Egyptian military busy in Yemen and make Nasser less likely to initiate a conflict in the Sinai. After six years of civil war, the military rebels formed the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aden7-1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aden7-1967.jpg/220px-Aden7-1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aden7-1967.jpg/330px-Aden7-1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aden7-1967.jpg/440px-Aden7-1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Aden" title="British Forces Aden">British Army</a>'s counter-insurgency campaign in the British-controlled territories of <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a>, 1967</figcaption></figure> The revolution in the north coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a>, which hastened the end of British rule in the south. On 30 November 1967, the state of South Yemen was formed, comprising Aden and the former Protectorate of South Arabia. This socialist state was later officially known as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Democratic Republic of Yemen">People's Democratic Republic of Yemen</a> and a programme of nationalisation was begun.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> Relations between the two Yemeni states fluctuated between peaceful and hostile. The South was supported by the Eastern bloc. The North, however, was not able to get the same connections. In 1972, the two states fought a war. The war was resolved with a ceasefire and negotiations brokered by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, where it was declared that unification would eventually occur. In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a> was named as president of the Yemen Arab Republic.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Timeline-176">[169]</a> After the war, the North complained about the South's help from foreign countries. This included Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> In 1979, fresh fighting between the two states resumed and efforts were renewed to bring about unification.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Timeline-176">[169]</a> Thousands were killed in 1986 in the <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Civil War">South Yemen Civil War</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Nasser_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Nasser Muhammad">Ali Nasser Muhammad</a> fled to the north and was later sentenced to death for treason. A new government formed.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Timeline-176">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unification_and_civil_war">Unification and civil war</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">Yemeni Civil War (1994)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divided_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Divided_Yemen.svg/220px-Divided_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Divided_Yemen.svg/330px-Divided_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Divided_Yemen.svg/440px-Divided_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a> (in orange) and <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> (in blue) before 1990. Land gained after unification is in grey.</figcaption></figure> In 1990, the two governments reached a full agreement on the joint governing of Yemen, and the countries were merged on 22 May 1990, with Saleh as president.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Timeline-176">[169]</a> The president of South Yemen, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Salim_al-Beidh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Salim al-Beidh">Ali Salim al-Beidh</a>, became vice president.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Timeline-176">[169]</a> A unified <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Representatives of Yemen">parliament</a> was formed and a unity constitution was agreed upon.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Timeline-176">[169]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_parliamentary_election,_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni parliamentary election, 1993">1993 parliamentary election</a>, the first held after unification, the <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a> won 122 of 301 seats.<a href="#cite_note-elections-178">[171]</a>: 309  After the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">invasion of Kuwait</a> crisis in 1990, Yemen's president opposed military intervention from non-Arab states.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> As a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> for 1990 and 1991, Yemen abstained on a number of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UNSC</a> resolutions concerning Iraq and Kuwait<a href="#cite_note-YemenProfile2008-180">[173]</a> and voted against the "...use of force resolution." The vote outraged the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> and Saudi Arabia expelled 800,000 Yemenis in 1990 and 1991 to punish Yemen for its opposition to the intervention.<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> In the absence of strong state institutions, <a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">elite politics</a> in Yemen constituted a de facto form of <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_governance" title="Collaborative governance">collaborative governance</a>, where competing tribal, regional, religious, and political interests agreed to hold themselves in check through tacit acceptance of the balance it produced.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> The informal political settlement was held together by a power-sharing deal among three men: President Saleh, who controlled the state; major general <a href="/wiki/Ali_Mohsen_al-Ahmar" title="Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar">Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar</a>, who controlled the largest share of the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces" title="Yemeni Armed Forces">Yemeni Armed Forces</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Husayn_al-Ahmar" title="Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar">Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar</a>, figurehead of the Islamist <a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">al-Islah party</a> and Saudi Arabia's chosen broker of transnational <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">patronage payments</a> to various political players,<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> including tribal <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikhs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a> The Saudi payments have been intended to facilitate the tribes' autonomy from the Yemeni government and to give the Saudi government a mechanism with which to weigh in on Yemen's political decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a> Following food riots in major towns in 1992, a new coalition government made up of the ruling parties from both the former Yemeni states was formed in 1993. However, Vice President al-Beidh withdrew to Aden in August 1993 and said he would not return to the government until his grievances were addressed. These included northern violence against his <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party" title="Yemeni Socialist Party">Yemeni Socialist Party</a>, as well as the economic marginalization of the south.<a href="#cite_note-war-190">[183]</a> Negotiations to end the political deadlock dragged on into 1994. The government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Haydar_Abu_Bakr_Al-Attas" class="mw-redirect" title="Haydar Abu Bakr Al-Attas">Haydar Abu Bakr Al-Attas</a> became ineffective due to political infighting.<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a> An accord between northern and southern leaders was signed in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> on 20 February 1994, but this could not stop the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a> During these tensions, both the northern and southern armies (which had never integrated) gathered on their respective frontiers.<a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Yemen">Contemporary Yemen</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Prayers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prayers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-Prayers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prayers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-Prayers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Prayers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-Prayers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="850" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Prayers during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> in Sana'a</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Sana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sana.jpg/220px-Sana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sana.jpg/330px-Sana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sana.jpg/440px-Sana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="2099" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">In 2012, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that "Sana'a risks becoming the first capital in the world to <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Yemen" title="Water supply and sanitation in Yemen">run out of a viable water supply</a> as Yemen's streams and natural aquifers run dry".<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ali_Abdullah_Saleh-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/President_Ali_Abdullah_Saleh-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a> became Yemen's first directly elected president in <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_presidential_election,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni presidential election, 1999">the 1999 presidential election</a>, winning 96% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-elections-178">[171]</a>: 310  The only other candidate, <a href="/wiki/Najeeb_Qahtan_Al-Sha%27abi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najeeb Qahtan Al-Sha'abi">Najeeb Qahtan Al-Sha'abi</a>, was the son of Qahtan Muhammad al-Sha'abi, a former president of South Yemen. Though a member of Saleh's <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a> (GPC) party, Najeeb ran as an independent.<a href="#cite_note-REVERSAL-195">[188]</a> In October 2000, 17 U.S. personnel died after an al-Qaeda <a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">suicide attack on the U.S. naval vessel USS Cole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> on the United States, President Saleh assured U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> that Yemen was a partner in his <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>. In 2001, violence surrounded <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_constitutional_referendum,_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni constitutional referendum, 2001">a referendum</a>, which apparently supported extending Saleh's rule and powers. The <a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi insurgency in Yemen">Houthi insurgency in Yemen</a> began in June 2004 when dissident cleric <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Badreddin_al-Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi">Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi</a>, head of the Zaidi Shia sect, launched an uprising against the Yemeni government. The Yemeni government alleged that the <a href="/wiki/Houthis" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthis">Houthis</a> were seeking to overthrow it and to implement Shī'ite <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious law</a>. The rebels countered that they were "defending their community against discrimination" and government aggression.<a href="#cite_note-Deadly_blast-196">[189]</a> In 2005, at least 36 people were killed in clashes across the country between police and protesters over rising fuel prices. In the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_presidential_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni presidential election, 2006">2006 presidential election</a>, Saleh won with 77% of the vote. His main rival, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Shamlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal bin Shamlan">Faisal bin Shamlan</a>, received 22%.<a href="#cite_note-presidentsaleh.gov.ye-197">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a> Saleh was sworn in for another term on 27 September.<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a> A suicide bomber killed eight Spanish tourists and two Yemenis in the <a href="/wiki/Marib_Governorate" title="Marib Governorate">Marib Governorate</a> in July 2007. A series of bomb attacks occurred on police, official, diplomatic, foreign business, and tourism targets in 2008. Car bombings outside the U.S. embassy in Sana'a killed 18 people, including six of the assailants in September 2008. In 2008, an opposition rally in Sana'a demanding electoral reform was met with police gunfire.<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_hierarchy">Social hierarchy</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yemen" title="Special:EditPage/Yemen">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yemen%22">"Yemen"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yemen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yemen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yemen%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yemen%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yemen%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There is a system of social stratification in Yemen that was officially abolished at the creation of the Yemen Arab Republic in 1962, but in practice this system has not disappeared and Yemeni society is still organized around hierarchical ranks. The difference between ranks is manifested by descent and occupation and is consolidated by marriages between people of the same ranks. There are five status groups. At the top of hierarchy, there are the religious elites, also called sada. These are then followed by the strata of judges (quad). The third hierarchical status is the qaba’il, who are the peasants who belong to tribes and who live mainly from agriculture and trading. The fourth group is called the mazayanah. This group is composed of people who had no land and provide different kinds of services such as butchers and craftsmen. Finally, at the bottom of the hierarchy are the slaves (a’bid) and even further below them <a href="/wiki/Al-Akhdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Akhdam">Al-Akhdam</a>, which means servants.<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_and_aftermath">Revolution and aftermath</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Famine in Yemen">Famine in Yemen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yemen" title="Special:EditPage/Yemen">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yemen%22">"Yemen"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yemen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yemen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yemen%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yemen%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yemen%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:2011%E2%80%932012_Yemeni_revolution_(from_Al_Jazeera)_-_20110301-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2011%E2%80%932012_Yemeni_revolution_%28from_Al_Jazeera%29_-_20110301-04.jpg/220px-2011%E2%80%932012_Yemeni_revolution_%28from_Al_Jazeera%29_-_20110301-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2011%E2%80%932012_Yemeni_revolution_%28from_Al_Jazeera%29_-_20110301-04.jpg/330px-2011%E2%80%932012_Yemeni_revolution_%28from_Al_Jazeera%29_-_20110301-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2011%E2%80%932012_Yemeni_revolution_%28from_Al_Jazeera%29_-_20110301-04.jpg/440px-2011%E2%80%932012_Yemeni_revolution_%28from_Al_Jazeera%29_-_20110301-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1520" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tens of thousands of protesters marching to <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a University">Sana'a University</a>, joined for the first time by opposition parties, during the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Yemeni_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Yemeni revolution">2011–2012 Yemeni revolution</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg/220px-Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg/330px-Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg/440px-Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led air strike</a> on Sana'a, 12 June 2015</div></div></div></div></div> The 2011 <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Revolution">Yemeni revolution</a> followed other <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> mass protests in early 2011. The uprising was initially against unemployment, economic conditions, and corruption, as well as against the government's proposals to modify the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yemen" title="Constitution of Yemen">constitution of Yemen</a> so that Saleh's son could inherit the presidency. In March 2011, police snipers opened fire on a pro-democracy camp in Sana'a, killing more than 50 people. In May, dozens were killed in clashes between troops and tribal fighters in Sana'a. By this point, Saleh began to lose international support. In October 2011, Yemeni human rights activist <a href="/wiki/Tawakul_Karman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawakul Karman">Tawakul Karman</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> condemned the violence and called for a transfer of power. On 23 November 2011, Saleh flew to <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, in neighbouring Saudi Arabia, to sign the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Co-operation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Co-operation Council">Gulf Co-operation Council</a> plan for political transition, which he had previously spurned. Upon signing the document, he agreed to legally transfer the office and powers of the presidency to his deputy, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> Hadi took office for a two-year term upon winning the uncontested presidential elections in February 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2012-203">[196]</a> A unity government—including a prime minister from the opposition—was formed. Al-Hadi would oversee the drafting of a new constitution, followed by parliamentary and presidential elections in 2014. Saleh returned in February 2012. In the face of objections from thousands of street protesters, parliament granted him full immunity from prosecution. Saleh's son, General <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ahmed Ali Abdullah Saleh</a>, continues to exercise a strong hold on sections of the military and security forces. <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">AQAP</a> claimed responsibility for a February 2012 suicide attack on the presidential palace that killed 26 Republican Guards on the day that President Hadi was sworn in. AQAP was also behind a suicide bombing that killed 96 soldiers in Sana'a three months later. In September 2012, a car bomb attack in Sana'a killed 11 people, a day after a local al-Qaeda leader <a href="/wiki/Said_al-Shihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Said al-Shihri">Said al-Shihri</a> was reported killed in the south. By 2012, there was a "small contingent of U.S. special-operations troops"—in addition to CIA and "unofficially acknowledged" U.S. military presence—in response to increasing terror attacks by AQAP on Yemeni citizens.<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> Many analysts have pointed out the former Yemeni government role in cultivating terrorist activity in the country.<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a> Following the election of President <a href="/wiki/Abdrabbuh_Mansur_Hadi" title="Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi">Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi</a>, the Yemeni military was able to push <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Yemen)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)">Ansar al-Sharia</a> back and recapture the <a href="/wiki/Shabwah_Governorate" title="Shabwah Governorate">Shabwah Governorate</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemeni_Civil_War.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yemeni_Civil_War.svg/220px-Yemeni_Civil_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yemeni_Civil_War.svg/330px-Yemeni_Civil_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yemeni_Civil_War.svg/440px-Yemeni_Civil_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>Current (February 2024) political and military control in ongoing <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Yemen" title="Cabinet of Yemen">Government of Yemen</a> (under the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Leadership_Council" title="Presidential Leadership Council">Presidential Leadership Council</a> since April 2022) and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">allies</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthis</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Political_Council" title="Supreme Political Council">Supreme Political Council</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>-backed <a href="/wiki/Southern_Transitional_Council" title="Southern Transitional Council">Southern Transitional Council</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda (AQAP)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Sharia_(Yemen)" title="Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)">Ansar al-Sharia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Hadrami_Elite_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrami Elite Forces">Hadrami Elite Forces</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by Tareq Saleh's National Resistance Forces</div></figcaption></figure> The central government in Sana'a remained weak, staving off challenges from <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="South Yemen Movement">southern separatists</a> and Houthis as well as AQAP. The <a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> intensified after Hadi took power, escalating in September 2014 as anti-government forces led by <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sana%27a_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sana'a (2014)">swept into the capital</a> and forced Hadi to agree to a "unity" government.<a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a> The Houthis then refused to participate in the government,<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a> although they continued to apply pressure on Hadi and his ministers, even shelling the president's private residence and placing him under house arrest,<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a> until the government's mass resignation in January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> The following month, the Houthis dissolved parliament and <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Yemeni_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état">declared</a> that a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Committee_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Committee (Yemen)">Revolutionary Committee</a> under <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_al-Houthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Ali al-Houthi">Mohammed Ali al-Houthi</a> was the interim authority in Yemen. Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, a cousin of the acting president, called the takeover a "glorious revolution". However, the "constitutional declaration" of 6 February 2015 was widely rejected by opposition politicians and foreign governments, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-glorious-34">[27]</a> Hadi managed to flee from Sana'a to Aden, his hometown and stronghold in the south, on 21 February 2015. He promptly gave a televised speech rescinding his resignation, condemning the coup, and calling for recognition as the constitutional president of Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-withdraw-210">[203]</a> The following month, Hadi declared Aden Yemen's "temporary" capital.<a href="#cite_note-aden_dw-211">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> The Houthis, however, rebuffed an initiative by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a> and continued to move south toward Aden. All U.S. personnel were evacuated, and President Hadi was forced to flee the country to Saudi Arabia. On 26 March 2015, Saudi Arabia announced <a href="/wiki/Operation_Decisive_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Decisive Storm">Operation Decisive Storm</a> and began airstrikes and announced its intentions to lead a military coalition against the Houthis, who they claimed were being aided by Iran and began a force buildup along the Yemeni border. The coalition included the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The United States announced that it was assisting with intelligence, targeting, and logistics. After Hadi troops took control of Aden from Houthis, jihadist groups became active in the city, and some terrorist incidents were linked to them such as <a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity_attack_in_Aden" title="Missionaries of Charity attack in Aden">Missionaries of Charity attack in Aden</a> on 4 March 2016. In February 2018, Aden was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aden_(2018)" title="Battle of Aden (2018)">seized</a> by the UAE-backed separatist <a href="/wiki/Southern_Transitional_Council" title="Southern Transitional Council">Southern Transitional Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a> Yemen has been suffering from a <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_Yemen_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Famine in Yemen (2016–present)">famine since 2016</a> as a result of the civil war. More than 50,000 children in Yemen died from starvation in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a> Numerous commentators have condemned the Saudi-led coalition's military campaign, including its <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen" title="Blockade of Yemen">blockade of Yemen</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> The famine is being compounded by an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> that has affected more than one million people.<a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> The Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and blockade of Yemen have contributed to the famine and cholera epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a> The UN estimated that by the end of 2021, the war in Yemen would have caused over 377,000 deaths, and roughly 70% of deaths were children under age 5.<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a> On 4 December 2017, deposed strongman and former president <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a>, accused of treason, was assassinated by Houthis whilst attempting to flee clashes near rebel-held Sana'a between Houthi and pro-Saleh forces.<a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a> After losing the support of the Saudi-led coalition, Yemen's President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi resigned, and the Presidential Leadership Council took power in April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>, the Houthis began to <a href="/wiki/Houthi_involvement_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi involvement in the Israel–Hamas war">fire missiles at Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houthi_involvement_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war#Attacks_on_shipping_in_the_Red_Sea_and_Indian_Ocean_(2023–2024)" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi involvement in the Israel–Hamas war">attack ships</a> off Yemen's coast in the Red Sea, which they say is in solidarity with the Palestinians and aiming to facilitate entry of humanitarian aid into the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a> In June 2024, the UAE-backed STC were putting pressure to lease the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Aden" title="Port of Aden">Aden International Port</a> to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Ports" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhabi Ports">Abu Dhabi Ports</a>. The move was opposed by the Parliament and the public. A joint statement by 24 members of Shura Council expressed categorical rejection of the lease agreement. Economists said the Emirates was attempting to control the Aden Port and limit its activities, in order to keep its own ports active. Governor of Aden, Tariq Salam also said the lease attempt aims to devalue the Aden Port and take its international maritime status.<a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a> Aden International Port had ended its agreement to manage two container terminals with Dubai Ports World in 2012, due to economic decline and failure to fulfill commitments.<a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Geography of Yemen</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haraz_Mountains,_Yemen_(12633745063).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Haraz_Mountains%2C_Yemen_%2812633745063%29.jpg/220px-Haraz_Mountains%2C_Yemen_%2812633745063%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Haraz_Mountains%2C_Yemen_%2812633745063%29.jpg/330px-Haraz_Mountains%2C_Yemen_%2812633745063%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Haraz_Mountains%2C_Yemen_%2812633745063%29.jpg/440px-Haraz_Mountains%2C_Yemen_%2812633745063%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="3688" /></a><figcaption>Agricultural terraces in the <a href="/wiki/Jabal_Haraz" title="Jabal Haraz">Haraz</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sarawat_Mountains" title="Sarawat Mountains">Sarat Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> Yemen covers 530,000 km2 (204,634 sq mi) and is located at the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Burrows2010-232">[225]</a> It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93Yemen_border" title="Saudi Arabia–Yemen border">the north</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Yemen_border" title="Oman–Yemen border">the east</a>. Several Red Sea islands, including the <a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamaran" title="Kamaran">Kamaran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perim" title="Perim">Perim</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, belong to Yemen; the largest of these is Socotra. Many of the islands are volcanic; <a href="/wiki/Jabal_al-Tair_Island" title="Jabal al-Tair Island">Jabal al-Tair Island</a> had volcanic eruptions in 1883 and 2007. Although mainland Yemen is in the southern Arabian Peninsula and thus part of Asia, and its Hanish Islands and Perim in the Red Sea are associated with Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of Socotra, which lies east of the horn of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and is much closer to Africa than to Asia, is geographically and biogeographically associated with Africa.<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions_and_climate">Regions and climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_YEM_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Koppen-Geiger_Map_YEM_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_YEM_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Koppen-Geiger_Map_YEM_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_YEM_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Koppen-Geiger_Map_YEM_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_YEM_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption> Yemen's <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> map<a href="#cite_note-Peel-234">[227]</a> is based on temperature, precipitation and their seasonality. <table> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">BWh Hot desert</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cold_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold desert climate">BWk Cold desert</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">BSh Hot semi-arid</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">BSk Cold semi-arid</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland climate">CWb Subtropical highland</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> Yemen can be divided geographically into four main regions: the coastal plains in the west, the western highlands, the eastern highlands, and the <a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a> in the east. The <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a> ("hot lands" or "hot earth") form a very arid and flat coastal plain along Yemen's entire Red Sea coastline. Despite the aridity, the presence of many lagoons makes this region very marshy and a suitable breeding ground for <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>-borne mosquitos. Extensive crescent-shaped sand dunes are present. The evaporation in the Tihamah is so great that streams from the highlands never reach the sea, but they do contribute to extensive <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> reserves. Today, these are heavily exploited for agricultural use. Near the village of <a href="/wiki/Madar,_Yemen" title="Madar, Yemen">Madar</a> about 50 km (30 mi) north of Sana'a, dinosaur footprints were found, indicating that the area was once a muddy flat. The Tihamah ends abruptly at the <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> of the western highlands. This area, now heavily <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">terraced</a> to meet the demand for food, receives the highest rainfall in Arabia, rapidly increasing from 100 mm (3.9 in) per year to about 760 mm (29.9 in) in Taiz and over 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in Ibb. Temperatures are warm in the day but fall dramatically at night. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Yemen is the sixth most water stressed country in the world.</figcaption></figure>The central highlands are an extensive high plateau over 2,000 m (6,562 ft) in elevation. This area is drier than the western highlands because of rain-shadow influences, but still receives sufficient rain in wet years for extensive cropping. Water storage allows for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and the growing of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. Sana'a is in this region. The highest point in Yemen and Arabia is <a href="/wiki/Jabal_An-Nabi_Shu%27ayb" title="Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb">Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb</a>, at about 3,666 m (12,028 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Burrows2010-232">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin20083-235">[228]</a> Yemen's portion of the Rub al Khali desert in the east is much lower, generally below 1,000 m (3,281 ft), and receives almost no rain. It is populated only by <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> herders of <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">camels</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon_Blood_Tree,_Socotra_Island_(10098980413).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dragon_Blood_Tree%2C_Socotra_Island_%2810098980413%29.jpg/220px-Dragon_Blood_Tree%2C_Socotra_Island_%2810098980413%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dragon_Blood_Tree%2C_Socotra_Island_%2810098980413%29.jpg/330px-Dragon_Blood_Tree%2C_Socotra_Island_%2810098980413%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dragon_Blood_Tree%2C_Socotra_Island_%2810098980413%29.jpg/440px-Dragon_Blood_Tree%2C_Socotra_Island_%2810098980413%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dracaena_cinnabari" title="Dracaena cinnabari">Dracaena cinnabari</a> at <a href="/wiki/Socotra_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Socotra Island">Socotra Island</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Arabian_-_A_Lion_and_a_Leopard_Attacking_Animals_-_Walters_2171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/South_Arabian_-_A_Lion_and_a_Leopard_Attacking_Animals_-_Walters_2171.jpg/220px-South_Arabian_-_A_Lion_and_a_Leopard_Attacking_Animals_-_Walters_2171.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/South_Arabian_-_A_Lion_and_a_Leopard_Attacking_Animals_-_Walters_2171.jpg/330px-South_Arabian_-_A_Lion_and_a_Leopard_Attacking_Animals_-_Walters_2171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/South_Arabian_-_A_Lion_and_a_Leopard_Attacking_Animals_-_Walters_2171.jpg/440px-South_Arabian_-_A_Lion_and_a_Leopard_Attacking_Animals_-_Walters_2171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="976" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabian</a> relief from the fifth century BC, in <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>. On the left side of this relief, a <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">lion</a> attacks a <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelle</a>, while a <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a> tries to jump away from the gazelle's forelegs. On the right, a <a href="/wiki/Arabian_leopard" title="Arabian leopard">leopard</a> jumps down from rocks onto the back of an <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a>; a small <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodent</a> flees the hoofs of the ibex. Birds in the branches of <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a> trees observe the two scenes.