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href="#Sovereigntist_populist_parties_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sovereigntist populist parties in Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sovereigntist_populist_parties_in_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sovereigntist populist parties in Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sovereigntist_populist_parties_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catalonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Catalonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobiranisme" title="Sobiranisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sobiranisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κυριαρχισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυριαρχισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suverenismo" title="Suverenismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suverenismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souverainisme" title="Souverainisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Souverainisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B6%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="주권주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주권주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovranismo" title="Sovranismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sovranismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovranism" title="Sovranism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sovranism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soevereinisme" title="Soevereinisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soevereinisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Суверенизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суверенизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ideology supporting political independence of a nation or region</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sovereigntism (disambiguation)">Sovereigntism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sovereigntism</b>, <b>sovereignism</b> or <b>souverainism</b> (from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">souverainisme</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[su.vʁɛ.nism]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/eb\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF-souverainisme.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF-souverainisme.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyoko\u00ef-souverainisme.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/eb/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF-souverainisme.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF-souverainisme.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Lyoko%C3%AF-souverainisme.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï-souverainisme.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, meaning "the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>") is the notion of having control over one's conditions of existence, whether at the level of the self, social group, region, nation or globe.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically used for describing the acquiring or preserving political independence of a nation or a region, a sovereigntist aims to "take back control" from perceived powerful forces,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKallis20183_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis20183-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either against internal subversive minority groups (ethnic, sexual or gender),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022307_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022307-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from external global governance institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-Benhabib2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benhabib2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational unions</a>. It generally leans instead toward <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a>, and can be associated with certain <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a> movements, but has also been used to justify violating the independence of other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022299_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022299-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllesBadie201616_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllesBadie201616-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sovereigntism has a cultural as well as political component and can take the form of hostility towards outsiders having different values or different countries or regions of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sovereigntist groups are associated with populism since they typically claim legitimacy for carrying out the sovereign will of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzmanova2022167_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzmanova2022167-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While leftist sovereigntists tend to think of their national border as a defensive line against the corrosive effects of neo-liberal economics, right wing sovereigntists see it more as a filter protecting the sovereign people from undesired new members.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though there are wide differences in ideology and historical context between sovereigntist movements, those of the twenty first century can be thought of as belonging to three separate categories: conservative sovereigntism, archeo-sovereigntism, and neo-sovereigntism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022292_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022292-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conservative sovereignism embraces the national <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian</a> model of sovereignty seeking to preserve the interstate order with norms promoting global economic order but halting further advances towards political integration. Some vestiges of colonialism remain, with old powers retaining what they see as historical special responsibilities to intervene in former possessions, such as in the case of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">invasion of Ukraine</a>. Amongst rising powers, neo-sovereigntism is concerned with issues of <a href="/wiki/Autonomism_(political_doctrine)" title="Autonomism (political doctrine)">autonomism</a>, especially against more privileged nations with concentrated power in transnational entities such as the <a href="/wiki/UN_security_council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN security council">UN security council</a> or <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a>. It seeks to strengthen norms and agreements protecting the independence of each state, granting their equality, and restraining more powerful states from attempts to influence the behavior of other nations. Archeo-sovereigntism is the most radical, rejecting forces of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and restraints on states by transnational bodies, norms and agreements, calling for a return to a pre- World War II order when states were freer from such interference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllesBadie201616_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllesBadie201616-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples in Europe include the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">Front National</a> in France, the <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a> in Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Dansk Folk Party</a> in Denmark, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Independence Party">UKIP</a> in the UK. </p><p>In a paper published in the <i>European Review of International Studies</i> outlining these three major tendencies, researchers Alles and Badie summarised them thus:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllesBadie201618_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllesBadie201618-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Three coexisting types of sovereigntism in the post-bipolar context </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Contemporary types of sovereigntism</th> <th>Conception of sovereignty</th> <th>Claim</th> <th>Protest</th> <th>Approach of globalisation </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Neo-sovereigntism</b></td> <td>Self-affirmation</td> <td>Equality</td> <td>Hierarchy</td> <td>Example </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Archeo sovereigntism</b></td> <td>Specificity</td> <td>Identity</td> <td>Globalisation</td> <td>Antagonist </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Conservative sovereigntism</b></td> <td>Normative</td> <td>Hierarchy</td> <td>Emergence of challengers</td> <td>Selective </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sovereigntist_populist_parties_in_Europe">Sovereigntist populist parties in Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sovereigntist populist parties in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, sovereigntist populisms political movements divide (on the one hand) between those that seek to leave the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> completely (or oppose joining it) and (on the other), those who aim for a "Europe of the nations", a less integrated Europe respecting the individual characteristics and sovereignty of constituent states.