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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anti-environmentalist movements and ideologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-environmentalist_movements_and_ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actors_supporting_anti-environmentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actors_supporting_anti-environmentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Actors supporting anti-environmentalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actors_supporting_anti-environmentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Internal criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_national_and_local_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_national_and_local_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples of national and local conflicts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_national_and_local_conflicts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Green_politics" title="Category:Green politics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;background:transparent;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunflower_(Green_symbol).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunflower symbol"><img alt="Sunflower symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg/90px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg/135px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg/180px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">Green party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_green_politics" title="Outline of green politics">List of topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics of climate change</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Four pillars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecological wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_globalization" title="Criticisms of globalization">Criticisms of globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">Dirty hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_ecology" title="Queer ecology">Queer ecology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Greens_Federation" title="Asia Pacific Greens Federation">Asia Pacific Greens Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Green_Parties_of_Africa" title="Federation of Green Parties of Africa">Federation of Green Parties of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Green_Parties_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas">Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Young_European_Greens" title="Federation of Young European Greens">Federation of Young European Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens">Global Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Young_Greens" title="Global Young Greens">Global Young Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ecological_Parties" title="World Ecological Parties">World Ecological Parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_target" title="Climate target">Climate target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Corporate political activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-tariff" title="Eco-tariff">Eco-tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of agriculture">effects of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">effects of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">in music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">industrial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_retrofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Green retrofit">retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Eckersley#The_Green_State" title="Robyn Eckersley">state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_theory" title="Green theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">washing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li>List of environmental incidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Water conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_politics" title="Template:Green politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_politics" title="Template talk:Green politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anti-environmentalism</b> is a set of ideas and actions that oppose <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a> as a whole or specific environmental policies or environmental initiatives. </p><p>Criticism of environmentalism can come both from outside the movement and from within, as it represents a variety of ideas and political positions. Outside oppositions can take the form of an organized <a href="/wiki/Countermovement" title="Countermovement">countermovement</a>, aimed at both environmentalist ideas and environmental policies and regulations, national or international. Opponents may include workers in industries threatened by environmental policies, companies that support them, and anti-environmentalist think tanks. The reasons for opposition are not homogeneous: they range from economic interests to ideological and political positions hostile to pro-environmental social and political change, to critical perspectives encouraging environmentalists to think about and adopt more inclusive approaches toward <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criticism of environmentalism has taken different forms in different historical periods. Many oppositions to environmentalism have arisen within the environmental movement itself, from the internal contrasts and debates.<sup id="cite_ref-White-2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s and 1970s, environmentalism was inspired by concerns about resource scarcity and over-exploitation: they were feared to threaten the future well-being of humanity and the balance of the planet. This concept is known as <a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">neo-Malthusianism</a>. These ideas came under criticism from <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economists</a>, who felt that the role of scientific and technological innovation in securing additional resources was overlooked. Some challenged the reliability of mathematical models, including that of the famous <a href="/wiki/Club_of_Rome" title="Club of Rome">Club of Rome</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">Limits to Growth</a> Report: critics argued that it had not adequately considered feedback and the effects of human decisions. Criticism also came from the left, for example from thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a>, who attributed environmental problems to political and social causes rather than natural resource scarcity. <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> critics argued that environmentalist ideas, influenced by neo-Malthusianism, had racist, elitist, and imperialist overtones, and considered them reactionary.