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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governmental_influence_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_influence_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Governmental influence in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_influence_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bush_administration_links_to_Big_Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bush_administration_links_to_Big_Oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Bush administration links to Big Oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bush_administration_links_to_Big_Oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canada-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry_influence_in_European_Union_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_influence_in_European_Union_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Industry influence in European Union policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_influence_in_European_Union_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_industry_lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_industry_lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Oil industry lobbying in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_industry_lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobby_dels_combustibles_f%C3%B2ssils" title="Lobby dels combustibles fòssils – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lobby dels combustibles fòssils" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Λόμπι των ορυκτών καυσίμων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λόμπι των ορυκτών καυσίμων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetski_lobi" title="Energetski lobi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Energetski lobi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobby_dell%27energia" title="Lobby dell'energia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lobby dell'energia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E3%83%AD%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC" title="化石燃料ロビー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化石燃料ロビー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lobbying supporting the fossil fuels industry</div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GasStationHiroshima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/GasStationHiroshima.jpg/220px-GasStationHiroshima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/GasStationHiroshima.jpg/330px-GasStationHiroshima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/GasStationHiroshima.jpg/440px-GasStationHiroshima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Petrol station in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p> The <b>fossil fuels lobby</b> includes <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">paid representatives</a> of corporations involved in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> industry (<a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>), as well as related industries like <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> and other transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their wealth and the importance of energy, transport and chemical industries to local, national and international economies, these lobbies have the capacity and money to attempt to have outsized influence on governmental policy. In particular, the lobbies have been known to obstruct policy related to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate Action">climate action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lobbies are active in most fossil-fuel intensive economies with democratic governance, with reporting on the lobbies most prominent in Canada, Australia, the United States and Europe, however the lobbies are present in many parts of the world. <a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Big Oil</a> companies such as <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron Corporation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a> are among the largest <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> associated with the fossil fuels lobby.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a> is a powerful <a href="/wiki/Industry_lobbyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry lobbyist">industry lobbyist</a> for Big Oil with significant influence in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reutersevents.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reutersevents.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Energy_Producers" title="Australian Energy Producers">Australian Energy Producers</a>, formerly known as the Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association (APPEA), has significant influence in Canberra and helps to maintain favorable policy settings for Oil and Gas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of major fossil fuel companies and <a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">national oil companies</a> at global forums for decision making, like the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Climate Agreement</a> negotiations,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">United Nations Climate Change conferences</a> has been criticised.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lobby is known for exploiting international crises, such as the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to try to roll back existing regulations or justify new fossil fuel development.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lobbyists try to retain <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies" title="Fossil fuel subsidies">fossil fuel subsidies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>Those corporations that continue to invest in new fossil fuel exploration, new fossil fuel exploitation, are really in flagrant breach of their fiduciary duty because the science is abundantly clear that this is something we can no longer do.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Figueres" title="Christiana Figueres">Christiana Figueres</a>, executive secretary of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg/217px-2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg/326px-2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg/434px-2008-_Oil_and_gas_industry_global_net_income_-_IEA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Globally, net income of the oil and gas industry reached a record US$4 trillion in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-IEAinvestment_202305_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEAinvestment_202305-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_(annual)_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg/217px-2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="217" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg/326px-2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg/434px-2007-_Profits_of_energy_companies_%28annual%29_-_stacked_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">After the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, energy company profits increased with higher fuel prices resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, falling