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Yemen" title="Wildlife of Yemen">Wildlife of Yemen</a></div>Yemen contains six terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_coastal_fog_desert" title="Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert">Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socotra_Island_xeric_shrublands" title="Socotra Island xeric shrublands">Socotra Island xeric shrublands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Arabian_foothills_savanna" title="Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna">Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Arabian_montane_woodlands" title="Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands">Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Nubo-Sindian_tropical_desert_and_semi-desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert">Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-236">[229]</a> The flora is a mixture of the tropical African, Sudanian plant geographical region and the Saharo-Arabian region. The Sudanian element—characterized by relatively high rainfall—dominates the western mountains and parts of the highland plains. The Saharo-Arabian element dominates in the coastal plains, eastern mountain, and the eastern and northern desert plains. A high percentage of Yemen plants belong to tropical African plants of Sudanian regions. Among the Sudanian element species, the following may be mentioned: <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a> spp., <a href="/wiki/Acacia_mellifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia mellifera">Acacia mellifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grewia_villosa" title="Grewia villosa">Grewia villosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commiphora" title="Commiphora">Commiphora</a> spp., <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rosa</a> abyssinica, <a href="/wiki/Cadaba" title="Cadaba">Cadaba</a> farinosa and others.<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> Among the Saharo-Arabian species, these may be mentioned: <a href="/wiki/Panicum_turgidum" title="Panicum turgidum">Panicum turgidum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerva_javanica" title="Aerva javanica">Aerva javanica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygophyllum" title="Zygophyllum">Zygophyllum</a> simplex, <a href="/wiki/Fagonia" title="Fagonia">Fagonia</a> indica, <a href="/wiki/Salsola" title="Salsola">Salsola</a> spp., <a href="/wiki/Acacia_tortilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia tortilis">Acacia tortilis</a>, A. hamulos, <a href="/wiki/Acacia_ehrenbergiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia ehrenbergiana">A. ehrenbergiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">Phoenix dactylifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyphaene_thebaica" title="Hyphaene thebaica">Hyphaene thebaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capparis_decidua" title="Capparis decidua">Capparis decidua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvadora_persica" title="Salvadora persica">Salvadora persica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balanites_aegyptiaca" title="Balanites aegyptiaca">Balanites aegyptiaca</a>, and many others. Many of the Saharo-Arabian species are endemic to the extensive sandy coastal plain (the Tihamah).<a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> Among the fauna, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_leopard" title="Arabian leopard">Arabian leopard</a>, which would inhabit the mountains, is considered rare here.<a href="#cite_note-SpaltonHikmani2006-239">[232]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Politics of Yemen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:330px;max-width:330px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rashad_al-Alimi_-_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rashad_al-Alimi_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/152px-Rashad_al-Alimi_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rashad_al-Alimi_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/228px-Rashad_al-Alimi_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Rashad_al-Alimi_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/304px-Rashad_al-Alimi_-_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="664" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rashad_al-Alimi" title="Rashad al-Alimi">Rashad al-Alimi</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Yemen" title="President of Yemen">President</a> since 7 April 2022</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmad_Awad_bin_Mubarak_of_Yemen_in_2023_-_(53018827612)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ahmad_Awad_bin_Mubarak_of_Yemen_in_2023_-_%2853018827612%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Ahmad_Awad_bin_Mubarak_of_Yemen_in_2023_-_%2853018827612%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ahmad_Awad_bin_Mubarak_of_Yemen_in_2023_-_%2853018827612%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Ahmad_Awad_bin_Mubarak_of_Yemen_in_2023_-_%2853018827612%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ahmad_Awad_bin_Mubarak_of_Yemen_in_2023_-_%2853018827612%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Ahmad_Awad_bin_Mubarak_of_Yemen_in_2023_-_%2853018827612%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="954" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Awad_bin_Mubarak" title="Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak">Ahmad Awad bin Mubarak</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of Yemen">Prime Minister</a> since 5 February 2024</div></div></div></div></div> Yemen is a republic with a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> legislature. Under the 1991 constitution, an elected president, an elected 301-seat <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">Assembly of Representatives</a>, and an appointed 111-member <a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a> Council share power. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Yemen" title="President of Yemen">president</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of Yemen">prime minister</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. In Sana'a, a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Political_Council" title="Supreme Political Council">Supreme Political Council</a> (not recognized internationally) forms the government. The 1991 constitution provides that the president be elected by popular vote from at least two candidates endorsed by at least 15 members of the Parliament. The prime minister, in turn, is appointed by the president and must be approved by two-thirds of the Parliament. The presidential term of office is seven years, and the parliamentary term of elected office is six years. <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a> is universal for people aged 18 and older, but only Muslims may hold elected office.<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a> became the first elected president in reunified Yemen in 1999 (though he had been president of unified Yemen since 1990 and president of North Yemen since 1978). He was re-elected to office in September 2006. Saleh's victory was marked by an election that international observers judged was "partly free", though the election was accompanied by violence, violations of press freedoms, and allegations of fraud.<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a> Parliamentary elections were held in April 2003, and the <a href="/wiki/General_People%27s_Congress_(Yemen)" title="General People's Congress (Yemen)">General People's Congress</a> maintained an absolute majority. Saleh remained almost uncontested in his seat of power until 2011, when local frustration at his refusal to hold another round of elections, as combined with the consequences of the 2011 Arab Spring, resulted in mass protests.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2012-203">[196]</a> In 2012, he was forced to resign from power, though he remained an important factor in Yemeni politics, allying with the Houthis during their takeover in the mid-2010s.<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a> The constitution calls for an independent judiciary. The former northern and southern legal codes have been unified. The legal system includes separate commercial courts and a Supreme Court based in Sana'a. <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> is the main source of laws, with many court cases being debated according to the religious basis of law and many judges being religious scholars as well as legal authorities. The Prison Authority Organization Act, Republican decree no. 48 (1981), and Prison Act regulations, provide the legal framework for management of the country's prison system.<a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yemen" title="Foreign relations of Yemen">Foreign relations of Yemen</a></div> Yemen is a member of the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, and also participates in the <a href="/wiki/Nonaligned_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonaligned movement">nonaligned movement</a>. Yemen has acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:019_Rally_(39025071401).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/019_Rally_%2839025071401%29.jpg/220px-019_Rally_%2839025071401%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/019_Rally_%2839025071401%29.jpg/330px-019_Rally_%2839025071401%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/019_Rally_%2839025071401%29.jpg/440px-019_Rally_%2839025071401%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="1814" /></a><figcaption>Protest against Saudi <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen" title="Blockade of Yemen">blockade of Yemen</a>, New York City, 2017</figcaption></figure> Since the end of the 1994 civil war, tangible progress has been made on the diplomatic front in restoring normal relations with Yemen's neighbors. In the summer of 2000, Yemen and Saudi Arabia signed an International Border Treaty settling a 50-year-old dispute over the location of the border between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> Yemen's northern border had been undefined; the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a> prevented any human habitation there. The <a href="/wiki/Saudi_%E2%80%93_Yemen_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi – Yemen barrier">Saudi – Yemen barrier</a> was constructed by Saudi Arabia against an influx of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant">illegal immigrants</a> and against the smuggling of drugs and weapons.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a> The Independent headed an article with "Saudi Arabia, one of the most vocal critics in the Arab world of Israel's "security fence" in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, is quietly emulating the Israeli example by erecting a barrier along its porous border with Yemen."<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In March 2020, the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> and key U.S. allies, including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, cut off tens of millions of dollars for health care programs and other aid to the United Nations' appeal for Yemen. As a result of funding cuts, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> stated that the UN agencies were forced to either close or reduce more than 75 per cent of its programs that year alone, affecting more than 8 million people. Saudi Arabia had been leading a Western-backed military coalition, including the United Arab Emirates as a key member, which intervened in Yemen in 2015, in a bid to restore the government ousted from power by the Houthi movement. The United Nations described the situation in Yemen, where the war killed tens of thousands of people and left millions on the brink of famine, as the world's worst humanitarian crisis.<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> In January 2024, President Joe Biden announced that the United States, Britain and allies Australia, Bahrain, Canada and the Netherlands had launched a military assault on Houthi militant targets in Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Soldiers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/220px-Soldiers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Soldiers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/330px-Soldiers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Soldiers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg/440px-Soldiers_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Army">Yemeni Army</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yemen_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Yemen Armed Forces">armed forces of Yemen</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Army">Yemen Army</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Yemen)" title="Republican Guard (Yemen)">Republican Guard</a>), Navy (includes Marines), <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Air_Force" title="Yemeni Air Force">Yemeni Air Force</a> (Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Yamaniya; includes Air Defense Force). A major reorganization of the armed forces continues. The unified air forces and air defenses are now under one command. The navy has concentration in Aden. Total armed forces manning numbers about 401,000 active personnel, including moreover especially conscripts. The number of military personnel is relatively high; in sum, Yemen has the second largest military force on the Arabian Peninsula after Saudi Arabia. In 2012, total active troops were estimated as follows: army, 390,000; navy, 7,000; and air force, 5,000. In September 2007, the government announced the reinstatement of compulsory military service. Yemen's defense budget, which in 2006 represented approximately 40 percent of the total government budget, is expected to remain high for the near term, as the military draft takes effect and internal security threats continue to escalate. By 2012, Yemen had 401,000 active personnel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Human rights in Yemen</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Yemen" title="Corruption in Yemen">Corruption in Yemen</a> is such that it ranked 176 out of 180 countries in the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> The government and its security forces have been responsible for torture, inhumane treatment, and extrajudicial executions. There are arbitrary arrests of citizens, especially in the south, as well as arbitrary searches of homes. Prolonged pretrial detention is a serious problem, and judicial corruption, inefficiency, and executive interference undermine due process. Freedom of speech, the press, and religion are all restricted.<a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a> Journalists critical of the government are often harassed and threatened by the police.<a href="#cite_note-YemenProfile2008-180">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Yemen">Homosexuality</a> is illegal, punishable by death.<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> Yemen is ranked last of 135 countries in the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report">Global Gender Gap Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported on discrimination and <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a> as well as on the abolition of the minimum marriage age of 15 for women. The onset of <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> (interpreted by some to be as low as the age of nine) was set as a requirement for marriage instead.<a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> Publicity about the case of ten-year-old Yemeni divorcee <a href="/wiki/Nujood_Ali" title="Nujood Ali">Nujood Ali</a> brought the child marriage issue to the forefront worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Daragahi2008-254">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walt2009-255">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Madabish2009-256">[249]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> voted to create a team of experts to investigate suspected breaches of humanitarian law and human rights in Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a> In December 2021, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> revealed, Saudi Arabia used "incentives and threats" as part of a pressure campaign to end a UN inquiry into human rights infringements in Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a> In June 2020, a human rights group revealed the scale of torture and deaths in Yemen's unofficial detention centres. UAE and Saudi forces were responsible for some of the most shocking treatment of prisoners, including being hung upside down for hours and sexual torture such as the burning of genitals.<a href="#cite_note-259">[252]</a> According to 2020 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates, 6.1 million girls and women were in need of gender-based violence services. The UNFPA also reported a rise in gender-based violence cases amid COVID-19 pandemic, increase in rate of child marriages, most acutely among internally displaced persons (IDPs). One in five girls aged 10 to 19 were married in IDP camps, compared to 1 in 8 in host communities.<a href="#cite_note-260">[253]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> 2013 Trafficking in Persons report classified Yemen as a Tier 3 country,<a href="#cite_note-trafficking-in-persons-2013-261">[254]</a> meaning that its government does not fully comply with the minimum standards against <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Yemen" title="Human trafficking in Yemen">human trafficking</a> and is not making significant efforts to do so.<a href="#cite_note-tiers-2013-262">[255]</a> Yemen officially abolished <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">slavery in Yemen</a> in 1962,<a href="#cite_note-thedailystar2004-263">[256]</a> but it is still being practiced.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Arabiya_2010-264">[257]</a> On 22 June 2020, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> wrote an open letter to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary-General</a> on "Children and Armed Conflict" report to improve the protection of children in Yemen and in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">Amnesty</a> said, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> must urgently fix its monitoring and reporting mechanism for children affected by armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-266">[259]</a> On 14 September 2020, Human Rights Watch demanded an end to the interference caused by Houthi rebels and other authorities in Yemen aid operations, as millions of lives dependent on the aid operations were being put at risk.<a href="#cite_note-267">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Yemen" title="Governorates of Yemen">Governorates of Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federalization_of_Yemen" title="Federalization of Yemen">Federalization of Yemen</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yemen%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/330px-Yemen%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yemen%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/495px-Yemen%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yemen%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/660px-Yemen%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>Governorates of Yemen</figcaption></figure>Yemen is divided into twenty-one governorates (<a href="/wiki/Muhafazat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhafazat">muhafazat</a>) plus one municipality called "Amanat Al-Asemah" (the latter containing the constitutional capital, Sana'a).<a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a> An additional governorate (<a href="/wiki/Soqatra_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Soqatra Governorate">Soqatra Governorate</a>) was created in December 2013 comprising Socotra Island, previously part of Hadramaut Governorate.<a href="#cite_note-Presidenthadi-gov-ye.info-269">[262]</a> The governorates are subdivided into 333 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Yemen">districts</a> (muderiah), which are subdivided into 2,210 sub-districts, and then into 38,284 villages (as of 2001). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_Yemen_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Regions_of_Yemen_map.svg/330px-Regions_of_Yemen_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Regions_of_Yemen_map.svg/495px-Regions_of_Yemen_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Regions_of_Yemen_map.svg/660px-Regions_of_Yemen_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption>Map of the proposed Federal Regions of Yemen</figcaption></figure> In 2014, a constitutional panel decided to divide the country into six regions—four in the north, two in the south, and capital Sana'a outside of any region—creating a federalist model of governance.<a href="#cite_note-ajsix-270">[263]</a> This federal proposal was a contributing factor toward the Houthis' subsequent coup d'état against the government.<a href="#cite_note-271">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[266]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Saada_Governorate" title="Saada Governorate">Saada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jawf_Governorate" title="Al Jawf Governorate">Al Jawf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut_Governorate" title="Hadhramaut Governorate">Hadhramaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mahrah_Governorate" title="Al Mahrah Governorate">Al Mahrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjah_Governorate" title="Hajjah Governorate">Hajjah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Amran_Governorate" title="'Amran Governorate">'Amran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mahwit_Governorate" title="Al Mahwit Governorate">Al Mahwit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanaa Municipality">Sanaa Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a Governorate">Sana'a Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib Governorate">Ma'rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hudaydah_Governorate" title="Al Hudaydah Governorate">Al Hudaydah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymah_Governorate" title="Raymah Governorate">Raymah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamar_Governorate" title="Dhamar Governorate">Dhamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibb_Governorate" title="Ibb Governorate">Ibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhale_Governorate" title="Dhale Governorate">Dhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bayda_Governorate" title="Al Bayda Governorate">Al Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabwah_Governorate" title="Shabwah Governorate">Shabwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiz_Governorate" title="Taiz Governorate">Taiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahij_Governorate" title="Lahij Governorate">Lahij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyan_Governorate" title="Abyan Governorate">Abyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Governorate" title="Aden Governorate">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra_Governorate" title="Socotra Governorate">Socotra</a></li></ol> </div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Economy of Yemen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Yemen" title="Telecommunications in Yemen">Telecommunications in Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Yemen">Transportation in Yemen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_usage_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet usage in Yemen">Internet usage in Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita development</figcaption></figure> Since its unification in 1990, Yemen has been one of the poorest countries in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yemen&action=edit">[update]</a> Yemen had a GDP (PPP) of US$61.63 billion, with an income per capita of $2,500. Services are the largest economic sector (61.4% of GDP), followed by the industrial sector (30.9%), and agriculture (7.7%). Of these, petroleum production represents around 25% of GDP and 63% of the government's revenue.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-6">[4]</a> After the start of the civil war in 2014, its GDP dropped rapidly by over 50%,<a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a> thanks to the blockade led by Saudi Arabia and an effective embargo on oil exports imposed by the Houthis.<a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_Plantation_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coffee_Plantation_1.jpg/220px-Coffee_Plantation_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coffee_Plantation_1.jpg/330px-Coffee_Plantation_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coffee_Plantation_1.jpg/440px-Coffee_Plantation_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A coffee plantation in Yemen</figcaption></figure> Principal agricultural commodities produced include grain, vegetables, fruits, <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(legume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse (legume)">pulses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">qat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, cotton, dairy products, fish, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, camels), and poultry.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-6">[4]</a> Most Yemenis are employed in agriculture. However, the role of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural sector">agricultural sector</a> is limited by the relatively low share of the sector in GDP and the large share of net food-buying households (97%).<a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a> is the most common crop. Cotton and many fruit trees are also grown, with <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangoes</a> being the most valuable. A big problem in Yemen is the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a> (or qat), a psychoactive plant that releases a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> when chewed, and accounts for up to 40 percent of the water drawn from the Sana'a Basin each year, and that figure is rising. Some agricultural practices are drying the Sana'a Basin and displaced vital crops, which has resulted in increasing <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>. Rising food prices, in turn, pushed an additional six percent of the country into poverty in 2008 alone,<a href="#cite_note-QatProduction-279">[272]</a> and led to food riots starting in 2008 in poorer cities.<a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a> Efforts are being made by the government and <a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> community at northern governorates to replace qat with coffee plantations.<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> The industrial sector is centred on crude oil production and petroleum refining, food processing, handicrafts, small-scale production of cotton textiles and leather goods, aluminum products, commercial ship repair, cement, and natural gas production. In 2013, Yemen had an industrial production growth rate of 4.8%.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-6">[4]</a> It also has large proven reserves of natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a> Yemen's <a href="/wiki/Yemen_LNG" title="Yemen LNG">first liquified natural gas plant</a> began production in October 2009. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Export_and_import">Export and import</h3></div> In 2013, exports totaled $6.694 billion. The main export commodities are crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish, liquefied natural gas. These products were mainly sent to China (41%), Thailand (19.2%), India (11.4%), and South Korea (4.4%). Imports totaled $10.97 billion. The main imported commodities are machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, livestock, and chemicals. These products were mainly imported from the EU (48.8%), UAE (9.8%), Switzerland (8.8%), China (7.4%), and India (5.8%).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-6">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_budget">State budget</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yemen_06.jpg/220px-Yemen_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yemen_06.jpg/330px-Yemen_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yemen_06.jpg/440px-Yemen_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Drilling for oil using a <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">land rig</a></figcaption></figure> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yemen&action=edit">[update]</a>, the government's budget consisted of $7.769 billion in revenues and $12.31 billion in expenditures. Taxes and other revenues constituted roughly 17.7% of the GDP, with a budget deficit of 10.3%. The public debt was 47.1% of GDP. Yemen had reserves of foreign exchange and gold of around $5.538 billion in 2013. Its inflation rate over the same period based on consumer prices was 11.8%. The external debt totaled $7.806 billion.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-6">[4]</a> Yemen is missing some international support because, as of 2024, it is one of three countries which have not ratified the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> to limit <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Yemen" title="Water supply and sanitation in Yemen">Water supply and sanitation in Yemen</a></div> A key challenge is severe <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_the_Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impacts of the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">water scarcity</a>, especially in the Highlands, prompting <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, in 2009, to write "Yemen could become first nation to run out of water."<a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a> A second key challenge is a high level of poverty, making it difficult to recover the costs of service provision. Access to water supply sanitation is low. Yemen is both the poorest country and the most water-scarce country in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. Third, the capacity of sector institutions to plan, build, operate and maintain infrastructure remains limited. Last but not least the security situation makes it even more difficult to improve or even maintain existing levels of service. The average Yemeni has access to only 140 cubic meters of water per year (101 gallons per day) for all uses, while the Middle Eastern average is 1,000 m3/yr, and the internationally defined threshold for water stress is 1,700 cubic meters per year.<a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> Groundwater is the main source of water in the country, but the water tables have dropped severely leaving Yemen without a viable source of water. For example, in Sana'a, the water table was 30 metres (98 feet) below surface in the 1970s but had dropped to 1,200 metres (3,900 feet) below the surface by 2012. The groundwater has not been regulated by Yemen's governments.<a href="#cite_note-IRIN-286">[279]</a> Even before the revolution, Yemen's water situation had been described as increasingly dire by experts who worried that Yemen would be the first country to run out of water.<a href="#cite_note-Time_Ecocentric-287">[280]</a> In part due to the 2015 Yemeni civil war, the infrastructure required to build better <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">access to water</a> has been delayed in construction. It is estimated that as many as 80% of the population struggles to access water to drink and bathe. Bombing has forced many Yemenis to leave their homes for other areas, leaving wells in the new areas under increasing demands.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo-288">[281]</a> Together with partners, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> has advanced its efforts and provided access to safe and sustained drinking water to 8.8 million people (5.3 million children). It scaled up its emergency <a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a> assistance in Yemen to ensure sustainable WASH services through capacity building of local WASH authorities, solarisation of water systems and rainwater harvesting.<a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">Demographics of Yemen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Yemen" title="List of cities in Yemen">List of cities in Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_population_density_Yemen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Human_population_density_Yemen.png/220px-Human_population_density_Yemen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Human_population_density_Yemen.png/330px-Human_population_density_Yemen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Human_population_density_Yemen.png/440px-Human_population_density_Yemen.png 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Population density (2022)</figcaption></figure> Yemen's population is 33 million by 2021 estimates,<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-290">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-291">[284]</a> with 46% of the population being under 15 years old and 2.7% above 65 years. In 1950, it was 4.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[286]</a> By 2050, the population is estimated to increase to about 60 million.<a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a> Yemen has a high <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a>, at 4.45 children per woman.<a href="#cite_note-295">[288]</a> Sana'a's population has increased rapidly, from roughly 55,000 in 1978<a href="#cite_note-296">[289]</a> to nearly 1 million in the early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_ethno_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Yemen_ethno_2002.jpg/310px-Yemen_ethno_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Yemen_ethno_2002.jpg/465px-Yemen_ethno_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Yemen_ethno_2002.jpg/620px-Yemen_ethno_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>Yemen's <a href="/wiki/Category:Yemeni_tribes" title="Category:Yemeni tribes">tribal areas</a> and Shia/Sunni regions. <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a> predominant in the green area of Yemen's West, with the rest of Yemen being <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslims</a></figcaption></figure> When the states of North and South Yemen were established, most resident minority groups departed.<a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a> Yemen is a largely <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">tribal</a> society.<a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a> There are also hereditary caste groups in urban areas such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Akhdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Akhdam">Al-Akhdam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lehmann-300">[293]</a> There are also Yemenis of <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian origin</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqaddasi">Muqaddasi</a>, Persians formed the majority of Aden's population in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-301">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> once formed a sizable minority with a distinct culture from other Jewish communities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a> Most emigrated to Israel in the mid-20th century, following the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Operation Magic Carpet</a>. An estimated 100,000 people of Indian origin are concentrated in the southern part of the country, around Aden, Mukalla, Shihr, Lahaj, Mokha and Hodeidah.<a href="#cite_note-304">[297]</a> Most of the prominent <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Indonesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> descent are <a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhrami people</a> with origins in southern Yemen in the <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a> coastal region.<a href="#cite_note-305">[298]</a> Today there are almost 10,000 Hadramis in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-306">[299]</a> The Hadramis migrated to Southeast Asia, East Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maqil" title="Maqil">Maqil</a> were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes of Yemeni origin who migrated westwards via Egypt. Several groups of Yemeni Arabs turned south to <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, and by the end of the 17th century, they dominated the entire country. They can also be found throughout Morocco and in Algeria as well as in other North African countries.<a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a> Yemen is the birthplace of the Arabs and the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">language</a>; <a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qahtanite</a> Arabs —the original Arabs — originated in Yemen. According to Arab tradition, <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> married a woman from the <a href="/wiki/Jurhum" title="Jurhum">Jurhum</a> tribe.<a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a> Yemen is the only country in the Arabian Peninsula that is signatory to two international accords dating back to 1951 and 1967 governing the protection of refugees.<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_Fowler-310">[303]</a> Yemen hosted a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 124,600 in 2007. Refugees and asylum seekers were predominantly from <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (110,600), <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (11,000), <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (2,000),<a href="#cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2008-311">[304]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[305]</a> Additionally, more than 334,000 Yemenis have been internally displaced by conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_Fowler-310">[303]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_diaspora" title="Yemeni diaspora">Yemeni diaspora</a> is largely concentrated in neighbouring Saudi Arabia, where between 800,000 and 1 million Yemenis reside,<a href="#cite_note-313">[306]</a> and the United Kingdom, home to between <a href="/wiki/Yemenis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Yemenis in the United Kingdom">70,000 and 80,000</a> Yemenis.<a href="#cite_note-314">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> is the official language, while <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Arabic" title="Yemeni Arabic">Yemeni Arabic</a> is used as the vernacular. In <a href="/wiki/Al_Mahrah_Governorate" title="Al Mahrah Governorate">al Mahrah Governorate</a> in the far east and the island of <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_South_Arabian_languages" title="Modern South Arabian languages">several non-Arabic languages</a> are spoken.