<sup id="cite_ref-White-2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, business interests affected by the rapidly expanding environmental legislations formed alliances to counter it. Sometimes they used the same methods of social and environmental movements: community-level mobilization and collaborative partnerships, as well as public awareness campaigns, media engagement, research publications, and providing testimony during hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-Beder-2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beder-2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1980s, environmentalism emerged as a social and political force in many Western countries. National environmental legislation and international environmental initiatives grew. Oppositions arose against perceived excesses among environmentalist positions (e.g., against apocalyptic visions of the future). Radical and organized oppositions also arose in the form of genuine <a href="/wiki/Countermovement" title="Countermovement">countermovements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White-2007_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1990s witnessed the full emergence of <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> applied to environmental issues. The corporation-led coalition-building efforts from the 1970s continued to expand. Some corporations even went beyond their corporate allies by hiring specialized PR firms to establish front groups, creating the illusion of grassroots support for corporate interests to persuade politicians to oppose environmental reforms. Environmental public relations, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">greenwashing</a>, has become a lucrative industry for PR firms. American companies now invest hundreds of millions of dollars annually in greenwashing and strategic counsel, which involves shaping public and governmental perceptions of environmental problems and devising strategies to counter environmentalists and regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Beder-2001_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beder-2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States, which since the 1970s had first developed models of environmental legislation later imitated around the world, has repeatedly seen the rise of pressure and initiatives to reduce environmental legislation among Republican politicians and administrations.<sup id="cite_ref-White-2007_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> stated in his campaign platform that he would "ensure that the federal government, which is the country's largest polluter, complies with all environmental laws" and that the United States would even exceed the set standards.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though once elected, Bush verged from what he had promised during his campaign, and instead reversed the initiatives of the previous Clinton administration on drinking water, and advocated for oil exploration in protected regions.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS-2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush's administration also moved forward in withdrawing its support of the Kyoto Protocol, a worldwide global warming agreement created in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS-2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bush stated that he would work with allies to the United States to reduce greenhouse gases, but would not carry out a plan that would "harm the economy" and "hurt American workers".<sup id="cite_ref-PBS-2017_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict between support and opposition to environmental policies has become an important factor in the growing social and political polarization in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-environmentalist_movements_and_ideologies">Anti-environmentalist movements and ideologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anti-environmentalist movements and ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-environmentalism is fueled by both social and economic reasons and ideological positions. The ideological underpinnings of anti-environmentalism can be very diverse and sometimes opposed to each other: from <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist</a> ideologies. </p><p>In some contexts, especially in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Boston-1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anti-environmentalist social movements and initiatives are frequently inspired by conservative or neoliberal political ideologies:<sup id="cite_ref-Doyle-2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doyle-2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these favor a free market economy over government regulation. Such political positions find support in corporate interests that feel threatened by environmental concerns or environmental regulations. Although many observers of anti-environmentalism point out the frequent association between these initiatives and specific business interests threatened by environmental policies, others consider that there are cultural factors in certain social groups that underlie their anti-environmentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoddart-2022_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddart-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, a study of the American right has suggested that many of the anti-environmentalist positions are rooted in its traditional distrust, widespread within the right-wing electorate, of government intervention, its support for the free market as a symbol of the American dream, and its defense of Christian values, family, white identity and traditional masculinity. This resistance is fueled by concern about political and cultural changes resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">social movements of the 1960s</a> out of which environmentalism emerged. Some anti-environmentalist positions may arise from genuine anxiety related to the consequences of environmental regulations feared for the economic well-being of families and communities. Opposition to environmentalists may also be widespread among social sectors that see environmentalists as linked to urban life, alienated from local realities and knowledge, and closer to specialized knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoddart-2022_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddart-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many experts argue that ideological explanations of anti-environmentalism, based on traditional concepts of the political left and right, are of little use in interpreting current political positions, especially regarding climate policies. Research in the social and political fields suggests that <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> ideologies are more relevant factors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lockwood-2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockwood-2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, anti-environmentalism is widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">radical right</a> and is generally associated with typical opposition to immigration, nationalism, welfare chauvinism (i.e., social policies must favor the country's citizens), and <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">euroscepticism</a>. The anti-environmentalism of the radical right can be understood as a materialist reaction against the <a href="/wiki/Postmaterialism" title="Postmaterialism">post-materialism</a> of the left and the greens, i.e., that ideology that elevates the need for political freedom and participation, self-actualization, personal relationships, creativity, and care for the environment over the satisfaction of material needs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasons behind the prevalent anti-environmentalism expressed by <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populists" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populists">right-wing populists</a> in Europe and North America are subject to debate and remain intricate. On one hand, economic and social factors play a role: a significant portion of these parties' supporters comprises individuals who have felt the economic impacts of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a>, viewing climate policies as linked to their struggles and exacerbating their situation. On the other hand, ideological considerations come into play and can be categorized in two ways. Firstly, there is a disdain for climate policies perceived as initiatives championed by liberal, globally oriented individuals who are seen as not prioritizing the nation's interests. Secondly, there is a preference for a direct connection between ordinary citizens