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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_and_literary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_and_literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scholarly and literary works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scholarly_and_literary_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scholarly and literary works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_and_literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sanskrit_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanskrit_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sanskrit studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanskrit_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gifford_Lectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gifford_Lectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Gifford Lectures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gifford_Lectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_translator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_translator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>As translator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_translator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Views on India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_on_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Views on India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Views_on_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Late career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alleged_anti-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_anti-Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Alleged anti-Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_anti-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darwin_disagreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwin_disagreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Darwin disagreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwin_disagreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Aryanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Aryanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Opposition to Aryanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Aryanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Turanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honours and distinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Max Müller</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ماكس مولر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماكس مولر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ماکس مولر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماکس مولر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ম্যাক্স মুলার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাক্স মুলার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich Max Müller – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Friedrich Max Müller" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Мюлер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Макс Мюлер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich Max Müller – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Friedrich Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich Max Müller – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Friedrich Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich Max Müller – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedrich Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ماکس مولر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماکس مولر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich Max Müller – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Friedrich Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AE%90%EB%9F%AC" title="막스 뮐러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="막스 뮐러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մաքս Մյուլլեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաքս Մյուլլեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="मैक्स मूलर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैक्स मूलर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8" title="מקס מילר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקס מילר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್‌ ಮುಲ್ಲರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್‌ ಮುಲ್ಲರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Maximus_M%C3%BCller" title="Fridericus Maximus Müller – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Maximus Müller" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makss_Millers" title="Makss Millers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Makss Millers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich Max Müller – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Friedrich Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich Max Müller – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Friedrich Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="म्याक्स मुलर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="म्याक्स मुलर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BC" title="മാക്സ് മുള്ളർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാക്സ് മുള്ളർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0" title="माक्स म्युलर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माक्स म्युलर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%89)" title="ماكس مولر (لغوى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماكس مولر (لغوى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="フリードリヒ・マックス・ミュラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリードリヒ・マックス・ミュラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller_(orientalist)" title="Max Müller (orientalist) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Max Müller (orientalist)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮੈਕਸ ਮੂਲਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਕਸ ਮੂਲਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B1" title="میکس ملر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میکس ملر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Мюллер, Фридрих Макс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мюллер, Фридрих Макс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D" title="माक्स् म्युलर् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="माक्स् म्युलर्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich Max Müller – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Friedrich Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich Max Müller – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Friedrich Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மாக்ஸ் முல்லர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாக்ஸ் முல்லர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="మాక్స్ ముల్లర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాక్స్ ముల్లర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มัคส์ มึลเลอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มัคส์ มึลเลอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Max Müller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фрідріх Макс Мюллер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фрідріх Макс Мюллер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B9%86%E5%8B%92" title="馬克斯·繆勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬克斯·繆勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British philologist, Orientalist (1823–1900)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Max Müller, see <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Max Müller (disambiguation)">Max Müller (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Max Mueller" redirects here. For the mayor of Idyllwild–Pine Cove, California, see <a href="/wiki/Mayor_Max_II" title="Mayor Max II">Mayor Max II</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Max Müller</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_by_Bassano_1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Müller in 1883, by Alexander Bassano"><img alt="Müller in 1883, by Alexander Bassano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_by_Bassano_1883.jpg/250px-Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_by_Bassano_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_by_Bassano_1883.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_by_Bassano_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_by_Bassano_1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="558" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Müller in 1883, by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bassano" title="Alexander Bassano">Alexander Bassano</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Friedrich Max Müller<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1823-12-06</span>)</span>6 December 1823<br /><a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Duchy of Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">28 October 1900<span style="display:none">(1900-10-28)</span> (aged 76)<br /><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer, Comparative Philologist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i>The Sacred Books of the East</i><br /><i>Chips from a German Workshop</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i>Associé étranger</i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Inscriptions_et_Belles-Lettres" title="Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres">Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Maximilian_Order_for_Science_and_Art" title="Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art">Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art</a>; member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Georgina Adelaide Grenfell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">4, including <a href="/wiki/William_Grenfell_Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grenfell Max Muller">Wilhelm Grenfell Max Müller</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Signature_of_Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller.png/250px-Signature_of_Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Signature_of_Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller.png/330px-Signature_of_Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Friedrich Max Müller</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfʁiːdʁɪç<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmaks<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmʏlɐ]</a></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6 December 1823 – 28 October 1900) was a German-born British comparative <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a>. He was one of the founders of the Western academic disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a>. Müller wrote both scholarly and popular works on the subject of Indology. He directed the preparation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East</a></i>, a 50-volume set of English translations which continued after his death. </p><p>Müller became a professor at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1871_Census_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1871_Census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first of modern languages,<sup id="cite_ref-1851_Census_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1851_Census-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then <a href="/wiki/Diebold_Professor_of_Comparative_Philology" title="Diebold Professor of Comparative Philology">of comparative philology</a><sup id="cite_ref-1871_Census_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1871_Census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a position founded for him, and which he held for the rest of his life. Early in his career he held strong views on India, believing that it needed to be transformed by Christianity. Later, his view became more nuanced, championing ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> and India more generally. He became involved in several controversies during his career: he was accused of being anti-Christian; he disagreed with Darwinian <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, favouring <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a>; he raised interest in <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> culture, deeply disliking the resulting <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a>; and he promoted the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Turanian_languages" title="Turanian languages">"Turanian" family of languages</a>. </p><p>Among his honours and distinctions, he was made an <i>associé étranger</i> of the French <i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Inscriptions_et_Belles-Lettres" title="Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres">Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</a></i>; he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Maximilian_Order_for_Science_and_Art" title="Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art">Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art</a>; and he was made a member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Max Müller was born into a cultured family on 6 December 1823 in <a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_M%C3%BCller" title="Wilhelm Müller">Wilhelm Müller</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric poet</a> whose verse <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a> had set to music in his song-cycles <i><a href="/wiki/Die_sch%C3%B6ne_M%C3%BCllerin" title="Die schöne Müllerin">Die schöne Müllerin</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Winterreise" title="Winterreise">Winterreise</a></i>. His mother, Adelheid Müller (née von Basedow), was the eldest daughter of a prime minister of <a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Anhalt-Dessau</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Müller was named after his mother's elder brother, Friedrich, and after the central character, Max, in Weber's opera <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Der Freischütz">Der Freischütz</a></i>. Later in life, he adopted Max as a part of his surname, believing that the prevalence of Müller as a name made it too common.