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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Textual categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earlier_Tripitakas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_Tripitakas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Earlier Tripitakas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Earlier_Tripitakas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Earlier Tripitakas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Earlier_Tripitakas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahāsāṃghika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahāsāṃghika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mahāsāṃghika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahāsāṃghika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caitika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caitika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Caitika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caitika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahuśrutīya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahuśrutīya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Bahuśrutīya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahuśrutīya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prajñaptivāda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prajñaptivāda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Prajñaptivāda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prajñaptivāda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sārvāstivāda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sārvāstivāda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sārvāstivāda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sārvāstivāda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mūlasārvāstivāda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mūlasārvāstivāda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Mūlasārvāstivāda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mūlasārvāstivāda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharmaguptaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharmaguptaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dharmaguptaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharmaguptaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahīśāsaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahīśāsaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mahīśāsaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahīśāsaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kāśyapīya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kāśyapīya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Kāśyapīya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kāśyapīya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pali_Canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pali_Canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pali Canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pali_Canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_Buddhist_Canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Buddhist_Canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chinese Buddhist Canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Buddhist_Canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibetan_Buddhist_Canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibetan_Buddhist_Canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tibetan Buddhist Canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibetan_Buddhist_Canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepalese_Sanskrit_Buddhist_Canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepalese_Sanskrit_Buddhist_Canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nepalese Sanskrit Buddhist Canon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nepalese_Sanskrit_Buddhist_Canon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nepalese Sanskrit Buddhist Canon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nepalese_Sanskrit_Buddhist_Canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Digital_Sanskrit_Buddhist_Canon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_Sanskrit_Buddhist_Canon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_Sanskrit_Buddhist_Canon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>As a title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Tripiṭaka</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7" title="تريبيتاكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تريبيتاكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95" title="ত্ৰিপিটক – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ত্ৰিপিটক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95" title="ত্রিপিটক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ত্রিপিটক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трипитака – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трипитака" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tripiṭaka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipitaka" title="Tipitaka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tipitaka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitako" title="Tripitako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tripitako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="تریپیتاکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تریپیتاکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%95" title="ત્રિપિટક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ત્રિપિટક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EC%9E%A5" title="삼장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삼장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="त्रिपिटक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्रिपिटक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95" title="ত্রিপিটক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ত্রিপিটক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canone_buddista" title="Canone buddista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canone buddista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ტრიპიტაკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრიპიტაკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%81" title="ພຣະໄຕປິດົກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພຣະໄຕປິດົກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="തിപിടകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിപിടകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="त्रिपिटक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="त्रिपिटक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ტრიპიტაკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტრიპიტაკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="त्रिपिटक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="त्रिपिटक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="तिपिटक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तिपिटक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%94%B5" title="三蔵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三蔵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%95" title="ਤ੍ਰਿਪਿਟਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤ੍ਰਿਪਿਟਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="तिपिटक – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="तिपिटक" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%B9%DA%A9" title="تریپٹک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تریپٹک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%80_%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A" title="ព្រះត្រៃបិដក ភាសាខ្មែរ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះត្រៃបិដក ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipitaka" title="Tipitaka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tipitaka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaca" title="Tripitaca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tripitaca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трипитака – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трипитака" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="त्रिपिटकम् (बौद्धदर्शनम्) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="त्रिपिटकम् (बौद्धदर्शनम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tripiṭaka" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipitaka" title="Tipitaka – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tipitaka" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="تري پتاڪا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تري پتاڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трипитака – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трипитака" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipitaka" title="Tipitaka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tipitaka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திரிபிடகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திரிபிடகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%81" title="พระไตรปิฎก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระไตรปิฎก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%88_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Үш арык – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Үш арык" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трипітака – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трипітака" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%B9%DA%A9" title="تری پٹک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تری پٹک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_t%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Tam tạng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tam tạng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="三藏" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三藏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripitaka" title="Tripitaka – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tripitaka" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B3_%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B3_%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B3_%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B3" title="ᥖᥤᥳ ᥙᥤᥳ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥐᥣᥳ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥖᥤᥳ ᥙᥤᥳ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥐᥣᥳ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1321432#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tipitaka" redirects here. For the character in the Journey to the West, see <a href="/wiki/Tang_Sanzang" title="Tang Sanzang">Tang Sanzang</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about various forms of Tripiṭaka found in various Buddhist schools. For the Pali Tipiṭaka of Theravāda, see <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#FFD068">Translations of<br /><i>Tipiṭaka</i></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English</th><td class="infobox-data">Three Baskets</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">त्रिपिटक (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Sanskrit:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[trɪˈpɪʈɐkɐ]</a></span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Pali-language