debt levels, <a href="/wiki/Write-off" title="Write-off">tax write-downs</a> of projects shut down in Russia, and backing off from earlier plans to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_20230208_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20230208-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The energy lobby has a history of conflict with international interests and democratic <a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">global governance</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Sustainable_Energy_Organization" title="International Sustainable Energy Organization">International Sustainable Energy Organization</a> for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency the second <a href="/wiki/World_Climate_Conference" title="World Climate Conference">World Climate Conference</a> "was sabotaged by the USA and oil lobbies"<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereupon <a href="/wiki/UNISEO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNISEO">UNISEO</a> proceeded to set up a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_Energy_Charter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Global Energy Charter (page does not exist)">Global Energy Charter</a> "which protects life, health, climate and the biosphere from emissions." According to the organization, these same "reactionary energy lobby groups tried to boycott this Charter with the help from oil- and <a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">coal</a>-producing nations and succeeded to keep the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy transition">energy transition</a> out of the Rio Conference on Environment & Development (<a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a>) in 1992, to continue this game in all Climate Conferences in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marrakech" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a>, where the USA boycotted the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto protocol">Kyoto protocol</a> and still ignores the Charter."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that during the 2010s the five biggest oil and gas companies, and their industry groups, spent at least €251 million lobbying the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> over climate policies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lobbying was also influential in Canada and Australia during the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 14th session of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Sustainable_Development" title="Commission on Sustainable Development">Commission on Sustainable Development</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Sustainable_Development" title="International Institute for Sustainable Development">International Institute for Sustainable Development</a> <i>Bulletin</i>, "One minister is said to have challenged the North's <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> lobby with the words: why not 'light up' the dark zones of the world by 'extinguishing some of the candles' in yours?"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/UNFCCC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFCCC">UNFCCC</a>, 636 fossil fuel lobbyists attended <a href="/wiki/COP27" class="mw-redirect" title="COP27">COP27</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Publicly, fossil-fuel corporations say that they support the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> aiming to limit global warming below 2 °C in 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internal reports of <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> show that they have made contingency business models plans for warming of more than 3 °C of global warming in 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirPollutionSource.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/AirPollutionSource.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>Refineries owned by energy companies produce large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact_of_represented_companies">Environmental impact of represented companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Environmental impact of represented companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2015, many of the most influential members of the energy lobby have been among the top <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">polluters</a> in the United States, with Conoco, Exxon, and General Electric ranking in the top six.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Integrity_Project" title="Environmental Integrity Project">Environmental Integrity Project</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonprofit">nonprofit</a> organization established in March 2002 by former attorneys at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>, "companies like ExxonMobil and <a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a> keep reporting record profits while increasing emissions or more cancer causing chemicals from their refineries."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The energy lobby has been criticized by environmentalists for using its influence to try to block or dilute <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change legislation">legislation regarding global climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australia">Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023 the Australian Energy Council lobbied against adding an environmental component to the National Electricity Objective.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reforms to the Safeguard Mechanism were lobbied against by Australian Energy Producers and the Minerals Council of Australia. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DC-Climate-March-2017-1510576_(33551760363).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/DC-Climate-March-2017-1510576_%2833551760363%29.jpg/220px-DC-Climate-March-2017-1510576_%2833551760363%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/DC-Climate-March-2017-1510576_%2833551760363%29.jpg/330px-DC-Climate-March-2017-1510576_%2833551760363%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/DC-Climate-March-2017-1510576_%2833551760363%29.jpg/440px-DC-Climate-March-2017-1510576_%2833551760363%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Placard "Separate oil and state", at the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Climate_March_(2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Climate March (2017)">People's Climate March (2017)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2000">2000 elections</a>, over $34 million was contributed, with 78% of that money going to Republicans. In 2004, oil and gas companies contributed over $25 million to political campaigns, donating 80% of that money to Republicans. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_general_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="United States general election, 2006">2006 election</a> cycle, oil and gas companies contributed over $19 million to political campaigns. 82% of that money went to <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> candidates, while the remaining 18% went to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>. Electric utilities also heavily favor Republicans; their contributions have recently ranged between $15–20 million.