<a href="#cite_note-315">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Sign_Language" title="Yemeni Sign Language">Yemeni Sign Language</a> is used by the deaf community. Yemen is part of the homeland of the <a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South Semitic languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a> is the largest South Semitic language spoken in the nation, with more than 70,000 speakers. The ethnic group is called Mahra. <a href="/wiki/Soqotri_language" title="Soqotri language">Soqotri</a> is another South Semitic language, with speakers on the island of Socotra isolated from the pressures of Arabic on the Yemeni mainland. According to the 1990 census, the number of speakers was 57,000.<a href="#cite_note-317">[310]</a> Yemen was home of the <a href="/wiki/Old_South_Arabian" title="Old South Arabian">Old South Arabian</a> languages. The <a href="/wiki/Razihi_language" title="Razihi language">Razihi language</a> appears to be the only remaining Old South Arabian language. English is the most important foreign language, being widely taught and spoken mostly in the south, a former British protectorate.<a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Yemen<a href="#cite_note-319">[312]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:56.36%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">56.36%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidiyyah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Islam)</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lime; width:42.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">42.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:1.54%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.54%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Islam is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Religion in Yemen</a> consists primarily of two Islamic religious groups. According to a UNHCR report, the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> "Zaydis make up about 45 percent of the population, Sunnis 53 percent and there are also tiny minorities of other Shia groups—the Ismaili and Twelver communities."<a href="#cite_note-320">[313]</a> Sunnis are primarily <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> but also include significant groups of <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Malikis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbalis</a>. Shias are primarily <a href="/wiki/Zaydiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydiyyah">Zaydi</a> and also have significant minorities of <a href="/wiki/Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaili">Ismaili</a><a href="#cite_note-UNHRC-321">[314]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a><a href="#cite_note-UNHRC-321">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[315]</a> Shias. The Sunnis are predominantly in the south and southeast which traditionally have less population. The Zaidis/Shias are predominantly in the north and northwest where the vast majority of the Yemeni population traditionally lives whilst the Ismailis are in the main centres such as Sana'a and Ma'rib. There are mixed communities in the larger cities.<a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[317]</a> According to WIN/Gallup International polls, Yemen has the highest share of the population identifying as religious among Arab countries, and one of the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-325">[318]</a> About .05 percent of Yemenis are non-Muslim—adhering to Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Judaism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a> or having no religious affiliation. Yemen is number five on Open Doors' 2022 World Watch List, an annual ranking of the 50 countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution.<a href="#cite_note-326">[319]</a> Estimates of the number of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yemen" title="Christianity in Yemen">Christians in Yemen</a> range from 25,000<a href="#cite_note-us-327">[320]</a> to 41,000.<a href="#cite_note-Guide:_Christians_in_the_Middle_East-328">[321]</a> A 2015 study estimates 400 Christians from a Muslim background reside in the country.<a href="#cite_note-329">[322]</a> There are approximately 50 or fewer <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Jews left in Yemen</a>. Some 200 Yemeni Jews were brought to Israel by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2016.<a href="#cite_note-330">[323]</a> According to a 2020 estimate, as few as 26 Jews remain in Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a> However, in 2022 it was estimated that only one Yemeni Jew remained according to a United Nations report about the treatment of religious minorities in conflict zones; however, there are reportedly a handful of "hidden Jews" who have converted to Islam but secretly continue to practice Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-332">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Education in Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UIS_Literacy_Rate_Yemen_population_plus15_1995-2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Yemen_population_plus15_1995-2015.png/220px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Yemen_population_plus15_1995-2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Yemen_population_plus15_1995-2015.png/330px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Yemen_population_plus15_1995-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Yemen_population_plus15_1995-2015.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Literacy rate of the population aged 15 or older (1995–2015) by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Institute of Statistics</figcaption></figure> The adult literacy rate in 2010 was 64%.<a href="#cite_note-unescolit-333">[326]</a> The government has committed to reduce illiteracy to less than 10% by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-334">[327]</a> Although the government provides for universal, compulsory, free education for children ages six through 15, the U.S. Department of State reports that compulsory attendance is not enforced. The government developed the National Basic Education Development Strategy in 2003 that aimed at providing education to 95% of children between the ages of six and 14 years and also at decreasing the gap between males and females in urban and rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-335">[328]</a> A seven-year project to improve gender equity and the quality and efficiency of secondary education, focusing on girls in rural areas, was approved by the World Bank in March 2008. Following this, Yemen has increased its education spending from 5% of GDP in 1995 to 10% in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-YemenProfile2008-180">[173]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Webometrics Ranking of World Universities">Webometrics Ranking of World Universities</a>, the top-ranking universities in the country are the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_University_of_Science_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni University of Science & Technology">Yemeni University of Science & Technology</a> (6532nd worldwide), Al Ahgaff University (8930th) and <a href="/wiki/Sanaa_University" title="Sanaa University">Sanaa University</a> (11043rd).<a href="#cite_note-336">[329]</a> Yemen was ranked 131st in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2021, down from 129th in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Yemen" title="Health in Yemen">Health in Yemen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Famine in Yemen">Famine in Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Yemen_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2016–17 Yemen cholera outbreak">2016–17 Yemen cholera outbreak</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemeni_doctor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Yemeni_doctor.jpg/220px-Yemeni_doctor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Yemeni_doctor.jpg/330px-Yemeni_doctor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Yemeni_doctor.jpg/440px-Yemeni_doctor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="2211" /></a><figcaption>A Yemeni doctor examines an infant in a USAID-sponsored health care clinic.</figcaption></figure> Despite the significant progress the government has made to expand and improve its health care system over the past decade, the system remains severely underdeveloped. Total expenditures on health care in 2002 constituted 3.7 percent of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-cp-341">[334]</a> In that same year, the per capita expenditure for health care was very low, as compared with other <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> countries—US$58 according to United Nations statistics and US$23 according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the number of doctors rose by an average of more than 7 percent between 1995 and 2000, but as of 2004, there were still only three doctors per 10,000 persons. In 2003, Yemen had only 0.6 hospital beds available per 1,000 persons.<a href="#cite_note-cp-341">[334]</a> Health care services are particularly scarce in rural areas. Only 25 percent of rural areas are covered by health services, as compared with 80 percent of urban areas. <a href="/wiki/Emergency_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency services">Emergency services</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a> service and <a href="/wiki/Blood_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood banks">blood banks</a>, are non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-cp-341">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Culture of Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Museum_of_Yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/National_Museum_of_Yemen.jpg/220px-National_Museum_of_Yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/National_Museum_of_Yemen.jpg/330px-National_Museum_of_Yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/National_Museum_of_Yemen.jpg/440px-National_Museum_of_Yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Yemen" title="National Museum of Yemen">National Museum of Yemen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sana'a</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemeni_House_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Yemeni_House_1.jpg/220px-Yemeni_House_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Yemeni_House_1.jpg/330px-Yemeni_House_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Yemeni_House_1.jpg/440px-Yemeni_House_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Typical Yemeni house</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa%27dah_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sa%27dah_05.jpg/220px-Sa%27dah_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sa%27dah_05.jpg/330px-Sa%27dah_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Sa%27dah_05.jpg/440px-Sa%27dah_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3335" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>Dance in <a href="/wiki/Sa%27dah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'dah">Sa'dah</a>, northwestern Yemen</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Yemen">Media of Yemen</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Yemen" title="Radio in Yemen">Radio broadcasting in Yemen</a> began in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-342">[335]</a> After unification in 1990, the government reformed its corporations and founded some additional radio stations that broadcast locally. However, it drew back after 1994, due to destroyed infrastructure resulting from the 1994 civil war. <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Yemen" title="Television in Yemen">Television</a> is the most significant media platform. Given the low literacy rate in the country, television is the main source of news. There are six free-to-air channels currently headquartered in Yemen, of which four are state-owned.<a href="#cite_note-amo12-343">[336]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Yemeni film industry</a> is in its early stages; only eight Yemeni films have been released as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yemen&action=edit">[update]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Yemen">Yemeni theatre</a> dates to the early 20th century. Both amateur and professional (government-sponsored) theatre troupes perform in the country's major urban centres. Many significant poets and authors, like Ali Ahmed Ba Kathir, Muhammad al-Sharafi, and <a href="/wiki/Wajdi_al-Ahdal" title="Wajdi al-Ahdal">Wajdi al-Ahdal</a>, have written dramatic works; poems, novels, and short stories by Yemeni authors like <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul-Wali" title="Mohammad Abdul-Wali">Mohammad Abdul-Wali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Al-Maqaleh" title="Abdulaziz Al-Maqaleh">Abdulaziz Al-Maqaleh</a> have also been adapted for the stage. There have been Yemeni productions of plays by Arab authors such as <a href="/wiki/Tawfiq_al-Hakim" title="Tawfiq al-Hakim">Tawfiq al-Hakim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saadallah_Wannous" title="Saadallah Wannous">Saadallah Wannous</a> and by Western authors, including <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Brecht">Brecht</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a>. Historically speaking, Aden is the cradle of Yemeni theatre; in recent decades Sana'a has hosted numerous theatre festivals, often in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/World_Theatre_Day" title="World Theatre Day">World Theatre Day</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yemen" title="Special:EditPage/Yemen">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Yemen%22">"Yemen"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Yemen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Yemen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Yemen%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Yemen%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Yemen%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport. The <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Football_Association" title="Yemen Football Association">Yemen Football Association</a> is a member of <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">AFC</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yemen_national_football_team" title="Yemen national football team">Yemeni national football team</a> participates internationally. The country also hosts many football clubs. They compete in the national and international leagues. Yemen's mountains provide many opportunities for outdoor sports, such as <a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">biking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trekking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trekking">trekking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, and other more challenging sports, including <a href="/wiki/Mountain_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain climbing">mountain climbing</a>. Mountain climbing and hiking tours to the <a href="/wiki/Sarawat_Mountains" title="Sarawat Mountains">Sarawat Mountains</a>, including peaks of 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and above, particularly that of An-Nabi Shu'ayb,<a href="#cite_note-Burrows2010-232">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin20083-235">[228]</a> are seasonally organized by local and international alpine agencies. The coastal areas and Socotra provide many opportunities for water sports, such as <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodyboarding" title="Bodyboarding">bodyboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">sailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a>. Socotra is home to some of the best surfing destinations in the world. Camel jumping is a traditional sport that is becoming increasingly popular among the Zaraniq tribe on the west coast. Camels are placed side to side and victory goes to the competitor who leaps, from a running start, over the most camels. Tribesmen (women may not compete) tuck their robes around their waists for freedom of movement while running and leaping.<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a> Yemen's biggest sports event was hosting the <a href="/wiki/20th_Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="20th Arabian Gulf Cup">20th Arabian Gulf Cup</a> in Aden and Abyan in 2010. Yemen was defeated in the first three matches of the tournament.<a href="#cite_note-345">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_sites">World Heritage sites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Yemen" title="Tourism in Yemen">Tourism in Yemen</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Architecture of Yemen</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg/330px-Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg/495px-Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg/660px-Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>High-rise architecture at <a href="/wiki/Shibam" title="Shibam">Shibam</a>, Wadi <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a>‌</figcaption></figure> Among its natural and cultural attractions are four <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage">World Heritage</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_WHC_2015-346">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_WHC_2015_B-347">[340]</a> The Old Walled City of <a href="/wiki/Shibam" title="Shibam">Shibam</a> in Wadi Hadhramaut, inscribed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1982, two years after Yemen joined the World Heritage Committee, is nicknamed "Manhattan of the Desert" because of its skyscrapers. Surrounded by a fortified wall made of mud and straw, the 16th-century city is one of the oldest examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction.<a href="#cite_note-348">[341]</a> The Old City of Sana'a, at an altitude of more than 2,100 metres (7,000 ft), has been inhabited for over two and a half millennia, and was inscribed in 1986. Sana'a became a major Islamic centre in the seventh century, and the 103 mosques, 14 <a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammams</a> (traditional bathhouses), and more than 6,000 houses that survive all date from before the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-349">[342]</a> Close to the Red Sea coast, the historic town of <a href="/wiki/Zabid" title="Zabid">Zabid</a>, inscribed in 1993, was Yemen's capital from the 13th to the 15th century, and is an archaeological and historical site. It played an important role for many centuries because of its university, which was a centre of learning for the whole Arab and Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a> The latest addition to Yemen's list of World Heritage Sites is the Socotra Archipelago. Mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> in the 13th century, this remote and isolated archipelago consists of four islands and two rocky islets delineating the southern limit of the Gulf of Aden. The site has a rich biodiversity. Nowhere else in the world do 37% of Socotra's 825 plants, 90% of its reptiles and 95% of its snails occur. It is home to 192 bird species, 253 species of coral, 730 species of coastal fish, and 300 species of crab and lobster,<a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a> as well as the Dragon's Blood Tree (<a href="/wiki/Dracaena_cinnabari" title="Dracaena cinnabari">Dracaena cinnabari</a>).<a href="#cite_note-352">[345]</a> The cultural heritage of Socotra includes the unique <a href="/wiki/Soqotri_language" title="Soqotri language">Soqotri language</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yemen-related_topics" title="List of Yemen-related topics">List of Yemen-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Yemen" title="Outline of Yemen">Outline of Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Yemen-related_articles" title="Index of Yemen-related articles">Index of Yemen-related articles</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-area-10"><a href="#cite_ref-area_10-0">^</a> The area of Yemen including the area ceded by Saudi Arabia is 555,000 square kilometers.<a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a> However, due to the Saudi-Yemen barrier, Yemen is often considered to still be 530,000 square kilometers. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈjɛmən/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5b\/En-us-Yemen.ogg\/En-us-Yemen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Yemen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/En-us-Yemen.ogg/En-us-Yemen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Yemen.ogg" title="File:En-us-Yemen.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ٱلْيَمَنْ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Yaman </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ٱلْجُمْهُورِيَّةُ ٱلْيَمَنِيَّةُ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Jumhūriyya l-Yamaniyya (<a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a>: al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah), <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the Yemeni Republic' </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Constitutional capital under <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a> control </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Leadership_Council" title="Presidential Leadership Council">Presidential Leadership Council</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Provisional_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional capital">provisional capital</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Disputed by <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_al-Mashat" title="Mahdi al-Mashat">Mahdi al-Mashat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Political_Council" title="Supreme Political Council">Supreme Political Council</a>. Despite not holding an official position in the government, <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthi movement</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Malik_al-Houthi" title="Abdul-Malik al-Houthi">Abdul-Malik al-Houthi</a> controls the SPC. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Disputed by <a href="/wiki/Abdel-Aziz_bin_Habtour" title="Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour">Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour</a> of the Supreme Political Council </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAl-Sakani2022" class="citation news cs1">Al-Sakani, Ali (19 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/19/yemen-inaugurates-new-presidential-council">"Yemen inaugurates new presidential council"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220508025532/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/19/yemen-inaugurates-new-presidential-council">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2022. <q>Yemen's Prime Minister Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed, along with other senior government officials, had also arrived in Aden, which serves as Yemen's temporary capital, before the swearing-in ceremony.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Yemen+inaugurates+new+presidential+council&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft.aulast=Al-Sakani&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F4%2F19%2Fyemen-inaugurates-new-presidential-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Yemen_2015.pdf?lang=en">"Yemen's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2015"</a> (PDF). Constitute Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415035011/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Yemen_2015.pdf?lang=en">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitute+Project&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Constitution+of+1991+with+Amendments+through+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FYemen_2015.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen/Plant-and-animal-life">"Yemen – Flora, Fauna, Ecosystems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205061155/https://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen/Plant-and-animal-life">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Yemen+%E2%80%93+Flora%2C+Fauna%2C+Ecosystems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FYemen%2FPlant-and-animal-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_6-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/yemen/">"Yemen"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. CIA World Factbook. 6 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508223950/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/yemen">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=Yemen&rft.date=2013-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fyemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415035133/http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/aph/stories/2009-iaea-yemen.html">"IAEA's support to animal health services in Yemen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/aph/stories/2009-iaea-yemen.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IAEA&rft.atitle=IAEA%27s+support+to+animal+health+services+in+Yemen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-naweb.iaea.org%2Fnafa%2Faph%2Fstories%2F2009-iaea-yemen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/yemen-population">"Yemen population"</a>. Yemen population 2023 Estimate based on UN World Bank. World Population Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104192001/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/yemen-population">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yemen+population+2023+Estimate+based+on+UN+World+Bank&rft.atitle=Yemen+population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountries%2Fyemen-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.YE-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.YE_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.YE_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.YE_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.YE_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=474,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Yemen)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022174801/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=474,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Yemen%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D474%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2014&locations=YE&start=2014">"GINI index (World Bank estimate)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216223336/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2014&locations=YE&start=2014">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Fend%3D2014%26locations%3DYE%26start%3D2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-14"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-24_HDR%2FHDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505191038/http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=28&Itemid=100385">"Yemen"</a>. International News Safety Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=28&Itemid=100385">the original</a> on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen&rft.pub=International+News+Safety+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newssafety.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dsection%26layout%3Dblog%26id%3D28%26Itemid%3D100385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen">"Yemen | History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510194421/https://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Yemen+%7C+History%2C+Map%2C+Flag%2C+Population%2C+Capital%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FYemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/yemen/#geography">"Yemen"</a>, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 22 March 2024, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508223950/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/yemen#geography">archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021, retrieved 3 April 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Yemen&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fyemen%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2008" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Daniel (1 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC">Yemen</a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-212-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-212-5"><bdi>978-1-84162-212-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702224444/https://books.google.com/books">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yemen&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-212-5&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQvhZaEVzjcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/yemen-population/">"Yemen Population (2023) - Worldometer"</a>. www.worldometers.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511140306/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/yemen-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldometers.info&rft.atitle=Yemen+Population+%282023%29+-+Worldometer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Fyemen-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrowes2010-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Burrowes2010_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrowes2010" class="citation book cs1">Burrowes, Robert D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXRfqBv_0UC">Historical Dictionary of Yemen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5528-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5528-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-5528-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Yemen&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5528-1&rft.aulast=Burrowes&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtjXRfqBv_0UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson2002-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Simpson2002_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John_Simpson2002" class="citation book cs1">St. John Simpson (2002). Queen of Sheba: treasures from ancient Yemen. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="British Museum Press">British Museum Press</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1151-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1151-1"><bdi>0-7141-1151-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+of+Sheba%3A+treasures+from+ancient+Yemen&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7141-1151-1&rft.au=St.+John+Simpson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitchen2003-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Kitchen2003_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Anderson_Kitchen2003" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc">On the Reliability of the Old Testament</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing">Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc/page/n139">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4960-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4960-1"><bdi>0-8028-4960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Reliability+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8028-4960-1&rft.au=Kenneth+Anderson+Kitchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonreliabilityold00kitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaakov_Kleiman2004" class="citation book cs1">Yaakov Kleiman (2004). DNA & Tradition: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews. Devora Publishing. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930143-89-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-930143-89-3"><bdi>1-930143-89-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DNA+%26+Tradition%3A+The+Genetic+Link+to+the+Ancient+Hebrews&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Devora+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-930143-89-3&rft.au=Yaakov+Kleiman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarta_Colburn2002" class="citation book cs1">Marta Colburn (2002). The Republic of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century. CIIR. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85287-249-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85287-249-7"><bdi>1-85287-249-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Yemen%3A+Development+Challenges+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=CIIR&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85287-249-7&rft.au=Marta+Colburn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_R._DeRouenUk_Heo2007" class="citation book cs1">Karl R. DeRouen; Uk Heo (2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Volume 1. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 810. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-919-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-919-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Wars+of+the+World%3A+Major+Conflicts+Since+World+War+II%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=810&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-919-1&rft.au=Karl+R.+DeRouen&rft.au=Uk+Heo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Etheredge2011" class="citation book cs1">Laura Etheredge (2011). Saudi Arabia and Yemen. <a href="/wiki/The_Rosen_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rosen Publishing Group">The Rosen Publishing Group</a>. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-335-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-335-9"><bdi>978-1-61530-335-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia+and+Yemen&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-335-9&rft.au=Laura+Etheredge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrowes" class="citation web cs1">Burrowes, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616171932/http://www.yementimes.com/en/1550/opinion/488/Why-most-Yemenis-should-despise--ex-president-Ali-Abdullah-Saleh.htm">"Why Most Yemenis Should Despise Ex-president Ali Abdullah Saleh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Times" title="Yemen Times">Yemen Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yementimes.com/en/1550/opinion/488/Why-most-Yemenis-should-despise--ex-president-Ali-Abdullah-Saleh.htm">the original</a> on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yemen+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Most+Yemenis+Should+Despise+Ex-president+Ali+Abdullah+Saleh&rft.aulast=Burrowes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yementimes.com%2Fen%2F1550%2Fopinion%2F488%2FWhy-most-Yemenis-should-despise--ex-president-Ali-Abdullah-Saleh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelvin-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Gelvin_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_L._Gelvin2012" class="citation book cs1">James L. Gelvin (2012). The Arab Uprisings: What Everyone Needs to Know. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989177-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989177-1"><bdi>978-0-19-989177-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Uprisings%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989177-1&rft.au=James+L.+Gelvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMareike_Transfeld2014" class="citation web cs1">Mareike Transfeld (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021042202/http://muftah.org/houthis-successful-yemen/#.VCicqfldWSo">"Capturing Sanaa: Why the Houthis Were Successful in Yemen"</a>. Muftah. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muftah.org/houthis-successful-yemen/#.VCicqfldWSo">the original</a> on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muftah&rft.atitle=Capturing+Sanaa%3A+Why+the+Houthis+Were+Successful+in+Yemen&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Mareike+Transfeld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuftah.org%2Fhouthis-successful-yemen%2F%23.VCicqfldWSo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_A._Zyck2014" class="citation web cs1">Steven A. Zyck (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/ipi_e_pub_mediating_transition.pdf">"Mediating Transition in Yemen: Achievements and Lessons"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Institute" title="International Peace Institute">International Peace Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414091345/https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/ipi_e_pub_mediating_transition.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Peace+Institute&rft.atitle=Mediating+Transition+in+Yemen%3A+Achievements+and+Lessons&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Steven+A.+Zyck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipinst.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2Fipi_e_pub_mediating_transition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvana_Toska2014" class="citation news cs1">Silvana Toska (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/09/26/shifting-balances-of-power-in-yemens-crisis/">"Shifting balances of power in Yemen's crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006145424/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/09/26/shifting-balances-of-power-in-yemens-crisis/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Shifting+balances+of+power+in+Yemen%27s+crisis&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.au=Silvana+Toska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fmonkey-cage%2Fwp%2F2014%2F09%2F26%2Fshifting-balances-of-power-in-yemens-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glorious-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glorious_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-glorious_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/02/houthi-leader-vows-defend-glorious-revolution-150207145038603.html">"Houthi leader vows to defend 'glorious revolution'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>. 8 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208030516/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/02/houthi-leader-vows-defend-glorious-revolution-150207145038603.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Houthi+leader+vows+to+defend+%27glorious+revolution%27&rft.date=2015-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F02%2Fhouthi-leader-vows-defend-glorious-revolution-150207145038603.