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB2007_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name was recorded as "Maximilian" on some of his honours,<sup id="cite_ref-belles-lettres_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belles-lettres-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some other publications.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston1900_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston1900-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Müller entered the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> (grammar school) at Dessau when he was six years old. In 1835, at the age of twelve, he was sent to live in the house of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Carus" title="Carl Gustav Carus">Carl Gustav Carus</a> and attend the Nicolai School at <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, where he continued his studies of music and classics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was during his time in Leipzig that he frequently met <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB2007_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In need of a scholarship to attend <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a>, Müller successfully sat his <a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">abitur</a> examination at <a href="/wiki/Zerbst" title="Zerbst">Zerbst</a>. While preparing, he found that the syllabus differed from what he had been taught, requiring him to rapidly learn mathematics, modern languages and science.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB2007_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entered Leipzig University in 1841 to study philology, leaving behind his early interest in music and poetry. Müller received his <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree#Germany" title="Academic degree">Ph.D. degree</a> in Sep 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His final dissertation was on <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza)">Ethics</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gifford_bio_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gifford_bio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had an aptitude for classical languages, learning <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1850 Müller was appointed deputy <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Institution" title="Taylor Institution">Taylorian</a> professor of modern European languages at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1851_Census_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1851_Census-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following year, at the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gaisford" title="Thomas Gaisford">Thomas Gaisford</a>, he was made an honorary M.A. and a member of the college of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>. On succeeding to the full professorship in 1854, he received the full degree of <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge_and_Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin)">M.A.</a> by a decree of <a href="/wiki/Convocation_(university)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convocation (university)">Convocation</a>. In 1858 he was elected to a life fellowship at <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_College" class="mw-redirect" title="All Souls' College">All Souls' College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Boden_Professor_of_Sanskrit_election,_1860" class="mw-redirect" title="Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, 1860">1860 election for the position of Boden Professor of Sanskrit</a>, which was a "keen disappointment" to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902241–242_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902241–242-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Müller was far better qualified for the post than the other candidate, <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a>, but Müller's theological views, Lutheranism, German birth, and lack of practical first-hand knowledge of India spoke against him. After the election he wrote to his mother, "all the best people voted for me, the Professors almost unanimously, but the <i>vulgus profanum</i> made the majority".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902244_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902244-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 1868, Müller became Oxford's first <a href="/wiki/Diebold_Professor_of_Comparative_Philology" title="Diebold Professor of Comparative Philology">professor of comparative philology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1871_Census_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1871_Census-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a position founded on his behalf. He held this chair until his death, although he retired from its active duties in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_and_literary_works">Scholarly and literary works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scholarly and literary works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanskrit_studies">Sanskrit studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sanskrit studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1844, prior to commencing his academic career at Oxford, Müller studied in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Schelling">Friedrich Schelling</a>. He began to translate the <i><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></i> for Schelling, and continued to research Sanskrit under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bopp" title="Franz Bopp">Franz Bopp</a>, the first systematic scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (IE). Schelling led Müller to relate the history of language to the history of religion. At this time, Müller published his first book, a German translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hitopadesha" title="Hitopadesha"><i>Hitopadesa</i></a>, a collection of Indian <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1845, Müller moved to Paris to study Sanskrit under <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Burnouf" title="Eugène Burnouf">Eugène Burnouf</a>. Burnouf encouraged him to publish the complete <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, making use of the manuscripts available in England. He moved to England in 1846 to study <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">East India Company</a>. He supported himself at first with creative writing, his novel <i>German Love</i> being popular in its day. </p><p>Müller's connections with the East India Company and with Sanskritists based at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> led to a career in Britain, where he eventually became the leading intellectual commentator on the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">culture of India</a>. At the time, Britain controlled this territory as part of its Empire. This led to complex exchanges between Indian and British intellectual culture, especially through Müller's links with the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>. </p><p>Müller's Sanskrit studies came at a time when scholars had started to see language development in relation to cultural development. The recent discovery of the Indo-European language group had started to lead to much speculation about the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Greco-Roman</a> cultures and those of more ancient peoples. In particular the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> culture of India was thought to have been the ancestor of European Classical cultures. Scholars sought to compare the genetically related European and Asian languages to reconstruct the earliest form of the root-language. The Vedic language, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, was thought to be the oldest of the IE languages. </p><p>Müller devoted himself to the study of this language, becoming one of the major Sanskrit scholars of his day. He believed that the earliest documents of Vedic culture should be studied to provide the key to the development of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> European religions, and of religious belief in general. To this end, Müller sought to understand the most ancient of Vedic scriptures, the <i><a href="/wiki/Rig-Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig-Veda">Rig-Veda</a>.</i> Müller translated the <a href="//archive.org/details/RgVedaWithSayanasCommentaryPart1" class="extiw" title="iarchive:RgVedaWithSayanasCommentaryPart1">Rigveda Samhita</a> book written by the 14th century Sanskrit scholar <a href="/wiki/Sayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayana">Sayanacharya</a> from Sanskrit to English. Müller was greatly impressed by <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Paramhansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramakrishna Paramhansa">Ramakrishna Paramhansa</a>, his contemporary and proponent of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedantic</a> philosophy, and wrote several essays and books about him.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Max-M%C3%BCller_by_George_Frederic_Watts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2813" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the elderly Max Muller by <a href="/wiki/George_Frederic_Watts" title="George Frederic Watts">George Frederic Watts</a>, 1894–1895</figcaption></figure> <p>For Müller, the study of the language had to relate to the study of the culture in which it had been used. He came to the view that the development of languages should be tied to that of belief-systems. At that time the Vedic scriptures were little-known in the West, though there was increasing interest in the philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>. Müller believed that the sophisticated Upanishadic philosophy could be linked to the primitive <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a> of early Vedic Brahmanism from which it evolved. He had to travel to London to look at documents held in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. While there he persuaded the company to allow him to undertake a critical edition of the Rig-Veda, a task he pursued over many years (1849–1874).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Müller, the culture of the Vedic peoples represented a form of <a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">nature worship</a>, an idea clearly influenced by Romanticism. Müller shared many of the ideas associated with <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, which coloured his account of ancient religions, in particular his emphasis on the formative influence on early religion of emotional communion with natural forces.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw the gods of the Rig-Veda as active forces of nature, only partly personified as imagined <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> persons. From this claim Müller derived his theory that mythology is "a disease of language".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this he meant that myth transforms concepts into beings and stories. In Müller's view, "gods" began as words constructed to express abstract ideas, but were transformed into imagined personalities. Thus the Indo-European father-god appears under various names: <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyaus_Pita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyaus Pita">Dyaus Pita</a>. For Müller all these names can be traced to the word <i>"Dyaus",</i> which he understood to imply "shining" or "radiance". This leads to the terms "deva", "deus", "theos" as generic terms for a god, and to the names "Zeus" and "Jupiter" (derived from deus-pater). In this way a metaphor becomes personified and fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1897497–503_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1897497–503-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gifford_Lectures">Gifford Lectures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gifford Lectures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller,_Vanity_Fair,_1875-02-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1875-02-06.jpg/250px-Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1875-02-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1875-02-06.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1875-02-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1875-02-06.jpg/500px-Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1875-02-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>1875 <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)"><i>Vanity Fair</i></a> caricature of Müller confirming that, at the age of fifty-one, with numerous honours, he was one of the truly notable "Men of the Day".</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1888, Müller was appointed Gifford Lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a> were the first in an annual series, given at several Scottish universities, that has continued to the present day. Over the next four years, Müller gave four series of lectures.<sup id="cite_ref-gifford_bio_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gifford_bio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The titles and order of the lectures were as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-gifford4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gifford4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Natural Religion</b>. This first course of lectures was intended as purely introductory, and had for its object a definition of Natural Religion in its widest sense.</li> <li><b>Physical Religion</b>. This second course of lectures was intended to show how different nations had arrived at a belief in something infinite behind the finite, in something invisible behind the visible, in many unseen agents or gods of nature, until they reached a belief in one god above all those gods. In short, a history of the discovery of the infinite in nature.</li> <li><b>Anthropological Religion</b>. This third course was intended to show how different nations arrived at a belief in a <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>, how they named its various faculties, and what they imagined about its fate after death.