and those in positions of power. The complexity of climate change, demanding intricate solutions, contrasts with their inclination toward simplicity. Additionally, there is a belief that figures in authority, including climate scientists and environmentalists, are influenced by special interests, fostering skepticism toward climate initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Lockwood-2018_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lockwood-2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Actors_supporting_anti-environmentalism">Actors supporting anti-environmentalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Actors supporting anti-environmentalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opposition to environmentalism is often supported by corporations and coordinated through conservative <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a>, alongside sham public support campaigns (known as <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">astroturfing</a>) orchestrated by public relations firms. These actors create links between corporate interests, conservative intellectuals, and segments of the public who share conservative perspectives or are concerned about the impact of environmental policies on communities and workers in specific sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-Boston-1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative think tanks or sometimes academic researchers participate in the development of anti-environmentalist analysis and policy positions. Among the intellectuals and authors who have distinguished themselves internationally are Danish academic <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Lomborg" title="Bjørn Lomborg">Bjørn Lomborg</a>, Canadian former Greenpeace activist <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Moore_(consultant)" title="Patrick Moore (consultant)">Patrick Moore</a>, Canadian journalist <a href="/wiki/Rex_Murphy" title="Rex Murphy">Rex Murphy</a>, and the US commentator Vivian Krause.<sup id="cite_ref-Boston-1999_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public relations firms regularly assist the communication and lobbying of large companies whose interests are affected by environmental policies. Some communications initiatives may support the establishment of social front groups capable of lobbying legislators to reduce environmental regulations. Conservative foundations and philanthropic entities that fund anti-environmental initiatives are also active in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Boston-1999_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of these institutional actors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Sound_Economy" title="Citizens for a Sound Economy">Citizens for a Sound Economy</a>, founded by entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">David Koch</a>) call themselves environmentalists and argue that traditional environmental groups have overstated environmental problems. They use <a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">green marketing</a> techniques to convince the public of their high level of environmental responsibility. In essence, these organizations create controversial information and call it environmental or green ideology. They frequently endorse campaigns to increase access to certain resources, such as forests and mines.<sup id="cite_ref-Boston-1999_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Think tanks associated with companies and seemingly independent groups can present themselves as autonomous research centers capable of providing expertise (analysis and communication) valued by the mass media. The media gives them space to balance environmentalist perspectives. However, this process can lead the media to overemphasize scientific uncertainty on some environmental issues. In other words, by presenting such sources as independent and reliable, the media may unintentionally amplify the perception of uncertainty, influencing public perceptions of specific environmental issues.<sup id="cite_ref-White-2007_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional strategies used by corporations or support actors like PR firms and think tanks may also include: co-opting moderate environmentalists through donations, job offers, and deals, while marginalizing and alienating non-cooperative individuals, often labeling them as extremists; dirty tricks campaigns to falsely implicate environmentalists in violent actions; threat of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation</a> (SLAPPs) (in the United States) to intimidate environmentalists and citizens who engage in activities such as petitioning, writing to officials, attending public meetings, organizing boycotts, or participating in peaceful demonstrations, aiming to silence critics through legal pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Beder-2001_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beder-2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other conservative think tanks (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>) address environmental issues as part of a broader agenda, including discussions of fiscal policy, energy, monetary policy, education, health care, and global economic liberalism. They consider that many public interest or environmental regulations are counterproductive. They support judicial activism to protect civil and economic liberties, an open and competitive energy market, and the importance of consumer choice and private incentives over a public approach to address real environmental concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-Boston-1999_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many conservative think tanks involved in climate change, mineral resources, and indigenous rights issues are connected to the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a>. Since the 1980s, the Atlas Network has been a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> ideas, promoting these through international networking and funding of conservative think tanks. The organization operates globally, encompassing hundreds of think tanks across all continents.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_skeptics">Climate change skeptics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Climate change skeptics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widespread contemporary example of organized anti-environmentalism is the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change denial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">skepticism movement</a>. Skeptics attack the evidence for climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoddart-2022_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddart-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skepticism can target the observed trend ("global warming does not exist"), the identification of causes ("warming exists, but humans are not responsible"), or the impact ("warming could be harmless or even beneficial").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kind of skepticism is intended to fuel uncertainty about <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">climate science</a>: the goal is to undermine scientific discourses of environmental policy or to confuse the public and policymakers.<sup id="cite_ref-White-2007_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stoddart-2022_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddart-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another type of skepticism is so-called response skepticism, that is, skepticism directed at actions taken to address climate change. It can be associated with climate denialism, but can also be expressed without opposing the evidence of climate change ("climate change exists and is caused by humans, but the prevailing responses are wrong or overly harmful").