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAboueldahab" class="citation web cs1">Aboueldahab, Noha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/yemen-fate-sealed-years-171123110813931.html">"Yemen's fate was sealed six years ago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200831080205/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/yemen-fate-sealed-years-171123110813931.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+fate+was+sealed+six+years+ago&rft.aulast=Aboueldahab&rft.aufirst=Noha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2Fyemen-fate-sealed-years-171123110813931.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-36"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Borger" title="Julian Borger">Borger, Julian</a> (5 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/05/saudi-led-naval-blockade-worsens-yemen-humanitarian-disaster">"Saudi-led naval blockade leaves 20 m Yemenis facing humanitarian disaster"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605084858/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/05/saudi-led-naval-blockade-worsens-yemen-humanitarian-disaster">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi-led+naval+blockade+leaves+20+m+Yemenis+facing+humanitarian+disaster&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjun%2F05%2Fsaudi-led-naval-blockade-worsens-yemen-humanitarian-disaster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html">"LDCs at a Glance | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"</a>. Economic Analysis & Policy Division | Dept of Economic & Social Affairs | United Nations. 25 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329160054/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2022. Retrieved 29 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+Analysis+%26+Policy+Division+%7C+Dept+of+Economic+%26+Social+Affairs+%7C+United+Nations&rft.atitle=LDCs+at+a+Glance+%7C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft.date=2008-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fdpad%2Fleast-developed-country-category%2Fldcs-at-a-glance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category.html">"Least Developed Countries (LDCs) | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"</a>. Economic Analysis & Policy Division | Dept of Economic & Social Affairs | United Nations. 23 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620211205/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+Analysis+%26+Policy+Division+%7C+Dept+of+Economic+%26+Social+Affairs+%7C+United+Nations&rft.atitle=Least+Developed+Countries+%28LDCs%29+%7C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fdpad%2Fleast-developed-country-category.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/yemen/overview">"Overview"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426131826/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/yemen/overview">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fyemen%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReliefWeb_2019-40"><a href="#cite_ref-ReliefWeb_2019_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-2019-humanitarian-needs-overview-enar">"Yemen: 2019 Humanitarian Needs Overview [EN/AR]"</a>. ReliefWeb. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 14 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617055834/https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-2019-humanitarian-needs-overview-enar">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Yemen%3A+2019+Humanitarian+Needs+Overview+%5BEN%2FAR%5D&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Fyemen%2Fyemen-2019-humanitarian-needs-overview-enar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fragilestatesindex.org-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fragilestatesindex.org_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fragilestatesindex.org_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/">"Global Data | Fragile States Index"</a>. fragilestatesindex.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715052132/https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fragilestatesindex.org&rft.atitle=Global+Data+%7C+Fragile+States+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffragilestatesindex.org%2Fdata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJawād_ʻAlī1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitized 17 February 2007]. <bdi lang="ar">الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام</bdi> [Detailed history of Arabs before Islam] (in Arabic). Vol. 1. Dār al-ʻIlm li-l-Malāyīn. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D9%85%D9%80%D9%81%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%91%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D9%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%80%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%80%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%80%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-%CA%BBIlm+li-l-Mal%C4%81y%C4%ABn&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Jaw%C4%81d+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuwirthSinaiMarx2010" class="citation book cs1">Neuwirth, Angelika; Sinai, Nicolai; Marx, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GcgCErhKGrAC&pg=PA33">The Qur??n in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Qur??nic Milieu</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004176881" title="Special:BookSources/9789004176881"><bdi>9789004176881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%3F%3Fn+in+Context%3A+Historical+and+Literary+Investigations+Into+the+Qur%3F%3Fnic+Milieu&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789004176881&rft.aulast=Neuwirth&rft.aufirst=Angelika&rft.au=Sinai%2C+Nicolai&rft.au=Marx%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGcgCErhKGrAC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrowes2010">Burrowes (2010)</a>, p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William Robertson. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-117-53193-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-117-53193-7"><bdi>1-117-53193-7</bdi></a>. <q>He was worshiped by the Madhij and their allies at Jorash (Asir) in Northern Yemen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinship+and+Marriage+in+Early+Arabia&rft.pages=193&rft.isbn=1-117-53193-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+Robertson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeestonGhulMüllerRyckmans1982" class="citation book cs1">Beeston, A.F.L.; Ghul, M.A.; Müller, W.W.; Ryckmans, J. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mo3sab/Sabaic.Dictionary-pages-OCR#page/n0/mode/2up">Sabaic Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sanaa" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Sanaa">University of Sanaa</a>, YAR. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8017-0194-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-8017-0194-7"><bdi>2-8017-0194-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sabaic+Dictionary&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=University+of+Sanaa%2C+YAR&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=2-8017-0194-7&rft.aulast=Beeston&rft.aufirst=A.F.L.&rft.au=Ghul%2C+M.A.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+W.W.&rft.au=Ryckmans%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmo3sab%2FSabaic.Dictionary-pages-OCR%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Sergeyevich_Solovyov2007" class="citation book cs1">Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0J6oJjgvefQC&q=yemen+means+blessed&pg=PA149">Enemies from the East?: V. S. Soloviev on Paganism, Asian Civilizations, and Islam</a>. Northwestern University Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2417-2"><bdi>978-0-8101-2417-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemies+from+the+East%3F%3A+V.+S.+Soloviev+on+Paganism%2C+Asian+Civilizations%2C+and+Islam&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-2417-2&rft.au=Vladimir+Sergeyevich+Solovyov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0J6oJjgvefQC%26q%3Dyemen%2Bmeans%2Bblessed%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Balfour1873" class="citation book cs1">Edward Balfour (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9UBAAAAYAAJ&q=yemen+means+felicity&pg=RA1-PA240">Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures, Band 5</a>. Printed at the Scottish & Adelphi presses. p. 240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+India+and+of+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia%2C+Commercial%2C+Industrial+and+Scientific%3A+Products+of+the+Mineral%2C+Vegetable+and+Animal+Kingdoms%2C+Useful+Arts+and+Manufactures%2C+Band+5&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+Scottish+%26+Adelphi+presses&rft.date=1873&rft.au=Edward+Balfour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9UBAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dyemen%2Bmeans%2Bfelicity%26pg%3DRA1-PA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1926" class="citation web cs1">Bell, Richard (20 October 1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528983">"Origin Of Islam In Its Christian Environment"</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+Of+Islam+In+Its+Christian+Environment&rft.date=1926-10-20&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.528983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNöldeke1879" class="citation book cs1">Nöldeke, Theodor (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GeschichteDerPerserUndAraber">T. Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der en aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari: Übersetzt und mit ausführlichen Erläuterungen und ergänzungen Versehn</a>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">E.J. Brill</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GeschichteDerPerserUndAraber/page/n255">222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.+N%C3%B6ldeke%2C+Geschichte+der+Perser+und+Araber+zur+Zeit+der+en+aus+der+arabischen+Chronik+des+Tabari%3A+%C3%9Cbersetzt+und+mit+ausf%C3%BChrlichen+Erl%C3%A4uterungen+und+erg%C3%A4nzungen+Versehn&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=N%C3%B6ldeke&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGeschichteDerPerserUndAraber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2008">McLaughlin (2008)</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Anderson_Kitchen2003" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc">On the Reliability of the Old Testament</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc/page/n617">594</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4960-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4960-1"><bdi>0-8028-4960-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Reliability+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8028-4960-1&rft.au=Kenneth+Anderson+Kitchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonreliabilityold00kitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/27?startingVerse=6">27:6-93</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/34?startingVerse=15">34:15-18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_W._Bromiley1979" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey W. Bromiley (1979). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3784-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3784-0"><bdi>0-8028-3784-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8028-3784-0&rft.au=Geoffrey+W.+Bromiley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Clapp2002" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Clapp (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sheba00nich/page/204">Sheba: Through the Desert in Search of the Legendary Queen</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sheba00nich/page/204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-21926-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-21926-9"><bdi>0-618-21926-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sheba%3A+Through+the+Desert+in+Search+of+the+Legendary+Queen&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-618-21926-9&rft.au=Nicholas+Clapp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsheba00nich%2Fpage%2F204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._M._HoltPeter_Malcolm_HoltAnn_K._S._LambtonBernard_Lewis1977" class="citation book cs1">P. M. Holt; Peter Malcolm Holt; Ann K. S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis (21 April 1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977-04-21&rft.au=P.+M.+Holt&rft.au=Peter+Malcolm+Holt&rft.au=Ann+K.+S.+Lambton&rft.au=Bernard+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorotayev1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Korotayev, Andrey</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32711023">Ancient Yemen: some general trends of evolution of the Sabaic language and Sabaean culture</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-922237-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-922237-1"><bdi>0-19-922237-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129175115/https://www.academia.edu/32711023">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Yemen%3A+some+general+trends+of+evolution+of+the+Sabaic+language+and+Sabaean+culture&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-19-922237-1&rft.aulast=Korotayev&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32711023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2008">McLaughlin (2008)</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerry_R._RogersGlenn_Owen_BrownJürgen_Garbrecht2004" class="citation book cs1">Jerry R. Rogers; Glenn Owen Brown; Jürgen Garbrecht (1 January 2004). Water Resources and Environmental History. ASCE Publications. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7844-7550-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7844-7550-4"><bdi>0-7844-7550-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+Resources+and+Environmental+History&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=ASCE+Publications&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=0-7844-7550-4&rft.au=Jerry+R.+Rogers&rft.au=Glenn+Owen+Brown&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Garbrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegevGibson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Negev" title="Avraham Negev">Negev, Avraham</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Gibson" title="Shimon Gibson">Gibson, Shimon</a>, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JtAAAAMAAJ">Dedan</a>. New York and London: Continuum. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1316-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1316-1"><bdi>0-8264-1316-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923091525/https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dedan&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8264-1316-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3JtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) (Snippet view). </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLionel_Casson2012" class="citation book cs1">Lionel Casson (2012). The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text with Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Princeton University Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4320-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4320-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-4320-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periplus+Maris+Erythraei%3A+Text+with+Introduction%2C+Translation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4320-6&rft.au=Lionel+Casson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Richardson1999" class="citation book cs1">Peter Richardson (1999). Herod: King of the Jews and Friend of the Romans. Continuum. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08675-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08675-5"><bdi>0-567-08675-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herod%3A+King+of+the+Jews+and+Friend+of+the+Romans&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-567-08675-5&rft.au=Peter+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHârun_Yahya1999" class="citation book cs1">Hârun Yahya (1999). Perished Nations. Global Yayincilik. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897940-87-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-897940-87-4"><bdi>1-897940-87-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perished+Nations&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Global+Yayincilik&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-897940-87-4&rft.au=H%C3%A2run+Yahya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Retso2013" class="citation book cs1">Jan Retso (2013). The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Routledge. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87282-2"><bdi>978-1-136-87282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Antiquity%3A+Their+History+from+the+Assyrians+to+the+Umayyads&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87282-2&rft.au=Jan+Retso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford_Edmund_Bosworth1989" class="citation book cs1">Clifford Edmund Bosworth (1989). The Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. 6. Brill Archive. p. 561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004090827" title="Special:BookSources/9004090827"><bdi>9004090827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=561&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9004090827&rft.au=Clifford+Edmund+Bosworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart_Munro-Hay2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Munro-Hay" title="Stuart Munro-Hay">Stuart Munro-Hay</a> (2002). Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide. I. B. Tauris. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-744-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-744-8"><bdi>1-86064-744-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%2C+the+Unknown+Land%3A+A+Cultural+and+Historical+Guide&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86064-744-8&rft.au=Stuart+Munro-Hay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Johannes_BotterweckHelmer_Ringgren1979" class="citation book cs1">G. Johannes Botterweck; Helmer Ringgren (1979). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Vol. 3. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2327-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2327-0"><bdi>0-8028-2327-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8028-2327-0&rft.au=G.+Johannes+Botterweck&rft.au=Helmer+Ringgren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJawād_ʻAlī1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitized 17 February 2007]. <bdi lang="ar">الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام</bdi> [Detailed history of Arabs before Islam] (in Arabic). Vol. 2. Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn. p. 482.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D9%85%D9%80%D9%81%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%91%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D9%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%80%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%80%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%80%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-%CA%BBIlm+lil-Mal%C4%81y%C4%ABn&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Jaw%C4%81d+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Jamme1962" class="citation book cs1">Albert Jamme (1962). Inscriptions From Mahram Bilqis (Marib). Baltimore. p. 392.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+From+Mahram+Bilqis+%28Marib%29&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Baltimore&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Albert+Jamme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieter_VogelSusan_James1990" class="citation book cs1">Dieter Vogel; Susan James (1990). Yemen. APA Publications. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yemen&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=APA+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Dieter+Vogel&rft.au=Susan+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Schippmann2001" class="citation book cs1">Klaus Schippmann (2001). Ancient South Arabia: from the Queen of Sheba to the advent of Islam. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55876-236-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55876-236-1"><bdi>1-55876-236-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+South+Arabia%3A+from+the+Queen+of+Sheba+to+the+advent+of+Islam&rft.pages=52-53&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55876-236-1&rft.au=Klaus+Schippmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_E._Peters1994" class="citation book cs1">Francis E. Peters (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadorigins00pete/page/48">Muhammad and the Origins of Islam</a>. SUNY Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadorigins00pete/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1875-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1875-8"><bdi>0-7914-1875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+the+Origins+of+Islam&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7914-1875-8&rft.au=Francis+E.+Peters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadorigins00pete%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Johnson2012" class="citation book cs1">Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1"><bdi>978-0-19-533693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533693-1&rft.au=Scott+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shlomo_Sand_p.193-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Shlomo_Sand_p.193_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlomo_Sand2010" class="citation book cs1">Shlomo Sand (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventionofjewi00sand/page/193">The Invention of the Jewish People</a>. Verso. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inventionofjewi00sand/page/193">193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-623-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-623-1"><bdi>978-1-84467-623-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-623-1&rft.au=Shlomo+Sand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finventionofjewi00sand%2Fpage%2F193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._M._Abdallah1987" class="citation book cs1">Y. M. Abdallah (1987). "The Inscription CIH 543: A New Reading Based on the Newly-Found Original". In C. Robin & M. Bafaqih (eds.). Sayhadica: Recherches Sur Les Inscriptions De l'Arabie Préislamiques Offertes Par Ses Collègues Au Professeur A.F.L. Beeston. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner S.A. pp. 4–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Inscription+CIH+543%3A+A+New+Reading+Based+on+the+Newly-Found+Original&rft.btitle=Sayhadica%3A+Recherches+Sur+Les+Inscriptions+De+l%27Arabie+Pr%C3%A9islamiques+Offertes+Par+Ses+Coll%C3%A8gues+Au+Professeur+A.F.L.+Beeston&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Librairie+Orientaliste+Paul+Geuthner+S.A.&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Y.+M.+Abdallah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael_PataiJennifer_Patai1989" class="citation book cs1">Raphael Patai; Jennifer Patai (1989). The Myth of the Jewish Race. Wayne State University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1948-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-1948-3"><bdi>0-8143-1948-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Jewish+Race&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8143-1948-3&rft.au=Raphael+Patai&rft.au=Jennifer+Patai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUwidah_Metaireek_Al-Juhany2002" class="citation book cs1">Uwidah Metaireek Al-Juhany (2002). Najd before the Salafi reform movement: social, political and religious conditions during the three centuries preceding the rise of the Saudi state. Ithaca Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86372-401-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86372-401-9"><bdi>0-86372-401-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Najd+before+the+Salafi+reform+movement%3A+social%2C+political+and+religious+conditions+during+the+three+centuries+preceding+the+rise+of+the+Saudi+state&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Ithaca+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-86372-401-9&rft.au=Uwidah+Metaireek+Al-Juhany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Johnson2012" class="citation book cs1">Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1"><bdi>978-0-19-533693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533693-1&rft.au=Scott+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_Johnson_282-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_Johnson_282_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Johnson2012" class="citation book cs1">Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1"><bdi>978-0-19-533693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533693-1&rft.au=Scott+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrfan_Shahîd1989" class="citation book cs1">Irfan Shahîd (1989). Byzantium and the Arabs in the 5th Century. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88402-152-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88402-152-1"><bdi>0-88402-152-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Arabs+in+the+5th+Century&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88402-152-1&rft.au=Irfan+Shah%C3%AEd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott_Johnson_293-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_Johnson_293_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_Johnson_293_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Johnson2012" class="citation book cs1">Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1"><bdi>978-0-19-533693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533693-1&rft.au=Scott+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Johnson2012" class="citation book cs1">Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1"><bdi>978-0-19-533693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533693-1&rft.au=Scott+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Johnson2012" class="citation book cs1">Scott Johnson (1 November 2012). The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1"><bdi>978-0-19-533693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533693-1&rft.au=Scott+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabarr_Janneh" class="citation book cs1">Sabarr Janneh. Learning From the Life of Prophet Muhammad. AuthorHouse. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4678-9966-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4678-9966-6"><bdi>1-4678-9966-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+From+the+Life+of+Prophet+Muhammad&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.isbn=1-4678-9966-6&rft.au=Sabarr+Janneh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Abd al-Muhsin Madʼaj M. Madʼaj The Yemen in Early Islam (9–233/630–847): A Political History p. 12 Ithaca Press, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0863721028" title="Special:BookSources/0863721028">0863721028</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Wilferd Madelung The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate p. 199 Cambridge University Press, 15 October 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521646960" title="Special:BookSources/0521646960">0521646960</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Ṭabarī The History of al-Tabari Vol. 12: The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine A.D. 635–637/A.H. 14–15 pp. 10–11 SUNY Press, 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791407330" title="Special:BookSources/0791407330">0791407330</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Idris El Hareir The Spread of Islam Throughout the World p. 380 UNESCO, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231041533" title="Special:BookSources/9231041533">9231041533</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society BRILL, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004097058" title="Special:BookSources/9004097058">9004097058</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Hugh Kennedy The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State p. 33 Routledge, 17 June 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134531133" title="Special:BookSources/1134531133">1134531133</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated128-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated128_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated128_92-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheatley_(geographer)" title="Paul Wheatley (geographer)">Paul Wheatley</a> The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries p. 128 University of Chicago Press, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226894282" title="Special:BookSources/0226894282">0226894282</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lunpor-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Lunpor_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Lunde2004" class="citation book cs1">Paul Lunde, Alexandra Porter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HSdmAAAAMAAJ">Trade and travel in the Red Sea Region: proceedings of Red Sea project I held in the British Museum, October 2002</a>. Archaeopress. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84171-622-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84171-622-7"><bdi>1-84171-622-7</bdi></a>. <q>in 976–77 AD[...] the then ruler of Yemen received slaves, as well as amber and <a href="/wiki/African_leopard" title="African leopard">leopard</a> skins from the chief of the Dahlak islands (off the coast from Massawa).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+and+travel+in+the+Red+Sea+Region%3A+proceedings+of+Red+Sea+project+I+held+in+the+British+Museum%2C+October+2002&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84171-622-7&rft.aulast=Paul+Lunde&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHSdmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Kamal Suleiman Salibi A History of Arabia p. 108 Caravan Books, 1980 OCLC Number: 164797251 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Stephen W. Day Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union p. 31 Cambridge University Press, 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1107022150" title="Special:BookSources/1107022150">1107022150</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Gerhard Lichtenthäler Political Ecology and the Role of Water: Environment, Society and Economy in Northern Yemen p. 55 Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754609081" title="Special:BookSources/0754609081">0754609081</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 p. 119 Cambridge University Press,1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521209811" title="Special:BookSources/0521209811">0521209811</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Charles_Brice1981" class="citation cs2">William Charles Brice (1981), An Historical Atlas of Islam [cartographic Material], <a href="/wiki/Brill_publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill publishers">BRILL</a>, p. 338, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004061169" title="Special:BookSources/9004061169"><bdi>9004061169</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+Islam+%5Bcartographic+Material%5D&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9004061169&rft.au=William+Charles+Brice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Farhad Daftary Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies: A Historical Introduction to an Islamic Community p. 92 I. B. Tauris, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845110919" title="Special:BookSources/1845110919">1845110919</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Farhad Daftary The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines p. 199 Cambridge University Press, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1139465783" title="Special:BookSources/1139465783">1139465783</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated14-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated14_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated14_101-1">b</a> Fatima Mernissi The Forgotten Queens of Islam p. 14 U of Minnesota Press, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816624399" title="Special:BookSources/0816624399">0816624399</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). <bdi lang="ar">الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة</bdi> [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=University+of+Sana%27a&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Mohammed+Abdo+Al-Sururi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Farhad Daftary Ismailis in Medieval Muslim Societies: A Historical Introduction to an Islamic Community p. 93 I. B. Tauris, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845110919" title="Special:BookSources/1845110919">1845110919</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated51-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated51_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated51_104-1">b</a> Steven C. Caton Yemen p. 51 ABC-CLIO, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/159884928X" title="Special:BookSources/159884928X">159884928X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnie_G._Smith2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bonnie G. Smith (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/163">The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History</a> (in Arabic). Vol. 4. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/163">163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514890-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514890-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514890-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+World+History&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514890-9&rft.au=Bonnie+G.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2%2Fpage%2F163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). <bdi lang="ar">الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة</bdi> [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=University+of+Sana%27a&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Mohammed+Abdo+Al-Sururi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Mikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Mikaberidze (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-337-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-337-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-337-8&rft.au=Alexander+Mikaberidze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). <bdi lang="ar">الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو المستقلة</bdi> [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 311.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=University+of+Sana%27a&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Mohammed+Abdo+Al-Sururi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farhad_Daftary_2007_260-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farhad_Daftary_2007_260_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farhad_Daftary_2007_260_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhad_Daftary2007" class="citation book cs1">Farhad Daftary (2007). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge University Press. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46578-6"><bdi>978-1-139-46578-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isma%27ilis%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46578-6&rft.au=Farhad+Daftary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosef_W._Meri2004" class="citation book cs1">Josef W. Meri (2004). Medieval Islamic Civilization. Psychology Press. p. 871. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96690-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96690-6"><bdi>0-415-96690-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization&rft.pages=871&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-96690-6&rft.au=Josef+W.+Meri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). <bdi lang="ar">الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة</bdi> [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=University+of+Sana%27a&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Mohammed+Abdo+Al-Sururi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). <bdi lang="ar">الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة</bdi> [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 354.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=University+of+Sana%27a&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Mohammed+Abdo+Al-Sururi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). <bdi lang="ar">الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة</bdi> [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 371.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=University+of+Sana%27a&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Mohammed+Abdo+Al-Sururi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi_1987_407-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi_1987_407_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi_1987_407_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohammed Abdo Al-Sururi (1987). <bdi lang="ar">الحياة السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول المستقلة</bdi> [political life and aspects of civilization in Yemen during the reign of Independent States] (in Arabic). University of Sana'a. p. 407.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=University+of+Sana%27a&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Mohammed+Abdo+Al-Sururi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_D._Knysh_1999_230-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_D._Knysh_1999_230_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_D._Knysh_1999_230_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_D._Knysh1999" class="citation book cs1">Alexander D. Knysh (1999). Ibn 'Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. SUNY Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4384-0942-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4384-0942-7"><bdi>1-4384-0942-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+%27Arabi+in+the+Later+Islamic+Tradition%3A+The+Making+of+a+Polemical+Image+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-4384-0942-7&rft.au=Alexander+D.