</li> <li><b>Theosophy or Psychological Religion</b>. The fourth and last course of lectures was intended to examine the relation between God and the soul ("these two Infinites"), including the ideas that some of the principal nations of the world have formed concerning this relation. Real religion, Müller asserted, is founded on a true perception of the <i>relation</i> of the soul to God and of God to the soul; Müller wanted to prove that this was true, not only as a postulate, but as an historical fact. The original title of the lectures was 'Psychological Religion' but Müller felt compelled to add 'Theosophy' to it. Müller's final Gifford Lecture is significant in interpreting his work broadly, as he situates his philological and historical research within a <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mystical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical">mystical</a> theological project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017108–110_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017108–110-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_translator">As translator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: As translator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1881, he published a translation of the first edition of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i>. He agreed with <a href="/wiki/Schopenhauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a> that this edition was the most direct and honest expression of Kant's thought. His translation corrected several errors that were committed by previous translators.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his Translator's Preface, Müller wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The bridge of thoughts and sighs that spans the whole history of the Aryan world has its first arch in the Veda, its last in Kant's Critique. ... While in the Veda we may study the childhood, we may study in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason the perfect manhood of the Aryan mind. ... The materials are now accessible, and the English-speaking race, the race of the future, will have in Kant's Critique another Aryan heirloom, as precious as the Veda—a work that may be criticised, but can never be ignored.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (January 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Müller continued to be influenced by the Kantian <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendentalist</a> model of spirituality,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was opposed to Darwinian ideas of human development.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that "language forms an impassable barrier between man and beast."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_India">Views on India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Views on India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 August 1866, Müller wrote to Chevalier Bunsen: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>India is much riper for Christianity than Rome or Greece were at the time of St. Paul. The rotten tree has for some time had artificial supports, because its fall would have been inconvenient for the government. But if the Englishman comes to see that the tree must fall, sooner or later, then the thing is done... I should like to lay down my life, or at least to lend my hand to bring about this struggle... I do not at all like to go to India as a missionary, that makes one dependent on the parsons... I should like to live for ten years quite quietly and learn the language, try to make friends, and see whether I was fit to take part in a work, by means of which the old mischief of Indian priestcraft could be overthrown and the way opened for the entrance of simple Christian teaching...<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Life And Letters Of The Right Honourable Friedrich Max Müller Vol. I, Chapter X</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In his career, Müller several times expressed the view that a "reformation" within Hinduism needed to occur, comparable to the Christian Reformation.<sup id="cite_ref-Menant_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menant-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his view, "if there is one thing which a comparative study of religions places in the clearest light, it is the inevitable decay to which every religion is exposed... Whenever we can trace back a religion to its first beginnings, we find it free from many blemishes that affected it in its later states".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He used his links with the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> to encourage such a reformation on the lines pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a>. Müller believed that the Brahmos would engender an Indian form of Christianity and that they were in practice "Christians, without being Roman Catholics, Anglicans or Lutherans". In the Lutheran tradition, he hoped that the "superstition" and idolatry, which he considered to be characteristic of modern popular Hinduism, would disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-sha_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sha-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Müller wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>The translation of the <i>Veda</i> will hereafter tell to a great extent on the fate of India, and on the growth of millions of souls in that country. It is the root of their religion, and to show them what the root is, I feel sure, is the only way of uprooting all that has sprung from it during the last 3,000 years... one ought to be up and doing what may be God's work.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Müller hoped that increased funding for education in India would promote a new form of literature combining Western and Indian traditions. In 1868 he wrote to <a href="/wiki/George_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll">George Campbell</a>, the newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>India has been conquered once, but India must be conquered again, and that second conquest should be a conquest by education. Much has been done for education of late, but if the funds were tripled and quadrupled, that would hardly be enough (...) By encouraging a study of their own ancient literature, as part of their education, a national feeling of pride and self-respect will be reawakened among those who influence the large masses of the people. A new national literature may spring up, impregnated with Western ideas, yet retaining its native spirit and character (...) A new national literature will bring with it a new national life, and new moral vigour. As to religion, that will take care of itself. The missionaries have done far more than they themselves seem to be aware of, nay, much of the work which is theirs they would probably disclaim. The Christianity of our nineteenth century will hardly be the Christianity of India. But the ancient religion of India is doomed—and if Christianity does not step in, whose fault will it be?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902357–358_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902357–358-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Max Müller (1868)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_career">Late career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Maximilian_M%C3%BCller,_dal_1859_al_1900_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0075_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Friedrich_Maximilian_M%C3%BCller%2C_dal_1859_al_1900_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0075_B.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Maximilian_M%C3%BCller%2C_dal_1859_al_1900_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0075_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Friedrich_Maximilian_M%C3%BCller%2C_dal_1859_al_1900_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0075_B.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Maximilian_M%C3%BCller%2C_dal_1859_al_1900_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0075_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Friedrich_Maximilian_M%C3%BCller%2C_dal_1859_al_1900_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0075_B.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Maximilian_M%C3%BCller%2C_dal_1859_al_1900_-_Accademia_delle_Scienze_di_Torino_0075_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>In uniform, 1890s</figcaption></figure> <p>In his sixties and seventies, Müller gave a series of lectures, which reflected a more nuanced view in favour of Hinduism and the ancient literature from India. In his "What can India teach us?" lecture at University of Cambridge, he championed ancient Sanskrit literature and India as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If I were to look over the whole world to find out the country most richly endowed with all the wealth, power, and beauty that nature can bestow—in some parts a very paradise on earth—I should point to India. If I were asked under what sky the human mind has most full developed some of its choicest gifts, has most deeply pondered on the greatest problems of life, and has found solutions of some of them which well deserve the attention even of those who have studied Plato and Kant—I should point to India. And if I were to ask myself from what literature we, here in Europe, we who have been nurtured almost exclusively on the thoughts of Greeks and Romans, and of one Semitic race, the Jewish, may draw that corrective which is most wanted in order to make our inner life more perfect, more comprehensive, more universal, in fact more truly human, a life, not for this life only, but a transfigured and eternal life—again I should point to India.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Max Müller (1883)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Müller conjectured that the introduction of Islam in India in the 11th century had a deep effect on the psyche and behaviour of Hindus in another lecture, "Truthful Character of the Hindus": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The other epic poem too, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, is full of episodes showing a profound regard for truth. (...) Were I to quote from all the law-books, and from still later works, everywhere you would hear the same key-note of truthfulness vibrating through them all. (...) I say once more that I do not wish to represent the people of India as two hundred and fifty-three millions of angels, but I do wish it to be understood and to be accepted as a fact, that the damaging charge of untruthfulness brought against that people is utterly unfounded with regard to ancient times. It is not only not true, but the very opposite of the truth. As to modern times, and I date them from about 1000 after Christ (AD), I can only say that, after reading the accounts of the terrors and horrors of Mohammedan rule, my wonder is that so much of native virtue and truthfulness should have survived. You might as well expect a mouse to speak the truth before a cat, as a Hindu before a Mohammedan judge.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Max Müller (1884)</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, who was the foremost disciple of <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Paramahamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramakrishna Paramahamsa">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa</a>, met Müller over a lunch on 28 May 1896. Regarding Müller and his wife, the Swami later wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The visit was really a revelation to me. That little white house, its setting in a beautiful garden, the silver-haired sage, with a face calm and benign, and forehead smooth as a child's in spite of seventy winters, and every line in that face speaking of a deep-seated mine of spirituality somewhere behind; that noble wife, the helpmate of his life through his long and arduous task of exciting interest, overriding opposition and contempt, and at last creating a respect for the thoughts of the sages of ancient India—the trees, the flowers, the calmness, and the clear sky—all these sent me back in imagination to the glorious days of ancient India, the days of our brahmarshis and rajarshis, the days of the great vanaprasthas, the days of Arundhatis and Vasishthas. It was neither the philologist nor the scholar that I saw, but a soul that is every day realizing its oneness with the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Professor_Max_M%C3%BCller,_c._1880_slnsw_pxa_1023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Portrait_of_Professor_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_c._1880_slnsw_pxa_1023.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Professor_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_c._1880_slnsw_pxa_1023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Portrait_of_Professor_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_c._1880_slnsw_pxa_1023.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Professor_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_c._1880_slnsw_pxa_1023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Portrait_of_Professor_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_c._1880_slnsw_pxa_1023.