<sup id="cite_ref-PopSov_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of these doctrines tend to regard themselves as Euro-realists opposed to the Euro-federalists and call for a more confederal version of a <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. (The European Union is not a federation but shares many characteristics of one.) Thus, sovereigntism in Europe is opposed to federalism and typically involves <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (which <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrew from the EU in 2020</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> where parties on the left and right margins lean strongly towards it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election" title="2024 European Parliament election">2024 European Parliament election</a> four <a href="/wiki/Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Political groups of the European Parliament">political groups in the European Parliament</a> have been formed which contain sovereignist parties: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists</a><sup id="cite_ref-FD_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Sovereign_Nations_Group" title="Europe of Sovereign Nations Group">Europe of Sovereign Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">Patriots for Europe</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Right_(French_politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Right (French politics)">Sovereign Right (French politics)</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">National Rally</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right-wing_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing nationalist">right-wing nationalist</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-PopSov_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)" title="The Patriots (France)">The Patriots</a> (Gaullist and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing nationalist">right-wing nationalist</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntist can be also found in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-PopSov_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parties with tendencies that could be described also as sovereigntists can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Dawn (political party)">Golden Dawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neofascism">neofascist</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-PopSov_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Orthodox_Rally" title="Popular Orthodox Rally">Popular Orthodox Rally</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">religious conservatism</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> party, in power since 2010, have increasingly followed a sovereigntist policy against the European Union. On December 12, 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian National Assembly">Hungarian National Assembly</a> adopted the Sovereignty Protection Act, which creates a new government agency, called the Sovereignty Protection Office, to be established by February 1, 2024. It will have broad powers to investigate alleged attacks on Hungarian sovereignty, including the activities of civic organizations supported from abroad. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movimento_5_Stelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimento 5 Stelle">Five Star Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">left-wing populism</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-PopSov_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">Lega</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-SSRN_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSRN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-SSRN_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSRN-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_democracy" title="Sovereign democracy">Sovereign democracy</a></div> <p>Since 2006, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> has espoused the current Russian sovereigntist view of a political, economic, and cultural battle between sovereign peoples of Russia on one side, and on the other- transnational institutions with their neoliberal and cosmopolitan ideologies undermining Russia's sovereignty and cultural existence. In <a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a>, the "national wealth" of the multiethnic Russian peoples (its morality, values, memory of its forefathers and its culture) both defines and is protected by its sovereignty. Putin advisor <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Surkov" title="Vladislav Surkov">Vladislav Surkov</a> articulated the threat to "sovereign democracy" posed by international organizations serving the interest of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Unipolar_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Unipolar world">unipolar world</a> order controlled by the United States. According to the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a>, Georgian and Ukrainian sovereignty could not be respected since it had already been lost due to their <a href="/wiki/Color_revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Color revolutions">color revolutions</a>, seen as a collapse of borders protecting them from being engulfed culturally, economically and politically by Europe and the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022306-307_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022306-307-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a cultural and political protector against threatening Western powers, the idea of a sovereign union of multiple peoples under Russia's leadership has been employed as a legitimation theory for imperial expansion. This usage predates the Soviet Union, tracing back to <a href="/wiki/Pan-slavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-slavism">Pan-slavism</a>’s origins in the 16th century, later becoming integrated with <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messianism#Russian_and_Slavic_messianism" title="Messianism">Orthodox messianism</a> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catalonia">Catalonia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Catalonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Parliament of Catalonia, parties explicitly supporting independence from Spain are <a href="/wiki/Together_for_Catalonia_(2020)" title="Together for Catalonia (2020)">Together for Catalonia</a> (JxCat), heir of the former <a href="/wiki/Converg%C3%A8ncia_Democr%C3%A0tica_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya">Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya</a> (CDC)); <a href="/wiki/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia" title="Republican Left of Catalonia">Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya</a> (ERC), and <a href="/wiki/Candidatura_d%27Unitat_Popular" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidatura d'Unitat Popular">Candidatura d'Unitat Popular</a> (CUP).