text"><i lang="pi">Tipiṭaka</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ত্রিপিটক</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">ပိဋကတ် သုံးပုံ</span></span> <br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="my-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[pḭdəɡaʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>θóʊɴbòʊɴ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">三藏</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Sānzàng</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Tiga Keranjang</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">三蔵 (さんぞう)</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">Rōmaji</a>: <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">sanzō</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ព្រះត្រៃបិដក</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a>: <span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="km-Latn">preăh traibĕdâk</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">삼장 (三臧)</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">samjang</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Tiga Bakul</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">තිපිටකය</span></span> <br />(<span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">Tipitakaya</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Tatlo mga kahon</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">พระไตรปิฎก</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: <span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn">Phra Traipidok</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi">Tam tạng (三藏)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary of Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharma_wheel.svg/220px-Dharma_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="text-align: centre;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding: 0.3em;background:#f6d971;"><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli Canon</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_(inside)_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg/150px-Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg/225px-Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg/300px-Illustrated_Sinhalese_covers_%28inside%29_showing_the_events_Wellcome_L0031774.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="2652" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:left;padding:0.3em 0.6em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Vinaya Piṭaka">1. Vinaya Piṭaka</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #f6d971; padding:0.3em;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suttavibha%E1%B9%85ga" title="Suttavibhaṅga">1. Suttavibhaṅga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandhaka" title="Khandhaka">2. Khandhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pariv%C4%81ra" title="Parivāra">3. Parivāra</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:left;padding:0.3em 0.6em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Sutta Piṭaka">2. Sutta Piṭaka</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #f6d971; padding:0.3em;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABgha_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Dīgha Nikāya">1. Dīgha Nikāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Majjhima Nikāya">2. Majjhima Nikāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83yutta_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Saṃyutta Nikāya">3. Saṃyutta Nikāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85guttara_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Aṅguttara Nikāya">4. Aṅguttara Nikāya</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:#fbe8a2;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Khuddaka_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Khuddaka Nikāya">5. Khuddaka Nikāya</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center; padding: 0.3em; border: 1px solid #fbe8a2;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Khuddakap%C4%81%E1%B9%ADha" title="Khuddakapāṭha">Khuddakapāṭha</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ud%C4%81na" title="Udāna">Udāna</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Itivuttaka" title="Itivuttaka">Itivuttaka</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Suttanipāta</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Vim%C4%81navatthu" title="Vimānavatthu">Vimānavatthu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Petavatthu" title="Petavatthu">Petavatthu</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Theragatha" title="Theragatha">Theragāthā</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ther%C4%ABg%C4%81th%C4%81" title="Therīgāthā">Therīgāthā</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Apad%C4%81na" title="Apadāna">Apadāna</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Buddhava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Buddhavaṃsa">Buddhavaṃsa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cariy%C4%81pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Cariyāpiṭaka">Cariyāpiṭaka</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81taka_(Pali_Canon)" title="Jātaka (Pali Canon)">Jātaka</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Niddesa" title="Niddesa">Niddesa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B9%ADisambhid%C4%81magga" title="Paṭisambhidāmagga">Paṭisambhidāmagga</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nettipakara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nettipakaraṇa">Nettipakaraṇa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pe%E1%B9%ADakopadesa" title="Peṭakopadesa">Peṭakopadesa</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milindapañha</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#f6d971;padding:0.2em;text-align:left;padding:0.3em 0.6em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Abhidhamma Piṭaka">3. Abhidhamma Piṭaka</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border: 1px solid #f6d971; padding:0.3em;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhammasa%E1%B9%85ga%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Dhammasaṅgaṇī">1. Dhammasaṅgaṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibha%E1%B9%85ga" title="Vibhaṅga">2. Vibhaṅga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81tukath%C4%81" title="Dhātukathā">3. Dhātukathā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puggalapa%C3%B1%C3%B1atti" title="Puggalapaññatti">4. Puggalapaññatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kath%C4%81vatthu" title="Kathāvatthu">5. Kathāvatthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaka" title="Yamaka">6. Yamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Paṭṭhāna">7. Paṭṭhāna</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">Aṭṭhakathā</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-commentaries_(Therav%C4%81da)" title="Sub-commentaries (Theravāda)">Ṭīkā</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pāli literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PaliCanon" title="Template:PaliCanon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PaliCanon" title="Template talk:PaliCanon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PaliCanon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PaliCanon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipitaka_scripture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tipitaka_scripture.jpg/220px-Tipitaka_scripture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tipitaka_scripture.jpg/330px-Tipitaka_scripture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tipitaka_scripture.jpg/440px-Tipitaka_scripture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Tripiṭaka manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TipitakaGoldPlates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/TipitakaGoldPlates.jpg/220px-TipitakaGoldPlates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/TipitakaGoldPlates.jpg/330px-TipitakaGoldPlates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/TipitakaGoldPlates.jpg/440px-TipitakaGoldPlates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Tripiṭaka manuscripts on Gold Plate, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Haeinsa_Tripitaka_Koreana_woodblock_2770-06a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Korea-Haeinsa_Tripitaka_Koreana_woodblock_2770-06a.jpg/220px-Korea-Haeinsa_Tripitaka_Koreana_woodblock_2770-06a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Korea-Haeinsa_Tripitaka_Koreana_woodblock_2770-06a.jpg/330px-Korea-Haeinsa_Tripitaka_Koreana_woodblock_2770-06a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Korea-Haeinsa_Tripitaka_Koreana_woodblock_2770-06a.jpg/440px-Korea-Haeinsa_Tripitaka_Koreana_woodblock_2770-06a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>The woodblock of <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripiṭaka Koreana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haeinsa" title="Haeinsa">Haeinsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hapcheon_County" title="Hapcheon County">Hapcheon, South Korea</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:022_Writing_the_Tipitaka_(9205327270).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/022_Writing_the_Tipitaka_%289205327270%29.jpg/220px-022_Writing_the_Tipitaka_%289205327270%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/022_Writing_the_Tipitaka_%289205327270%29.jpg/330px-022_Writing_the_Tipitaka_%289205327270%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/022_Writing_the_Tipitaka_%289205327270%29.jpg/440px-022_Writing_the_Tipitaka_%289205327270%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Tripiṭaka writing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandalay_kuthodaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mandalay_kuthodaw.jpg/220px-Mandalay_kuthodaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mandalay_kuthodaw.jpg/330px-Mandalay_kuthodaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mandalay_kuthodaw.jpg/440px-Mandalay_kuthodaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kuthodaw_Pagoda" title="Kuthodaw Pagoda">Kuthodaw Pagoda</a>, consisting of 729 <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> containing the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_book" class="mw-redirect" title="World's largest book">world's largest book</a>, the Tripiṭaka on marble tablets, at <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutanese_calligrapher_writing_gold_Kangyur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bhutanese_calligrapher_writing_gold_Kangyur.jpg/220px-Bhutanese_calligrapher_writing_gold_Kangyur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bhutanese_calligrapher_writing_gold_Kangyur.jpg/330px-Bhutanese_calligrapher_writing_gold_Kangyur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bhutanese_calligrapher_writing_gold_Kangyur.jpg/440px-Bhutanese_calligrapher_writing_gold_Kangyur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5277" data-file-height="4472" /></a><figcaption>Kangyur writing with gold</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Tipiṭaka</b></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Pali:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[tɪˈpɪʈɐkɐ]</a></span>) or <i><b>Tripiṭaka</b></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Sanskrit:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[trɪˈpɪʈɐkɐ]</a></span>) , meaning "Triple Basket",<sup id="cite_ref-Keown_2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keown_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a traditional term for several collections of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist sacred scriptures</a> or Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Scriptural_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptural canon">scriptural canons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keown_2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keown_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-British_Library_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Library-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannicatipitaka_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicatipitaka-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient India, there were several Buddhist scriptural canons, many of whom had three main divisions or categories of texts: <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> (monastic rule), <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a> (which contains teachings of the Buddha) and <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> (which are more systematic and scholastic works). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon"><i>Pāli Tipiṭaka</i></a> is composed of the <i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya Piṭaka</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Sutta Piṭaka">Sutta Piṭaka</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhamma Pitaka">Abhidhamma Piṭaka</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <i>Tripiṭaka</i> has become the common term to refer to all the scriptural collections of the various <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Buddhist schools</a>, most Buddhist scriptural canons (apart from the Pāli Canon) do not really follow the strict division into three piṭakas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, many of the ancient Indian Buddhist schools had canons with four or five divisions rather than three. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a> maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda tradition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist Canon</a> maintained by the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhist tradition</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist Canon</a> maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist tradition</a> are the three main important Tripiṭakas in the contemporary Buddhist world.<sup id="cite_ref-British_Library_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Library-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nepalese <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Buddhist Sanskrit literature</a> has also been very important for modern Buddhist studies scholarship since it contains many surviving Sanskrit manuscripts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tipiṭaka</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a>), or <i>Tripiṭaka</i> (Sanskrit: त्रिपिटक), means "Three Baskets".<sup id="cite_ref-Keown_2004_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keown_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a compound Pāli word <i>ti</i> or Sanskrit word of <i>tri</i> (त्रि), meaning "three", and <i>piṭaka</i> (पिटक) or <i>piṭa</i> (पिट), meaning "basket".<sup id="cite_ref-Keown_2004_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keown_2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "three baskets" were originally the receptacles of the <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm-leaf manuscripts</a> on which were preserved the collections of texts of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_suttas" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist suttas">Suttas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidhamma</a>, the three divisions that constitute the Buddhist Canons.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms are also spelled without diacritics as <i>Tripiṭaka</i> and <i>Tipiṭaka</i> in scholarly literature.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicatipitaka_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicatipitaka-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textual_categories">Textual categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Textual categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Special:EditPage/Tripiṭaka">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i>Tripiṭaka</i> is composed of three main categories of texts that collectively constitute the Buddhist canon: the <i><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutra Piṭaka</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya Piṭaka</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhamma Pitaka">Abhidhamma Piṭaka</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a> were the doctrinal teachings in aphoristic or narrative format. The <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">historical Buddha</a> delivered all of his sermons in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Magadhan</a>. These sermons were rehearsed orally during the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist council">First Buddhist council</a> just after the Parinibbana of the Buddha. The teachings continued to be transmitted orally until eventually being written down in the first century BCE. Even within the Sūtra Piṭaka it is possible to detect older and later texts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vinaya Piṭaka appears to have grown gradually as a commentary and justification of the monastic code (Prātimokṣa), which presupposes a transition from a community of wandering mendicants (the Sūtra Piṭaka period) to a more sedentary monastic community (the Vinaya Piṭaka period). The <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> focuses on the rules and regulations, or the morals and ethics, of monastic life that range from dress code and dietary rules to prohibitions of certain personal conducts.<sup id="cite_ref-geom1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geom1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earlier_Tripitakas">Earlier Tripitakas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Earlier Tripitakas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Special:EditPage/Tripiṭaka">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Schools">early Buddhist Schools</a> likely had their own versions of the <i>Tripiṭaka</i>. According to some sources, there were some Indian schools of Buddhism that had five or seven piṭakas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a>, an 8th-century Chinese pilgrim to India, the <a href="/wiki/Nikaya_Buddhism" title="Nikaya Buddhism">Nikaya Buddhist</a> schools kept different sets of canonical texts with some intentional or unintentional dissimilarities. Yijing notes four main textual collections among the non-Mahayana schools:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahāsāṃghika</a> <i>Tripiṭaka</i> (amounting to 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka">slokas</a>)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a> <i>Tripiṭaka</i> (also 300,000 slokas)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sthavira_nik%C4%81ya" title="Sthavira nikāya">Sthavira</a> <i>Tripiṭaka</i> (also 300,000 slokas)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Saṃmitīya</a> <i>Tripiṭaka</i> (in about 200,000 slokas)</li></ul> <p>Yijing notes that though there were numerous sub-schools and sects, the sub-sects shared the <i>Tripiṭaka</i> of their mother tradition (which he termed the "four principal schools of continuous tradition" or the "arya" traditions).<sup id="cite_ref-Zhihua_Yao_2012_p._9_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhihua_Yao_2012_p._9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this does not mean that the various sub-schools did not possess their own unique <i>Tripiṭaka</i>. <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> is said to have brought to China the <i>Tripiṭaka</i> of seven different schools, including those of the above-mentioned schools as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81%C5%9Byap%C4%ABya" title="Kāśyapīya">Kāśyapīya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%AB%C5%9B%C4%81saka" title="Mahīśāsaka">Mahīśāsaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhihua_Yao_2012_p._9_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhihua_Yao_2012_p._9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/A._K._Warder" title="A. K. Warder">A. K. Warder</a>, the Tibetan historian <a href="/wiki/Buton_Rinchen_Drub" title="Buton Rinchen Drub"><i>Bu-ston</i></a> said that around or before the 1st century CE there were eighteen schools of Buddhism each with their own <i>Tripiṭaka</i> transcribed into written form.<sup id="cite_ref-Warder2000p282_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warder2000p282-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, except for one version that has survived in full and others, of which parts have survived, all of these texts are lost to history or yet to be found.<sup id="cite_ref-Warder2000p282_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warder2000p282-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahāsāṃghika"><span id="Mah.C4.81s.C4.81.E1.B9.83ghika"></span>Mahāsāṃghika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mahāsāṃghika"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81s%C4%81%E1%B9%83ghika" title="Mahāsāṃghika">Mahāsāṃghika</a> Vinaya</i> was translated by <a href="/wiki/Buddhabhadra_(translator)" title="Buddhabhadra (translator)">Buddhabhadra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> in 416 CE, and is preserved in Chinese translation (<a href="/wiki/Taisho_Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisho Tripitaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a> 1425). </p><p>The 6th century CE Indian monk <a href="/wiki/Paramartha" title="Paramartha">Paramārtha</a> wrote that 200 years after the <a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">parinirvāṇa</a> of the Buddha, much of the Mahāsāṃghika school moved north of <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rājagṛha</a>, and were divided over whether the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahāyāna sūtras</a> should be incorporated formally into their <i>Tripiṭaka</i>. According to this account, they split into three groups based upon the relative manner and degree to which they accepted the authority of these Mahāyāna texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalser200551_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalser200551-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paramārtha states that the <a href="/wiki/Kukku%E1%B9%ADika" title="Kukkuṭika">Kukkuṭika</a> sect did not accept the Mahāyāna sūtras as <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">buddhavacana</a></i> ("words of the Buddha"), while the <a href="/wiki/Lokottarav%C4%81da" title="Lokottaravāda">Lokottaravāda</a> sect and the <a href="/wiki/Ekavy%C4%81vah%C4%81rika" title="Ekavyāvahārika">Ekavyāvahārika</a> sect did accept the Mahāyāna sūtras as <i>buddhavacana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the 6th century CE, Avalokitavrata writes of the Mahāsāṃghikas using a "Great Āgama Piṭaka," which is then associated with Mahāyāna sūtras such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāparamitā</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Dasabhumika_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasabhumika Sutra">Daśabhūmika Sūtra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalser200553_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalser200553-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some sources, abhidharma was not accepted as canonical by the Mahāsāṃghika school.