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Professor_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_c._1880_slnsw_pxa_1023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Studio Portrait of Max Müller, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1880</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_anti-Christianity">Alleged anti-Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Alleged anti-Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the course of his <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a> on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Natural_religion" title="Natural religion">natural religion</a>, Müller was severely criticised for being anti-Christian. In 1891, at a meeting of the Established <a href="/wiki/Presbytery_of_Glasgow" title="Presbytery of Glasgow">Presbytery of Glasgow</a>, Mr. Thomson (Minister of Ladywell) moved a motion that Müller's teaching was "subversive of the Christian faith, and fitted to spread pantheistic and infidel views amongst the students and others" and questioned Müller's appointment as lecturer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902262_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902262-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An even stronger attack on Müller was made by Monsignor Alexander Munro in <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Glasgow" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow">St Andrew's Cathedral</a>. Munro, an officer of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland (and Provost of the Catholic Cathedral of Glasgow from 1884 to 1892), declared that Müller's lectures "were nothing less than a crusade against Divine revelation, against Jesus Christ, and against Christianity". The blasphemous lectures were, he continued, "the proclamation of atheism under the guise of pantheism" and "uprooted our idea of God, for it repudiated the idea of a personal God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902263_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902263-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar accusations had already led to Müller's exclusion from the Boden chair in Sanskrit in favour of the conservative <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a>. By the 1880s Müller was being courted by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Godfrey_Leland" title="Charles Godfrey Leland">Charles Godfrey Leland</a>, Theosophist <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, and other writers who were seeking to assert the merits of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> religious traditions over Christianity. The designer <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fraser_Tytler" title="Mary Fraser Tytler">Mary Fraser Tytler</a> stated that Müller's book <i>Chips from a German Workshop</i> (a collection of his essays) was her "Bible", which helped her to create a multi-cultural sacred imagery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Müller distanced himself from these developments, and remained within the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> faith in which he had been brought up. According to G. Beckerlegge, "Müller's background as a Lutheran German and his identification with the Broad Church party" led to "suspicion by those opposed to the political and religious positions that they felt Müller represented", particularly his <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitudinarianism">latitudinarianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beckerlegge_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckerlegge-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Müller took a strong religious and academic interest in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and other non-Christian religions, and often compared Christianity to religions that many traditional Protestants would have regarded as primitive or false, he grounded his <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a> in a belief that Christianity possessed the fullest truth of all living religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017109–10_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017109–10-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-first century scholars of religion, far from accusing Müller of being anti-Christian, have critically examined Müller's theological project as evidence for a bias towards Christian conceptions of God in early academic <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017120–2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017120–2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwin_disagreement">Darwin disagreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Darwin disagreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Müller attempted to formulate a philosophy of religion that addressed the crisis of faith engendered by the historical and critical study of religion by German scholars on the one hand, and by the <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinian revolution</a> on the other. He was wary of Darwin's work on human evolution, and attacked his view of the development of human faculties. His work was taken up by cultural commentators such as his friend <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>, who saw it as a productive response to the crisis of the age. He analyzed mythologies as rationalisations of natural phenomena, primitive beginnings that we might denominate "<a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">protoscience</a>" within a cultural evolution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Müller proposed an early, mystical interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a>, using Darwinism as a critique of <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical philosophy">mechanical philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017113_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017113-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1870 Müller gave a short course of three lectures for the British Institution on language as the barrier between man and beast, which he called "On Darwin's Philosophy of Language".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Müller specifically disagreed with Darwin's theories on the origin of language and that the language of man could have developed from the language of animals. In 1873, he sent a copy of his lectures to Darwin reassuring him that, though he differed from some of Darwin's conclusions, he was one of his "diligent readers and sincere admirers".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_Aryanism">Opposition to Aryanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Opposition to Aryanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></div> <p>Müller's work contributed to the developing interest in <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> culture, which often set Indo-European ("Aryan") traditions in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Semitic</a> religions. He "was deeply saddened by the fact that these classifications later came to be expressed in <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> terms", as this was far from his intention.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Müller, the discovery of common Indian and European ancestry was a powerful argument against racism, arguing that "an <a href="/wiki/Ethnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnologist">ethnologist</a> who speaks of Aryan race, Aryan blood, Aryan eyes and hair, is as great a sinner as a linguist who speaks of a <a href="/wiki/Dolichocephalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolichocephalic">dolichocephalic</a> dictionary or a <a href="/wiki/Brachycephalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachycephalic">brachycephalic</a> grammar" and that "the blackest Hindus represent an earlier stage of Aryan speech and thought than the fairest <a href="/wiki/Scandinavians" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavians">Scandinavians</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turanian">Turanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Turanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Müller put forward and promoted the theory of a "<a href="/wiki/Turanian_languages" title="Turanian languages">Turanian</a>" family of languages or speech, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a>, "Tataric" (<a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Müller, these five languages were those "spoken in Asia or Europe not included under the Arian [sic] and Semitic families, with the exception perhaps of the Chinese and its dialects". In addition, they were "nomadic languages," in contrast to the other two families (Aryan and Semitic), which he called State or political languages.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea of a Turanian family of languages was not accepted by everyone at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the term "Turanian" quickly became an archaism<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (unlike "Aryan"), it did not disappear completely. The idea was absorbed later into nationalist ideologies in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turanism#Turkey" title="Turanism">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_distinctions">Honours and distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honours and distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_1974_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_1974_stamp_of_India.jpg/170px-Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_1974_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_1974_stamp_of_India.jpg/255px-Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_1974_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_1974_stamp_of_India.jpg/340px-Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller_1974_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Müller on a 1974 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_1898.jpg/170px-Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_1898.jpg/255px-Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_1898.jpg/340px-Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Müller <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1898</span>, wearing his <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit_vert" class="extiw" title="fr:Habit vert">Habit vert</a></i> costume with the insignia of the order <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Maximilian_Order_for_Science_and_Art" title="Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art">Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1869, Müller was elected to the French <i><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Inscriptions_et_Belles-Lettres" title="Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres">Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</a></i> as a foreign correspondent (<i>associé étranger</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-belles-lettres_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belles-lettres-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1874, Müller was awarded the <i><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></i> (civil class), much to his surprise. Soon after, when he was commanded to dine at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor</a>, he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold</a> to ask if he <i>might</i> wear his Order, and the wire came back, "Not <i>may</i>, but <i>must</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902462_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902462-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1875, Müller was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Maximilian_Order_for_Science_and_Art" title="Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art">Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art</a>. The award is given to acknowledge excellent and outstanding achievements in the field of science and art. In a letter to his mother dated 19 December, Müller wrote that the award was more showy than the <i><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a></i>, "but that is the best".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902503_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902503-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1896, Müller was appointed a member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Müller became a naturalised British citizen in 1855, at the age of 32. He married Georgina Adelaide Grenfell on 3 August 1859 after overcoming the opposition from her family. The couple had four children, including <a href="/wiki/William_Grenfell_Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grenfell Max Muller">William Grenfell</a>. Two of their children predeceased them.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB2007_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Müller's health began deteriorating in 1898 and he died at his home in Oxford on 28 October 1900. He was interred at <a href="/wiki/Holywell_Cemetery" title="Holywell Cemetery">Holywell Cemetery</a> on 1 November 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-gifford_bio_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gifford_bio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death a memorial fund, the Max Müller Memorial Fund, was opened at Oxford for "the promotion of learning and research in all matters relating to the history and archaeology, the languages, literatures, and religions of ancient India".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Harry_Everett_Smith" title="Harry Everett Smith">Harry Smith</a> stated of his film <i><a href="/wiki/Heaven_and_Earth_Magic" title="Heaven and Earth Magic">Heaven and Earth Magic</a></i>: "The first part depicts the heroine's toothache consequent to the loss of a valuable watermelon, her dentistry and transportation to heaven. Next follows an elaborate exposition of the heavenly land in terms of Israel, Montreal and the second part depicts the return to earth from being eaten by Max Müller on the day <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward the Seventh</a> dedicated the Great Sewer of London."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Goethe_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe Institute">Goethe Institutes</a> in India are named <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller_Bhavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Müller Bhavan">Max Müller Bhavan</a> in his honour, as is a street (Max Mueller Marg) in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Müller's biographies include <a href="#CITEREFVan_den_Bosch2002">Van den Bosch (2002)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFStone2002">Stone (2002)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFChaudhuri1974">Chaudhuri (1974)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nirad_C._Chaudhuri" title="Nirad C. Chaudhuri">Nirad C. Chaudhuri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Scholar_Extraordinary" title="Scholar Extraordinary">Scholar Extraordinary</a></i> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_English" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English">Sahitya Akademi Award for English</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>, India's National Academy of Letters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Alter" title="Stephen G. Alter">Stephen G. Alter</a>'s 2005 book <i>William Dwight Whitney and the Science of Language</i> contains a chapter on Müller's rivalry with the American linguist <a href="/wiki/William_Dwight_Whitney" title="William Dwight Whitney">William Dwight Whitney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter2005_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter2005-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Müller's scholarly works, published separately as well as an 18-volume <i>Collected Works</i>, include: </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nārāyana; Müller, Max (ed. & tr.) (1844). <i>Hitopadesa: eine alte indische Fabelsammlung</i> (in German). Liepzig: F. A. Brockhaus. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6679332">6679332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitopadesa%3A+eine+alte+indische+Fabelsammlung&rft.place=Liepzig&rft.pub=F.+A.+Brockhaus&rft.date=1844&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6679332&rft.au=N%C4%81r%C4%81yana&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Max+%28ed.+%26+tr.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max, ed. (1858). <i>The German classics from the fourth to the nineteenth century</i>. London: Longmans. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/793718181">793718181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+classics+from+the+fourth+to+the+nineteenth+century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1858&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F793718181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1859). <i>A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature</i>. London: Williams and Norgate. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2994706">2994706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Sanskrit+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1859&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2994706&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesonscien08mlgoog"><i>Lectures on the Science of Language</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1070792446">1070792446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+Science+of+Language&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1866&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1070792446&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecturesonscien08mlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max; Bunsen, C. K. J. (1868–1875). <i>Chips from a German Workshop</i>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/700979941">700979941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chips+from+a+German+Workshop&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1868%2F1875&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F700979941&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Bunsen%2C+C.+K.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span> 5 vols.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24447"><i>Introduction to the Science of Religion</i></a>. London: Spottiswoode. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58972203">58972203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Science+of+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Spottiswoode&rft.date=1870&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58972203&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.24447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesonorigi05mlgoog"><i>Lectures on the origin and growth of religion</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/221232055">221232055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+origin+and+growth+of+religion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1878&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F221232055&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecturesonorigi05mlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (tr.) (1879–1884). <i>The Upanishads</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1416388926">1416388926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Upanishads&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1879%2F1884&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1416388926&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max+%28tr.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant, Immanuel</a>; Müller, Max (tr.) (1881). <i>Critique of Pure Reason</i> [<i>Kritik der reinen Vernunft</i>]. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1106845795">1106845795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critique+of+Pure+Reason&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1106845795&rft.aulast=Kant&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Max+%28tr.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiawhatcanitt00unkngoog"><i>India: what Can it Teach Us?</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/458768544">458768544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+what+Can+it+Teach+Us%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1883&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F458768544&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiawhatcanitt00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1884). <i>Biographical Essays</i>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/251576949">251576949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Essays&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1884&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F251576949&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Anthony_Macdonell" title="Arthur Anthony Macdonell">Macdonell, Arthur Anthony</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asanskritgramma00macdgoog"><i>A Sanskrit grammar for beginners</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156080873">156080873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit+grammar+for+beginners&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1886&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156080873&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Macdonell%2C+Arthur+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasanskritgramma00macdgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1887). <i>The Science of Thought</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1086677282">1086677282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Thought&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1086677282&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span> 2 vols.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1888). <i>Studies in Buddhism</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/844556126">844556126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Buddhism&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F844556126&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1888). <i>Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas</i>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/876089311">876089311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographies+of+Words+and+the+Home+of+the+Aryas&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F876089311&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturalreligiong00ml"><i>Natural Religion</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21342863">21342863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.series=Gifford+Lectures&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21342863&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturalreligiong00ml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, F. Max (1890–1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#veda"><i>Rig-Veda-Samhita: The Sacred Hymns of the Brahmans</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Henry Frowde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rig-Veda-Samhita%3A+The+Sacred+Hymns+of+the+Brahmans&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Henry+Frowde&rft.date=1890%2F1892&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=F.+Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilbourhall.org%2Findex.html%23veda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span> 4 vols.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalreligion00ml"><i>Physical Religion</i></a>. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1068602567">1068602567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.series=Gifford+Lectures&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1068602567&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicalreligion00ml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anthroreligion00mulluoft"><i>Anthropological Religion</i></a>. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470344671">470344671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropological+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.series=Gifford+Lectures&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1892&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470344671&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanthroreligion00mulluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1893). <i>Memories</i>. London: A.C. McClurg & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/679733299">679733299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memories&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.C.+McClurg+%26+Co&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F679733299&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theosophyorpsych00mull"><i>Theosophy, or Psychological Religion</i></a>. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/427662759">427662759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theosophy%2C+or+Psychological+Religion&rft.place=London&rft.series=Gifford+Lectures&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F427662759&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheosophyorpsych00mull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller1897" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_0Ig7cA-HYC"><i>Contributions to the Science of Mythology</i></a>. Vol. 2. London: Longmans, Green & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+the+Science+of+Mythology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_0Ig7cA-HYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1898). <i>Auld Lang Syne</i>. London: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934825847">934825847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auld+Lang+Syne&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F934825847&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span> 2 vols.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1899). <i>The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy</i>. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/458768755">458768755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Six+Systems+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F458768755&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Müller, Max (1901). <i>My Autobiography: A Fragment</i>. London and Bombay: Longmans, Green & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/606296937">606296937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Autobiography%3A+A+Fragment&rft.place=London+and+Bombay&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F606296937&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Wells2008" class="citation cs2">John C. Wells (2008), <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.), Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.au=John+C.+Wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Max_maennlicher_Vorname">"Duden | Max | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>Mạx</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Duden&rft.atitle=Duden+%7C+Max+%7C+Rechtschreibung%2C+Bedeutung%2C+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duden.de%2Frechtschreibung%2FMax_maennlicher_Vorname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1871_Census-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1871_Census_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1871_Census_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1871_Census_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KD86-8JD">"1871 English Census - FamilySearch.org"</a>. <i>www.familysearch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.familysearch.org&rft.atitle=1871+English+Census+-+FamilySearch.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AKD86-8JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1851_Census-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1851_Census_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1851_Census_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:SGXK-2Z3">"1851 English Census - FamilySearch.org"</a>. <i>www.familysearch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.familysearch.org&rft.atitle=1851+English+Census+-+FamilySearch.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.familysearch.org%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3ASGXK-2Z3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB2007_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB2007_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB2007_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB2007_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB2007_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. C. C. Fynes (May 2007), <i>Müller, Friedrich Max (1823–1900)</i>, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/18394">[1]</a>, accessed 17 March 2013] <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belles-lettres-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belles-lettres_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belles-lettres_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aibl.fr/membres/academiciens-depuis-1663/?lang=fr"><i>Académiciens depuis 1663</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610221355/http://www.aibl.fr/membres/academiciens-depuis-1663/?lang=fr">Archived</a> 10 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston1900-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston1900_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Johnston (1900) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanmonthly12shawgoog"><i>An Estimate of Max Müller (1823–1900)</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Monthly_Review_of_Reviews" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Monthly Review of Reviews">The American Monthly Review of Reviews</a></i>, Vol XXII, July–December. The Review of Reviews Company: New York, pp.703–706.