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parties with policies that could be described as sovereigntist can be also found in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; notably by <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a> and the Johnson-led <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party (UK)</a> (with respect to the European Union through <a href="/wiki/Hard_Brexit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard Brexit">hard Brexit</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a></i></span> (Party of Wales), and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></i></span> in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sovereigntism" title="Special:EditPage/Sovereigntism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian province">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <i>souverainisme</i> or sovereigntism refers to the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a>, which argues for Quebec to separate from <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and become an independent country. Many leaders in the movement, notably <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">René Lévesque</a>, have preferred the terms "sovereignty" and "sovereigntist" over other common names such as <a href="/wiki/Quebec_separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec separatist">separatist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quebec_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec independence">independentist</a>, although this terminology may be objected to by opponents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec">Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> (centre-left, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">nationalist</a> and social democratic, represents Quebec separatism in Canada's federal parliament)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_nationale" title="Option nationale">Option nationale</a> (centre-left, nationalist and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec_solidaire" title="Québec solidaire">Québec solidaire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coupled with its history of <a href="/wiki/Isolationism#United_States" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a> and sense of <a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a>, US sovereigntism is largely a conservative perspective, celebrating both American self-definition and liberty to engage in <a href="/wiki/Unilateralism" title="Unilateralism">unilateral</a> action.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sovereigntism in foreign policy is charactized by opposition to multilateral regimes relating to climate change, war crimes, arms control and international declaration of human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dominant US sovereigntist perspective is currently that of <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022297_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022297-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has three dimensions:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>World order and peace is best secured by sovereign states looking after themselves, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Rules-based_international_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules-based international order">rules-based international order</a> of interdependent and integrated countries.</li> <li>The needs of the American people come first before any other concern of government. Any other prioritization violates the sovereignty of the people.</li> <li>Sovereigntism is used partisan weapon, where anyone who differs with Trumpian formulations of sovereignty are identified as political enemies.</li></ul> <p>A more extreme conservative view of popular sovereignty involves a radical unwinding of centralized government and an expansion of regional sovereignty, where freedoms are controlled at the local level, not adjudicated at the federal level. From the perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Tea_party_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea party movement">tea party</a> and continuing among followers of Trumpism, the <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> concept of the sovereign people refers exclusively to a specifically defined Christian community that "invites people of different backgrounds to unite under a common 'American' sense of self". Similar to the perspective of Putinism, those individuals who maintain a separate minority <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity</a> are not only excluded, but are regarded as a threat to the majority's sovereignty, especially when they seek legal redress for violation of their human rights as defined by constitutional and international norms. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022295–296,_305_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinakov2022295–296,_305-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism_(political_doctrine)" title="Autonomism (political doctrine)">Autonomism (political doctrine)</a> – Acquiring or preserving political autonomy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> – Body of criticism of the European Union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> – Political ideology that promotes the interests of a nation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec sovereignty movement</a> – Independence movement in Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism (politics)</a> – Ideology that seeks to promote subnational administrative division interests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a> – Advocacy for separation from a larger group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico)">Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico)</a> – Movement to achieve sovereignty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a> – Rights and obligations of a dominant state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> – State subordinate to another state</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sovereigntism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllesBadie2016" class="citation journal cs1">Alles, Delphine; Badie, Bertrand (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/80774516.pdf">"Sovereigntism in the International System: From Change to Split"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Review of International Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 16–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3224%2Feris.v3i1.26004">10.3224/eris.v3i1.26004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Sovereigntism+in+the+International+System%3A+From+Change+to+Split&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=16-18&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3224%2Feris.v3i1.26004&rft.aulast=Alles&rft.aufirst=Delphine&rft.au=Badie%2C+Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F80774516.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereigntism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinakov2022" class="citation book cs1">Minakov, Mikhail (2022). "Sovereignty as a Contested Concept: The Cases of Trumpism and Putinism". <i>Inventing Majorities: Ideological Creativity in Post-Soviet Societies</i>. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783838216416" title="Special:BookSources/9783838216416"><bdi>9783838216416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sovereignty+as+a+Contested+Concept%3A+The+Cases+of+Trumpism+and+Putinism&rft.btitle=Inventing+Majorities%3A+Ideological+Creativity+in+Post-Soviet+Societies&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=ibidem-Verlag&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9783838216416&rft.aulast=Minakov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereigntism" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2018" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Jonathan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322207097">"A note on populism and global systemic crisis"</a>. <i>Economic Anthropology</i>. <b>5</b> (5): 136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsea2.12108">10.1002/sea2.12108</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Much of America has turned its back on Europe"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+just+Trump.+Much+of+America+has+turned+its+back+on+Europe&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Garton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2018%2Fsep%2F28%2Ftrump-america-europe-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASovereigntism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttinger2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ettinger, Aaron (2020). 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