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2003 to 2006, the energy lobby also contributed $58.3 million to <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a>-level campaigns. By comparison, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative energy">alternative energy</a> interests contributed around half a million dollars in the same time period.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2012">United States elections in 2012</a> which includes the <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">presidential election</a> there was much spending by the lobbies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, approximately $125.05 million was spent by the fossil fuel industry to influence the government.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_influence_in_the_United_States">Governmental influence in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governmental influence in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest oil and gas companies that are sometime collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Big Oil</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Industry_lobbyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry lobbyist">industry lobbyist</a> arm, the <a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a> (API), have spent large amounts of money every year on lobbying and political campaigns, and employ hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Lobbyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobbyists">lobbyists</a>, to obstruct and delay government action to address climate change. </p><p>The fossil fuel lobby has considerable clout in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and in other political centers,<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have scored key political appointments in the administrations of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration">U.S. President George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration">President Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President George W. Bush, like his father <a href="/wiki/President_George_H._W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="President George H. W. Bush">President George H. W. Bush</a>, was a former oil industry senior executive, and President Trump's most senior <a href="/wiki/U.S._Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Cabinet">cabinet</a> official, his first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</a> of one of largest of the Big Oil companies, <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>. Fossil fuel industry interests spend many times as much on advancing their agenda in the halls of power than do ordinary citizens and environmental activists, with the former spending $2 billion in the years 2000–2016 on climate change lobbying in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reutersevents.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reutersevents.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Big Oil companies often adopt "sustainability principles" that are at odds with the policy agenda their lobbyists advocate, which often entails sowing doubt about the reality and impacts of climate change and forestalling government efforts to address them. API launched a <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> campaign with the aim of creating doubt in the public mind so that "climate change becomes a non-issue."<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reutersevents.com_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reutersevents.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fossil fuel industry spends large amounts of money on American political campaigns, with about 2/3 of its political contributions over the past several decades fueling Republican politicians,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and outspending many fold political contributions for <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil fuel industry political contributions reward politicians who vote against environmental protections. According to a study published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, as voting by a member of Congress turned more anti-environment, as measured by his/her voting record as scored by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Conservation_Voters" title="League of Conservation Voters">League of Conservation Voters</a> (LCV), the fossil fuel industry contributions that this member of Congress received increased. On average, a 10% decrease in the LCV score was correlated with an increase of $1,700 in campaign contributions from the industry for the campaign following the Congressional term.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bush_administration_links_to_Big_Oil">Bush administration links to Big Oil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bush administration links to Big Oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">scandals</a> involving prominent politicians have drawn attention to the close links between the energy lobby and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">U.S. government</a>, particularly the influence wielded by the energy lobby in the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">Bush administration</a>. Lobbying continued after the Bush administration.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2005, documents emerged that revealed that the Bush administration had consulted Exxon regarding its stance on the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, "In briefing papers given before meetings to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_State_for_Democracy_and_Global_Affairs" title="Under Secretary of State for Democracy and Global Affairs">Under Secretary of State for Democracy and Global Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paula_Dobriansky" title="Paula Dobriansky">Paula Dobriansky</a>, between 2001 and 2004, the administration is found thanking <a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a> executives for the company's 'active involvement' in helping to determine climate change policy, and also seeking its advice on what climate change policies the company might find acceptable."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2005, documents revealed that Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Energy_Task_Force" title="Energy Task Force">Energy Task Force</a> met with executives from large oil companies, although chief executives of those companies denied involvement before the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">Senate</a> Energy and Commerce committees. <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalists</a> were not allowed access to the Energy Task Force's activities, which was responsible for developing a national energy policy.