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller2009" class="citation book cs1">Müller, F. Max (Friedrich Max) (16 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30269"><i>My Autobiography: A Fragment</i></a>. p. 97<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2022</span> – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Autobiography%3A+A+Fragment&rft.pages=97&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=F.+Max+%28Friedrich+Max%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F30269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacdonell1901" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Anthony_Macdonell" title="Arthur Anthony Macdonell">Macdonell, Arthur Anthony</a> (1901). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Max Müller, Friedrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1901_supplement/Max_M%C3%BCller,_Friedrich">"Max Müller, Friedrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a> (1st supplement)</i>. Vol. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Max+M%C3%BCller%2C+Friedrich&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography+%281st+supplement%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Macdonell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gifford_bio-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gifford_bio_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gifford_bio_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gifford_bio_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamHancock" class="citation web cs1">Abraham, Sara; Hancock, Brannon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105224955/https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/friedrich-max-m%C3%BCller">"Friedrich Max Müller"</a>. <i>Gifford Lectures</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/friedrich-max-m%C3%BCller">the original</a> on 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gifford+Lectures&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=Hancock%2C+Brannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giffordlectures.org%2Flecturers%2Ffriedrich-max-m%25C3%25BCller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller,_Friedrich_(DNB01)" class="extiw" title="s:Max Müller, Friedrich (DNB01)">Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902241–242-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902241–242_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1902">Müller (1902)</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902244-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902244_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1902">Müller (1902)</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Sandeman1907" class="citation book cs1">George Sandeman (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2oRRAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Harmsworth Encyclopaedia: Everybody's Book of Reference : containing 50,000 articles, profusely illustrated, Volume 6</i></a>. The Amalgamated Press. p. 4042.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harmsworth+Encyclopaedia%3A+Everybody%27s+Book+of+Reference+%3A+containing+50%2C000+articles%2C+profusely+illustrated%2C+Volume+6&rft.pages=4042&rft.pub=The+Amalgamated+Press&rft.date=1907&rft.au=George+Sandeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2oRRAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Thomas2011" class="citation book cs1">Margaret Thomas (2011). <i>Fifty Key Thinkers on Language and Linguistics</i>. Routledge. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37302-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37302-9"><bdi>978-0-415-37302-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Key+Thinkers+on+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-37302-9&rft.au=Margaret+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916163215/http://www.vedanta-newyork.org/articles/on_sri_ramakrishna.htm#muller">"Vedanta Society of New York: Ramakrishna"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vedanta-newyork.org/articles/on_sri_ramakrishna.htm#muller">the original</a> on 16 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vedanta+Society+of+New+York%3A+Ramakrishna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vedanta-newyork.org%2Farticles%2Fon_sri_ramakrishna.htm%23muller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB._R._Modak1995" class="citation book cs1">B. R. Modak (1995). <i>Sayana, Volume 203</i>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-940-2"><bdi>978-81-7201-940-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sayana%2C+Volume+203&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-940-2&rft.au=B.+R.+Modak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMittalThursby2007" class="citation book cs1">Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene (10 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-7xYYt0oJsC&q=max%20muller%20romanticism&pg=PA336"><i>Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93973-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93973-4"><bdi>978-0-203-93973-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+Hinduism%3A+Key+Concepts+and+Methods&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007-09-10&rft.isbn=978-0-203-93973-4&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=Sushil&rft.au=Thursby%2C+Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-7xYYt0oJsC%26q%3Dmax%2520muller%2520romanticism%26pg%3DPA336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/32856/32856-h/32856-h.html">"The Science of Language"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F32856%2F32856-h%2F32856-h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1897497–503-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1897497–503_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1897">Müller 1897</a>, pp. 497–503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gifford4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gifford4_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, F. Max (1895), <i>Theosophy or Psychological Religion.</i> London: Longmans, Green and Co., pp.89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017108–110-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017108–110_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm (2017)</a>, pp. 108–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Athenaeum</i>. J. Lection. 1882. p. 629. <q>At times Prof. Müller has succeeded in correcting an error and in coming closer to his original or has modified the harshness of Mr. Meiklejohn's style; but in other passages we prefer the latter, and of certain general changes made by Prof. Max Müller.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.pages=629&rft.pub=J.+Lection&rft.date=1882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span> Original from <i>Princeton University</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5XMBlBVbQsC&pg=PA218"><i>Kant's Critique of Pure Reason</i></a>, Last Essays by the Right Hon. Professor F. Max Müller ... First Series: Essays on Language, Folklore and Other Subjects; pub. by Longmans, Green and Company, 1901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Twentieth Century, Volume 23</i>. p. 745. <q>according to Mr. Max Müller, Kant established against Darwin by proving that there is transcendentalist side to human knowledge which affords.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twentieth+Century%2C+Volume+23&rft.pages=745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span> Original from <i>Cornell University</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, F. Max. (1899) <i>Three Lectures on the Science of Language, etc., with a Supplement, My Predecessors</i>. 3rd ed. Chicago. p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Max_Müller1902" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich Max Müller (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283457"><i>The Life And Letters Of The Right Honourable Friedrich Max Müller Vol.i</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283457/page/n207">191</a>–192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+And+Letters+Of+The+Right+Honourable+Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller+Vol.i&rft.pages=191-192&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.283457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menant-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menant_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenant,_M._D.1907" class="citation journal cs1">Menant, M. D. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-3153715">"Influence of Max Müller's Hibbert Lectures in India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Journal of Theology">The American Journal of Theology</a></i>. <b>11</b> (2): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-3153715/page/n1">293</a>–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F478685">10.1086/478685</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3153715">3153715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Influence+of+Max+M%C3%BCller%27s+Hibbert+Lectures+in+India&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=293-307&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F478685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3153715%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Menant%2C+M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-3153715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Waardenburg1999" class="citation book cs1">Jacques Waardenburg (1999). <i>Classical Approaches to the Study of Religion: Aims, Methods, and Theories of Research, Volume 1</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016328-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-016328-5"><bdi>978-3-11-016328-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Approaches+to+the+Study+of+Religion%3A+Aims%2C+Methods%2C+and+Theories+of+Research%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-11-016328-5&rft.au=Jacques+Waardenburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sha-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sha_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharada Sugirtharajah (2003) <i>Imagining hinduism: a postcolonial perspective</i>. Routledge. pp. 60–61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-4091-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-4091-7">81-208-4091-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_Bryant2001" class="citation book cs1">Edwin Bryant (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questfororiginsv00brya"><i>The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/questfororiginsv00brya/page/n301">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513777-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513777-4"><bdi>978-0-19-513777-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Origins+of+Vedic+Culture%3A+The+Indo-Aryan+Migration+Debate&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513777-4&rft.au=Edwin+Bryant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquestfororiginsv00brya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEliot_Weinberger2000" class="citation book cs1">Eliot Weinberger (2000). <i>Karmic Traces, 1993–1999</i>. New Directions Publishing. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8112-1456-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8112-1456-8"><bdi>978-0-8112-1456-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karmic+Traces%2C+1993%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=New+Directions+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8112-1456-8&rft.au=Eliot+Weinberger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902357–358-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902357–358_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1902">Müller (1902)</a>, pp. 357–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Müller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20847/20847-h/20847-h.htm#LECTURE_I">INDIA – LECTURE I. WHAT CAN INDIA TEACH US?</a>, A Course of Lectures Delivered before the University of Cambridge, Project Gutenberg</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Müller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20847/20847-h/20847-h.htm#LECTURE_II">INDIA – LECTURE II. Truthful Character of the Hindus</a>, A Course of Lectures Delivered before the University of Cambridge, Project Gutenberg</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNikhilananda1953" class="citation book cs1">Nikhilananda, Swami (1953). <i>Vivekananda: A Biography</i>. New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911206-25-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911206-25-8"><bdi>978-0-911206-25-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vivekananda%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Ramakrishna-Vivekananda+Center&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-0-911206-25-8&rft.aulast=Nikhilananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902262-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902262_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1902">Müller (1902)</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902263-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902263_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1902">Müller (1902)</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckerlegge-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckerlegge_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckerlegge, G. (1997) "Professor Friedrich Max Müller and the Missionary Cause". In, John Wolffe (Ed) <i>Religion in Victorian Britain V Culture and Empire</i>. Manchester University Press, p.189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017109–10-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017109–10_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm (2017)</a>, pp. 109–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017120–2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017120–2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm (2017)</a>, pp. 120–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell_T._McCutcheon1997" class="citation book cs1">Russell T. McCutcheon (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NKtPBsVd0d8C"><i>Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535568-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535568-0"><bdi>978-0-19-535568-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+Religion%3A+The+Discourse+on+Sui+Generis+Religion+and+the+Politics+of+Nostalgia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535568-0&rft.au=Russell+T.