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Theravādin <i><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dīpavaṃsa</a></i>, for example, records that the Mahāsāṃghikas had no abhidharma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalser2005213_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalser2005213-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other sources indicate that there were such collections of abhidharma, and the Chinese pilgrims <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> both mention Mahāsāṃghika abhidharma. On the basis of textual evidence as well as inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nāgārjunakoṇḍā</a>, Joseph Walser concludes that at least some Mahāsāṃghika sects probably had an abhidharma collection, and that it likely contained five or six books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalser2005212-213_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalser2005212-213-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caitika">Caitika</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Caitika"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Caitika" title="Caitika">Caitikas</a> included a number of sub-sects including the Pūrvaśailas, Aparaśailas, Siddhārthikas, and Rājagirikas. In the 6th century CE, Avalokitavrata writes that Mahāyāna sūtras such as the <i>Prajñāparamitā</i> and others are chanted by the Aparaśailas and the Pūrvaśailas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalser200553_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalser200553-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in the 6th century CE, <a href="/wiki/Bhavaviveka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhavaviveka">Bhāvaviveka</a> speaks of the Siddhārthikas using a Vidyādhāra Piṭaka, and the Pūrvaśailas and Aparaśailas both using a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> Piṭaka, implying collections of <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> texts within these Caitika schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalser200553_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalser200553-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bahuśrutīya"><span id="Bahu.C5.9Brut.C4.ABya"></span>Bahuśrutīya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bahuśrutīya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bahusrutiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahusrutiya">Bahuśrutīya</a> school is said to have included a Bodhisattva Piṭaka in their canon. The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Satyasiddhi Śāstra</i></span></i>, also called the <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tattvasiddhi Śāstra</i></span></i>, is an extant abhidharma from the Bahuśrutīya school. This abhidharma was translated into Chinese in sixteen fascicles (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1646).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its authorship is attributed to Harivarman, a third-century monk from central India. Paramārtha cites this Bahuśrutīya abhidharma as containing a combination of <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hīnayāna</a> and Mahāyāna doctrines, and Joseph Walser agrees that this assessment is correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalser200552_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalser200552-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prajñaptivāda"><span id="Praj.C3.B1aptiv.C4.81da"></span>Prajñaptivāda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prajñaptivāda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1aptiv%C4%81da" title="Prajñaptivāda">Prajñaptivādins</a> held that the Buddha's teachings in the various piṭakas were nominal (Skt. <i>prajñapti</i>), conventional (Skt. <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">saṃvṛti</i></span></i>), and causal (Skt. <i>hetuphala</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1998118_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1998118-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, all teachings were viewed by the Prajñaptivādins as being of provisional importance, since they cannot contain the ultimate truth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris199198_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris199198-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been observed that this view of the Buddha's teachings is very close to the fully developed position of the Mahāyāna sūtras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1998118_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1998118-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris199198_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris199198-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sārvāstivāda"><span id="S.C4.81rv.C4.81stiv.C4.81da"></span>Sārvāstivāda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sārvāstivāda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars at present have "a nearly complete collection of sūtras from the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivāda</a> school"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thanks to a recent discovery in Afghanistan of roughly two-thirds of Dīrgha Āgama in Sanskrit. The Madhyama Āgama (<a href="/wiki/Taisho_Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisho Tripitaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a> 26) was translated by Gautama Saṃghadeva, and is available in Chinese. The Saṃyukta Āgama (Taishō Tripiṭaka 99) was translated by <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87abhadra" title="Guṇabhadra">Guṇabhadra</a>, also available in Chinese translation. The Sarvāstivāda is therefore the only early school besides the Theravada for which we have a roughly complete Sūtra Piṭaka. The Sārvāstivāda Vinaya Piṭaka is also extant in Chinese translation, as are the seven books of the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma Piṭaka. There is also the encyclopedic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavibhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavibhasa">Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra</a></i> (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1545), which was held as canonical by the Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins of northwest India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mūlasārvāstivāda"><span id="M.C5.ABlas.C4.81rv.C4.81stiv.C4.81da"></span>Mūlasārvāstivāda</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mūlasārvāstivāda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portions of the <a href="/wiki/Mulasarvastivada" title="Mulasarvastivada">Mūlasārvāstivāda</a> Tripiṭaka survive in Tibetan translation and Nepalese manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship of the Mūlasārvāstivāda school to Sarvāstivāda school is indeterminate; their vinayas certainly differed but it is not clear that their Sūtra Piṭaka did. The Gilgit manuscripts may contain Āgamas from the Mūlasārvāstivāda school in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-memory_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memory-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mūlasārvāstivāda Vinaya Piṭaka survives in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a> translation and also in Chinese translation (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1442). The Gilgit manuscripts also contain vinaya texts from the Mūlasārvāstivāda school in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-memory_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memory-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dharmaguptaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Gandhāran Buddhist texts</a></div> <p>A complete version of the Dīrgha Āgama (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1) of the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> school was translated into Chinese by Buddhayaśas and Zhu Fonian (竺佛念) in the <a href="/wiki/Later_Qin" title="Later Qin">Later Qin</a> dynasty, dated to 413 CE. It contains 30 sūtras in contrast to the 34 suttas of the Theravadin Dīgha Nikāya. <a href="/wiki/A._K._Warder" title="A. K. Warder">A. K. Warder</a> also associates the extant <i><a href="/wiki/Ekottara_Agama" title="Ekottara Agama">Ekottara Āgama</a></i> (<i>Taishō Tripiṭaka</i> 125) with the Dharmaguptaka school, due to the number of rules for monastics, which corresponds to the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dharmaguptaka Vinaya is also extant in Chinese translation (<i>Taishō Tripiṭaka</i> 1428), and Buddhist monastics in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> adhere to the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya. </p><p>The Dharmaguptaka Tripiṭaka is said to have contained a total of five piṭakas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalser200552_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalser200552-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> Piṭaka and a <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> Piṭaka (Ch. 咒藏), also sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhāraṇī">Dhāraṇī</a> Piṭaka.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 5th-century Dharmaguptaka monk Buddhayaśas, the translator of the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya into Chinese, the Dharmaguptaka school had assimilated the Mahāyāna Tripiṭaka (Ch. 大乘三藏).