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil companies also participated with <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>'s task force in a discussion of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> oilfields, refineries and other energy infrastructure, and two charts detailing Iraqi oil and gas projects, and "Foreign Suitors for Iraqi Oilfield Contracts." The documents are dated two years before the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, and six months before the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">11 September attacks (9/11)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> returning to Republican control in 2023, many fossil fuel industry lobbyists have been given key staff jobs, including positions as chiefs of staff to House Natural Resources Chairman <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Westerman" title="Bruce Westerman">Bruce Westerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="House Majority Leader">House Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Stauber" title="Pete Stauber">Pete Stauber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tiffany" title="Tom Tiffany">Tom Tiffany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2011 to 2018, fossil fuel industry lobbyists recorded 11,452 lobbying contacts with government officials. This is significantly higher than other industries and averages out to six lobbying contacts per day. Fossil fuel lobbyists contacted government officials five times more than non-government environmental organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada's Lobbyist Act does not require companies to disclose how much money they spend on lobbying the Canadian government, and does not require companies to register lobbyists that interact with government officials who hold a title less than assistant deputy minister.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Petroleum_Producers" title="Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers">Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers</a> (CAPP) is an advocacy group for energy companies in Canada. CAPP states that their vision is to "enhance Canada's prosperity by enabling responsible growth of Canada's upstream oil and natural gas industry." A large portion of CAPP's membership is made up of oil refineries which harvest oil from the <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands" title="Athabasca oil sands">oil sands of Alberta</a>. CAPP estimates that the oil sands industry will pay about $8 billion in taxes over the next six years. The President of CAPP is <a href="/wiki/Tim_McMillan" title="Tim McMillan">Tim McMillan</a>, who previously served as the Minister of Trade and Minister of Rural and Remote Health for the province of Saskatchewan.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2020, French energy company <a href="/wiki/Total_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Total SA">Total SA</a> withdrew its membership from the Canadian association of petroleum producers, which is a lobbying group that represents the oil and natural gas producers in Canada. They withdrew after writing off US$7 billion of oil sands assets in Alberta because of the high production costs. Total SA stated they left CAPP because of a "misalignment between the organization's public positions and those expressed in Total's climate ambition statement announced in May", according to jwnenergy.com.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_influence_in_Canada">Government influence in Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government influence in Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012 alone, 27 different energy companies and eight industry associations engaged in lobbying the Canadian parliament in Ottawa. <a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TransCanada</a>, which are the two largest pipeline companies in Canada, met with cabinet ministers 52 times between 2011 and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Since 2008, the Canadian Energy Pipelines Association (CEPA) "met with public office holders 367 percent more times than the two major Canadian automotive industry associations." </p><p>Included in the list of lobbyists for Big Oil in Canada are former government employees. Over the last 10 years this list has included Brenda Kenny, who served 10 years with the National Energy Board, Paul Cheliak, a former economist for Natural Resources Canada, and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Carson" title="Bruce Carson">Bruce Carson</a>, a convicted thief who served as the top policy analyst under prime minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2000 to 2018, oil production in Canada increased by 80%, but the royalties paid by the sector decreased by 63%. In addition, the taxes paid by the oil companies was cut in half.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_oil_industry's_influence_abroad"><span id="Canadian_oil_industry.27s_influence_abroad"></span>Canadian oil industry's influence abroad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canadian oil industry's influence abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada's oil lobbyists spend money outside of Canada to further international agreements. In 2015, lobbyists for TransCanada, the owner of the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone XL">Keystone XL</a> pipeline project, spent $500,000 in a single legislative session lobbying Nebraska state senators. While U.S. law forbids foreign companies and individuals from making political contributions, TransCanada officially made the contributions through its U.S. subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_influence_in_European_Union_policy">Industry influence in European Union policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Industry influence in European Union policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The five biggest oil and gas companies spent at least 251 million euros <a href="/wiki/European_Union_lobbying" title="European Union lobbying">lobbying the European Union</a> over climate policies since 2010. These lobbyists represent a total of 200 organizations. Some of these companies include <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a>, <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> and <a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">Total</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been 327 high-level meetings between the EU and Big Oil and Gas since 2014, this averages to more than one meeting a week. In the EU, there are 200 lobbyists working on behalf of the top five oil and gas companies.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a> was the #1 most lobbied topic at the European Union in the first 100 days of the European Green Deal being implemented on 11 December 2019, accounting for one-fifth of all high-level lobby meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_industry_lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom">Oil industry lobbying in the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oil industry lobbying in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> gas company began lobbying the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> government as early as 2011 to undermine European renewable energy targets, according to The Guardian. They had several meetings with <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> president <a href="/wiki/Jose_Manuel_Barroso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Manuel Barroso">Jose Manuel Barroso</a>, Shell successfully lobbied Barroso and his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a>, to move away from the plan which originally had binding, carbon-cutting goals for each individual member state. Shell argued instead for gas expansion in Europe, because they believed it would save 500 billion euros in a transition to a low carbon energy system.