CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>List of sieges of Gibraltar - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a593e332-1ff5-463c-ada0-8cd846d0938b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar","wgTitle":"List of sieges of Gibraltar","wgCurRevisionId":1243793292,"wgRevisionId":1243793292,"wgArticleId":37470768,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Featured lists","EngvarB from April 2013","Use dmy dates from August 2022","Lists of military operations","Sieges of Gibraltar","Lists of events in Gibraltar","Lists of sieges"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar","wgRelevantArticleId":37470768,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q16931493","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics" :true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg/1200px-Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="898"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg/800px-Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="599"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg/640px-Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="479"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="List of sieges of Gibraltar - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar rootpage-List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+sieges+of+Gibraltar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+sieges+of+Gibraltar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=List+of+sieges+of+Gibraltar" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=List+of+sieges+of+Gibraltar" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_sieges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_sieges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of sieges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_sieges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of sieges of Gibraltar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedi_di_Gibilterra" title="Assedi di Gibilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedi di Gibilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E5%8C%85%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="ジブラルタル包囲戦の一覧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジブラルタル包囲戦の一覧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Список осад Гибралтара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список осад Гибралтара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16931493#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&oldid=1243793292" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&id=1243793292&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FList_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16931493" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_lists" title="This is a featured list. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a featured list. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Satellite photo of the Strait of Gibraltar, showing Gibraltar to the north and Morocco to the south" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg/220px-Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg/330px-Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg/440px-Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of the Strait of Gibraltar showing the Rock's location in comparison to several other settlements that have featured in its history</figcaption></figure> <p>There have been fourteen recorded <b>sieges of Gibraltar</b>. Although the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> is only 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) long and 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) wide, it occupies an extremely strategic location on the southern <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> coast at the western entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Its position just across the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait</a> from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> in North Africa, as well as its natural defensibility, have made it one of the most fought-over places in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only five of the <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">sieges</a> resulted in a change of rule. Seven were fought between Muslims and Catholics during <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Gibraltar" title="Moorish Gibraltar">Muslim rule</a>, four between Spain and Britain from the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">Anglo-Dutch capture</a> in 1704 to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege</a> in 1783, two between rival Catholic factions, and one between rival Muslim powers. Four of Gibraltar's changes in rule, including three sieges, took place over a matter of days or hours, whereas several other sieges had durations of months or years and claimed the lives of thousands without resulting in any change in rule.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibraltar_Moorish_Castle_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ruins of stone castle on a hillside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gibraltar_Moorish_Castle_01.jpg/220px-Gibraltar_Moorish_Castle_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gibraltar_Moorish_Castle_01.jpg/330px-Gibraltar_Moorish_Castle_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gibraltar_Moorish_Castle_01.jpg/440px-Gibraltar_Moorish_Castle_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3128" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>Gibraltar's <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Castle" title="Moorish Castle">Moorish Castle</a>, the scene of many of the earlier sieges</figcaption></figure> <p>Gibraltar is a British territory and mountainous peninsula on the far southern coast of the Iberian peninsula, at one of the narrowest points in the Mediterranean, only 15 miles (24 km) from the coast of Morocco in North Africa. It is dominated by the steeply sloping <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock of Gibraltar</a>, 426 metres (1,398 ft) high. A narrow, low-lying isthmus connects the peninsula to the Spanish mainland. High coastal cliffs and a rocky shoreline make it virtually impossible to attack from the east or south. The west side – occupied by the town of Gibraltar, which stands at the base of the Rock – and the northern approach