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalser200552-53_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalser200552-53-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahīśāsaka"><span id="Mah.C4.AB.C5.9B.C4.81saka"></span>Mahīśāsaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mahīśāsaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mahisasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahisasaka">Mahīśāsaka</a> Vinaya is preserved in Chinese translation (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1421), translated by Buddhajīva and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Daosheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Daosheng">Zhu Daosheng</a> in 424 CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kāśyapīya"><span id="K.C4.81.C5.9Byap.C4.ABya"></span>Kāśyapīya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kāśyapīya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small portions of the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tipiṭaka</i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Kasyapiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasyapiya">Kāśyapīya</a> school survive in Chinese translation. An incomplete Chinese translation of the Saṃyukta Āgama of the Kāśyapīya school by an unknown translator circa the Three Qin (三秦) period (352-431 CE) survives.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pali_Canon">Pali Canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pali Canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipitaka2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tipitaka2.jpg/220px-Tipitaka2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tipitaka2.jpg/330px-Tipitaka2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tipitaka2.jpg/440px-Tipitaka2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="1861" /></a><figcaption>Pali Canon</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a> is the complete Tripiṭaka set maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a> tradition as written and preserved in <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dating of the <i>Tripiṭaka</i> is unclear. <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> states that the current structure and contents of the Pali Canon took shape in the 3rd century BCE after which it continued to be transmitted orally from generation to generation until finally being put into written form in the 1st century BCE (nearly 500 years after the lifetime of Buddha).<sup id="cite_ref-Müller1899p19_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Müller1899p19-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crandall2012p56_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crandall2012p56-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Theravada chronicle called the <i><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></i> states that during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Valagamba_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Valagamba of Anuradhapura">Valagamba of Anuradhapura</a> (29–17 BCE) the monks who had previously remembered the Tipiṭaka and its commentary orally now wrote them down in books, because of the threat posed by famine and war. The <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i> also refers briefly to the writing down of the canon and the commentaries at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sri Lankan sources more than 1000 monks who had attained <a href="/wiki/Arahant" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahant">Arahantship</a> were involved in the task. The place where the project was undertaken was in <a href="/wiki/Aluvihare" title="Aluvihare">Aluvihare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matale_District" title="Matale District">Matale</a>, Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-Warder2000p282_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warder2000p282-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting texts were later partly translated into a number of East Asian languages such as Chinese, Tibetan and Mongolian by ancient visiting scholars, which though extensive are incomplete.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each Buddhist sub-tradition had its own Tripiṭaka for its monasteries, written by its <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">sangha</a>, each set consisting of 32 books, in three parts or baskets of teachings: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya Pitaka</a></i></i></span> (“Basket of Discipline”), <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><i><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutra Pitaka</a></i></i></span> (“Basket of Discourse”), and <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Abhidhamma Piṭaka">Abhidhamma Piṭaka</a></i> (“Basket of Special [or Further] Doctrine”).<sup id="cite_ref-britannicatipitaka_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicatipitaka-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crandall2012p56_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crandall2012p56-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gombrich2006p4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gombrich2006p4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure, the code of conduct and moral virtues in the Vinaya basket particularly, have similarities to some of the surviving <a href="/wiki/Dharmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmasutra">Dharmasutra</a> texts of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the surviving Tripiṭaka literature is in Pali, with some in Sanskrit as well as other local Asian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Gombrich2006p4_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gombrich2006p4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pali Canon does not contain the Mahayana Sutras and Tantras as Mahayana schools were not influential in Theravada tradition as in East Asia and Tibet. Hence, there is no major Mahayana (neither Hinayana or Pratyekabuddhayana) schools in Theravada tradition. The Tantric schools of Theravada tradition use Tantric texts independently, and not as the part of the Collection. </p><p>Some of the well known preserved Pali Canons are the Chattha Sangayana Tipitaka, Buddha Jayanthi Tripitaka, Thai Tipitaka, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chinese_Buddhist_Canon">Chinese Buddhist Canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chinese Buddhist Canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-04.jpg/220px-Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-04.jpg/330px-Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-04.jpg/440px-Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Print blocks of the <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist Canon</a> is the <i>Tripiṭaka</i> collection maintained by the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhist tradition</a>. This canon contains texts translated various various Indian languages (such as <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and Gandhari prakrit) into Buddhist Chinese, a form of traditional <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">literary Chinese</a>. The traditional term for the canon is "Great Storage of Scriptures" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大藏經</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">大藏经</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Dàzàngjīng</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">大蔵経</span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">rōmaji</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">Daizōkyō</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span lang="ko">대장경</span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">romaja</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Daejanggyeong</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Đại tạng kinh</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wu and Chia state that emerging evidence, though uncertain, suggests that the earliest written Buddhist Tripiṭaka texts may have arrived in China from India by the 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-WuChia2015_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WuChia2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An organised collection of Buddhist texts began to emerge in the 6th century CE, based on the structure of early bibliographies of Buddhist texts. However, it was the 'Kaiyuan Era Catalogue' by <a href="/wiki/Zhisheng" title="Zhisheng">Zhisheng</a> in 730 that provided the lasting structure. Zhisheng introduced the basic six-fold division with sutra, vinaya, and abhidharma belonging to Mahāyāna, Pratyekabuddhayana and Sravakayana .<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that Zhisheng's catalogue proved decisive because it was used to reconstruct the Canon after the persecutions of 845 CE; however, it was also considered a "perfect synthesis of the entire four-hundred-year development of a proper Chinese form of the Canon."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most well known preserved edition of the Chinese Canon is the <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock</a> edition of the <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a>. These woodblocks became the basis for the modern edition of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō Tripiṭaka</a>, the most widely used and digitized edition for modern scholarship. The Taishō Daizōkyō is the standard modern edition as systematized by Japanese scholars, published in Japan from 1924 to 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While still referred to by the traditional term "Tripiṭaka", it is actually divided into many more textual categories, including: <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_Section" title="Āgama Section">Āgamas</a> (equivalent to Nikāyas), <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jātakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahāyāna Sūtras</a>, Esoteric texts, Vinaya, Sutra Commentaries, Abhidharma, Mahayana <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Śāstras</a> (‘Treatises’), Chinese commentaries, Chinese Treatises, Histories and biographies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tibetan_Buddhist_Canon">Tibetan Buddhist Canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tibetan Buddhist Canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khumjung-Gomba-12-Tripitaka-2007-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Khumjung-Gomba-12-Tripitaka-2007-gje.jpg/220px-Khumjung-Gomba-12-Tripitaka-2007-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Khumjung-Gomba-12-Tripitaka-2007-gje.jpg/330px-Khumjung-Gomba-12-Tripitaka-2007-gje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Khumjung-Gomba-12-Tripitaka-2007-gje.jpg/440px-Khumjung-Gomba-12-Tripitaka-2007-gje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Tibetan Buddhist Tripitaka</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a> is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred text">sacred texts</a> recognized by various sects of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Sutrayana" title="Sutrayana">sutrayana</a> texts, the Tibetan canon includes <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">tantric</a> texts. The Tibetan Canon underwent a final compilation in the 14th century by <a href="/wiki/Buton_Rinchen_Drub" title="Buton Rinchen Drub">Buton Rinchen Drub</a>. </p><p>The Tibetan Canon has its own scheme which divided texts into two broad categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>bka'-'gyur</i>) or "Translated Words or <a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Vacana</a>", consists of works supposed to have been said by the Buddha himself. All texts presumably have a Sanskrit original, although in many cases the Tibetan text was translated from Chinese from Chinese Canon, Pali from Pali Canon or other languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>bstan-'gyur</i>) or "Translated Treatises or <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>", is the section to which were assigned commentaries, treatises and abhidharma works (both Mahayana and non-Mahayana). The Tengyur contains 3,626 texts in 224 Volumes.