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_Turkey" title="Coal power in Turkey">Coal power in Turkey</a></div> <p>In October 2021 a <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">coal-fired power station</a> was said by opposition MP Ali Öztunç to be still operating without filters due to company lobbying.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a strong coal lobby. <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Coal_Association" title="Australian Coal Association">Australian Coal Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming controversy">Global warming controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies" title="Fossil fuel subsidies">Fossil fuel subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil_climate_change_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="ExxonMobil climate change controversy">ExxonMobil climate change controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Mafia" title="Greenhouse Mafia">Greenhouse Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lobbying in the United Kingdom">Lobbying in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">Lobbying in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_politics" title="Petroleum politics">Petroleum politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Petroleum_Papers" title="The Petroleum Papers">The Petroleum Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Tobacco industry playbook</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404175508/https://www.greenhousepr.co.uk/fossil-fuel-lobbyists-during-covid-19/">"Why fossil fuel lobbyists are dominating climate policy during Covid-19"</a>. <i>Greenhouse PR</i>. 23 July 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.asp?cycle=2006&ind=E08">the original</a> on 21 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electric+Utilities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensecrets.org%2Findustries%2Findus.asp%3Fcycle%3D2006%26ind%3DE08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossil+fuels+lobby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421041147/http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.asp?cycle=2006&ind=E01">"Oil & Gas"</a>. 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(March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/us/politics/fossil-fuel-industry-opens-wallet-to-defeat-obama.html"><i>Fossil Fuel Industry Ads Dominate TV Campaign</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225172244/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/14/us/politics/fossil-fuel-industry-opens-wallet-to-defeat-obama.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 13 September 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_501tax-exemptStreetNWWashington" class="citation web cs1">A 501tax-exempt; Street, charitable organization 1100 13th; NW; Washington, Suite 800; Dc 20005857-0044. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/industries/summary?cycle=2022&id=e01">"Oil & Gas Lobbying Profile"</a>. <i>OpenSecrets</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenSecrets&rft.atitle=Oil+%26+Gas+Lobbying+Profile&rft.au=A+501tax-exempt&rft.au=Street%2C+charitable+organization+1100+13th&rft.au=NW&rft.au=Washington%2C+Suite+800&rft.au=Dc+20005857-0044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensecrets.org%2Ffederal-lobbying%2Findustries%2Fsummary%3Fcycle%3D2022%26id%3De01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossil+fuels+lobby" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Financial Times, 2 August 2021 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/cd247b42-8119-4681-afb2-2d89e109ba08">"Fossil Fuel Groups Step Up Lobbying of SEC to Dilute Climate Reporting Rules—Oil And Gas Industry Stiffens Resistance to Tougher New Environmental Regime"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906140629/https://www.ft.com/content/cd247b42-8119-4681-afb2-2d89e109ba08">Archived</a> 6 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Open Democracy, 8 July 2020 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/oureconomy/how-fossil-fuel-lobby-hijacking-european-green-deal/">"How The Fossil Fuel Lobby Is Hijacking The European Green Deal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107224352/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/oureconomy/how-fossil-fuel-lobby-hijacking-european-green-deal/">Archived</a> 7 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Guardian, 24 October 2019 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/oct/24/fossil-fuel-big-five-spent-251m-lobbying-european-union-2010-climate-crisis">"Fossil Fuel Big Five 'Spent €251m Lobbying EU' Since 2010; Report Comes Amid Calls for Set Up of Firewall to Protect Politics from Industry Influence"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904124535/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/oct/24/fossil-fuel-big-five-spent-251m-lobbying-european-union-2010-climate-crisis">Archived</a> 4 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Think Progress, 20 May 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.thinkprogress.org/bushs-department-of-interior-sex-drugs-and-oil-3aaa1c19b07b/">"Bush’s Department of Interior: Sex, Drugs, and Oil?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021080925/https://archive.thinkprogress.org/bushs-department-of-interior-sex-drugs-and-oil-3aaa1c19b07b/">Archived</a> 21 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Legal Reader, 26 July 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legalreader.com/trump-nominates-coal-industry-lobbyist-andrew-wheeler-help-run-epa/">"Trump Nominates Coal Industry Lobbyist Andrew Wheeler To Help Run EPA"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107224350/https://www.legalreader.com/trump-nominates-coal-industry-lobbyist-andrew-wheeler-help-run-epa/">Archived</a> 7 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times, 21 October 2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/21/us/trump-epa-chemicals-regulations.html">"Why Has the E.P.A. Shifted on Toxic Chemicals? An Industry Insider Helps Call the Shots"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022203127/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/21/us/trump-epa-chemicals-regulations.html">Archived</a> 22 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yale Environment 360, 19 July 2019 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e360.yale.edu/digest/fossil-fuel-interests-have-outspent-environmental-advocates-101-on-climate-lobbying">"Fossil Fuel Interests Have Outspent Environmental Advocates 10:1 on Climate Lobbying"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906122947/https://e360.yale.edu/digest/fossil-fuel-interests-have-outspent-environmental-advocates-101-on-climate-lobbying">Archived</a> 6 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Known spending (excluding "<a href="/wiki/Dark_money" title="Dark money">dark money</a>" spending) by the