across the isthmus have been <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Gibraltar" title="Fortifications of Gibraltar">densely fortified</a> by its various occupants with numerous walls, towers and gun batteries. The geography of the peninsula provides considerable natural defensive advantages, which combined with its location have imbued Gibraltar with enormous military significance over the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first documented invasion of Gibraltar was by the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Gibraltar" title="Moorish Gibraltar">Moors</a>, Muslim <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a> who arrived from North Africa at the beginning of the eighth century. They used the area as a base from which to launch an <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">invasion of the rest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> which resulted in most of Iberia coming under Moorish rule.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> began later in the eighth century. The campaign eventually took 800 years to force the Moors back across the Strait, and did not reach the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Gibraltar" title="Bay of Gibraltar">Bay of Gibraltar</a> until the fourteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until 1309, nearly 600 years after Gibraltar was first settled, that the <a href="/wiki/First_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="First siege of Gibraltar">first siege of Gibraltar</a> was recorded. King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand I of Castile">Ferdinand I of Castile</a> began a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Algeciras (1309)">siege of Algeciras</a> on the other side of the bay in July, but his naval blockade was unable to stop supplies being smuggled in small boats from Gibraltar to the besieged city. He sent an army under <a href="/wiki/Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Alonso Pérez de Guzmán">Alonso Pérez de Guzmán</a> to take Gibraltar. De Guzmán succeeded after a month-long siege, and Gibraltar was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Castilian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian people">Castilians</a> for the first time. Six years later, the Moors attempted to retake the peninsula in the brief <a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Gibraltar">second siege</a> which was abandoned at the sight of a Castilian relief force. Another Moorish attempt eventually succeeded in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Gibraltar">third siege</a> of February–June 1333. A Castilian attempt to retake it in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Siege of Gibraltar">fourth siege</a> of June–August 1333 failed, as did the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Siege of Gibraltar">fifth siege</a> of 1349–50, in which King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI of Castile</a> died in an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> among the besiegers. The Moors of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes">Fez</a> fell out with each other over Gibraltar in 1411, leading to the Granadans besieging the fortified town in the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Siege of Gibraltar">sixth siege</a> and seizing it from the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a> of Fez. <a href="/wiki/Enrique_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_2nd_Count_de_Niebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla">Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla</a> made a failed attempt to capture Gibraltar in the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Siege of Gibraltar">seventh siege</a> of 1436, during which he perished.<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Moorish presence in Gibraltar ended in 1462, when Enrique's son <a href="/wiki/Juan_Alonso_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_1st_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" title="Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia">Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia</a> captured it after the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Siege of Gibraltar">eighth siege</a>. What followed was a bitter dispute over the rights to the fortress. The Duke of Medina Sidonia claimed Gibraltar as his own, making a mortal enemy of <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Arcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Arcos">Juan Ponce de León, Count of Arcos</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV of Castile</a> declared it crown property shortly afterwards and so began a civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry was deposed in effigy in 1465 by a council of nobles who proclaimed as king his half-brother <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1453%E2%80%931468)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1453–1468)">Alfonso</a>. Gibraltar's <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Siege of Gibraltar">ninth siege</a> took place after Medina Sidonia persuaded Alfonso to grant him the fortress, following which the Duke sent an army to storm the town. Henry's governor held out for fifteen months before finally surrendering in July 1467. Medina Sidonia's grandson, the third duke <a href="/wiki/Juan_Alfonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_3rd_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia">Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán</a>, was responsible for Gibraltar's <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Siege of Gibraltar">tenth siege</a> (and, as it happened, its last for 200 years). Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella I of Castille">Isabella I</a> again declared Gibraltar crown property in 1501, but her death three years later left Castile in turmoil, prompting Medina Sidonia to take advantage of the kingdom's weakness. He assembled an army and marched on Gibraltar in the hope that the city would simply open its gates to him, but it did not, forcing him to lay siege to it instead; he abandoned the attempt after three months.<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibraltar_northern_approach_1567.