+Knysh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdul_Ali_1996_84-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abdul_Ali_1996_84_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdul_Ali_1996_84_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Ali1996" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8175330082" title="Special:BookSources/8175330082"><bdi>8175330082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Dynasties+of+the+Arab+East%3A+State+and+Civilization+During+the+Later+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=8175330082&rft.au=Abdul+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdul_Ali_1996_86-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abdul_Ali_1996_86_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdul_Ali_1996_86_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Ali1996" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8175330082" title="Special:BookSources/8175330082"><bdi>8175330082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Dynasties+of+the+Arab+East%3A+State+and+Civilization+During+the+Later+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=8175330082&rft.au=Abdul+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josef_W._Meri,_Jere_L._Bacharach_2006_669-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josef_W._Meri,_Jere_L._Bacharach_2006_669_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josef_W._Meri,_Jere_L._Bacharach_2006_669_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josef_W._Meri,_Jere_L._Bacharach_2006_669_118-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josef_W._Meri,_Jere_L._Bacharach_2006_669_118-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosef_W._MeriJere_L._Bacharach2006" class="citation book cs1">Josef W. Meri; Jere L. Bacharach (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index. Taylor & Francis. p. 669. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96692-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96692-2"><bdi>0-415-96692-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+L-Z%2C+index&rft.pages=669&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-96692-2&rft.au=Josef+W.+Meri&rft.au=Jere+L.+Bacharach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_J_Wasserstein,_Ami_Ayalon_2013_201-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_J_Wasserstein,_Ami_Ayalon_2013_201_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_J_Wasserstein,_Ami_Ayalon_2013_201_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J_WassersteinAmi_Ayalon2013" class="citation book cs1">David J Wasserstein; Ami Ayalon (2013). Mamluks and Ottomans: Studies in Honour of Michael Winter. Routledge. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57917-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57917-2"><bdi>978-1-136-57917-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mamluks+and+Ottomans%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+Michael+Winter&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-57917-2&rft.au=David+J+Wasserstein&rft.au=Ami+Ayalon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander_D._Knysh_1999_231-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_D._Knysh_1999_231_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexander_D._Knysh_1999_231_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_D._Knysh1999" class="citation book cs1">Alexander D. Knysh (1999). Ibn 'Arabi in the Later Islamic Tradition: The Making of a Polemical Image in Medieval Islam. SUNY Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4384-0942-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4384-0942-7"><bdi>1-4384-0942-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+%27Arabi+in+the+Later+Islamic+Tradition%3A+The+Making+of+a+Polemical+Image+in+Medieval+Islam&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-4384-0942-7&rft.au=Alexander+D.+Knysh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yementourism.com/explore-yemen/spiritual-tourism/105-the-mosque-and-school-of-al-amiryah-2">"Yemen Tourism Promotion Board – The Mosque and School of Al-Amiryah"</a>. www.yementourism.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416162801/https://www.yementourism.com/explore-yemen/spiritual-tourism/105-the-mosque-and-school-of-al-amiryah-2">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yementourism.com&rft.atitle=Yemen+Tourism+Promotion+Board+%E2%80%93+The+Mosque+and+School+of+Al-Amiryah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yementourism.com%2Fexplore-yemen%2Fspiritual-tourism%2F105-the-mosque-and-school-of-al-amiryah-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated59-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated59_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated59_122-1">b</a> Steven C. Caton Yemen p. 59 ABC-CLIO, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/159884928X" title="Special:BookSources/159884928X">159884928X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdul_Ali_1996_94-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Abdul_Ali_1996_94_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Ali1996" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8175330082" title="Special:BookSources/8175330082"><bdi>8175330082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Dynasties+of+the+Arab+East%3A+State+and+Civilization+During+the+Later+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=8175330082&rft.au=Abdul+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-124"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Haykel2003" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Haykel (2003). Revival and Reform in Islam: The Legacy of Muhammad Al-Shawkani. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52890-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52890-9"><bdi>0-521-52890-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revival+and+Reform+in+Islam%3A+The+Legacy+of+Muhammad+Al-Shawkani&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-52890-9&rft.au=Bernard+Haykel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalil_İnalcıkDonald_Quataert1994" class="citation book cs1">Halil İnalcık; Donald Quataert (1994). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34315-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34315-1"><bdi>0-521-34315-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-34315-1&rft.au=Halil+%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k&rft.au=Donald+Quataert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurcher1996" class="citation journal cs1">Zurcher, Erik Jan (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5720965">"An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914. Ed. by Halil Inalcik, with Donald Quataert"</a>. International Review of Social History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227212338/https://www.academia.edu/5720965">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300%E2%80%931914.+Ed.+by+Halil+Inalcik%2C+with+Donald+Quataert&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.aulast=Zurcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5720965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva1817" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Silva, António Dinis da Cruz e (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULsGAAAAQAAJ&dq=Heitor+da+Silveira+Adem&pg=PA127">Poesias de Antonio Diniz da Cruz e Silva: Segunda parte das Odes pindaricas</a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). Typografia Lacerdina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104181025/https://books.google.com/books?dq=Heitor+da+Silveira+Adem&id=ULsGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA127">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poesias+de+Antonio+Diniz+da+Cruz+e+Silva%3A+Segunda+parte+das+Odes+pindaricas&rft.pub=Typografia+Lacerdina&rft.date=1817&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Dinis+da+Cruz+e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULsGAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DHeitor%2Bda%2BSilveira%2BAdem%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarros1628" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barros, Joao de (1628). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9VUAAAAcAAJ&dq=Nuno+da+Cunha+Xael&pg=PA551">Asia ... Dos feitos que os Portugueses fezerao no descobrimento e conquista dos mares e terras do Oriente</a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). Jorge Rodriguez.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+...+Dos+feitos+que+os+Portugueses+fezerao+no+descobrimento+e+conquista+dos+mares+e+terras+do+Oriente&rft.pub=Jorge+Rodriguez&rft.date=1628&rft.aulast=Barros&rft.aufirst=Joao+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9VUAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3DNuno%2Bda%2BCunha%2BXael%26pg%3DPA551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahrawālī2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Nahrawālī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad (6 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IiRwGU9pvw4C"><bdi lang="ar">البرق اليماني في الفتح العثماني</bdi></a> [Lightning Over Yemen: A History of the Ottoman Campaign in Yemen, 1569–71]. Translated by Smith, Clive. I. B. Tauris. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-836-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-836-6"><bdi>978-1-86064-836-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-836-6&rft.aulast=Nahraw%C4%81l%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+ibn+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIiRwGU9pvw4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiancarlo_Casale2010" class="citation book cs1">Giancarlo Casale (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomanageexplor00casa">The Ottoman Age of Exploration</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ottomanageexplor00casa/page/n63">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979879-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979879-7"><bdi>978-0-19-979879-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Age+of+Exploration&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979879-7&rft.au=Giancarlo+Casale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fottomanageexplor00casa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nahrawālī88-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nahrawālī88_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nahrawālī88_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNahrawālī2002">Nahrawālī (2002)</a>, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_Hathaway2012" class="citation book cs1">Jane Hathaway (2012). A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. SUNY Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8610-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8610-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-8610-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Factions%3A+Myth%2C+Memory%2C+and+Identity+in+Ottoman+Egypt+and+Yemen&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8610-8&rft.au=Jane+Hathaway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_W._Stookey_1978_134-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_W._Stookey_1978_134_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_W._Stookey_1978_134_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Stookey1978" class="citation book cs1">Robert W. Stookey (1978). Yemen: the politics of the Yemen Arab Republic. Westview Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89158-300-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89158-300-9"><bdi>0-89158-300-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yemen%3A+the+politics+of+the+Yemen+Arab+Republic&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-89158-300-9&rft.au=Robert+W.+Stookey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nahrawālī95-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nahrawālī95_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nahrawālī95_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNahrawālī2002">Nahrawālī (2002)</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._B._SerjeantRonald_Lewcock1983" class="citation book cs1">R. B. Serjeant; Ronald Lewcock (1983). Sana: An Arabian Islamic City. World of Islam Festival Pub. Co. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-905035-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-905035-04-6"><bdi>0-905035-04-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sana%3A+An+Arabian+Islamic+City&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=World+of+Islam+Festival+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-905035-04-6&rft.au=R.+B.+Serjeant&rft.au=Ronald+Lewcock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNahrawālī2002">Nahrawālī (2002)</a>, p. 134 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nahrawālī180-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nahrawālī180_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nahrawālī180_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNahrawālī2002">Nahrawālī (2002)</a>, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdul_Ali_1996_103-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abdul_Ali_1996_103_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abdul_Ali_1996_103_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Ali1996" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Ali (1996). Islamic Dynasties of the Arab East: State and Civilization During the Later Medieval Times. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8175330082" title="Special:BookSources/8175330082"><bdi>8175330082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Dynasties+of+the+Arab+East%3A+State+and+Civilization+During+the+Later+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=8175330082&rft.au=Abdul+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faulder-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faulder_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faulder_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faulder_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_WJFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75">Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France</a>. Vol. 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 75. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028115444/https://books.google.com/books?id=_WJFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accounts+and+Extracts+of+the+Manuscripts+in+the+Library+of+the+King+of+France&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=R.+Faulder&rft.date=1789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_WJFAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-R._Faulder-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R._Faulder_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-R._Faulder_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_WJFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75">Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France</a>. Vol. 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 76. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028115444/https://books.google.com/books?id=_WJFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accounts+and+Extracts+of+the+Manuscripts+in+the+Library+of+the+King+of+France&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=R.+Faulder&rft.date=1789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_WJFAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_WJFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75">Accounts and Extracts of the Manuscripts in the Library of the King of France</a>. Vol. 2. R. Faulder. 1789. p. 78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231028115444/https://books.google.com/books?id=_WJFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accounts+and+Extracts+of+the+Manuscripts+in+the+Library+of+the+King+of+France&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=R.+Faulder&rft.date=1789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_WJFAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjetil_SelvikStig_Stenslie2011" class="citation book cs1">Kjetil Selvik; Stig Stenslie (2011). Stability and Change in the Modern Middle East. I. B. Tauris. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-589-2"><bdi>978-1-84885-589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stability+and+Change+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-589-2&rft.au=Kjetil+Selvik&rft.au=Stig+Stenslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_HestlerJo-Ann_Spilling2010" class="citation book cs1">Anna Hestler; Jo-Ann Spilling (2010). Yemen. Marshall Cavendish. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4850-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4850-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-4850-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yemen&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-4850-1&rft.au=Anna+Hestler&rft.au=Jo-Ann+Spilling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_N._Schofield1994" class="citation book cs1">Richard N. Schofield (1994). Territorial foundations of the Gulf states. UCL Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-121-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-121-7"><bdi>1-85728-121-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Territorial+foundations+of+the+Gulf+states&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85728-121-7&rft.au=Richard+N.+Schofield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrowes2010">Burrowes (2010)</a>, p. 295 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelly_Hanna2005" class="citation book cs1">Nelly Hanna (2005). Society and Economy in Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean, 1600–1900: Essays in Honor of André Raymond. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9774249372" title="Special:BookSources/9774249372"><bdi>9774249372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Economy+in+Egypt+and+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%2C+1600%E2%80%931900%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Andr%C3%A9+Raymond&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9774249372&rft.au=Nelly+Hanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarta_Colburn2002" class="citation book cs1">Marta Colburn (2002). The Republic of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century. CIIR. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85287-249-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85287-249-7"><bdi>1-85287-249-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Yemen%3A+Development+Challenges+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=CIIR&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85287-249-7&rft.au=Marta+Colburn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAri_Ariel2013" class="citation book cs1">Ari Ariel (2013). Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. BRILL. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004265370" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004265370"><bdi>978-9004265370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish-Muslim+Relations+and+Migration+from+Yemen+to+Palestine+in+the+Late+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004265370&rft.au=Ari+Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caesar_E._Farah_2002_120-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caesar_E._Farah_2002_120_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caesar_E._Farah_2002_120_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaesar_E._Farah2002" class="citation book cs1">Caesar E. Farah (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultansyementhce00fara">The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule</a>. I. B. Tauris. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultansyementhce00fara/page/n142">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-767-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-767-7"><bdi>1-86064-767-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultan%27s+Yemen%3A+19th-Century+Challenges+to+Ottoman+Rule&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86064-767-7&rft.au=Caesar+E.+Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsultansyementhce00fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._J._Gavin1975" class="citation book cs1">R. J. Gavin (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adenunderbritish0000gavi">Aden Under British Rule, 1839–1967</a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adenunderbritish0000gavi/page/60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903983-14-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-903983-14-1"><bdi>0-903983-14-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aden+Under+British+Rule%2C+1839%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-903983-14-1&rft.au=R.+J.+Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadenunderbritish0000gavi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaesar_E._Farah2002" class="citation book cs1">Caesar E. Farah (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultansyementhce00fara">The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule</a>. I. B. Tauris. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultansyementhce00fara/page/n154">132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-767-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-767-7"><bdi>1-86064-767-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultan%27s+Yemen%3A+19th-Century+Challenges+to+Ottoman+Rule&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86064-767-7&rft.au=Caesar+E.+Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsultansyementhce00fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaesar_E._Farah2002" class="citation book cs1">Caesar E. Farah (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultansyementhce00fara">The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule</a>. I. B. Tauris. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultansyementhce00fara/page/n142">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-767-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-767-7"><bdi>1-86064-767-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultan%27s+Yemen%3A+19th-Century+Challenges+to+Ottoman+Rule&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86064-767-7&rft.au=Caesar+E.+Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsultansyementhce00fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeva_S._SimonMichael_Menachem_LaskierSara_Reguer2013" class="citation book cs1">Reeva S. Simon; Michael Menachem Laskier; Sara Reguer (2013). The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times. Columbia University Press. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50759-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50759-2"><bdi>978-0-231-50759-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa+in+Modern+Times&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50759-2&rft.au=Reeva+S.+Simon&rft.au=Michael+Menachem+Laskier&rft.au=Sara+Reguer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B._Z._Eraqi_Klorman_1993_11-154"><a href="#cite_ref-B._Z._Eraqi_Klorman_1993_11_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Z._Eraqi_Klorman1993" class="citation book cs1">B. Z. Eraqi Klorman (1993). The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth Century: A Portrait of a Messianic Community. BRILL. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004096841" title="Special:BookSources/9004096841"><bdi>9004096841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Yemen+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+Portrait+of+a+Messianic+Community&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9004096841&rft.au=B.+Z.+Eraqi+Klorman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAri_Ariel2013" class="citation book cs1">Ari Ariel (2013). Jewish-Muslim Relations and Migration from Yemen to Palestine in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. BRILL. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004265370" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004265370"><bdi>978-9004265370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish-Muslim+Relations+and+Migration+from+Yemen+to+Palestine+in+the+Late+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004265370&rft.au=Ari+Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doğan_Gürpınar_2013_71-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doğan_Gürpınar_2013_71_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doğan_Gürpınar_2013_71_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoğan_Gürpınar2013" class="citation book cs1">Doğan Gürpınar (2013). Ottoman/Turkish Visions of the Nation, 1860–1950. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33421-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33421-3"><bdi>978-1-137-33421-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman%2FTurkish+Visions+of+the+Nation%2C+1860%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-33421-3&rft.au=Do%C4%9Fan+G%C3%BCrp%C4%B1nar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaesar_E._Farah2002" class="citation book cs1">Caesar E. Farah (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultansyementhce00fara">The Sultan's Yemen: 19th-Century Challenges to Ottoman Rule</a>. I. B. Tauris. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultansyementhce00fara/page/n118">96</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-767-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-767-7"><bdi>1-86064-767-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultan%27s+Yemen%3A+19th-Century+Challenges+to+Ottoman+Rule&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86064-767-7&rft.au=Caesar+E.+Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsultansyementhce00fara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Z._Eraqi_Klorman1993" class="citation book cs1">B. Z. Eraqi Klorman (1993). The Jews of Yemen in the Nineteenth Century: A Portrait of a Messianic Community. BRILL. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004096841" title="Special:BookSources/9004096841"><bdi>9004096841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Yemen+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+A+Portrait+of+a+Messianic+Community&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9004096841&rft.au=B.+Z.+Eraqi+Klorman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_L._Rogan2002" class="citation book cs1">Eugene L. Rogan (2002). Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89223-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-89223-6"><bdi>0-521-89223-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+the+State+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Transjordan%2C+1850%E2%80%931921&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-89223-6&rft.au=Eugene+L.+Rogan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated509-160"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated509_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Reich1990" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Reich (1990). Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26213-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26213-6"><bdi>0-313-26213-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-313-26213-6&rft.au=Bernard+Reich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated34-161"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated34_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dresch2000" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dresch (2000). A History of Modern Yemen. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79482-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79482-X"><bdi>0-521-79482-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Yemen&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-79482-X&rft.au=Paul+Dresch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassimiliano_Fiore2010" class="citation book cs1">Massimiliano Fiore (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/angloitalianrela00fior">Anglo-Italian Relations in the Middle East, 1922–1940</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/angloitalianrela00fior/page/n37">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-9747-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-9747-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-9747-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Italian+Relations+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1922%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-9747-3&rft.au=Massimiliano+Fiore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fangloitalianrela00fior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madawi_al-Rasheed_2002_101-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madawi_al-Rasheed_2002_101_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madawi_al-Rasheed_2002_101_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadawi_al-Rasheed2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Madawi_al-Rasheed" title="Madawi al-Rasheed">Madawi al-Rasheed</a> (2002). A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64412-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64412-7"><bdi>0-521-64412-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-64412-7&rft.au=Madawi+al-Rasheed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Reich1990" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Reich (1990). Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26213-5"><bdi>978-0-313-26213-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26213-5&rft.au=Bernard+Reich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madawi_al-Rasheed_97-165"><a href="#cite_ref-Madawi_al-Rasheed_97_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadawi_al-Rasheed2010" class="citation book cs1">Madawi al-Rasheed (April 2010). A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76128-4"><bdi>978-0-521-76128-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-04&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76128-4&rft.au=Madawi+al-Rasheed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_A._HinnebuschAnoushiravan_Ehteshami2002" class="citation book cs1">Raymond A. Hinnebusch; Anoushiravan Ehteshami (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781588260208">The Foreign Policies of Middle East States</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781588260208/page/262">262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58826-020-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58826-020-8"><bdi>1-58826-020-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policies+of+Middle+East+States&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58826-020-8&rft.au=Raymond+A.+Hinnebusch&rft.au=Anoushiravan+Ehteshami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781588260208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlen_Balfour-Paul1994" class="citation book cs1">Glen Balfour-Paul (1994). The End of Empire in the Middle East: Britain's Relinquishment of Power in Her Last Three Arab Dependencies. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46636-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46636-9"><bdi>0-521-46636-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Empire+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Britain%27s+Relinquishment+of+Power+in+Her+Last+Three+Arab+Dependencies&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-46636-9&rft.au=Glen+Balfour-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wealth_p.117-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wealth_p.117_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wealth_p.117_168-1">b</a> Kiren Aziz Chaudhry The Price of Wealth: Economies and Institutions in the Middle East p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Ulrike Freitag Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reform </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Don Peretz The Middle East Today p. 490 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> The Middle East Today By Don Peretz p. 491 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Human Rights Human Wrongs By M. S. Gill p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Gregory_Gause1990" class="citation book cs1">F. Gregory Gause (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0yUzV-g2X2QC">Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07044-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07044-7"><bdi>978-0-231-07044-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi-Yemeni+Relations%3A+Domestic+Structures+and+Foreign+Influence&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07044-7&rft.au=F.+Gregory+Gause&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0yUzV-g2X2QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresch2000" class="citation book cs1">Dresch, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jxR2q-F3o4C&pg=PA115">A History of Modern Yemen</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79482-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79482-4"><bdi>978-0-521-79482-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Yemen&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79482-4&rft.aulast=Dresch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jxR2q-F3o4C%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Schmitthoff, Clive Macmillan, Clive M. Schmitthoff's select essays on international trade law p. 390 </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Timeline-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Timeline_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Timeline_176-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Timeline_176-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Timeline_176-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Timeline_176-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Timeline_176-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14704951">"Yemen profile (timeline)"</a>. BBC. 26 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115164559/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14704951">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2013. <q>1978 – Ali Abdullah Saleh named as president of YAR.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen+profile+%28timeline%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2013-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-14704951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDresch2000" class="citation book cs1">Dresch, Paul (2000). A History of Modern Yemen. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Yemen&rft.pages=120-124&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dresch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elections-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elections_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elections_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNohlenGrotzHartmann2001" class="citation book cs1">Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVFBXa69tWMC&pg=PA309">Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 309–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924958-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924958-9"><bdi>978-0-19-924958-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215135117/https://books.google.com/books?id=BVFBXa69tWMC&pg=PA309">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elections+in+Asia%3A+A+data+handbook%2C+Volume+I&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=309-310&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924958-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVFBXa69tWMC%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040122111532/http://www.laughtergenealogy.com/bin/histprof/misc/desertstorm.html">"Persian Gulf War, Desert Storm – War with Iraqi"</a>. Laughtergenealogy.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laughtergenealogy.com/bin/histprof/misc/desertstorm.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2004. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persian+Gulf+War%2C+Desert+Storm+%E2%80%93+War+with+Iraqi&rft.pub=Laughtergenealogy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laughtergenealogy.com%2Fbin%2Fhistprof%2Fmisc%2Fdesertstorm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YemenProfile2008-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YemenProfile2008_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YemenProfile2008_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YemenProfile2008_180-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Yemen.pdf">"Country Profile: Yemen"</a> (PDF). Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515010519/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Yemen.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Yemen&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FYemen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100209233322/http://www.realclearworld.com/printpage/?url=http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2010/01/08/fighting_al-qaeda_the_role_of_yemens_president_saleh_97472.html">"Fighting al-Qaeda: The Role of Yemen's President Saleh"</a>. Realclearworld.com. 17 December 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclearworld.com/printpage/?url=http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2010/01/08/fighting_al-qaeda_the_role_of_yemens_president_saleh_97472.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Realclearworld.com&rft.atitle=Fighting+al-Qaeda%3A+The+Role+of+Yemen%27s+President+Saleh&rft.date=2009-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearworld.com%2Fprintpage%2F%3Furl%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclearworld.com%2Farticles%2F2010%2F01%2F08%2Ffighting_al-qaeda_the_role_of_yemens_president_saleh_97472.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinny_Hill2009" class="citation news cs1">Ginny Hill (1 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/01/yemen-guantanamo-al-qaida">"Yemen's point of no return"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170907213633/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/01/yemen-guantanamo-al-qaida">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+point+of+no+return&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.au=Ginny+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2009%2Fapr%2F01%2Fyemen-guantanamo-al-qaida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinny_HillPeter_SalisburyLéonie_NorthedgeJane_Kinninmont2013" class="citation web cs1">Ginny Hill; Peter Salisbury; Léonie Northedge; Jane Kinninmont (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/194239">"Yemen: Corruption, Capital Flight and Global Drivers of Conflict"</a>. Chatham House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330050836/http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/194239">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chatham+House&rft.atitle=Yemen%3A+Corruption%2C+Capital+Flight+and+Global+Drivers+of+Conflict&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Ginny+Hill&rft.au=Peter+Salisbury&rft.au=L%C3%A9onie+Northedge&rft.au=Jane+Kinninmont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2Fpublications%2Fpapers%2Fview%2F194239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407021704/http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/yemen/political-landscape/islah-party">"The Islah Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islamopedia_Online" title="Islamopedia Online">Islamopedia Online</a>. 