<sup id="cite_ref-Forchtner-2022_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forchtner-2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate skepticism is widespread among European parties of the far right and radical right. However, a study of the positions expressed by these parties in the European Parliament indicated that they rarely manifest climate denialism: opposition is more often directed at climate policies. Anti-environmentalist positions are intended to fuel a pro-<a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">sovereignist</a> and anti-elite desire and speak to issues close to voters, such as economic welfare. They also include pro-environmental and pro-climate positions and support for the fight against climate change. They are accompanied by a critique of liberal climate policies as causing pollution, and of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">global capitalism</a> and in favor of <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forchtner-2022_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forchtner-2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The climate skeptic movement is supported by certain corporate or national interests that wish to maintain the profitability of economic sectors (especially those related to fossil fuels) in the face of growing environmental concerns. It also draws on anxieties about environmental protection among segments of the public that rely on fossil fuel-intensive economies.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoddart-2022_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddart-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The countermovement is supported by a minority of scientists who have been visible promoters of climate science skepticism<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOreskesConway2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOreskesConway2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by an extensive network of think tanks, which often also pursue other neoliberal or conservative agendas (e.g., against government regulation).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libertarian_movements_in_the_United_States">Libertarian movements in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Libertarian movements in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Wise_use_movement" title="Wise use movement">wise use" movement</a> emerged, consisting of local groups mainly in the western part of North America. This movement emerged as a diverse alliance of ranchers, miners, loggers, hunters, off-road vehicle drivers, oil workers, and farmers who, despite their differences, united against environmentalists. They oppose public environmental management initiatives, which are perceived as authoritarian and detrimental to individual freedoms. They share the belief that a limited, non-interventionist government is more just, believing that a large bureaucracy threatens individual rights and freedoms. They support the individual right to use natural resources as part of the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Their proposals include logging in national forests, revising the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1969" title="Endangered Species Act of 1969">Endangered Species Act</a> to eliminate protection of "non-adaptive" species such as the <a href="/wiki/California_condor" title="California condor">California condor</a>, immediate oil extraction in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Arctic National Wildlife Refuge">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</a>, and opening all public lands, including <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness areas</a>, to mineral and energy production. They also support the development of national parks run by private companies and civil penalties for anyone who legally challenges economic activity or development on federal lands. Some members have also supported violent actions.<sup id="cite_ref-Boston-1999_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston-1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_criticism">Internal criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internal criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>External criticisms of environmentalism often arise from or are related to internal disputes between different currents within the movement. Over the past two decades, the environmental movement has undergone significant changes and has not only faced external criticisms but also internal challenges with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> movements, civil environmental movements, and those focused on <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> choices and the transformation of production and technological systems.<sup id="cite_ref-White-2007_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the tension between <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep or ecosystem-centered ecology</a> (accused of anti-humanism by external opponents) and humanist or <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>-oriented environmentalists has generated new perspectives that are more attentive to the social aspects of environmental choices. The environmental justice perspective deals with the disproportionate and unjust distribution of environmental risks and harms within and among societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoddart-2022_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddart-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, environmental social sciences, such as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">environmental history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">political ecology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">environmental sociology</a>, have been growing in importance. These disciplines have contributed to a deepening understanding of the complex link between the environment and society. This progress has overcome the simplified views that often underlie anti-environmentalist positions, paving the way for new perspectives and more sophisticated approaches.The new knowledge has had a significant impact on the formulation of alternative concepts of sustainability and the practice of more conscious environmental policies.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoddart-2022_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddart-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One example of this tension relates to the application of nature conservation models inspired by North American ideals of <a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">wilderness</a> conservation. The use of such models in different contexts has caused conflicts with local traditions of land use. This tension and the criticism of traditional conservation models have often led to an evolution of the models themselves, seeking to better integrate pre-existing relationships between local people and their land.<sup id="cite_ref-Stoddart-2022_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoddart-2022-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, in developing countries, local environmentalist ideas and actions are not necessarily influenced by the post-materialist perspectives of Western environmentalism. For communities in these countries, environmental challenges are often linked to struggles over natural resources, as in the case of disputes between farmers and companies over timber or between rural and urban residents over water and energy. Such conflicts often focus on the environment, as poorer communities seek to preserve control over their natural resources to prevent them from being lost to increasing state control or the expanding market system.