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sketch of the approach to Gibraltar in 1567" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gibraltar_northern_approach_1567.jpg/600px-Gibraltar_northern_approach_1567.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gibraltar_northern_approach_1567.jpg/900px-Gibraltar_northern_approach_1567.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gibraltar_northern_approach_1567.jpg/1200px-Gibraltar_northern_approach_1567.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>The heavily fortified northern approach to Gibraltar as seen in 1567; the view would have been substantially the same in 1704</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Siege_and_Relief_of_Gibraltar_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil-on-canvas painting depicting a scene from the Great Siege" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Siege_and_Relief_of_Gibraltar_%282%29.jpg/220px-The_Siege_and_Relief_of_Gibraltar_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Siege_and_Relief_of_Gibraltar_%282%29.jpg/330px-The_Siege_and_Relief_of_Gibraltar_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Siege_and_Relief_of_Gibraltar_%282%29.jpg/440px-The_Siege_and_Relief_of_Gibraltar_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Defeat_of_the_Floating_Batteries_at_Gibraltar,_September_1782" title="The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, September 1782">The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, September 1782</a></i>—a painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Singleton_Copley" title="John Singleton Copley">John Singleton Copley</a> of the Great Siege of Gibraltar</figcaption></figure> <p>Gibraltar lived in relative peace for over 200 years after the tenth siege, by which time the <i>Reconquista</i> was completed and Spain was unified under a single crown. The Rock's importance as a fortress diminished and its defences were neglected.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next siege came in 1704, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. The Confederate nations (led by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> in opposition to the Bourbons of the Spanish and French thrones) were seeking to gain a foothold in the Mediterranean, largely to distract the attentions of the Franco-Spanish <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon dynasty">Bourbon dynasty</a> from a land campaign in northern Europe. Gibraltar was chosen as the target after unsuccessful attempts on other ports.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederates attacked on 1 August 1704 and the Spanish governor <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Salinas" title="Diego de Salinas">Diego de Salinas</a> surrendered after the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">eleventh siege</a>, which only lasted three days. Within a few weeks, Spanish forces began assembling to the north of Gibraltar (now <a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="La Línea de la Concepción">La Línea de la Concepción</a>) for an attempt to re-take the fortress. After the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar">twelfth siege</a>, which comprised a six-month bombardment and blockade from the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> linking Gibraltar to the mainland, the garrison was no closer to surrendering and the Franco-Spanish army abandoned the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The War of the Spanish Succession formally ended in 1713 with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, under which Gibraltar was ceded to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. It was initially assumed that Britain would not permanently retain Gibraltar, and would eventually trade it for something else, but the strength of British public opinion made it politically impossible to use the territory as a bargaining chip.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain, meanwhile, felt betrayed by the French, who had negotiated the Treaty of Utrecht unilaterally, and was determined to regain Gibraltar. The issue came to a head in 1727 when King <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> claimed that the British had voided <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Peace_and_Friendship_Treaty_of_Utrecht_between_Spain_and_Great_Britain#ARTICLE_X" class="extiw" title="s:Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain">Article X</a> of the treaty, under which Gibraltar had been ceded, due to failures to adhere to its conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip's forces began the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar">thirteenth siege</a> from the isthmus on 22 February, but after four months, the Spanish supply chain could not keep up with the demands of the siege and, lacking a navy, Spain was unable to prevent Britain from resupplying the garrison by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years following the thirteenth siege, tensions began to resurface between Britain and France,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Spain remained neutral in a series of wars waged over the two nations' rival ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Utrecht was reaffirmed by a succession of treaties, but Spain remained determined to regain the territory she had lost. In addition to her struggles with France, Britain also struggled with her <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">North American colonies</a>, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> that began in 1775; four years later, Spain declared war on Britain, primarily in an attempt to win back Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain broke off communications with Gibraltar in June, beginning the fourteenth and final siege—the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege of Gibraltar</a>"—although the first shot of the siege was not fired until 12 September.