13 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/yemen/political-landscape/islah-party">the original</a> on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamopedia+Online&rft.atitle=The+Islah+Party&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamopediaonline.org%2Fcountry-profile%2Fyemen%2Fpolitical-landscape%2Fislah-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_W._Wilson1994" class="citation book cs1">Peter W. Wilson (1994). Saudi Arabia:The Coming Storm. M.E. Sharpe. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3347-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3347-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-3347-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia%3AThe+Coming+Storm&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-3347-7&rft.au=Peter+W.+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinny_HillPeter_SalisburyLéonie_NorthedgeJane_Kinninmont2013" class="citation web cs1">Ginny Hill; Peter Salisbury; Léonie Northedge; Jane Kinninmont (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/194239">"Yemen: Corruption, Capital Flight and Global Drivers of Conflict"</a>. Chatham House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330050836/http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/194239">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chatham+House&rft.atitle=Yemen%3A+Corruption%2C+Capital+Flight+and+Global+Drivers+of+Conflict&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Ginny+Hill&rft.au=Peter+Salisbury&rft.au=L%C3%A9onie+Northedge&rft.au=Jane+Kinninmont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chathamhouse.org%2Fpublications%2Fpapers%2Fview%2F194239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Bradley2012" class="citation book cs1">John R. Bradley (2012). After the Arab Spring: How Islamists Hijacked The Middle East Revolts. Macmillan. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-39366-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-39366-0"><bdi>978-0-230-39366-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Arab+Spring%3A+How+Islamists+Hijacked+The+Middle+East+Revolts&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-39366-0&rft.au=John+R.+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Haykel2011" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Haykel" title="Bernard Haykel">Bernard Haykel</a> (14 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67892/bernard-haykel/saudi-arabias-yemen-dilemma">"Saudi Arabia's Yemen Dilemma:How to Manage an Unruly Client State"</a>. Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728020636/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67892/bernard-haykel/saudi-arabias-yemen-dilemma">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia%27s+Yemen+Dilemma%3AHow+to+Manage+an+Unruly+Client+State&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.au=Bernard+Haykel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F67892%2Fbernard-haykel%2Fsaudi-arabias-yemen-dilemma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Phillips2008" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Phillips (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yemensdemocracye00phil">Yemen's Democracy Experiment in Regional Perspective</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yemensdemocracye00phil/page/n107">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61648-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61648-6"><bdi>978-0-230-61648-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yemen%27s+Democracy+Experiment+in+Regional+Perspective&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61648-6&rft.au=Sarah+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyemensdemocracye00phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-war-190"><a href="#cite_ref-war_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616022328/http://www.yca-sandwell.org.uk/history_7.htm">"Civil war"</a>. Yca-sandwell.org.uk. Yemeni Community Association in Sandwell. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yca-sandwell.org.uk/history_7.htm">the original</a> on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yca-sandwell.org.uk&rft.atitle=Civil+war&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yca-sandwell.org.uk%2Fhistory_7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_State" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLRoWtwJnZQC&pg=PT262">Background Notes: Mideast, March 2011</a>. InfoStrategist.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59243-126-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59243-126-7"><bdi>978-1-59243-126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Background+Notes%3A+Mideast%2C+March+2011&rft.pub=InfoStrategist.com&rft.isbn=978-1-59243-126-7&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLRoWtwJnZQC%26pg%3DPT262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8542905.stm">"News"</a>, Policemen killed in south Yemen in clash with rebels, UK: BBC, 1 March 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207121120/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8542905.stm">archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2022, retrieved 9 May 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policemen+killed+in+south+Yemen+in+clash+with+rebels&rft.atitle=News&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2F8542905.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/mobile/middle_east/country_profiles/1706450.stm">"Yemen timeline"</a>. BBC. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemen+timeline&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fmobile%2Fmiddle_east%2Fcountry_profiles%2F1706450.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/aug/27/solution-yemen-water-crisis">"Time running out for solution to Yemen's water crisis"</a>. The Guardian, IRIN, quoting Jerry Farrell, country director of Save the Children in Yemen, and Ghassan Madieh, a water specialist for <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> in Yemen. 26 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+running+out+for+solution+to+Yemen%27s+water+crisis&rft.pub=The+Guardian%2C+IRIN%2C+quoting+Jerry+Farrell%2C+country+director+of+Save+the+Children+in+Yemen%2C+and+Ghassan+Madieh%2C+a+water+specialist+for+UNICEF+in+Yemen&rft.date=2012-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2012%2Faug%2F27%2Fsolution-yemen-water-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-REVERSAL-195"><a href="#cite_ref-REVERSAL_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=27058">"In eleventh-hour reversal, President Saleh announces candidacy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a>. 25 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080105080112/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=27058">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+eleventh-hour+reversal%2C+President+Saleh+announces+candidacy&rft.pub=IRIN&rft.date=2006-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport.aspx%3Freportid%3D27058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deadly_blast-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Deadly_blast_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7379929.stm">"Deadly blast strikes Yemen mosque"</a>. BBC News. 2 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201160808/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7379929.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Deadly+blast+strikes+Yemen+mosque&rft.date=2008-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F7379929.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-presidentsaleh.gov.ye-197"><a href="#cite_ref-presidentsaleh.gov.ye_197-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219213256/http://presidentsaleh.gov.ye/shownews.php?lng=en&_newsctgry=2">"President Ali Abdullah Saleh Web Site"</a>. Presidentsaleh.gov.ye. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidentsaleh.gov.ye/shownews.php?lng=en&_newsctgry=2">the original</a> on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presidentsaleh.gov.ye&rft.atitle=President+Ali+Abdullah+Saleh+Web+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidentsaleh.gov.ye%2Fshownews.php%3Flng%3Den%26_newsctgry%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2006/09/200841013335763406.html">"Saleh re-elected president of Yemen"</a>. Al Jazeera. 23 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220084749/http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2006/09/200841013335763406.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Saleh+re-elected+president+of+Yemen&rft.date=2006-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.aljazeera.net%2Farchive%2F2006%2F09%2F200841013335763406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107102318/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-09/27/content_5146302.htm">"Yemeni president takes constitutional oath for his new term"</a>. News.xinhaunet.com. Xinhua. 27 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-09/27/content_5146302.htm">the original</a> on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News.xinhaunet.com&rft.atitle=Yemeni+president+takes+constitutional+oath+for+his+new+term&rft.date=2006-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2006-09%2F27%2Fcontent_5146302.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/news-yemen-usa-blast-col-idCAREE77062120080917">"Car bombs at U.S. embassy in Yemen kill 16"</a>. Reuters. 17 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509111722/https://www.reuters.com/article/news-yemen-usa-blast-col-idCAREE77062120080917">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Car+bombs+at+U.S.+embassy+in+Yemen+kill+16&rft.date=2008-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fnews-yemen-usa-blast-col-idCAREE77062120080917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Hall, Bogumila. "Subaltern Rightful Struggles, Comparative ethnographies of the Bedouin villagers in the Naqab, and the akhdam slum dwellers in Sana’a". Ph.D. diss., European University Institute, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/nov/24/yemen-ali-abdullah-saleh-resigns">"Yemen's Ali Abdullah Saleh resigns – but it changes little | Brian Whitaker"</a>. the Guardian. 24 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Ali+Abdullah+Saleh+resigns+%E2%80%93+but+it+changes+little+%7C+Brian+Whitaker&rft.date=2011-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fnov%2F24%2Fyemen-ali-abdullah-saleh-resigns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis_2012-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2012_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2012_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Alexandra (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.york.ac.uk/media/politics/prdu/documents/publications/PRDU%20Working%20Paper%203%20May%5B1%5D.pdf">"Changing Seasons: The Arab Spring's Position Within the Political Evolution of the Yemeni State"</a> (PDF). Post-war Reconstruction and Development Unit Working Paper Series. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Post-war+Reconstruction+and+Development+Unit+Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=Changing+Seasons%3A+The+Arab+Spring%27s+Position+Within+the+Political+Evolution+of+the+Yemeni+State&rft.date=2012-05&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fpolitics%2Fprdu%2Fdocuments%2Fpublications%2FPRDU%2520Working%2520Paper%25203%2520May%255B1%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Ghosh, Bobby (17 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120906231921/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2123810,00.html">"The End of Al-Qaeda?"</a>. Time. New York. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2123810,00.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Al-Qaeda%3F&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C2123810%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530044140/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/29/whose_side_is_yemen_on?page=0,1">"Whose Side Is Yemen On?"</a>. Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C. 29 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/29/whose_side_is_yemen_on?page=0,1">the original</a> on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Whose+Side+Is+Yemen+On%3F&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2F08%2F29%2Fwhose_side_is_yemen_on%3Fpage%3D0%2C1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/fighting-continues-in-yemen-before-un-peace-deal/2457211.html">"Yemeni Parties, Houthi Rebels Form Unity Government"</a>. Voice of America. 21 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109021322/http://www.voanews.com/content/fighting-continues-in-yemen-before-un-peace-deal/2457211.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemeni+Parties%2C+Houthi+Rebels+Form+Unity+Government&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fcontent%2Ffighting-continues-in-yemen-before-un-peace-deal%2F2457211.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123053739/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/09/yemen-government-crisis_n_6128974.html">"Yemen Swears In New Government Amid Crisis"</a>. The Huffington Post. 9 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/09/yemen-government-crisis_n_6128974.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemen+Swears+In+New+Government+Amid+Crisis&rft.date=2014-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F11%2F09%2Fyemen-government-crisis_n_6128974.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123052802/http://www.newsday.com/news/nation/yemen-president-abed-rabbo-mansour-hadi-s-home-shelled-by-shiite-rebels-palace-taken-over-1.9826611">"Shiite rebels shell Yemen president's home, take over palace"</a>. Newsday. 20 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsday.com/news/nation/yemen-president-abed-rabbo-mansour-hadi-s-home-shelled-by-shiite-rebels-palace-taken-over-1.9826611">the original</a> on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shiite+rebels+shell+Yemen+president%27s+home%2C+take+over+palace&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fyemen-president-abed-rabbo-mansour-hadi-s-home-shelled-by-shiite-rebels-palace-taken-over-1.9826611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/01/20/whats-happening-in-yemens-potential-coup/">"Here is what's happening in Yemen"</a>. The Washington Post. 22 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122151313/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/01/20/whats-happening-in-yemens-potential-coup/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Here+is+what%27s+happening+in+Yemen&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2015%2F01%2F20%2Fwhats-happening-in-yemens-potential-coup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-withdraw-210"><a href="#cite_ref-withdraw_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohan2015" class="citation news cs1">Rohan, Brian (22 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/02/22/hadi-once-quiet-leader-of-yemen-strikes-newly-defiant-pose">"Hadi, a once-quiet leader of a fractious Yemen, strikes defiant pose by reclaiming presidency"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222225056/http://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/02/22/hadi-once-quiet-leader-of-yemen-strikes-newly-defiant-pose">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Hadi%2C+a+once-quiet+leader+of+a+fractious+Yemen%2C+strikes+defiant+pose+by+reclaiming+presidency&rft.date=2015-02-22&rft.aulast=Rohan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticles%2F2015%2F02%2F22%2Fhadi-once-quiet-leader-of-yemen-strikes-newly-defiant-pose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aden_dw-211"><a href="#cite_ref-aden_dw_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197">"Yemen's President Hadi declares new 'temporary capital'"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 21 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605210805/http://www.dw.de/yemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital/a-18332197">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+President+Hadi+declares+new+%27temporary+capital%27&rft.date=2015-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fyemens-president-hadi-declares-new-temporary-capital%2Fa-18332197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/03/07/President-Hadi-says-Aden-is-Yemen-s-capital-.html">"President Hadi says Aden is Yemen's 'capital'"</a>. Al Arabiya. 7 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150309113248/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/03/07/President-Hadi-says-Aden-is-Yemen-s-capital-.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President+Hadi+says+Aden+is+Yemen%27s+%27capital%27&rft.date=2015-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2015%2F03%2F07%2FPresident-Hadi-says-Aden-is-Yemen-s-capital-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202160535/http://time.com/5124508/yemen-separatists-storm-government/">"Yemen's Prime Minister Is Preparing to Flee as Separatists Reach Gates of the Presidential Palace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 30 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://time.com/5124508/yemen-separatists-storm-government/">the original</a> on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Prime+Minister+Is+Preparing+to+Flee+as+Separatists+Reach+Gates+of+the+Presidential+Palace&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5124508%2Fyemen-separatists-storm-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Wintour2017" class="citation web cs1">Patrick Wintour (16 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/16/lift-yemen-blockade-to-save-children-un-agencies-tell-saudis">"Saudis must lift Yemen blockade or "untold" thousands will die, UN agencies warn"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223122733/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/16/lift-yemen-blockade-to-save-children-un-agencies-tell-saudis">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudis+must+lift+Yemen+blockade+or+%22untold%22+thousands+will+die%2C+UN+agencies+warn&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.au=Patrick+Wintour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fnov%2F16%2Flift-yemen-blockade-to-save-children-un-agencies-tell-saudis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-save-the-children-yemen-20171116-story.html">"50,000 children in Yemen have died of starvation and disease so far this year, monitoring group says"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. 16 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101121003/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-save-the-children-yemen-20171116-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=50%2C000+children+in+Yemen+have+died+of+starvation+and+disease+so+far+this+year%2C+monitoring+group+says&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fct-save-the-children-yemen-20171116-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentish2016" class="citation news cs1">Kentish, Benjamin (9 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-air-strike-bomb-kills-140-saudi-arabia-usa-white-house-a7352386.html">"Saudi-led coalition in Yemen accused of "genocide" after airstrike on funeral hall kills 140"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-air-strike-bomb-kills-140-saudi-arabia-usa-white-house-a7352386.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Saudi-led+coalition+in+Yemen+accused+of+%22genocide%22+after+airstrike+on+funeral+hall+kills+140&rft.date=2016-10-09&rft.aulast=Kentish&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fyemen-air-strike-bomb-kills-140-saudi-arabia-usa-white-house-a7352386.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachman2018" class="citation web cs1">Bachman, Jeff (26 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/us-complicity-in-the-saudi-led-genocide-in-yemen-spans-obama-trump-administrations-106896">"US complicity in the Saudi-led genocide in Yemen spans Obama, Trump administrations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113152455/https://theconversation.com/us-complicity-in-the-saudi-led-genocide-in-yemen-spans-obama-trump-administrations-106896">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2020. <q>As a scholar of genocide and human rights, I believe the destruction brought about by these attacks combined with the blockade amounts to genocide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=US+complicity+in+the+Saudi-led+genocide+in+Yemen+spans+Obama%2C+Trump+administrations&rft.date=2018-11-26&rft.aulast=Bachman&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fus-complicity-in-the-saudi-led-genocide-in-yemen-spans-obama-trump-administrations-106896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaves2019" class="citation report cs1">Taves, Harold (23 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331306103">Genocide in Yemen-Is the West Complicit?</a> (Essay). <q>Is there a genocide in Yemen? Based on the definition of genocide: The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. The answer is an unequivocal YES.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+Yemen-Is+the+West+Complicit%3F&rft.date=2019-02-23&rft.aulast=Taves&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F331306103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/12/640331-suspected-cholera-cases-yemen-surpass-one-million-reports-un-health-agency">"Suspected cholera cases in Yemen surpass one million, reports UN health agency"</a>. UN. 22 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201120/https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/12/640331-suspected-cholera-cases-yemen-surpass-one-million-reports-un-health-agency">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suspected+cholera+cases+in+Yemen+surpass+one+million%2C+reports+UN+health+agency&rft.pub=UN&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2017%2F12%2F640331-suspected-cholera-cases-yemen-surpass-one-million-reports-un-health-agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristof2017" class="citation news cs1">Kristof, Nicholas (31 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/31/opinion/columnists/yemen-famine-cholera.html">"The Photos the U.S. and Saudi Arabia Don't Want You to See"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517015710/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/31/opinion/columnists/yemen-famine-cholera.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Photos+the+U.S.+and+Saudi+Arabia+Don%27t+Want+You+to+See&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft.aulast=Kristof&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2017%2F08%2F31%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fyemen-famine-cholera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/yemen-saudi-blockade/">"Saudi de facto blockade starves Yemen of food and medicine"</a>. Reuters. 11 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011101505/http://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/yemen-saudi-blockade/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Saudi+de+facto+blockade+starves+Yemen+of+food+and+medicine&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Finvestigates%2Fspecial-report%2Fyemen-saudi-blockade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211123-yemen-war-will-have-killed-377-000-by-year-s-end-un">"Yemen war will have killed 377,000 by year's end: UN"</a>. France 24. 23 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209140921/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20211123-yemen-war-will-have-killed-377-000-by-year-s-end-un">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Yemen+war+will+have+killed+377%2C000+by+year%27s+end%3A+UN&rft.date=2021-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20211123-yemen-war-will-have-killed-377-000-by-year-s-end-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/23/un-yemen-recovery-possible-in-one-generation-if-war-stops-now">"Yemen war deaths will reach 377,000 by end of the year: UN"</a>. Al Jazeera. 23 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201125144/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/23/un-yemen-recovery-possible-in-one-generation-if-war-stops-now">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Yemen+war+deaths+will+reach+377%2C000+by+end+of+the+year%3A+UN&rft.date=2021-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2021%2F11%2F23%2Fun-yemen-recovery-possible-in-one-generation-if-war-stops-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42225574">"Ali Abdullah Saleh, Yemen's former leader, killed in Sanaa"</a>. BBC News. 4 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190408044810/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42225574">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ali+Abdullah+Saleh%2C+Yemen%27s+former+leader%2C+killed+in+Sanaa&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-42225574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220420-yemens-president-hadi-has-effectively-been-sacked-by-saudi-arabia/">"Yemen's President Hadi has effectively been sacked by Saudi Arabia"</a>. Middle East Monitor. 20 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009072559/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220420-yemens-president-hadi-has-effectively-been-sacked-by-saudi-arabia/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+President+Hadi+has+effectively+been+sacked+by+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2022-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20220420-yemens-president-hadi-has-effectively-been-sacked-by-saudi-arabia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67166863">"US warship intercepts missiles fired from Yemen 'potentially towards Israel'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 20 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031090010/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67166863">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=US+warship+intercepts+missiles+fired+from+Yemen+%27potentially+towards+Israel%27&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-67166863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/12/12/who-are-the-houthis-the-group-attacking-ships-in-the-red-sea">"Who are the Houthis, the group attacking ships in the Red Sea?"</a>. The Economist. 12 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112235054/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/12/12/who-are-the-houthis-the-group-attacking-ships-in-the-red-sea">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024. <q>Since the bombardment of Gaza began, the Houthis, a Yemeni rebel group, have launched a series of attacks on cargo ships. The insurgents, who are backed by Iran, say they are acting in solidarity with Palestinians. They have threatened to attack any ship bound for or leaving Israel without delivering humanitarian aid to Gaza.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+Houthis%2C+the+group+attacking+ships+in+the+Red+Sea%3F&rft.date=2023-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2023%2F12%2F12%2Fwho-are-the-houthis-the-group-attacking-ships-in-the-red-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yemenmonitor.com/en/Details/ArtMID/908/ArticleID/115123">"UAE's Return to Aden Port Sparks Anger among Yemeni Officials"</a>. 21 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UAE%27s+Return+to+Aden+Port+Sparks+Anger+among+Yemeni+Officials&rft.date=2024-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yemenmonitor.com%2Fen%2FDetails%2FArtMID%2F908%2FArticleID%2F115123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emiratesleaks.com/uaes-bid-to-acquire-aden-port-faces-backlash-from-public-and-parliament/?lang=en">"UAE's Bid to Acquire Aden Port Faces Backlash from Public and Parliament"</a>. 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UAE%27s+Bid+to+Acquire+Aden+Port+Faces+Backlash+from+Public+and+Parliament&rft.date=2024-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femiratesleaks.com%2Fuaes-bid-to-acquire-aden-port-faces-backlash-from-public-and-parliament%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saba.ye/en/news3342178.htm">"Aden Governor warns of UAE occupation's efforts to destroy Aden port"</a>. 22 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aden+Governor+warns+of+UAE+occupation%27s+efforts+to+destroy+Aden+port&rft.date=2024-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saba.ye%2Fen%2Fnews3342178.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/legal/government/yemens-aden-port-to-cancel-dp-world-deal-official-idUSL5E8JQ2ZX/">"Yemen's Aden port to cancel DP World deal -official"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Aden+port+to+cancel+DP+World+deal+-official&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Flegal%2Fgovernment%2Fyemens-aden-port-to-cancel-dp-world-deal-official-idUSL5E8JQ2ZX%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrows2010-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows2010_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows2010_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burrows2010_232-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_D._Burrowes2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert D. Burrowes (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXRfqBv_0UC">Historical Dictionary of Yemen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 5–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5528-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5528-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-5528-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Yemen&rft.pages=5-340&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5528-1&rft.au=Robert+D.+Burrowes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtjXRfqBv_0UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318">"Islands east of the Horn of Africa and south of Yemen"</a>. WorldWildlife.org. World Wildlife Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205044118/https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1318">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldWildlife.org&rft.atitle=Islands+east+of+the+Horn+of+Africa+and+south+of+Yemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat1318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peel-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Peel_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson,_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html">"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"</a>. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210144308/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1633-1644&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net%2F11%2F1633%2F2007%2Fhess-11-1633-2007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> (direct: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Final Revised Paper</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Archived</a> 3 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin20083-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin20083_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin20083_235-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin2008">McLaughlin (2008)</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-236"><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Abdul Wali A. al-Khulaidi, Flora of Yemen, Sustainable Environmental Management Program (YEM/97/100), Republic of Yemen, June 2000, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepper1978" class="citation journal cs1">Hepper, F.N. (July 1978). "Were There Forests in the Yemen?". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 9 (1979): 65–71. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223217">41223217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seminar+for+Arabian+Studies&rft.atitle=Were+There+Forests+in+the+Yemen%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1979&rft.pages=65-71&rft.date=1978-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41223217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hepper&rft.aufirst=F.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpaltonHikmani2006-239"><a href="#cite_ref-SpaltonHikmani2006_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaltonAl_Hikmani2006" class="citation journal cs1">Spalton, J. A.; Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yemenileopard.org/files/cms/reports/Cat_News_Special_Issue_1_-_Arabian_leopard.pdf">"The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and Subspecies Status"</a> (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 1): 4–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201216011835/http://www.yemenileopard.org/files/cms/reports/Cat_News_Special_Issue_1_-_Arabian_leopard.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cat+News&rft.atitle=The+Leopard+in+the+Arabian+Peninsula+%E2%80%93+Distribution+and+Subspecies+Status&rft.issue=Special+Issue+1&rft.pages=4-8&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Spalton&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Al+Hikmani%2C+H.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yemenileopard.org%2Ffiles%2Fcms%2Freports%2FCat_News_Special_Issue_1_-_Arabian_leopard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51614.htm">"Yemen"</a>. State.gov. 8 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216152644/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51614.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State.gov&rft.atitle=Yemen&rft.date=2005-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2005%2F51614.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311113508/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/yemen">"Freedom in the World – Yemen (2007)"</a>. Freedomhouse.org. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/yemen">the original</a> on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World+%E2%80%93+Yemen+%282007%29&rft.pub=Freedomhouse.org&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world%2F2007%2Fyemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/cloneofcloneofcloneofstrikes-yemen-saada-breach--150510143647004.html">"Yemen's Saleh declares alliance with Houthis"</a>. Al Jazeera. 10 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528014027/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/cloneofcloneofcloneofstrikes-yemen-saada-breach--150510143647004.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Saleh+declares+alliance+with+Houthis&rft.date=2015-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F05%2Fcloneofcloneofcloneofstrikes-yemen-saada-breach--150510143647004.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangan2015" class="citation book cs1">Mangan, Fiona (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo58370">Prisons in Yemen</a>. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace. p. 9. Retrieved 21 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisons+in+Yemen&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.date=2015-03&rft.aulast=Mangan&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpurl.fdlp.gov%2FGPO%2Fgpo58370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010415211150/http://theestimate.com/public/063000.html">"The Yemeni-Saudi Border Treaty"</a>. Theestimate.com. June 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theestimate.com/public/063000.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2001. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theestimate.com&rft.atitle=The+Yemeni-Saudi+Border+Treaty&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theestimate.com%2Fpublic%2F063000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080120230115/http://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10013538.html">"Saudi authorities erect barriers on Yemeni border"</a>. 20 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10013538.html">the original</a> on 20 January 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saudi+authorities+erect+barriers+on+Yemeni+border&rft.date=2008-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yobserver.com%2Ffront-page%2F10013538.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2004" class="citation news cs1">Bradley, John (11 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131013122024/http://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/IslamicNewsUpdates/conversations/topics/4148">"Saudi Arabia enrages Yemen with fence"</a>. The Independent. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/IslamicNewsUpdates/conversations/topics/4148">the original</a> on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+enrages+Yemen+with+fence&rft.date=2004-02-11&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.yahoo.com%2Fneo%2Fgroups%2FIslamicNewsUpdates%2Fconversations%2Ftopics%2F4148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/15/middleeast/yemen-funding-crisis-intl/index.html">"The hardest part is when we lose a child"</a>. CNN. 15 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205103106/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/15/middleeast/yemen-funding-crisis-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+hardest+part+is+when+we+lose+a+child&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2020%2F09%2F15%2Fmiddleeast%2Fyemen-funding-crisis-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/01/11/1223238786/us-strikes-houthis-yemen">"U.S. and U.K. strike Houthi targets in Yemen"</a>. NPR. 11 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301074611/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/11/1223238786/us-strikes-houthis-yemen">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=U.S.+and+U.K.+strike+Houthi+targets+in+Yemen&rft.date=2024-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2024%2F01%2F11%2F1223238786%2Fus-strikes-houthis-yemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Alexandra (14 May 2013). "Violence in Yemen: Thinking About Violence in Fragile States Beyond the Confines of Conflict and Terrorism". Stability: International Journal of Security and Development. 