</li></ul> <p>There many editions of the Tibetan Canon, some of the major editions include the <a href="/wiki/Derge" title="Derge">Derge</a> edition, the <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> edition, the Peking edition and the Jiang edition. </p><p>The Tibetan Kangyur and Tengyur were also translated into <a href="/wiki/Classical_Mongolian_language" title="Classical Mongolian language">Classical Mongolian</a>, and these texts compose the Mongolian Buddhist Canon.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nepalese_Sanskrit_Buddhist_Canon">Nepalese Sanskrit Buddhist Canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nepalese Sanskrit Buddhist Canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_covers_and_single_folio_from_the_Ashtasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Painted_covers_and_single_folio_from_the_Ashtasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Manuscript.jpg/220px-Painted_covers_and_single_folio_from_the_Ashtasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Painted_covers_and_single_folio_from_the_Ashtasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Manuscript.jpg/330px-Painted_covers_and_single_folio_from_the_Ashtasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Painted_covers_and_single_folio_from_the_Ashtasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Manuscript.jpg/440px-Painted_covers_and_single_folio_from_the_Ashtasahasrika_Prajnaparamita_Manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>Painted covers and single folio from the <i>Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā</i> manuscript from <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, dated 1511. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library,_Denmark" title="Royal Library, Denmark">Royal Library, Denmark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar Buddhist tradition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> has preserved many Buddhist texts in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. The Nepalese Buddhist textual tradition is a unique collection of Buddhist texts preserved primarily in Nepal, particularly within the <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar</a> Buddhist community of the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinct for its emphasis on preserving the Sanskrit originals of many Mahayana and Vajrayana scriptures, which have otherwise been lost in India and survived only in translations in regions like Tibet and China. The Newars have continued to copy Sanskrit manuscripts up to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kathmandu Valley has long been a center for Buddhist scholarship, particularly following the destruction of Indian monasteries after the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests</a>. Tibetan scholars often visited to acquire texts, and local Newar Buddhists, including householder clergy (śākyabhikṣus and <a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">vajrācāryas</a>), were proficient in Sanskrit, making it a significant language for Buddhist scholarship in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 19th century onwards, Sanskrit manuscripts from Nepal were collected and sent to academic institutions in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> and Europe by figures like Brian H. Hodgson, contributing to modern Buddhist studies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the focus of modern Newar Buddhist literature was largely on local compositions in the <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari vernacular,</a> reflecting the distinct practices of Newar Buddhism. Newar texts often used bilingual formats, integrating Sanskrit and Newari, and employed diverse calligraphic scripts like Newā <a href="/wiki/Lipi_(script)" title="Lipi (script)">Lipi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Rañjana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_Sanskrit_Buddhist_Canon">Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A recent <a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">digital humanities</a> project is compiling a Sanskrit Buddhist canon based on surviving <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit Buddhist literature</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West" title="University of the West">University of the West</a>, in collaboration with the Nagarjuna Institute in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, has worked to digitize and distribute Sanskrit scriptures into the Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon (DSBC) project.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scope of the DSBC project is vast, encompassing the digitization of at least 600 Mahayana Buddhist sutras that have survived in Sanskrit. As of now, the DSBC has successfully digitized over 604 texts, equating to roughly 50,000 pages, with more than 369 scriptures available on its official website. The collection continues to expand as additional texts are digitized and made accessible to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_title">As a title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: As a title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese form of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tripiṭaka</i></span>, "sānzàng" (三藏), was sometimes used as an honorary title for a Buddhist monk who has mastered the teachings of the Tripiṭaka. In Chinese culture, this is notable in the case of the Tang Dynasty monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, whose pilgrimage to India to study and bring Buddhist texts back to China was portrayed in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i> as "Tang Sanzang" (Tang Dynasty Tripiṭaka Master). Due to the popularity of the novel, the term "sānzàng" is often erroneously understood as a name of the monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>. One such screen version of this is the popular 1979 <a href="/wiki/Monkey_(TV_series)" title="Monkey (TV series)">Monkey (TV series)</a>. </p><p>The modern Indian scholar <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a> is sometimes referred to as <i>Tripiṭakacharya</i> in reflection of his familiarity with the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Tripiṭaka</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Āgama (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Buddhist Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka_tablets_at_Kuthodaw_Pagoda" title="Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda">Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripiṭaka Koreana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaocheng_Jin_Tripitaka" title="Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka">Zhaocheng Jin Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_Society_Fund" title="Dhamma Society Fund">Dhamma Society Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Keown_2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keown_2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keown_2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keown_2004_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keown_2004_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKeown2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Damien_Keown" title="Damien Keown">Keown, Damien</a>, ed. (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198605607.001.0001/acref-9780198605607-e-1892">"Tripiṭaka"</a></span>. <i>A Dictionary of Buddhism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198605607.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198605607.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191726538" title="Special:BookSources/9780191726538"><bdi>9780191726538</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210923175651/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198605607.001.0001/acref-9780198605607-e-1892">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198605607.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780191726538&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198605607.001.0001%2Facref-9780198605607-e-1892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Library-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British_Library_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British_Library_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><br /> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Harvey_(academic)" title="Peter Harvey (academic)">Harvey, Peter</a> (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-buddha-and-buddhist-sacred-texts">"The Buddha and Buddhist sacred texts"</a>. <i>www.bl.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025801/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-buddha-and-buddhist-sacred-texts">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bl.uk&rft.atitle=The+Buddha+and+Buddhist+sacred+texts&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fsacred-texts%2Farticles%2Fthe-buddha-and-buddhist-sacred-texts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span><br /> •  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2019" class="citation web cs1">Barrett, T. H. (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/translation-and-transmission-of-buddhism">"Translation and Transmission of Buddhist texts"</a>. <i>www.bl.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225062307/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/translation-and-transmission-of-buddhism">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arquivo.pt&rft.atitle=Arquivo.pt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fci%2Fen%2Ffiles%2F22450%2F1151397961157_India_Gilgit.doc%2F57%2BIndia%2BGilgit.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warder, A.K. <i>Indian Buddhism.</i> 2000. p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baruah, Bibhuti. <i>Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.</i> 2008. p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalser200552-53-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalser200552-53_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalser2005">Walser 2005</a>, p. 52-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Dictionary of Buddhism</i>, by Damien Keown, Oxford University Press: 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Meghaprasara2013" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Meghaprasara (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newguide.org/t/83949807278.html"><i>New Guide To The Tipitaka: A Complete Guide To The Pali Buddhist Canon</i></a>. A Sangha of Books. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926892-68-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-926892-68-9"><bdi>978-1-926892-68-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818212423/http://newguide.org/t/83949807278.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Guide+To+The+Tipitaka%3A+A+Complete+Guide+To+The+Pali+Buddhist+Canon&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=A+Sangha+of+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-926892-68-9&rft.au=Matthew+Meghaprasara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewguide.org%2Ft%2F83949807278.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Müller1899p19-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Müller1899p19_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Max_Müller1899" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich Max Müller (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixsystemsindia00mlgoog"><i>The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Longmans, Green. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixsystemsindia00mlgoog/page/n57">19</a>–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Six+Systems+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=19-29&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1899&rft.au=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixsystemsindia00mlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crandall2012p56-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crandall2012p56_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crandall2012p56_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Crandall2012" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Crandall (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zq7UAwAAQBAJ"><i>Gender and Religion, 2nd Edition: The Dark Side of Scripture</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 56–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4871-1"><bdi>978-1-4411-4871-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020124910/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zq7UAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Religion%2C+2nd+Edition%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+Scripture&rft.pages=56-58&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4871-1&rft.au=Barbara+Crandall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZq7UAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/33-ten-kings/"><i>Mahavamsa</i></a>. 8 October 2011. p. 100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808001634/http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/33-ten-kings/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahavamsa&rft.pages=100&rft.date=2011-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmahavamsa.org%2Fmahavamsa%2Foriginal-version%2F33-ten-kings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._K._Warder2000" class="citation book cs1">A. K. Warder (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8MgUVGNHkC"><i>Indian Buddhism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1741-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1741-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1741-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020124910/https://books.google.com/books?id=sE8MgUVGNHkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Buddhism&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1741-8&rft.au=A.+K.+Warder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsE8MgUVGNHkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gombrich2006p4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gombrich2006p4_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gombrich2006p4_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_F._Gombrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Richard F. Gombrich (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCh-AgAAQBAJ"><i>Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo</i></a>. Routledge. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-21718-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-21718-2"><bdi>978-1-134-21718-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020124922/https://books.google.com/books?id=KCh-AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theravada+Buddhism%3A+A+Social+History+from+Ancient+Benares+to+Modern+Colombo&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-21718-2&rft.au=Richard+F.+Gombrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCh-AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oskar von Hinuber (1995), "Buddhist Law according to the Theravada Vinaya: A Survey of Theory and Practice", <i>Journal of International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>, volume 18, number 1, pages 7–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiang Wu, "The Chinese Buddhist Canon" in <i>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to East and Inner Asian Buddhism</i>, p. 299, Wiley-Blackwell (2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WuChia2015-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WuChia2015_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiang_WuLucille_Chia2015" class="citation book cs1">Jiang Wu; Lucille Chia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IX7ICgAAQBAJ"><i>Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 111–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54019-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54019-3"><bdi>978-0-231-54019-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020124912/https://books.google.com/books?id=IX7ICgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spreading+Buddha%27s+Word+in+East+Asia%3A+The+Formation+and+Transformation+of+the+Chinese+Buddhist+Canon&rft.pages=111-123&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54019-3&rft.au=Jiang+Wu&rft.au=Lucille+Chia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIX7ICgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Storch 2014: 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Storch 2014: 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, Peter (2013), <i>An Introduction to Buddhism (Second ed.),</i> Cambridge University Press, Appendix 1: Canons of Scriptures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlasanova" class="citation web cs1">Klasanova, Lyudmila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/the-mongolian-buddhist-canon-as-a-symbol-of-cultural-dialogue-between-india-and-mongolia-an-interview-with-prof-shashi-bala/">"The Mongolian Buddhist Canon as a Symbol of Cultural Dialogue between India and Mongolia: An Interview with Prof. Shashi Bala"</a>. <i>Buddhistdoor Global</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buddhistdoor+Global&rft.atitle=The+Mongolian+Buddhist+Canon+as+a+Symbol+of+Cultural+Dialogue+between+India+and+Mongolia%3A+An+Interview+with+Prof.+Shashi+Bala&rft.aulast=Klasanova&rft.aufirst=Lyudmila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistdoor.net%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-mongolian-buddhist-canon-as-a-symbol-of-cultural-dialogue-between-india-and-mongolia-an-interview-with-prof-shashi-bala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsbcproject.org/pages/a-short-history-of-sanskrit-buddhist-manuscripts">"Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon - Contact Us"</a>. <i>www.dsbcproject.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dsbcproject.org&rft.atitle=Digital+Sanskrit+Buddhist+Canon+-+Contact+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsbcproject.org%2Fpages%2Fa-short-history-of-sanskrit-buddhist-manuscripts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuladhar-Douglas, Will. <i>Remaking Buddhism for Medieval Nepal: The Fifteenth-Century Reformation of Newar Buddhism,</i> Introduction. Routledge, Jan 24, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Todd T. <i>Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism,</i> p. 11. SUNY Press, Sep 14, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dsbcproject.org/pages/main-introduction">"Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon - Contact Us"</a>. <i>www.dsbcproject.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dsbcproject.org&rft.atitle=Digital+Sanskrit+Buddhist+Canon+-+Contact+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsbcproject.org%2Fpages%2Fmain-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalser2005" class="citation cs2">Walser, Joseph (2005), <i>Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture</i>, Columbia Univ Pr, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231131643" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231131643"><bdi>978-0231131643</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna+in+Context%3A+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Buddhism+and+Early+Indian+Culture&rft.pub=Columbia+Univ+Pr&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0231131643&rft.aulast=Walser&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt1998" class="citation cs2">Dutt, Nalinaksha (1998), <i>Buddhist Sects in India</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0428-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0428-7"><bdi>81-208-0428-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Sects+in+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-208-0428-7&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Nalinaksha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1991" class="citation cs2">Harris, Ian Charles (1991), <i>The Continuity of Madhyamaka and Yogacara in Indian Mahayana Buddhism</i>, Brill Academic Pub, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004094482" title="Special:BookSources/9789004094482"><bdi>9789004094482</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuity+of+Madhyamaka+and+Yogacara+in+Indian+Mahayana+Buddhism&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789004094482&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ian+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pali Canon: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/projects/sinhalese-manuscripts-digitisation-project/">British Library has digitised four Sinhalese palm leaf manuscripts</a> (Sinhalese Manuscripts Pilot Digitisation Project)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030601154657/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/canon/index.html">Access to Insight</a> has many suttas translated into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suttacentral.net/">Sutta Central</a> Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels (Multiple Languages)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tipitaka.net/">Tipiṭaka Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nibbana.com/tipitaka/tipilist.htm">List of Pali Canon Suttas translated into English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050120052627/http://www.nibbana.com/tipitaka/tipilist.htm">Archived</a> 2005-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (ongoing)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tipitaka.org/">The Pali Tipiṭaka Project</a> (texts in 7 Asian languages)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://what-buddha-said.net/library/Pali/SLTP.htm">The Sri Lanka Tripiṭaka Project Pali Canons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191130011332/http://what-buddha-said.net/library/Pali/SLTP.htm">Archived</a> 2019-11-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> has a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodhgayanews.net/pali.htm">searchable database of the Pali texts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhist-canon.com/PALI/VIET/index.html">The Vietnamese Nikaaya</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175109/http://www.buddhist-canon.com/PALI/VIET/index.