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the siege, the Spanish attempted to starve the garrison into submission by blockading the isthmus and bribing the <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ben_Abdallah" title="Mohammed ben Abdallah">Sultan of Morocco</a> into cutting off supplies while bombarding the town and its fortifications. The Great Siege was noteworthy for the efforts of engineers on both sides to gain advantage through the adoption of novel technologies, such as the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Floating_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating batteries">floating batteries</a> and the British depressing carriages to allow cannon to fire downwards from the Rock of Gibraltar. The siege ended in a humiliating failure for Spain, as all attempts made on Gibraltar were repulsed with 6,000 killed and all floating batteries destroyed. Britain retained Gibraltar but ceded <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_177_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_177-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gibraltar played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and in many later conflicts. Hitler drew up plans to besiege Gibraltar during the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Second World War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Felix" title="Operation Felix">Operation Felix</a>), but the plans were never implemented and the Great Siege was the last military siege of Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians discuss the closure of the <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Gibraltar–Spain border">Gibraltar–Spain border</a> (part of an attempt by Spain to coerce the United Kingdom into ceding Gibraltar) from 1969 to 1985 as a "fifteenth siege";<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as this differs from the other fourteen sieges in that it was not a conflict between opposing militaries, it is not included in this list. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_sieges">List of sieges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of sieges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="margin-right: 0;"> <caption>Sieges of Gibraltar </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Name </th> <th scope="col">Start date </th> <th scope="col">End date </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Description of dispute </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Result </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Gibraltar">First Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1309 !">August 1309</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1309 !">12 September 1309</span> </td> <td>The first siege of Gibraltar lasted just over a month, ending on 12 September 1309. King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV of Castile</a> began <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Algeciras (1309)">a campaign</a> on 27 July 1309 against <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a> on the opposite side of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Gibraltar" title="Bay of Gibraltar">Bay of Gibraltar</a>, but was frustrated by the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Gibraltar" title="Moorish Gibraltar">Moors of Gibraltar</a>, who smuggled supplies to Algeciras under the cover of darkness. Ferdinand ordered <a href="/wiki/Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Alonso Pérez de Guzmán">Alonso Pérez de Guzmán</a> to attack Gibraltar. Guzmán attacked from the north and south simultaneously. When his men reached the top of <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">the Rock</a>, they set up catapults and began bombarding the town with rocks. The bombardment inflicted severe damage but failed to force the Moors out and a siege ensued, which was only broken when Ferdinand offered the Moors free passage back to Africa in exchange for their surrender of Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Moors surrender Gibraltar to Castile<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Gibraltar">Second Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1315 !">1315</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1315 !">1315</span> </td> <td>Exact dates unknown. A short-lived, unsuccessful attempt by the Moors to recapture Gibraltar six years after the first siege. The attempt was abandoned when <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castilian</a> naval and land forces approached Gibraltar to relieve it.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Abandoned, Castile retains control<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Gibraltar">Third Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1333-02 !">February 1333</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1333-06 !">17 June 1333</span> </td> <td>An attempt by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_Abd_al-Wahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid">Abd al-Malik</a>, allied with <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_IV,_Sultan_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed IV, Sultan of Granada">Muhammed IV, Sultan of Granada</a>, to recapture Gibraltar from the Castilians. The attack was preceded by a series of distraction campaigns waged by the Moors and Granadans in Castilian territory, which limited the ability of the Castilians to defend Gibraltar. The Moorish army—of approximately 7,000 men, who had been assembled in secret—laid siege to Gibraltar in February 1333, taking King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile" title="Alfonso XI of Castile">Alfonso XI of Castile</a> by surprise. Alfonso was unable to respond quickly due to the distraction campaigns, rebellion in central and northern Castile, and a lack of funds. He initially sent a flotilla of 21 vessels to assist, but without a supporting army, it could do little to break the siege. It took Alfonso four months to raise the funds to send an army to relieve Gibraltar, but the force only reached the <a href="/wiki/Guadalete_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalete River">Guadalete River</a> before the governor, Don Vasco Perez de Meira, surrendered to the Moors. The governor escaped to Africa, and was widely considered a traitor for misappropriating funds intended for strengthening the town's defences, as well as for hoarding food supplies during the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Castilians surrender to Moors<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Siege of Gibraltar">Fourth Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1333-06 !">26 June 1333</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1333-08 !">August 1333</span> </td> <td>In an attempt to make amends for his loss of Gibraltar earlier that month, Alfonso XI—feeling personal responsibility—attempted