2 (1): 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stability%3A+International+Journal+of+Security+and+Development&rft.atitle=Violence+in+Yemen%3A+Thinking+About+Violence+in+Fragile+States+Beyond+the+Confines+of+Conflict+and+Terrorism&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derechos.org/human-rights/mena/yemen/">"Human Rights in Yemen"</a>. Derechos – Human Rights. January 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809083441/http://www.derechos.org/human-rights/mena/yemen/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+Yemen&rft.pub=Derechos+%E2%80%93+Human+Rights&rft.date=2001-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derechos.org%2Fhuman-rights%2Fmena%2Fyemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/02/24/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death/">"Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 24 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629212705/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/02/24/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Here+are+the+10+countries+where+homosexuality+may+be+punished+by+death&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2014%2F02%2F24%2Fhere-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf">"The Global Gender Gap Report 2012"</a> (PDF). World Economic Forum. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908170755/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Gender+Gap+Report+2012&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/mideast/yemen.html">"World Report 2001 on Yemen"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615214816/http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/mideast/yemen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Report+2001+on+Yemen&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fwr2k1%2Fmideast%2Fyemen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daragahi2008-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Daragahi2008_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaragahi2008" class="citation news cs1">Daragahi, Borzou (11 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-11-fg-childbride11-story.html">"Yemeni bride, 10, says I won't"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218062844/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/11/world/fg-childbride11">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Yemeni+bride%2C+10%2C+says+I+won%27t&rft.date=2008-06-11&rft.aulast=Daragahi&rft.aufirst=Borzou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2008-jun-11-fg-childbride11-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walt2009-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Walt2009_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalt2009" class="citation news cs1">Walt, Vivienne (3 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205112432/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1876652,00.html">"A 10-Year-Old Divorcée Takes Paris"</a>. Time/CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1876652,00.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time%2FCNN&rft.atitle=A+10-Year-Old+Divorc%C3%A9e+Takes+Paris&rft.date=2009-02-03&rft.aulast=Walt&rft.aufirst=Vivienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1876652%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madabish2009-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Madabish2009_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadabish2009" class="citation news cs1">Madabish, Arafat (28 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130407181022/http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?id=16210">"Sanaa's first woman lawyer"</a>. Asharq Alawsat English edition. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asharq-e.com/news.asp?id=16210">the original</a> on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asharq+Alawsat+English+edition&rft.atitle=Sanaa%27s+first+woman+lawyer&rft.date=2009-03-28&rft.aulast=Madabish&rft.aufirst=Arafat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asharq-e.com%2Fnews.asp%3Fid%3D16210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRefugees" class="citation web cs1">Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/59d1f0de4.html">"Refworld | UN: Breakthrough resolution establishes expert group to investigate violations in Yemen"</a>. Refworld. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230914124153/https://www.refworld.org/docid/59d1f0de4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=Refworld+%7C+UN%3A+Breakthrough+resolution+establishes+expert+group+to+investigate+violations+in+Yemen&rft.aulast=Refugees&rft.aufirst=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F59d1f0de4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/01/saudi-arabia-yemen-un-human-rights-investigation-incentives-and-therats">"Saudis used "incentives and threats" to shut down UN investigation in Yemen"</a>. the Guardian. 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudis+used+%22incentives+and+threats%22+to+shut+down+UN+investigation+in+Yemen&rft.date=2021-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fdec%2F01%2Fsaudi-arabia-yemen-un-human-rights-investigation-incentives-and-therats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/30/scale-of-torture-and-deaths-in-yemens-unofficial-prisons-revealed">"Scale of torture and deaths in Yemen's unofficial prisons revealed"</a>. The Guardian. 30 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Scale+of+torture+and+deaths+in+Yemen%27s+unofficial+prisons+revealed&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F30%2Fscale-of-torture-and-deaths-in-yemens-unofficial-prisons-revealed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/yemen/">"2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Yemen"</a>. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405042942/https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/yemen/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Democracy%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Labor&rft.atitle=2020+Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices%3A+Yemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices%2Fyemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trafficking-in-persons-2013-261"><a href="#cite_ref-trafficking-in-persons-2013_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/210742.pdf">"Trafficking in Persons Report: Country Narratives T – Z and Special Case"</a> (PDF). U.S. Department of State. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526201501/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/210742.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trafficking+in+Persons+Report%3A+Country+Narratives+T+%E2%80%93+Z+and+Special+Case&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F210742.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tiers-2013-262"><a href="#cite_ref-tiers-2013_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2011/164221.htm">"Tiers: Placement, Guide, and Penalties for Tier 3 Countries"</a>. U.S. Department of State. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510073501/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2011/164221.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiers%3A+Placement%2C+Guide%2C+and+Penalties+for+Tier+3+Countries&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2F2011%2F164221.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thedailystar2004-263"><a href="#cite_ref-thedailystar2004_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohaiemen,_N.2004" class="citation news cs1">Mohaiemen, N. (27 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040811225821/http://www.thedailystar.net/2004/07/27/d40727150297.htm">"Slaves in Saudi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/2004/07/27/d40727150297.htm">the original</a> on 11 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Slaves+in+Saudi&rft.date=2004-07-27&rft.au=Mohaiemen%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2F2004%2F07%2F27%2Fd40727150297.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Arabiya_2010-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Arabiya_2010_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112103701/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/07/21/114451.html">"Slaves in impoverished Yemen dream of freedom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>. 21 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2010/07/21/114451.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slaves+in+impoverished+Yemen+dream+of+freedom&rft.date=2010-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alarabiya.net%2Farticles%2F2010%2F07%2F21%2F114451.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/23/open-letter-un-secretary-general-children-and-armed-conflict">"Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict"</a>. HRW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723002845/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/23/open-letter-un-secretary-general-children-and-armed-conflict">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HRW&rft.atitle=Open+Letter+to+the+UN+Secretary-General+on+Children+and+Armed+Conflict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2F23%2Fopen-letter-un-secretary-general-children-and-armed-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/06/un-children-in-war-must-never-be-a-political-bargaining-chip/">"UN: Children in war must never be a political bargaining chip"</a>. Amnesty. 23 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623121205/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/06/un-children-in-war-must-never-be-a-political-bargaining-chip/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty&rft.atitle=UN%3A+Children+in+war+must+never+be+a+political+bargaining+chip&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2Fun-children-in-war-must-never-be-a-political-bargaining-chip%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/09/14/deadly-consequences/obstruction-aid-yemen-during-covid-19">"Deadly Consequences Obstruction of Aid in Yemen During Covid-19"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 14 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922100417/https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/09/14/deadly-consequences/obstruction-aid-yemen-during-covid-19">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Deadly+Consequences+Obstruction+of+Aid+in+Yemen+During+Covid-19&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2020%2F09%2F14%2Fdeadly-consequences%2Fobstruction-aid-yemen-during-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Ministry of Public Health & Population, Yemen. </li> <li id="cite_note-Presidenthadi-gov-ye.info-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Presidenthadi-gov-ye.info_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222005055/https://presidenthadi-gov-ye.info/en/archives/law-establishing-province-of-socotra-archipelago-issued/">"Law establishing province of Socotra Archipelago issued"</a>. Presidenthadi-gov-ye.info. 18 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presidenthadi-gov-ye.info/en/archives/law-establishing-province-of-socotra-archipelago-issued/">the original</a> on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+establishing+province+of+Socotra+Archipelago+issued&rft.pub=Presidenthadi-gov-ye.info&rft.date=2013-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresidenthadi-gov-ye.info%2Fen%2Farchives%2Flaw-establishing-province-of-socotra-archipelago-issued%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajsix-270"><a href="#cite_ref-ajsix_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/02/yemen-become-six-region-federation-2014210124731726931.html">"Yemen to Become Six-Region Federation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al-Jazeera</a>. 10 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527090110/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/02/yemen-become-six-region-federation-2014210124731726931.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen+to+Become+Six-Region+Federation&rft.pub=Al-Jazeera&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F02%2Fyemen-become-six-region-federation-2014210124731726931.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Haj2015" class="citation news cs1">Al-Haj, Ahmed (3 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/yemens-shiite-rebels-reject-federal-plan/2015/01/03/3b095132-9387-11e4-a900-9960214d4cd7_story.html">"Yemen's Shiite rebels reject plan for federal system"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203075543/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/yemens-shiite-rebels-reject-federal-plan/2015/01/03/3b095132-9387-11e4-a900-9960214d4cd7_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemen%27s+Shiite+rebels+reject+plan+for+federal+system&rft.date=2015-01-03&rft.aulast=Al-Haj&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fyemens-shiite-rebels-reject-federal-plan%2F2015%2F01%2F03%2F3b095132-9387-11e4-a900-9960214d4cd7_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/22/yemeni-government-quits-houthi-rebellion">"Yemeni government quits in protest at Houthi rebellion"</a>. The Guardian. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemeni+government+quits+in+protest+at+Houthi+rebellion&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjan%2F22%2Fyemeni-government-quits-houthi-rebellion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfield2015" class="citation news cs1">Greenfield, Danya (22 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30941514">"Yemen crisis: A coup in all but name"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131101317/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30941514">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yemen+crisis%3A+A+coup+in+all+but+name&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Danya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-30941514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2028740,00.html">"A Brief History of Yemen: Rich Past, Impoverished Present"</a>. Time. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225231732/https://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2028740,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Yemen%3A+Rich+Past%2C+Impoverished+Present&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C2028740%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Basic">"Basic Data Selection - amaWebClient"</a>. unstats.un.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920212835/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Basic">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unstats.un.org&rft.atitle=Basic+Data+Selection+-+amaWebClient&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fsnaama%2FBasic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/yemen/overview">"Yemen Overview"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240426131826/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/yemen/overview">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Yemen+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fyemen%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-embargo-yemens-oil-exports">"The Houthis' embargo on Yemen's oil exports"</a>. Middle East Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225231730/https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-embargo-yemens-oil-exports">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Houthis%27+embargo+on+Yemen%27s+oil+exports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fhouthis-embargo-yemens-oil-exports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Breisinger, C., Diao, X., Collion, M. H., & Rondot, P. (2011). Impacts of the triple global crisis on growth and poverty: The case of Yemen. Development Policy Review, 29(2), 155–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-QatProduction-279"><a href="#cite_ref-QatProduction_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Heffez2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Adam Heffez (23 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139596/adam-heffez/how-yemen-chewed-itself-dry?cid=soc-facebook-in-snapshots-how_yemen_chewed_itself_dry-122713">"Water Problem due to cultivation of Qat"</a>. Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228055334/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139596/adam-heffez/how-yemen-chewed-itself-dry?cid=soc-facebook-in-snapshots-how_yemen_chewed_itself_dry-122713">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Water+Problem+due+to+cultivation+of+Qat&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.au=Adam+Heffez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F139596%2Fadam-heffez%2Fhow-yemen-chewed-itself-dry%3Fcid%3Dsoc-facebook-in-snapshots-how_yemen_chewed_itself_dry-122713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://necsi.edu/conflict-in-yemen-from-ethnic-fighting-to-food-riots">"Conflict in Yemen: From Ethnic Fighting to Food Riots"</a>. New England Complex Systems Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225231731/https://necsi.edu/conflict-in-yemen-from-ethnic-fighting-to-food-riots">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+England+Complex+Systems+Institute&rft.atitle=Conflict+in+Yemen%3A+From+Ethnic+Fighting+to+Food+Riots&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnecsi.edu%2Fconflict-in-yemen-from-ethnic-fighting-to-food-riots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/1027/Entrepreneur-tries-to-get-Yemenis-buzzing-about-coffee-not-qat">"Entrepreneur tries to get Yemenis buzzing about coffee, not qat"</a>. CSMonitor.com. 27 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106014133/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2012/1027/Entrepreneur-tries-to-get-Yemenis-buzzing-about-coffee-not-qat">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Entrepreneur+tries+to+get+Yemenis+buzzing+about+coffee%2C+not+qat&rft.pub=CSMonitor.com&rft.date=2012-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FMiddle-East%2F2012%2F1027%2FEntrepreneur-tries-to-get-Yemenis-buzzing-about-coffee-not-qat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/652831/Yemen">"Yemen"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 23 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425103336/https://www.britannica.com/place/Yemen">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yemen&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F652831%2FYemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/climate-change-a-new-battlefield-in-yemens-ongoing-conflict/">"Climate Change: A New Battlefield in Yemen's Ongoing Conflict"</a>. Arab Center Washington DC. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+Center+Washington+DC&rft.atitle=Climate+Change%3A+A+New+Battlefield+in+Yemen%27s+Ongoing+Conflict&rft.date=2024-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farabcenterdc.org%2Fresource%2Fclimate-change-a-new-battlefield-in-yemens-ongoing-conflict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2009" class="citation news cs1">Evans, Judith (21 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/yemen-could-become-first-nation-to-run-out-of-water-6jvzddjrl0v">"Yemen could become first nation to run out of water"</a>. The Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170311100235/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/yemen-could-become-first-nation-to-run-out-of-water-6jvzddjrl0v">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Yemen+could+become+first+nation+to+run+out+of+water&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fyemen-could-become-first-nation-to-run-out-of-water-6jvzddjrl0v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113733/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/180.htm">"Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/180.htm">the original</a> on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2001%3A+Impacts%2C+Adaptation+and+Vulnerability&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grida.no%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg2%2F180.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRIN-286"><a href="#cite_ref-IRIN_286-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/96093/yemen-time-running-out-for-solution-to-water-crisis">"YEMEN: Time running out for solution to water crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a>. 13 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418044740/http://www.irinnews.org/report/96093/yemen-time-running-out-for-solution-to-water-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=YEMEN%3A+Time+running+out+for+solution+to+water+crisis&rft.date=2012-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F96093%2Fyemen-time-running-out-for-solution-to-water-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_Ecocentric-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Time_Ecocentric_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahr2010" class="citation news cs1">Mahr, Krista (14 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.time.com/2010/12/14/what-if-yemen-is-first-country-to-run-out-of-water/">"What If Yemen Is the First Country to Run Out of Water?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TIME_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME Magazine">TIME Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418033807/http://science.time.com/2010/12/14/what-if-yemen-is-first-country-to-run-out-of-water/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+If+Yemen+Is+the+First+Country+to+Run+Out+of+Water%3F&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft.aulast=Mahr&rft.aufirst=Krista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.time.com%2F2010%2F12%2F14%2Fwhat-if-yemen-is-first-country-to-run-out-of-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaPo-288"><a href="#cite_ref-WaPo_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-MujahedNaylor2015" class="citation news cs1">al-Mujahed, Ali; Naylor, Hugh (23 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/in-yemens-grinding-war-if-the-bombs-dont-get-you-the-water-shortages-will/2015/07/22/a0f60118-299e-11e5-960f-22c4ba982ed4_story.html">"In Yemen's grinding war, if the bombs don't get you, the water shortages will"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018121953/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/in-yemens-grinding-war-if-the-bombs-dont-get-you-the-water-shortages-will/2015/07/22/a0f60118-299e-11e5-960f-22c4ba982ed4_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Yemen%27s+grinding+war%2C+if+the+bombs+don%27t+get+you%2C+the+water+shortages+will&rft.date=2015-07-23&rft.aulast=al-Mujahed&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Naylor%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fin-yemens-grinding-war-if-the-bombs-dont-get-you-the-water-shortages-will%2F2015%2F07%2F22%2Fa0f60118-299e-11e5-960f-22c4ba982ed4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/yemen/water-sanitation-and-hygiene">"Water, Sanitation and Hygiene"</a>. www.unicef.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127151032/https://www.unicef.org/yemen/water-sanitation-and-hygiene">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Water%2C+Sanitation+and+Hygiene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fyemen%2Fwater-sanitation-and-hygiene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-290"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_290-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-291"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabanews.net/en/news85385.htm">"The General Census of Population 2004"</a>. Sabanews. 29 December 2004 [Updated 13 December 2013]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206105130/http://www.sabanews.net/en/news85385.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+General+Census+of+Population+2004&rft.pub=Sabanews&rft.date=2004-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabanews.net%2Fen%2Fnews85385.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624112144/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3952775.ece">"The population explosion on Europe's doorstep"</a>. Times (London). London. 18 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3952775.ece">the original</a> on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+%28London%29&rft.atitle=The+population+explosion+on+Europe%27s+doorstep&rft.date=2008-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Fbooks%2Farticle3952775.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928034809/http://irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=79232">"Yemen: Government planning to curb population growth"</a>. IRIN Middle East. 14 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=79232">the original</a> on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen%3A+Government+planning+to+curb+population+growth&rft.pub=IRIN+Middle+East&rft.date=2008-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firinnews.org%2FReport.aspx%3FReportId%3D79232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> (for Arabic, read it here: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://arabic.irinnews.org/reportarabic.aspx?sid=866">[1]</a>.) </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028133713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html">"Country Comparison: Total fertility rate"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. CIA World Factbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=Country+Comparison%3A+Total+fertility+rate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2127rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Hansen2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Eric Hansen (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127165256/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200601/sana.a.rising.htm">"Sana'a Rising"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Aramco World">Saudi Aramco World</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200601/sana.a.rising.htm">the original</a> on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=Sana%27a+Rising&rft.date=2006-01&rft.au=Eric+Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saudiaramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F200601%2Fsana.a.rising.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sanaa">"Sanaa | History, Population, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. 17 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227191038/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sanaa">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanaa+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Population%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSanaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35836.htm">"U.S. Relations With Yemen"</a>. U.S. Department of State. 28 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604193812/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35836.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Relations+With+Yemen&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F35836.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlamand,_AnnasofieMacleod,_Hugh2009" class="citation news cs1">Flamand, Annasofie; Macleod, Hugh (5 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/world-news/the-children-of-yemen-s-tribal-war-1.990167">"The children of Yemen's tribal war"</a>. The Herald Scotland. Glasgow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125213614/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/world-news/the-children-of-yemen-s-tribal-war-1.990167">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald+Scotland&rft.atitle=The+children+of+Yemen%27s+tribal+war&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft.au=Flamand%2C+Annasofie&rft.au=Macleod%2C+Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-news%2Fthe-children-of-yemen-s-tribal-war-1.990167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lehmann-300"><a href="#cite_ref-Lehmann_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann1954" class="citation journal cs1">Lehmann, Hermann (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973326">"Distribution of the sickle cell trait"</a>. Eugenics Review. 46 (2): 101–121. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973326">2973326</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21260667">21260667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugenics+Review&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+the+sickle+cell+trait&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=101-121&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2973326%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21260667&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2973326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_G._Potter2009" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence G. Potter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">The Persian Gulf in History</a>. Springer. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61845-9"><bdi>978-0-230-61845-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf+in+History&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61845-9&rft.au=Lawrence+G.+Potter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DncfIAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirouz_Mojtahed-Zadeh2013" class="citation book cs1">Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUL8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography</a>. Routledge. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81717-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81717-5"><bdi>978-1-136-81717-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+and+Territoriality+in+the+Persian+Gulf%3A+A+Maritime+Political+Geography&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81717-5&rft.au=Pirouz+Mojtahed-Zadeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUL8AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Yemen.html">"Yemen"</a>. Jewish Virtual Library. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yemen&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FYemen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312120804/http://www.eoisanaa.org/NRI.html">"Indian Diaspora in Yemen"</a>. Indian Embassy in Sanaa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoisanaa.org/NRI.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Diaspora+in+Yemen&rft.pub=Indian+Embassy+in+Sanaa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoisanaa.org%2FNRI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/648273/">"The world's successful diasporas"</a>. Management Today. London. 3 April 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Today&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+successful+diasporas&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.managementtoday.co.uk%2Fnews%2F648273%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmeen_Ali_Talib1995" class="citation web cs1">Ameen Ali Talib (November 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212053809/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/talib95.htm">"Hadramis in Singapore"</a>. Al-bab.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/talib95.htm">the original</a> on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-bab.com&rft.atitle=Hadramis+in+Singapore&rft.date=1995-11&rft.au=Ameen+Ali+Talib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-bab.com%2Fbys%2Farticles%2Ftalib95.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/27769248/AFRICAN-CONNECTIONS-IN-YEMENI-MUSIC">"African connections in Yemeni music"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=African+connections+in+Yemeni+music&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbps%2Fadditionalcontent%2F18%2F27769248%2FAFRICAN-CONNECTIONS-IN-YEMENI-MUSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/mauritania/8.htm">"Mauritania – Arab invasions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.atitle=Mauritania+%E2%80%93+Arab+invasions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fmauritania%2F8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alim.org/history/prophet-stories/7/5/">"Story of the Prophet Ismail (Ishmael) – Ishmael's Wives | Islamic History"</a>. Alim.org. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Story+of+the+Prophet+Ismail+%28Ishmael%29+%E2%80%93+Ishmael%27s+Wives+%26%23124%3B+Islamic+History&rft.pub=Alim.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alim.org%2Fhistory%2Fprophet-stories%2F7%2F5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonathan_Fowler-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jonathan_Fowler_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jonathan_Fowler_310-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Fowler2014" class="citation web cs1">Jonathan Fowler (18 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018175000/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/news/red-sea-drownings-of-yemenbound-migrants-hit-new-high_27334">"Red Sea drownings of Yemen-bound migrants hit new high"</a>. Your Middle East. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/news/red-sea-drownings-of-yemenbound-migrants-hit-new-high_27334">the original</a> on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Your+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Red+Sea+drownings+of+Yemen-bound+migrants+hit+new+high&rft.date=2014-10-18&rft.au=Jonathan+Fowler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourmiddleeast.com%2Fnews%2Fred-sea-drownings-of-yemenbound-migrants-hit-new-high_27334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Refugee_Survey_2008-311"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Refugee_Survey_2008_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019224639/http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html">"World Refugee Survey 2008"</a>. U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refugees.org/resources/refugee-warehousing/archived-world-refugee-surveys/2008-world-refugee-survey.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Refugee+Survey+2008&rft.pub=U.S.+Committee+for+Refugees+and+Immigrants&rft.date=2008-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refugees.org%2Fresources%2Frefugee-warehousing%2Farchived-world-refugee-surveys%2F2008-world-refugee-survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-yemen-idUSBRE98P0FC20130926">"Poor and desperate, Syrian refugees beg on Yemen's streets"</a>. Reuters. 26 September 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Poor+and+desperate%2C+Syrian+refugees+beg+on+Yemen%27s+streets&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-yemen-idUSBRE98P0FC20130926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_Ian2013" class="citation news cs1">Black, Ian (2 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/02/saudi-arabia-expels-yemeni-workers">"Saudi Arabia expels thousands of Yemeni workers"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+expels+thousands+of+Yemeni+workers&rft.date=2013-04-02&rft.au=Black%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fapr%2F02%2Fsaudi-arabia-expels-yemeni-workers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/uk_1.shtml">"History of Islam in the UK"</a>. BBC. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Islam+in+the+UK&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fuk_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard,_Roger_D.2008" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (10 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQpAuNIP4oIC&pg=PA228">The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68494-1"><bdi>978-0-521-68494-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+and+the+Americas&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-04-10&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68494-1&rft.au=Woodard%2C+Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQpAuNIP4oIC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2144-16">"Ethnologue entry for South Arabian languages"</a>. Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 21 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+entry+for+South+Arabian+languages&rft.pub=Ethnologue.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_family.asp%3Fsubid%3D2144-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/YE/languages">"Yemen – Languages"</a>. Ethnologue. 19 February 1999. Retrieved 23 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen+%E2%80%93+Languages&rft.pub=Ethnologue&rft.date=1999-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FYE%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/archive/squid_reports/2013-09/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryBreakdownHuge.htm">"Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country – Breakdown"</a>. stats.wikimedia.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stats.wikimedia.org&rft.atitle=Wikimedia+Traffic+Analysis+Report+%E2%80%93+Wikipedia+Page+Views+Per+Country+%E2%80%93+Breakdown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.wikimedia.org%2Farchive%2Fsquid_reports%2F2013-09%2FSquidReportPageViewsPerCountryBreakdownHuge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Yemen_Ethno_Religious_summary_lg.png">"Yemen Ethno Religious summary"</a>. www.gulf2000.columbia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gulf2000.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Yemen+Ethno+Religious+summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulf2000.columbia.edu%2Fimages%2Fmaps%2FYemen_Ethno_Religious_summary_lg.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120171316/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,45a5199f2,45a5f8b22,488f180d1e,0.html">"Yemen: The conflict in Saada Governorate – analysis"</a>. UNHCR. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,45a5199f2,45a5f8b22,488f180d1e,0.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen%3A+The+conflict+in+Saada+Governorate+%E2%80%93+analysis&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Ftopic%2C45a5199f2%2C45a5f8b22%2C488f180d1e%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHRC-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNHRC_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNHRC_321-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,45a5199f2,45a5f8b22,488f180d1e,0.html">"Yemen: The conflict in Saada Governorate – analysis"</a>. UN High Commissioner for Refugees. 