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> As a result of these debates and criticisms, environmentalism is changing the way it deals with environmental science and the management of environmental problems, moving away from intransigent principled positions and accepting the complexity of the issues. This shift recognizes the uncertainties in establishing cause-and-effect relationships, especially when dealing with large-scale environmental problems. In addition, there is an increasing emphasis on understanding power dynamics, winners and losers in environmental change and legislation. Although some changes are taking place, traditional ways of thinking, such as neo-Malthusian, romantic, and catastrophist perspectives, persist in the environmental movement.<sup id="cite_ref-White-2007_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg/220px-Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg/330px-Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg/440px-Climate_change_denial_in_Sudbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Climate change denial billboard</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_national_and_local_conflicts">Examples of national and local conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples of national and local conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Anti-environmentalism" title="Talk:Anti-environmentalism">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alberta_oil_sands_in_Canada">Alberta oil sands in Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alberta oil sands in Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alberta_oil_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta oil sands">Alberta oil sands</a> has also been a point of contention between environmentalists and those who consider economic growth to be important. Anti-environmentalists maintain that the oil sands have improved Canada's relations with the United States as Canada is their number one foreign supplier of oil.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well, the oil sands have brought a secure source of energy to Canada, as well as tremendous economic gains for Alberta.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenpeace-2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenpeace-2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are environmental efforts in place to mitigate the effects that the mining involved in operating the oil sands mine has on animal species, though some environmentalist groups are not satisfied. Environmentalist groups such as Greenpeace are concerned with the environmental, social and health impacts of mining the oil sands, particularly on First Nations communities in Alberta.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenpeace-2017_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenpeace-2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standing_Rock_in_the_United_States">Standing Rock in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Standing Rock in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></div><p>The source of this conflict is that on January 25, 2016, Dakota Access announced that it received permit approval to move forward with the construction of a four-state crude oil pipeline which would transport 470,000 barrels of oil per day from North Dakota to Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorbecke-2016_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorbecke-2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-environmentalists defended the construction of the Pipeline as it would create thousands of jobs, make the United States more energy independent and create a more cost-effective method of transporting oil to major refining markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorbecke-2016_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorbecke-2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Standing Rock Sioux Tribe took issue with this as the pipeline would run through their communities, tainting their sacred land as well as contaminating their water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabuchi-2016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabuchi-2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What followed in the next ten months was a response from Sioux communities, protestors and environmentalist groups in the form of peaceful protests in which over 400 arrests were made by local law enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Thorbecke-2016_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorbecke-2016-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26 Environmentalist groups responded to the event with an open letter condemning the actions of the North American banks who helped fund the pipeline, and encouraged them to stop any future payments contributing to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabuchi-2016_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabuchi-2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Czech_Republic_and_the_Highway_by-pass_project">The Czech Republic and the Highway by-pass project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Czech Republic and the Highway by-pass project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> experienced immense air pollution that citizens felt was the source of their health problems. The government decided they needed to build a new highway so the traffic could no longer create pollution in the city. Two different plans were created, one being the K variant which put the highway south of the city, and the S variant which would go through protected land, and would have negative impacts on rural areas as opposed to the city. This event began environmental movements in the Czech Republic that protested the S variant.<sup id="cite_ref-Shriver-2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shriver-2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In previous years, Czechoslovakia had been focused on the Soviet model of industrial expansion which lacked environmental regulation. This had effects on the environment, such as low-grade coal used in houses and by industries as well as lead gasoline used in automobiles. In the 1980's environmental activists protested the governments lack of environmental regulation. Political campaigns thereafter became increasingly anti-environmental through media outlets and newspaper coverage. Media coverage shared statements such as "Environmentalists believe that bugs are more important than people" and "Beware of environmentalists – they are extremists." These statements created fear of environmental causes in the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Shriver-2013_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shriver-2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Stephen Harper:</b> Stephen Harper criticized Canada's prior environmental policy for having high restrictions on industry, as Harper sought to industrialize. He wanted to ensure that industries could have better access to natural resources with the goal of increasing Canada's Economy. In May 2011, Harper and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a> won the Canadian federal election with a majority government, which allowed them to make significant changes to Canada's environmental policy. A bill passed May 2012 titled the "<a href="/wiki/Jobs,_Growth_and_Long-term_Prosperity_Act" title="Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act">Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Robert-2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert-2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Harper government focused more economic growth, such as the oil industry in Alberta. Northern Alberta has oil in their tar sands and extracting it was seen by environmentalists as destruction to the environment and a source of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gas emissions</a>. The Harper government focused on expanding the economy over the interests of environmentalists.