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (continuing, text in Vietnamese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.nibbanam.com/">Search in English translations of the Tipiṭaka</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190205013858/http://search.nibbanam.com/">Archived</a> 2019-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newguide.org/index.html">New Guide to the Tipiṭaka</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228161556/http://www.newguide.org/index.html">Archived</a> 2018-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> has summaries of the entire Tipiṭaka in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tipitaka.sutta.org/">Tipiṭaka Online</a></li></ul> <p>Myanmar Version of Buddhist Canon (6th revision): </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myanmars.net/buddhist.bible.myanmar.version/">Buddhist Bible Myanmar Version</a> (without original Pali text)</li></ul> <p>Chinese Buddhist Canon: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cttbusa.org/sutratexts.asp">Buddhist Text Translation Society: Sutra Texts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/ebooks.htm">BuddhaNet's eBook Library</a> (English PDFs)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kanji.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~wittern/can/can2/ind/canwww.htm">WWW Database of Chinese Buddhist texts</a> (English index of some East Asian Tripiṭakas)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecompassionnetwork.org/tripitaka-lists/">Tripiṭaka Titles and Translations in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbeta.org/">CBETA: Full Chinese language canon and extended canon</a> (includes downloads)</li></ul> <p>Tibetan tradition: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbrc.org/">Kangyur & Tengyur Projects</a> (Tibetan texts)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://84000.co/">Kangyur & Tengyur Translating Projects</a> (Tibetan texts)</li></ul> <p>Tripiṭaka collections: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaya.org.tw/library/b-ip/tripitaka.htm">Extensive list of online Tripiṭakas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhamma.sutta.org/index2.htm">Theravada Buddhism Tipiṭaka</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123105127/http://dhamma.sutta.org/index2.htm">Archived</a> 2020-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <p>Sri Lankan version of Tipiṭaka: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tipitaka.wordpress.com/2007/05/21/buddhajayanthi-edition/">Buddha Jayanthi Edition of Tipiṭaka in Sinhala</a> (Sri Lankan version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aathaapi.org/Thripitaka.php">Tipiṭaka in Sinhala</a> (Sri Lankan version)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mindfulnessmeditationcenter.org/c/">Tipiṭaka Chanting in Pali</a> (Sri Lankan version)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_Anuradhapura_period_topics_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anuradhapura_period_topics" title="Template:Anuradhapura period topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anuradhapura_period_topics" title="Template talk:Anuradhapura period topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anuradhapura_period_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anuradhapura period topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_Anuradhapura_period_topics_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pre_Anuradhapura_period_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Pre Anuradhapura period topics (page does not exist)">←</a> <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a> topics <a href="/wiki/Template:Polonnaruwa_period_topics" title="Template:Polonnaruwa period topics">→</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura kingdom</a> 377 BC – 1017 AD</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(377 BC–463 AD)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka#Introduction_of_Buddhism" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Arrival of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Elara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutugamunu_Campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutugamunu Campaign (page does not exist)">Dutugamunu Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijithapura" title="Battle of Vijithapura">Battle of Vijithapura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Dravidians" title="The Five Dravidians">The Five Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Buddhist council">Fourth Buddhist council</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gajabahu%27s_invasion_of_Chola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gajabahu's invasion of Chola (page does not exist)">Gajabahu's invasion of Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beminitiya_Seya" title="Beminitiya Seya">Beminitiya Seya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Dravidians" title="The Six Dravidians">The Six Dravidians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(463–691)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(691–1017)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_invasion_of_Pandya" title="Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya">Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest of Anuradhapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Government_and_military" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vijaya" title="House of Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lambakanna_I" title="House of Lambakanna I">Lambakanna I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Moriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Moriya (page does not exist)">Moriya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lambakanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Lambakanna II (page does not exist)">Lambakanna II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Military" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka">Tamil mercenaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Law" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a> and people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Mahinda (Buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Rata" title="Malaya Rata">Malaya Rata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Rata" title="Maya Rata">Maya Rata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">Rajarata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ruhuna" title="Principality of Ruhuna">Ruhuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhayagiri_vih%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhayagiri vihāra">Abhayagiri vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Maha_Viharaya" title="Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya">Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamasthana" title="Atamasthana">Atamasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamevn%C4%81wa_Gardens" title="Mahamevnāwa Gardens">Mahamevnāwa Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapagala_fortress" title="Mapagala fortress">Mapagala fortress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Economy" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_irrigation_network" title="Sri Lankan irrigation network">Irrigation network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank_cascade_system" title="Tank cascade system">Tank cascade system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gems_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Gems of Sri Lanka">Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahapana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahapana (page does not exist)">Kahapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahavanu" title="Kahavanu">Kahavanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Gokanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Gokanna (page does not exist)">Port of Gokanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Port of Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Mahatittha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Mahatittha (page does not exist)">Port of Mahatittha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajakariya">Rajakariya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Culture" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_ancient_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_constructions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka">Constructions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka">Immigration</a></li> <li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">in Pali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala literature">in Sinhalese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Esala_Perahera" title="Kandy Esala Perahera">Perahera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_period_in_popular_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anuradhapura period in popular culture (page does not exist)">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Religion" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Brahmanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Tantric Buddhism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anuradhapura_period" title="Category:Anuradhapura period">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Texts" title="Pyramid Texts">Pyramid Texts</a> (Egyptian religion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> (Hinduism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(Digambara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Digambara)">Agamas</a> (Jainism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> (Zoroastrian)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i> (Taoist)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tripiṭaka</a> (Buddhist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (Judaism, Christianity) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> (Judaism) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Torah</a> (Samaritanism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a> (Roman Catholicism, Eastern 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