24 July 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen%3A+The+conflict+in+Saada+Governorate+%E2%80%93+analysis&rft.pub=UN+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Ftopic%2C45a5199f2%2C45a5f8b22%2C488f180d1e%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Zaidi,_Hassan2007" class="citation news cs1">Al-Zaidi, Hassan (22 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022055452/http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=768&p=community&a=2">"The Twelve-Imam Shiite Sect"</a>. Yemen Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=768&p=community&a=2">the original</a> on 22 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yemen+Times&rft.atitle=The+Twelve-Imam+Shiite+Sect&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft.au=Al-Zaidi%2C+Hassan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yementimes.com%2Farticle.shtml%3Fi%3D768%26p%3Dcommunity%26a%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208632.pdf">"Yemen 2012 International Religious Freedom Report"</a> (PDF). United States Secretary of State. Retrieved 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen+2012+International+Religious+Freedom+Report&rft.pub=United+States+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F208632.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206102826/http://www.medea.be/en/countries/yemen/yemen/">"Yemen"</a>. Institut MEDEA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medea.be/en/countries/yemen/yemen/">the original</a> on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 14 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen&rft.pub=Institut+MEDEA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medea.be%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Fyemen%2Fyemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Oliver (15 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/most-religious-countries-in-the-world/">"Mapped: The world's most (and least) religious countries"</a>. The Telegraph. Digital Travel Editor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/most-religious-countries-in-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Mapped%3A+The+world%27s+most+%28and+least%29+religious+countries&rft.date=2017-04-15&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fmaps-and-graphics%2Fmost-religious-countries-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendoorsuk.org/persecution/world-watch-list/yemen/?ref=wwmap">"Serving Persecuted Christians Worldwide – Yemen – Open Doors UK & Ireland"</a>. Opendoorsuk.org. Retrieved 24 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serving+Persecuted+Christians+Worldwide+%E2%80%93+Yemen+%E2%80%93+Open+Doors+UK+%26+Ireland&rft.pub=Opendoorsuk.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendoorsuk.org%2Fpersecution%2Fworld-watch-list%2Fyemen%2F%3Fref%3Dwwmap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-us-327"><a href="#cite_ref-us_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_Of_State._The_Office_of_Electronic_Information2008" class="citation web cs1">Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (19 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108496.htm">"Yemen"</a>. 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001-2009.state.gov&rft.atitle=Yemen&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft.aulast=Department+Of+State.+The+Office+of+Electronic+Information&rft.aufirst=Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2008%2F108496.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guide:_Christians_in_the_Middle_East-328"><a href="#cite_ref-Guide:_Christians_in_the_Middle_East_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15239529">"Guide: Christians in the Middle East"</a>. BBC News. 11 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Guide%3A+Christians+in+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-15239529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstoneMiller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census"</a>. IJRR. 11: 17. Retrieved 28 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IJRR&rft.atitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Miller%2C+Duane+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Zion2016" class="citation news cs1">Ben Zion, Ilan (21 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/17-yemenite-jews-secretly-airlifted-to-israel/">"17 Yemenite Jews secretly airlifted to Israel in end to 'historic mission'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>. Retrieved 21 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=17+Yemenite+Jews+secretly+airlifted+to+Israel+in+end+to+%27historic+mission%27&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft.aulast=Ben+Zion&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2F17-yemenite-jews-secretly-airlifted-to-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/israel-middle-east/articles/yemen-jews-sephardim">"A Final Push to Free Yemen's Remaining Jews"</a>. Tablet Magazine. 6 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tablet+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Final+Push+to+Free+Yemen%27s+Remaining+Jews&rft.date=2020-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fsections%2Fisrael-middle-east%2Farticles%2Fyemen-jews-sephardim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aish.com/history-of-the-jews-of-yemen/">"History of the Jews of Yemen"</a>. 10 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Jews+of+Yemen&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faish.com%2Fhistory-of-the-jews-of-yemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unescolit-333"><a href="#cite_ref-unescolit_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210">"National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+adult+literacy+rates+%2815%2B%29%2C+youth+literacy+rates+%2815%E2%80%9324%29+and+elderly+literacy+rates+%2865%2B%29&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2008/yemen_NR08.pdf">"Republic of Yemen, Ministry of Education Report 2008. "The Development of Education in the Republic of Yemen.""</a> (PDF). 2008. p. 3. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Yemen%2C+Ministry+of+Education+Report+2008.+%22The+Development+of+Education+in+the+Republic+of+Yemen.%22&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibe.unesco.org%2FNational_Reports%2FICE_2008%2Fyemen_NR08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2008/yemen_NR08.pdf">"Republic of Yemen, Ministry of Education Report 2008." The Development of Education in the Republic of Yemen.""</a> (PDF). 2008. p. 5. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Yemen%2C+Ministry+of+Education+Report+2008.%22+The+Development+of+Education+in+the+Republic+of+Yemen.%22&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibe.unesco.org%2FNational_Reports%2FICE_2008%2Fyemen_NR08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Yemen">"Yemen"</a>. Ranking Web of Universities. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen&rft.pub=Ranking+Web+of+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webometrics.info%2Fen%2Faw%2FYemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/">"Global Innovation Index 2021"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fglobal_innovation_index%2Fen%2F2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html">"Global Innovation Index 2019"</a>. www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fglobal_innovation_index%2Fen%2F2019%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898">"RTD – Item"</a>. ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=RTD+%E2%80%93+Item&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fnewsroom%2Frtd%2Fitems%2F691898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930">"Global Innovation Index"</a>. INSEAD Knowledge. 28 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930">the original</a> on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INSEAD+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.insead.edu%2Fentrepreneurship-innovation%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_341-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_341-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/">"About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress"</a>. Library of Congress. Retrieved 26 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=About+this+Collection+%26%23124%3B+Country+Studies+%26%23124%3B+Digital+Collections+%26%23124%3B+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327001747/http://al-bab.com/yemen/media/med.htm">"The media in Yemen, short introduction to media in Yemen including broadcasting. Last revised on 21 February 2006"</a>. Al-bab.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-bab.com/yemen/media/med.htm#Broadcasting">the original</a> on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+media+in+Yemen%2C+short+introduction+to+media+in+Yemen+including+broadcasting.+Last+revised+on+21+February+2006&rft.pub=Al-bab.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-bab.com%2Fyemen%2Fmedia%2Fmed.htm%23Broadcasting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amo12-343"><a href="#cite_ref-amo12_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193429/http://www.arabmediaforum.ae/userfiles/EnglishAMO.pdf">"Arab Media Outlook 2011–2015"</a> (PDF). 2012. p. 217. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabmediaforum.ae/userfiles/EnglishAMO.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Media+Outlook+2011%E2%80%932015&rft.pages=217&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabmediaforum.ae%2Fuserfiles%2FEnglishAMO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625091835/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/The-Sport-of-Camel-Jumping.html">"The Sport of Camel Jumping"</a>. Smithsonianmag.com. September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/The-Sport-of-Camel-Jumping.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sport+of+Camel+Jumping&rft.pub=Smithsonianmag.com&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fpeople-places%2FThe-Sport-of-Camel-Jumping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510042005/http://www.yemen-today.com/go/special_reports/8199.html">"Yemenis open up about the Gulf Cup"</a>. Yemen Today. 7 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yemen-today.com/go/special_reports/8199.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemenis+open+up+about+the+Gulf+Cup&rft.pub=Yemen+Today&rft.date=2011-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yemen-today.com%2Fgo%2Fspecial_reports%2F8199.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_WHC_2015-346"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_WHC_2015_346-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/">"List of World Heritage in Danger: The 54 properties which the World Heritage Committee has decided to include on the List of World Heritage in danger in accordance with Article 11 (4) of the Convention"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a>. 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=List+of+World+Heritage+in+Danger%3A+The+54+properties+which+the+World+Heritage+Committee+has+decided+to+include+on+the+List+of+World+Heritage+in+danger+in+accordance+with+Article+11+%284%29+of+the+Convention&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fdanger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_WHC_2015_B-347"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_WHC_2015_B_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokova2015" class="citation web cs1">Bokova, Irina (12 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1278/">"UNESCO Director-General calls on all parties to protect Yemen's cultural heritage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a>. Retrieved 30 April 2017. <q>In addition to causing terrible human suffering, these attacks are destroying Yemen's unique cultural heritage, which is the repository of people's identity, history and memory and an exceptional testimony to the achievements of the Islamic Civilization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Director-General+calls+on+all+parties+to+protect+Yemen%27s+cultural+heritage&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft.aulast=Bokova&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F1278%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/192/">"Old Walled City of Shibam"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Old+Walled+City+of+Shibam&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F192%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/385/">"Old City of Sana'a"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Old+City+of+Sana%27a&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F385%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/611/">"Historic Town of Zabid"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Historic+Town+of+Zabid&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F611%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1263/">"Socotra Archipelago"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Socotra+Archipelago&rft.au=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1263%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/12/saving-dragons-blood-island-refused-let-tree-die-out-socotra-yemen">"Saving the dragon's blood: how an island refused to let a legendary tree die out"</a>. the Guardian. 12 November 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Saving+the+dragon%27s+blood%3A+how+an+island+refused+to+let+a+legendary+tree+die+out&rft.date=2022-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2022%2Fnov%2F12%2Fsaving-dragons-blood-island-refused-let-tree-die-out-socotra-yemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYemen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Yemen <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Yemen">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Yemen&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=YE">Key Development Forecasts for Yemen</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yemen-nic.info">National Information Center</a> – Official Yemen Information Portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presidentalalimi.net/en">Presidential Leadership Council</a> – official website of the president of Yemen</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmo-ye.net/">Prime Minister</a> – official website of the prime minister of Yemen</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cso-ye.org/en/">Statistics</a> – official website of Central Statistical Organization</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yemen-nic.info/yemen/history/">"History"</a> – Yemeni History at National Information Center</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yementourism.com/explore-yemen">Explore Yemen</a> – Yemen's official tourism portal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Yemen" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Yemen">Wikimedia Atlas of Yemen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/305092">Yemen</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yemen_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yemen_topics" title="Template:Yemen topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yemen_topics" title="Template talk:Yemen topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yemen_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yemen topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yemen_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yemen</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Yemen-related_articles" title="Index of Yemen-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yemeni_history" title="Timeline of Yemeni history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Minaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Himyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Yemen" title="Sasanian Yemen">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Islamic history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Yemen" title="Modern history of Yemen">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alwaziri_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwaziri coup">Alwaziri coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li>Yemenite Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (1994)">1994 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen">Aftermath of the takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Crisis (2011–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil war (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi–led intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Yemen" title="Blockade of Yemen">Saudi–led blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine_in_Yemen_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Famine in Yemen (2016–present)">Famine in Yemen (2016–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak" title="2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak">2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen">COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen"><img alt="Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Insigne_Iemeniae.svg/80px-Insigne_Iemeniae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Insigne_Iemeniae.svg/120px-Insigne_Iemeniae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Insigne_Iemeniae.svg/160px-Insigne_Iemeniae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="544" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Yemen" title="Template:Borders of Yemen">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Yemen" title="List of cities in Yemen">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Yemen" title="List of districts of Yemen">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Yemen" title="Governorates of Yemen">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Yemen" title="List of islands of Yemen">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Yemen" title="List of protected areas of Yemen">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Yemen" title="Category:Rivers of Yemen">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Yemen)" title="House of Representatives (Yemen)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Yemen" title="Cabinet of Yemen">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yemen" title="Constitution of Yemen">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yemen" title="Elections in Yemen">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yemen" title="Foreign relations of Yemen">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Yemen">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Yemen" title="Law enforcement in Yemen">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Yemen">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Yemen" title="President of Yemen">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Yemen" title="Vice President of Yemen">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yemen" title="Prime Minister of Yemen">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Yemen">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Guard_(Yemen)" title="Republican Guard (Yemen)">Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Navy" title="Yemeni Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Air_Force" title="Yemeni Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Coast_Guard" title="Yemen Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Yemen" title="Energy in Yemen">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_rial" title="Yemeni rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Yemen" title="Mining industry of Yemen">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Yemen" title="Telecommunications in Yemen">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Yemen" title="Tourism in Yemen">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Yemen" title="Transport in Yemen">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Yemen" title="Category:Society of Yemen">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Yemen" title="Demographics of Yemen">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Yemen" title="Tribes of Yemen">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Yemen" title="Education in Yemen">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Yemen" title="Health in Yemen">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Yemen">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Yemen" title="Water supply and sanitation in Yemen">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Yemen" title="National anthem of Yemen">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Yemen" title="Cinema of Yemen">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Yemen" title="Emblem of Yemen">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yemen" title="Flag of Yemen">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Yemen" title="Mass media in Yemen">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Yemen" title="List of museums in Yemen">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Yemen" title="Public holidays in Yemen">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Yemen">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Yemen" title="Outline of Yemen">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Yemen-related_articles" title="Index of Yemen-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yemen" title="Category:Yemen">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">North Syria Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Red Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Red_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.3em 0; line-height:2.2em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/45px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indianocean.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Indian Ocean"><img alt="Map of the Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/100px-Indianocean.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/150px-Indianocean.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/200px-Indianocean.PNG 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template talk:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_plate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_region" title="Southeastern Anatolia region">Southeastern Anatolia region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Denkalya_subregion" title="Southern Denkalya subregion">Southern Denkalya subregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai Governorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Arabian Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Arabian Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Arabian Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/21px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/32px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/42px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Yemen" title="Portal:Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/21px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/32px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/MiddleEast_blacky.svg/42px-MiddleEast_blacky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1402" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Middle East">Middle East</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Yemen at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" class="extiw" title="c:اليمن">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Yemen" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Yemen">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yemen" class="extiw" title="q:Yemen">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Yemen" class="extiw" title="voy:Yemen">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q805#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q805#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q805#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404023787">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123663509">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1309629/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdCmhRRMd7PThhXbKPCwC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073009-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81053408">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12340613s">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16197648c">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963045s">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12340613s">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16197648c">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11963045s">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563896">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129443&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455830">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561890905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/e8e9ecdc-19d3-360b-8f1a-9c80e6c12830">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/28290231-ae77-4a0a-b108-00bda93e2011">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/zc9ACEOH">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003413">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044503">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/yemen">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yemen&oldid=1258101447">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yemen&oldid=1258101447</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yemen" title="Category:Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Asia" title="Category:Countries in Asia">Countries in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language">Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Least_developed_countries" title="Category:Least developed countries">Least developed countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990_establishments_in_Yemen" title="Category:1990 establishments in Yemen">1990 establishments in Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Category:Member states of the Arab League">Member states of the Arab League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1990" title="Category:States and territories established in 1990">States and territories established in 1990</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Asian_countries" title="Category:West Asian countries">West Asian countries</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Arabic-language_script_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)">CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2013" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2013">Articles with dead external links from December 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2013" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2013">Articles with dead external links from February 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2024">Use dmy dates from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2021">Articles needing additional references from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2021">Articles needing additional references from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2013" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2013">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2023" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2019">Articles needing additional references from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 03:59 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yemen&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-4xzb8","wgBackendResponseTime":228,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.410","walltime":"3.840","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29335,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":866972,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":96319,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":88,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1271636,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3265.645 1 -total"," 49.34% 1611.281 3 Template:Reflist"," 14.21% 464.167 117 Template:Cite_book"," 13.43% 438.481 113 Template:Cite_web"," 11.40% 372.156 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 8.55% 279.079 53 Template:Cite_news"," 7.97% 260.141 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.18% 136.540 2 Template:Sfnp"," 3.74% 122.209 6 Template:Navbox"," 3.41% 111.252 1 Template:Yemen_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.127","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22706166,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbdul_Ali1996\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFAboueldahab\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Heffez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Haj2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Sakani2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Zaidi,_Hassan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbert_Jamme1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander_D._Knysh1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander_Mikaberidze2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmeen_Ali_Talib1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnna_HestlerJo-Ann_Spilling2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAri_Ariel2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFB._Z._Eraqi_Klorman1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBachman2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarros1628\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeestonGhulMüllerRyckmans1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_Zion2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard_Haykel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard_Haykel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard_Reich1990\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBlack,_Ian2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBokova2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonnie_G._Smith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorger2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrowes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrowes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaesar_E._Farah2002\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFClifford_Edmund_Bosworth1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaragahi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_J_WassersteinAmi_Ayalon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_Of_State._The_Office_of_Electronic_Information2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDieter_VogelSusan_James1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoğan_Gürpınar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDresch2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_Balfour1873\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_Hansen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEugene_L._Rogan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._Gregory_Gause1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarhad_Daftary2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlamand,_AnnasofieMacleod,_Hugh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis_E._Peters1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._Johannes_BotterweckHelmer_Ringgren1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoffrey_W._Bromiley1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiancarlo_Casale2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinny_Hill2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinny_HillPeter_SalisburyLéonie_NorthedgeJane_Kinninmont2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGlen_Balfour-Paul1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenfield2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalil_İnalcıkDonald_Quataert1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHepper1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHârun_Yahya1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrfan_Shahîd1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_L._Gelvin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Retso2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJane_Hathaway2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJawād_ʻAlī1968\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJerry_R._RogersGlenn_Owen_BrownJürgen_Garbrecht2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_R._Bradley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstoneMiller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Fowler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosef_W._Meri2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosef_W._MeriJere_L._Bacharach2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarl_R._DeRouenUk_Heo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_Anderson_Kitchen2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKentish2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKjetil_SelvikStig_Stenslie2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlaus_Schippmann2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorotayev1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristof2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaura_Etheredge2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_G._Potter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLionel_Casson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadabish2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadawi_al-Rasheed2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadawi_al-Rasheed2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahr2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMangan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMareike_Transfeld2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarta_Colburn2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMassimiliano_Fiore2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohaiemen,_N.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammed_Abdo_Al-Sururi1987\"] = 7,\n [\"CITEREFNahrawālī2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNegevGibson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelly_Hanna2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuwirthSinaiMarx2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_Clapp2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNohlenGrotzHartmann2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNöldeke1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._M._HoltPeter_Malcolm_HoltAnn_K._S._LambtonBernard_Lewis1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_Wintour2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Dresch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Lunde2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson,_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Richardson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_W._Wilson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirouz_Mojtahed-Zadeh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._B._SerjeantRonald_Lewcock1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._J._Gavin1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaphael_PataiJennifer_Patai1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond_A._HinnebuschAnoushiravan_Ehteshami2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeva_S._SimonMichael_Menachem_LaskierSara_Reguer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRefugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_N._Schofield1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_D._Burrowes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_W._Stookey1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabarr_Janneh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarah_Phillips2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott_Johnson2012\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFShlomo_Sand2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilva1817\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilvana_Toska2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpaltonAl_Hikmani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._John_Simpson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_A._Zyck2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart_Munro-Hay2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaves2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Department_of_State\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFUwidah_Metaireek_Al-Juhany2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVladimir_Sergeyevich_Solovyov2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Charles_Brice1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard,_Roger_D.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFY._M._Abdallah1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaakov_Kleiman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZurcher1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-MujahedNaylor2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 11,\n [\"ALA-LC\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 3,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 117,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 53,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 111,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Convert\"] = 14,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries bordering the Arabian Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries bordering the Red Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Hanging indent\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 8,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 16,\n [\"Increase\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Legend\"] = 11,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Link note\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 22,\n [\"Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 5,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"PD-notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 6,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Qref\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"Replace\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"UN Population\"] = 3,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Yemen topics\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","18.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","11.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","9.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","100","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityId","80","3.7"],["type","80","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.8"],["[others]","660","30.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-ztcwj","timestamp":"20241127065537","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Yemen","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yemen","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q805","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q805","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-31T01:48:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T03:59:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/89\/Flag_of_Yemen.svg","headline":"country in West Asia"}</script> </body> </html>