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also environmental groups were also deemed "extremists" by the Harper Government and listed them under the anti-terrorism strategy as a national security threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert-2013_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert-2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a> released its annual emissions trends report, which showed that Canada was not going to meet emission reduction targets as was promised in 2009. In fact, Canada is on track to increase its emissions up until 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Wingrove-2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wingrove-2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harper's government, while committed to reducing emissions over the long term, disapproved of limiting oil and gas emissions as the price of oil rose higher.<sup id="cite_ref-Wingrove-2014_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wingrove-2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was consistent with Harper's decision to withdraw Canada from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Hummel-2019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hummel-2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main reason given for this by Harper was that Canada was not having success in meeting the protocol's targets.<sup id="cite_ref-Hummel-2019_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hummel-2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years, Harper's administration made it difficult for foreign-based environmental groups to obstruct Canadian economic growth. Environmental charities experienced frequent audits by the federal government which resulted in less productivity and being at risk of losing their charitable status.<sup id="cite_ref-Hummel-2019_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hummel-2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harper also repealed a significant environmental policy which had previously been in place; the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Environmental_Assessment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Environmental Assessment Act">Canadian Environmental Assessment Act</a></i>. Later, a new version of the act was created.<sup id="cite_ref-Hummel-2019_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hummel-2019-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, with the election of <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, the environment became one of Canada's main concerns, with Trudeau eventually signing the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> in 2016, and has been aggressive at curtailing the oil and gas industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> promised to make the United States more environmentally conscious, and implemented the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a>, invested significantly in clean energy, and improved standards for fuel economy of vehicles; this reduced pollution and was also economical.<sup id="cite_ref-Worland-2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worland-2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obama also made a joint agreement with China to reduce the emissions of both countries, and to reduce emissions in the United States by 27% by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-Worland-2016_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worland-2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state of environmental affairs in the United States changed drastically under the <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> administration. Trump had been open about his plans to alter or withdraw entirely from many climate change and environmental agreements the United States was then involved in, such as the Paris Agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-Worland-2016_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worland-2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this agreement is voluntary, the United States faced no penalty for declining to participate. However, as the United States is the second largest emitter of carbon after China, their lack of participation in the agreement would greatly impact global efforts to reduce carbon emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-Worland-2016_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worland-2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in 1999, President Bill Clinton announced that the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) would enforce the toughest standards to date, Trump's administration instructed the Environmental Protection Agency to remove the climate change page from its website.<sup id="cite_ref-Volcovici-2017_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volcovici-2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EPA employees stated at the time that if the page were to be taken down, years of research on global warming would be gone, as well as detailed data on emissions and links to scientific global warming research.<sup id="cite_ref-Volcovici-2017_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volcovici-2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 1, 2017, Trump announced that the U.S. would <a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Paris_Agreement" title="United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement">cease all participation</a> in the Paris Agreement on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>. Trump stated that "The Paris accord will undermine (the U.S.) economy," and "puts (the U.S.) at a permanent disadvantage."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In China, the city of <a href="/wiki/Maoming" title="Maoming">Maoming</a> became the focus of an environmental dispute in 2014, relating to the municipal government-sponsored <a href="/wiki/P-Xylene" title="P-Xylene">Para-Xylene</a> (PX) industry - a chemical used in manufacturing plastics, such as those in water bottles and polyesters. The industry has been promoted in Maoming for its economic benefits due to the jobs provided by the factories.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee-2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the industry's economic benefits, citizens organized <a href="/wiki/China_PX_protest" title="China PX protest">PX protest</a> in 2014 as there was increasing concern for the chemical's environmental and health risks to the citizens of the city. To counteract the environmentalist social movement, the government took action by creating an agreement that all civilians must sign stating they will not engage in protests or speak of the industry negatively, which high school students had to sign in order to graduate, as well as implementing an education campaign by providing lectures to the citizens on PX project.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee-2014_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2023, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Minister of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rald_Darmanin" title="Gérald Darmanin">Gérald Darmanin</a> announced that the French government would be forcibly dissolving the <a href="/wiki/Les_Soul%C3%A8vements_de_la_Terre" title="Les Soulèvements de la Terre">Les Soulèvements de la Terre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement came following a series of raids by anti-terrorist police against the group, resulting in 18 arrests. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> stated that the dissolution was "wholly disproportionate" and was part of "a growing trend of stigmatization and criminalization of individuals and civil society organizations raising awareness about the consequences of climate change" in France under <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of environmentalism">Criticism of environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wise_use_movement" title="Wise use movement">Wise use movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_coal" title="Rolling coal">Rolling coal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-White-2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White-2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White-2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White-2007_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White-2007_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White-2007_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White-2007_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White-2007_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White-2007_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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Earthscan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85383-329-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85383-329-8"><bdi>978-1-85383-329-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+environmentalism%3A+essays+north+and+south&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85383-329-8&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft.au=Martinez-Alier%2C+Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreskesConway2010" class="citation book cs1">Oreskes, Naomi; Conway, Erik M. (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Merchants_of_Doubt" title="Merchants of Doubt">Merchants of doubt: how a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming</a></i>. New York: Bloomsbury press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-610-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-610-4"><bdi>978-1-59691-610-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants+of+doubt%3A+how+a+handful+of+scientists+obscured+the+truth+on+issues+from+tobacco+smoke+to+global+warming&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59691-610-4&rft.aulast=Oreskes&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft.au=Conway%2C+Erik+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddartTindallDunlap2022" class="citation book cs1">Stoddart, Mark C. J.; Tindall, David; Dunlap, Riley E. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781839100222.00007"><i>The contours of anti-environmentalism: an introduction to the Handbook of Anti-Environmentalism</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4337%2F9781839100222.00007">10.4337/9781839100222.00007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83910-022-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83910-022-2"><bdi>978-1-83910-022-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+contours+of+anti-environmentalism%3A+an+introduction+to+the+Handbook+of+Anti-Environmentalism&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4337%2F9781839100222.00007&rft.isbn=978-1-83910-022-2&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=Mark+C.+J.&rft.au=Tindall%2C+David&rft.au=Dunlap%2C+Riley+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4337%2F9781839100222.00007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section <b>may need cleanup</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Abraham, J. (2016, November 2). Barack Obama is the First Climate President. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2016/nov/02/barack-obama-is-the-first-climate-president">https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2016/nov/02/barack-obama-is-the-first-climate-president</a></li> <li>Baggini, J. (2012). <i>The Big Questions: Ethics</i>. London: Quercus Editions Ltd.</li> <li>Beder, S. (2001). Anti-Environmentalism/ Green Backlash. <i>International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics</i>. Retrieved March 20, 2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/antienvironmentalism.html">IEEP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405171728/https://www.uow.edu.au/~sharonb/antienvironmentalism.html">Archived</a> 2017-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bush and the Environment. (2001, March 29). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment-jan-june01-bushenv_3-29/">https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/environment-jan-june01-bushenv_3-29/</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/cui-bono/202008/environmentalism-religion">"Environmentalism as Religion"</a>. <i>John A. Johnson Ph.D</i>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+A.+Johnson+Ph.D.&rft.atitle=Environmentalism+as+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fus%2Fblog%2Fcui-bono%2F202008%2Fenvironmentalism-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Environmental Actions by President Clinton and Vice President Gore. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://clinton4.nara.gov/CEQ/earthday/ch13.html">https://clinton4.nara.gov/CEQ/earthday/ch13.html</a></li> <li>George W. Bush for President Official Site: Issues. (2016, April 5). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001109011500/http://georgewbush.com/issues/index.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20001109011500/http://georgewbush.com/issues/index.html</a></li> <li>Hummel, Monte (July 18, 2016) <i>Environmental and Conservation Movements.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/environmental-and-conservation-movements">CE</a> at The Canadian Encyclopedia</li> <li>North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environment Partnership Action Plan. (2016, June 29) Retrieved April 4, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/29/north-american-climate-clean-energy-and-environment-partnership-action">https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/29/north-american-climate-clean-energy-and-environment-partnership-action</a></li> <li>OECD. (2003, October 30). OECD Praises Mexico's Environmental Policies but Encourages Better Enforcement and Funding. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oecd.org/mexico/oecdpraisesmexicosenvironmentalpoliciesbutencouragesbetterenforcementandfunding.htm">http://www.oecd.org/mexico/oecdpraisesmexicosenvironmentalpoliciesbutencouragesbetterenforcementandfunding.htm</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrettyBallBentonGuivant2007" class="citation book cs1">Pretty, Jules; Ball, Andrew; Benton, Ted; Guivant, Julia; Lee, David; Orr, David; Pfeffer, Max; Ward, Hugh (2007). <i>The SAGE Handbook of Environment and Society</i>. SAGE Publications Ltd. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781848607873">10.4135/9781848607873</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1843-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-1843-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Handbook+of+Environment+and+Society&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781848607873&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-1843-5&rft.aulast=Pretty&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft.au=Ball%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Benton%2C+Ted&rft.au=Guivant%2C+Julia&rft.au=Lee%2C+David&rft.au=Orr%2C+David&rft.au=Pfeffer%2C+Max&rft.au=Ward%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stop Tar Sands Expansion. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/campaigns/Energy/tarsands/">http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/campaigns/Energy/tarsands/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329092705/http://www.greenpeace.org/canada/en/campaigns/Energy/tarsands/">Archived</a> 2017-03-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Tabuchi, H. (2016, November 7). Environmentalists Target Bankers Behind Pipeline. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/08/business/energy-environment/environmentalists-blast-bankers-behind-dakota-pipeline.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/08/business/energy-environment/environmentalists-blast-bankers-behind-dakota-pipeline.html</a></li> <li>Terry, A. (2009, August 31). Pros and Cons: Alberta Oil Sands. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://globalnews.ca/news/66591/pros-and-cons-alberta-oil-sands/">http://globalnews.ca/news/66591/pros-and-cons-alberta-oil-sands/</a></li> <li>Thorbecke, C. (2017, October 28). Timeline of the Dakota Access Pipeline Protests. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/timeline-dakota-access-pipeline-protests/story?id=43131355">https://abcnews.go.com/US/timeline-dakota-access-pipeline-protests/story?id=43131355</a></li> <li>U.S. Library of Congress. (n.d.). Mexico: Environmental Conditions. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://countrystudies.us/mexico/51.htm">http://countrystudies.us/mexico/51.htm</a></li> <li>Volcovici, V. (2017, January 24). Donald Trump's Administration Orders EPA to Pull Climate Change Page Off Website. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://globalnews.ca/news/3203689/trump-epa-climate-change/">http://globalnews.ca/news/3203689/trump-epa-climate-change/</a></li> <li>Wingrove, J. (2014, December 31). Support for Harper's Environmental Record Increasing, Poll Shows. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/support-for-harpers-environmental-record-increasing-poll-shows/article22205337/">https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/support-for-harpers-environmental-record-increasing-poll-shows/article22205337/</a></li> <li>Worland, J. (2016, November 9). Climate Change Policy Will Suffer With Donald Trump. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://time.com/4564224/donald-trump-climate-change/">https://time.com/4564224/donald-trump-climate-change/</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Print</dt></dl> <ul><li>Ehrlich, Paul R.; Ehrlich, Anne H. (1996). <i>Betrayal of Science and Reason</i>. Island Press. pp. 11–23.</li> <li>Doyle, Timothy; McEachern, Doug (2008). <i>Environment and Politics: Third Edition</i>. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.</li> <li>MacNeil, Robert (19 November 2013). "Canadian environmental policy under Conservative majority rule". <i>Environmental Politics</i>. Volume 23: 174–178 – via Taylor and Francis Online.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-environmentalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.herinst.org/BusinessManagedDemocracy/index.html">"Business-Managed Democracy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Business-Managed+Democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.herinst.org%2FBusinessManagedDemocracy%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-environmentalism" class="Z3988"></span> a website by academic <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Beder" title="Sharon Beder">Sharon Beder</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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environmentalism</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_environmentalism" title="Timeline of history of environmentalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">List of environmental conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental organization">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Philosophical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resacralization_of_nature" title="Resacralization of nature">Resacralization of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_environmentalism" title="Islamic environmentalism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship (theology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">List of environmental killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fracking_movement" title="Anti-fracking movement">Anti-fracking movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Optimism" title="Earth Optimism">Earth Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_shame" title="Flight shame">Flight shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Goals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">Ecological civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmentally friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-haul_flight_ban" title="Short-haul flight ban">Short-haul flight ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_sitting" title="Tree sitting">Tree sitting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Environmentalism in Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_China" title="Environmentalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-incinerator_movement_in_China" title="Anti-incinerator movement in China">Anti-incinerator movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Environmental movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_direct_action_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofiction" title="Ecofiction">Ecofiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography_of_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmography of environmentalism">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_film_festivals" title="List of environmental film festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_motorsport" title="Environmentalism in motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing_and_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfing and environmentalism">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_environmental_publications" title="Lists of environmental publications">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">Environmentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protector">Water protector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_people" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Cho-nam" title="Ng Cho-nam">Ng Cho-nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism_of_Al_Gore" title="Environmental activism of Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Mendes" title="Chico Mendes">Chico Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Shōzō Tanaka">Shōzō Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_pro-environmental_behaviour" title="Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour">Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_ethics" title="Lifeboat ethics">Lifeboat ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Green_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_politics" title="Template:Green politics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#f9e301">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_politics" title="Template talk:Green politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#f9e301">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green politics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#f9e301">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Green_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #f9e301; text-decoration: inherit;">Green politics</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">Green party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_green_politics" title="Outline of green politics">List of topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics of climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Four pillars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecological wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_globalization" title="Criticisms of globalization">Criticisms of globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">Dirty hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_ecology" title="Queer ecology">Queer ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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