+McCutcheon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNKtPBsVd0d8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017113-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephson-Storm2017113_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017">Josephson-Storm (2017)</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller1873" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, Max (May–July 1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.28360518">"Lectures on Mr. Darwin's Philosophy of Language"</a>. <i>Frazer's Magazine</i>. <b>87</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.28360518?urlappend=%3Bseq=533%3Bownerid=13510798902380015-551">525-541</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.28360518?urlappend=%3Bseq=667%3Bownerid=13510798902380015-685">659-678</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/chi.23020195?urlappend=%3Bseq=9%3Bownerid=13510798902380574-13">1-24</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fchi.28360518">2027/chi.28360518</a> – via <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frazer%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Lectures+on+Mr.+Darwin%27s+Philosophy+of+Language&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=525-541%2C+659-678%2C+1-24&rft.date=1873-05%2F1873-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fchi.28360518&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fchi.28360518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Darwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2740"><i>More Letters of Charles Darwin – Volume 2</i></a>. p. 397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEslebenChristina_KraenzleSukanya_Kulkarni2008" class="citation book cs1">Esleben, Jörg; Christina Kraenzle; Sukanya Kulkarni (2008). <i>Mapping channels between Ganges and Rhein: German-Indian cross-cultural relations</i>. Cambridge Scholars. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-587-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84718-587-7"><bdi>978-1-84718-587-7</bdi></a>. <q>In later years, especially before his death, he was deeply saddened by the fact that these classifications later came to be expressed in racist terms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+channels+between+Ganges+and+Rhein%3A+German-Indian+cross-cultural+relations&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84718-587-7&rft.aulast=Esleben&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Christina+Kraenzle&rft.au=Sukanya+Kulkarni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Max Müller (1888) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographiesword01mlgoog/page/n8"><i>Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing reprint, 2004, p.120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorothy Matilda Figueira (2002) <i>Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority Through Myths of Identity</i>, SUNY Press. p. 45. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-5532-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-5532-7">0-7914-5532-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, M. (1854) <i>The last results of the researches respecting the non-Iranian and non-Semitic languages of Asia or Europe, or the Turanian family of language</i>. (Letter of Professor Max Müller to Chevalier Bunsen; Oxford August 1853; on the classification of the Turanian languages). In, Christian Bunsen (1854) <i>Outlines of the Philosophy of Universal History, Applied to Language and Religion.</i> In Two Volumes. Vol. 1. London: Brown, Green, and Longmans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Müller (1855) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languagesseatwa00mlgoog/page/n9"><i>The languages of the seat of war in the East. With a survey of the three families of language, Semitic, Arian, and Turanian</i></a>. London: Williams and Norgate, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Waterhouse2002" class="citation book cs1">David Waterhouse (2002). <i>The Origins of Himalayan Studies: Brian Houghton Hodgson in Nepal and Darjeeling</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 20/232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48035-9"><bdi>978-0-203-48035-9</bdi></a>. <q>In 1910, a full decade after Müller's death, the <i>Turan Tarsasag</i> 'Turanian Society' was founded in order to study the history and culture of the Hungarians and other 'Turanian' peoples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Himalayan+Studies%3A+Brian+Houghton+Hodgson+in+Nepal+and+Darjeeling&rft.pages=20%2F232&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-203-48035-9&rft.au=David+Waterhouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Masuza (2005) <i>The Invention of World Religions, Or, How European Universalism was Preserved in the Language of Pluralism</i>. The University of Chicago Press, p. 229. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-50989-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-50989-3">0-226-50989-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Günay Göksu Özdoğan: <i>The case of racism-Turanism: Turkism during single-party period, 1931–1944: a radical variant of Turkish nationalism</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902462-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902462_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1902">Müller (1902)</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüller1902503-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüller1902503_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMüller1902">Müller (1902)</a>, p. 503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette26754" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26754/page/3767">"No. 26754"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 30 June 1896. p. 3767.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+26754&rft.pages=3767&rft.date=1896-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26754%2Fpage%2F3767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/1500-1900/muller/maxmuller.html">"Max Muller Papers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Max+Muller+Papers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodley.ox.ac.uk%2Fdept%2Fscwmss%2Fwmss%2Fonline%2F1500-1900%2Fmuller%2Fmaxmuller.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/general/trust_funds/max_muller_memorial_fund.html"><i>Max Müller Memorial Fund</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103023849/http://www.orinst.ox.ac.uk/general/trust_funds/max_muller_memorial_fund.html">Archived</a> 3 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Oriental_Studies,_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford">Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612225037/https://filmstudiescenter.uchicago.edu/events/2007/no-12-heaven-and-earth-magic">"No. 12: Heaven and Earth Magic | Film Studies Center | University of Chicago"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmstudiescenter.uchicago.edu/events/2007/no-12-heaven-and-earth-magic">the original</a> on 12 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No.+12%3A+Heaven+and+Earth+Magic+%26%23124%3B+Film+Studies+Center+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Chicago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmstudiescenter.uchicago.edu%2Fevents%2F2007%2Fno-12-heaven-and-earth-magic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goethe.de/ins/in/lp/uun/mxm/enindex.htm">About Max Mueller</a>. Goethe-Institut / Max Mueller Bhavan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlter2005-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlter2005_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlter2005">Alter (2005)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlter2005" class="citation book cs1">Alter, Stephen G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp-2RZAPVRwC&pg=PA174">"The Battle with Max Müller"</a>. <i>William Dwight Whitney and the Science of Language</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">174–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8020-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8020-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-8020-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+with+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft.btitle=William+Dwight+Whitney+and+the+Science+of+Language&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8020-9&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVp-2RZAPVRwC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nirad_C._Chaudhuri" title="Nirad C. Chaudhuri">Chaudhuri, Nirad C.</a> (1974). <i><a href="/wiki/Scholar_Extraordinary" title="Scholar Extraordinary">Scholar Extraordinary: The Life of Professor the Rt. Hon. Friedrich Max Müller</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1944-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1944-7"><bdi>978-0-7011-1944-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scholar+Extraordinary%3A+The+Life+of+Professor+the+Rt.+Hon.+Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-1944-7&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Nirad+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJosephson-Storm2017" class="citation book cs1">Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). <i>The Myth of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, and the Birth of the Human Sciences</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40336-6"><bdi>978-0-226-40336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Disenchantment%3A+Magic%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Human+Sciences&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-226-40336-6&rft.aulast=Josephson-Storm&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller1902" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Georgina (1902). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofrig01mluoft"><i>The Life and Letters of Right Honorable Friedrich Max Müller</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. London: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Letters+of+Right+Honorable+Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifelettersofrig01mluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStone2002" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Jon R. (2002). <i>The Essential Max Müller: On Language, Mythology, and Religion</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29309-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29309-3"><bdi>978-0-312-29309-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Max+M%C3%BCller%3A+On+Language%2C+Mythology%2C+and+Religion&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-29309-3&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jon+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_den_Bosch2002" class="citation book cs1">Van den Bosch, Lourens (2002). <i>Friedrich Max Müller: A Life Devoted to Humanities</i>. E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12505-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12505-6"><bdi>978-90-04-12505-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller%3A+A+Life+Devoted+to+Humanities&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12505-6&rft.aulast=Van+den+Bosch&rft.aufirst=Lourens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). <i>Indo-European Mythology as Ideology and Science</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02860-6"><bdi>978-0-226-02860-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Mythology+as+Ideology+and+Science&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-226-02860-6&rft.aulast=Arvidsson&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Davis, John R.; Nicholls, Angus (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/id/eprint/36225/1/Davis-J-36225-AAM.pdf">"Friedrich Max Müller: The Career and Intellectual Trajectory of a German Philologist in Victorian Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Publications of the English Goethe Society</i>. <b>85</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09593683.2016.1224493">10.1080/09593683.2016.1224493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+English+Goethe+Society&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller%3A+The+Career+and+Intellectual+Trajectory+of+a+German+Philologist+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09593683.2016.1224493&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.kingston.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F36225%2F1%2FDavis-J-36225-AAM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Davis, John R.; Nicholls, Angus, eds. (2017). <i>Friedrich Max Müller and the Role of Philology in Victorian Thought</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138633841" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138633841"><bdi>978-1138633841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller+and+the+Role+of+Philology+in+Victorian+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1138633841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Leopold, Joan (1970). "The Aryan Theory of Race in India 1870–1920". <i>The Indian Economic and Social History Review</i>. <b>VII</b>: <span class="nowrap">271–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946467000700204">10.1177/001946467000700204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144438773">144438773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+and+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Aryan+Theory+of+Race+in+India+1870%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=VII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946467000700204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144438773%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Leopold, Joan (1974). "British Applications of the Aryan Theory of Race to India 1850 70". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>LXXXIX</b>: <span class="nowrap">578–</span>603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXIX.CCCLII.578">10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=British+Applications+of+the+Aryan+Theory+of+Race+to+India+1850+70&rft.volume=LXXXIX&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E578-%3C%2Fspan%3E603&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXXIX.CCCLII.578&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span> Winner of Universities Essay Prize, Royal Asiatic Society, London.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Leopold, Joan (1984). "Friedrich Max Müller and the question of the early Indo Europeans (1847–1851". <i>Études inter-ethniques, Annales du Centre d'études supérieures et de recherches sur les relations ethniques et le racisme</i>. <b>VII</b>. Paris: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+inter-ethniques%2C+Annales+du+Centre+d%27%C3%A9tudes+sup%C3%A9rieures+et+de+recherches+sur+les+relations+ethniques+et+le+racisme&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller+and+the+question+of+the+early+Indo+Europeans+%281847%E2%80%931851&rft.volume=VII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Leopold, Joan (1987) [delivered at Princeton, 1984]. "Ethnic Stereotypes in Linguistics: The Case of Friedrich Max Müller (1847–1851)". In Aarsleff, H.; Kelly, L. G.; Niederehe, H. J. (eds.). <i>Papers in the History of Linguistics</i>. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: J. Benjamins. pp. <span class="nowrap">501–</span>12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Stereotypes+in+Linguistics%3A+The+Case+of+Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller+%281847%E2%80%931851%29&rft.btitle=Papers+in+the+History+of+Linguistics&rft.place=Amsterdam+and+Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=J.+Benjamins&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Leopold, Joan, ed. (1999). <i>The Prix Volney: Contributions to Comparative Indo-European, African and Chinese Linguistics: Max Müller and Steinthal</i>. Prix Volney Essay Series. Vol. III. Dordrecht and Boston: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0792325079" title="Special:BookSources/978-0792325079"><bdi>978-0792325079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prix+Volney%3A+Contributions+to+Comparative+Indo-European%2C+African+and+Chinese+Linguistics%3A+Max+M%C3%BCller+and+Steinthal&rft.place=Dordrecht+and+Boston&rft.series=Prix+Volney+Essay+Series&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0792325079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span> With full bibliography of works.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Leopold, Joan (2002). "Steinthal and Max Müller: Comparative Lives". In Wiedebach, Hartwig; Winkelmann, Annette (eds.). <i>Chajim H. Steinthal, Sprachwissenschaflter und Philosoph im 19. Jahrhundert. Linguist and Philosopher in the 19th Century</i>. Studies in European Judaism. Vol. IV. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Steinthal+and+Max+M%C3%BCller%3A+Comparative+Lives&rft.btitle=Chajim+H.+Steinthal%2C+Sprachwissenschaflter+und+Philosoph+im+19.+Jahrhundert.+Linguist+and+Philosopher+in+the+19th+Century&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston%2C+K%C3%B6ln&rft.series=Studies+in+European+Judaism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Leopold&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Molendijk, Arie (2016). <i>Friedrich Max Müller and the Sacred Books of the East</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198784234" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198784234"><bdi>978-0198784234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller+and+the+Sacred+Books+of+the+East&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0198784234&rft.aulast=Molendijk&rft.aufirst=Arie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Subin, Anna Della (2022). <i><a href="/wiki/Accidental_Gods" title="Accidental Gods">Accidental Gods: On Men Unwittingly Turned Divine</a></i>. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250848994" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250848994"><bdi>978-1250848994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accidental+Gods%3A+On+Men+Unwittingly+Turned+Divine&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1250848994&rft.aulast=Subin&rft.aufirst=Anna+Della&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda, Swami</a> (6 June 1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/writings_prose/on_professor_max_muller.htm">"On Professor Max Müller"</a>. <i>Brahmâvadin</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brahm%C3%A2vadin&rft.atitle=On+Professor+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft.date=1896-06-06&rft.aulast=Vivekananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramakrishnavivekananda.info%2Fvivekananda%2Fvolume_4%2Fwritings_prose%2Fon_professor_max_muller.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+M%C3%BCller" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Max Müller</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Friedrich_Max_M%C3%BCller" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Friedrich Max Müller">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" class="extiw" title="q:Max Müller">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Max_M%C3%BCller" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Max Müller">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60074" class="extiw" title="d:Q60074">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/787">Works by Max Müller</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Müller%2C%20Friedrich%20Max%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Müller%2C%20Friedrich%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Müller%2C%20F%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Friedrich%20Max%20Müller%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Friedrich%20M%2E%20Müller%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22F%2E%20M%2E%20Müller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Friedrich%20Max%20Müller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Friedrich%20M%2E%20Müller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20M%2E%20Müller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22F%2E%20Max%20Müller%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Müller%2C%20Friedrich%20Max%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Müller%2C%20Friedrich%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Müller%2C%20F%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Müller%2C%20F%2E%20Max%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Friedrich%20Max%20Müller%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Friedrich%20M%2E%20Müller%22%20OR%20title%3A%22F%2E%20M%2E%20Müller%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Friedrich%20Max%20Müller%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Friedrich%20M%2E%20Müller%22%20OR%20description%3A%22F%2E%20M%2E%20Müller%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Müller%2C%20Friedrich%20Max%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Müller%2C%20Friedrich%20M%2E%22%20OR%20%22Friedrich%20Max%20Muller%22%20OR%20%22Muller%2C%20Friedrich%20Max%22%20OR%20%22Muller%2C%20Friedrich%20M%2E%22%20OR%20%22Muller%2C%20F.%20M%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221823-1900%22%20AND%20%28%22Müller%22%20OR%20Muller%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Max Müller</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/6535">Works by Max Müller</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/person/friedrich-max-muller">Friedrich Max Müller</a> at Online Library of Liberty</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga_scholars" title="Template talk:Yoga scholars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga scholars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga_scholars166" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Yoga scholars</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical yoga">Classical yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theos_Casimir_Bernard" title="Theos Casimir Bernard">Theos Bernard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_A_Personal_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Birch" title="Jason Birch">Jason Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Bryant (author)">Edwin Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun_B%C3%BChnemann" title="Gudrun Bühnemann">Gudrun Bühnemann (<i>Eighty-Four Asanas in Yoga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikel_Burley" title="Mikel Burley">Mikel Burley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Key_Chapple" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Key Chapple">Christopher Key Chapple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Georg Feuerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Gavin Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaman_Hatley" title="Shaman Hatley">Shaman Hatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_James_Larson" title="Gerald James Larson">Gerald James Larson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">James Mallinson</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Samuel" title="Geoffrey Samuel">Geoffrey Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Sanderson" title="Alexis Sanderson">Alexis Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srisa_Chandra_Vasu" class="mw-redirect" title="Srisa Chandra Vasu">Srisa Chandra Vasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">David Gordon White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Wernicke-Olesen" title="Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen">Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Wood" title="Ernest Wood">Ernest Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woodroffe" title="John Woodroffe">Sir John Woodroffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Heinrich Zimmer</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jogapradipika_22_Bhadragorakhasana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jogapradipika_22_Bhadragorakhasana.jpg/120px-Jogapradipika_22_Bhadragorakhasana.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jogapradipika_22_Bhadragorakhasana.jpg/250px-Jogapradipika_22_Bhadragorakhasana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="831" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alter" title="Joseph Alter">Joseph Alter</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Modern_India" title="Yoga in Modern India">Yoga in Modern India</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Path_of_Modern_Yoga" title="The Path of Modern Yoga">Elliott Goldberg (<i>The Path of Modern Yoga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Andrea Jain (<i>Selling Yoga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Modern_Yoga" title="A History of Modern Yoga">Elizabeth De Michelis (<i>A History of Modern Yoga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Newcombe" title="Suzanne Newcombe">Suzanne Newcombe</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain:_Stretching_Spirituality_and_Educating_Yogis" title="Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis">Yoga in Britain</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_teacher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Singleton (yoga teacher)">Mark Singleton</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gurus_of_Modern_Yoga" title="Gurus of Modern Yoga">Gurus of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Norman Sjoman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Tradition_of_the_Mysore_Palace" title="The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace">The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga:_balancing_acts_across_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Positioning Yoga: balancing acts across cultures">Sarah Strauss (<i>Positioning Yoga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Theo Wildcroft (<i>Post-lineage Yoga</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/300459517">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/53299/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCJCwxX8BGXyPR38YpT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Friedrich Max Müller"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118737449">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80044765">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121906275">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121906275">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00470793">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Müller, Friedrich Max"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV057771">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36512238">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2018995123&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1339344">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/220430">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068709676">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90555693">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000044672&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000298914">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=145210">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=137689">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000064628">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199635571">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvqwt03qgf6k7">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810579882505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/9252">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265731405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519826706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/30b91e25-18b5-4573-a7f6-e394a817ef31">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1264923">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118737449.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118737449">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030505607">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f779vv">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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