oil and gas industry on Washington lobbyists for the year 2021 is available at: Open Secrets <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/industries/summary?cycle=2021&id=E01">"Industry Profile: Oil & Gas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906150247/http://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/industries/summary?cycle=2021&id=E01">Archived</a> 6 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Open Secrets <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=E01">"Oil & Gas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015623/https://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?ind=e01">Archived</a> 1 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yale Climate Connections, 6 January 2020 ["Fossil Fuel Political Giving Outdistances Renewables 13 to One; During the Latest Midterm Election Cycle, the Fossil Fuel Industry Paid at Least $359 Million for Federal Campaign Donations and Lobbying"] The figures listed in this article include only known industry spending at the federal level; they do not include political contributions at the state and local levels and "dark money" spending.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Guardian, 24 February 2020 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/feb/24/oil-gas-industry-us-lawmakers-campaign-donations-analysis">"Oil and Gas Industry Rewards U.S. Lawmakers Who Oppose Environmental Protections"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906140626/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/feb/24/oil-gas-industry-us-lawmakers-campaign-donations-analysis">Archived</a> 6 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 10 March 2020 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pnas.org/content/117/10/5111">"Oil and Gas Companies Invest in Legislators that Vote Against The Environment"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906150052/https://www.pnas.org/content/117/10/5111">Archived</a> 6 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmons2016" class="citation web cs1">Emmons, Alex (21 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2016/07/22/oil-lobby-paid-washington-post-and-atlantic-to-host-climate-change-deniers-at-rnc/">"Oil Lobby Paid Washington Post and Atlantic to Host Climate-Change Deniers at RNC"</a>. <i>theintercept.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%27s+coal+lobby+is+resisting+a+green+transition&rft.date=2023-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatechangenews.com%2F2023%2F06%2F19%2Fsouth-africa-coal-energy-fossil-fuels-climate-lobby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFossil+fuels+lobby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fossil_fuels_lobby&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/indusclient.php?id=E01">Lobbying Spending Database Oil & Gas, 2017</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corpwatch.org/">Corporate Watch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.followthemoney.org/">Follow The Money</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/7/23/three_of_every_four_oil_gas">Three of Every Four Oil & Gas Lobbyists Worked for U.S. Federal Government</a> – video report by <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lobbying in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lobbying_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">Lobbying in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="History of lobbying in the United States">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Direct lobbying in the United States">Direct lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">Political action committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">Super PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_PAC" title="Hybrid PAC">Hybrid PAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/527_organization" title="527 organization">527 organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance reform in the United States">reform</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_scorecard" title="Legislative scorecard">Legislative scorecard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major industrial and business lobbies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in the United States">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance#Insurance_companies" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Organized labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_lobby" title="Pharmaceutical lobby">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_lobbying_groups" title="List of software lobbying groups">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco lobby">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major single-issue lobbies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_by_the_administration_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying by the administration in the United States">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_pro-choice_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="United States pro-choice movement">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_PAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership PAC">Federal leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun lobby">Guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_movements_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT movements in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AARP" title="AARP">Retirees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_history_in_the_United_States" title="Tax protester history in the United States">Taxes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Diaspora politics in the United States">Diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_interest_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Ethnic interest groups in the United States">ethnic lobbies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Arab lobby in the United States">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Egypt lobby in the United States">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Libya lobby in the United States">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_lobby_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian lobby in the United States">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="China lobby in the United States">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban-American_lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban-American lobby">Cuba</a> <small>(Anti Castro)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Greece lobby in the United States">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Ireland lobby in the United States">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Israel lobby in the United States">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Israel lobby in the United States">Anti-Israel lobby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Pakistan lobby in the United States">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Turkey lobby in the United States">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Japan lobby in the United States">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></li></ul> 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