a counter-attack in late June 1333, before the Moors had chance to re-organise the city's defences. Alfonso attempted an amphibious assault, landing troops on the less fortified southern side of Gibraltar, but his commanders and troops were ill-disciplined. A large force rushed the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Castle" title="Moorish Castle">Moorish Castle</a> without waiting for reinforcements and were quickly outmanoeuvred. Many were killed and approximately 1,500 became stranded on the Upper Rock. Alfonso began to retreat, unable to bring in resupply ships due to the wind conditions. Accounts differ as to why, but Alfonso reversed his retreat a few miles in and decided to make a second attempt at an amphibious assault. The second operation succeeded in rescuing the men trapped on the Upper Rock, but attempts to storm the castle failed and the two parties settled into a siege. <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_IV_of_Granada" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed IV of Granada">Muhammed IV of Granada</a> attempted to relieve Gibraltar, but Alfonso withdrew his forces behind a defensive ditch in the <a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_the_isthmus_between_Gibraltar_and_Spain" title="Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain">isthmus</a> to the north of the Rock before Muhammed's army arrived. By August, Alfonso's army was itself effectively besieged and both sides were suffering, so the Moors offered a four-year truce, which Alfonso accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Moors retain control<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Siege of Gibraltar">Fifth Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1349 !">24 August 1349</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1350 !">27 March 1350</span> </td> <td>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%931344)" title="Siege of Algeciras (1342–1344)">siege of Algeciras</a> in 1344, Gibraltar was left as the most southerly point of <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish Spain">Moorish Spain</a>, making it a tempting target for the Christian rulers of the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. A ten-year truce had been negotiated in return for the Moors' surrender of Algeciras, but the truce was broken after <a href="/wiki/Abu_Inan_Faris" title="Abu Inan Faris">Abu Inan Faris</a> overthrew his father in 1348. Alfonso XI, having failed to recapture the rock in his two prior sieges, marched on Gibraltar in August 1349, bringing with him six <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a>, and quickly settled down for a long siege. He built a large camp on the isthmus north of the town and brought his mistress and their illegitimate children to stay with him. The siege continued through the winter, and in February 1350, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> broke out in Alfonso's camp. Alfonso's generals and the nobles and ladies with him in the camp begged him to lift the siege, but Alfonso vowed that he would not leave until Gibraltar was back in Christian hands. The king eventually caught the plague and he died on 27 March 1350 (<a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>). The siege immediately ended with Alfonso's death. By that time, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_I_of_Granada" title="Yusuf I of Granada">Yusuf I of Granada</a> had almost reached Gibraltar with a relieving army, but he halted and allowed the Christian party to withdraw and return to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> with the body of their king.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Abandoned, Moors retain control<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Siege of Gibraltar">Sixth Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td>1411 </td> <td>1411 </td> <td>After the death of Alfonso XI at the fifth siege, Castilian ambitions of reconquering Gibraltar gave way to civil war, allowing tensions between Granada and Fez to surface. In 1374, the Moors of Fez ceded Gibraltar to the Granadan Moors, apparently in exchange for the latter's assistance with rebellions in Morocco. The garrison of Gibraltar revolted against Granada in 1410 and declared allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Uthman_III" title="Abu Said Uthman III">Abu Said Uthman III</a> of Fez, who also occupied much of the surrounding area. The following year, Granada launched a counter-offensive aimed at re-conquering the territory it had lost to Fez and succeeded in pushing the Moroccan Moors back as far as Gibraltar. There, they initiated a siege—the only one of Gibraltar's sieges to be contested between two Muslim powers. The Granadans repulsed several attempts to break out of the town before entering it and storming the Moorish Castle with clandestine help from inside. The garrison was forced to surrender and Gibraltar reverted to Granadan rule.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hills_88_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hills_88-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Granada gains control from Fez<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Siege of Gibraltar">Seventh Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1436 !">August 1436</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1436 !">31 August 1436</span> </td> <td>Throughout the Moorish rule of Gibraltar, the town was used as a base for bandit raids into Castilian territory. In 1436, <a href="/wiki/Enrique_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_2nd_Count_de_Niebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla">Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla</a> (grandson of Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, who captured Gibraltar after the first siege) assembled a force of five thousand men with which he intended to storm Gibraltar and dismantle the raiders' base. He put his son, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Alonso_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_1st_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" title="Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia">Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia</a> in command of an army which marched from <a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a> to blockade the isthmus, while he led a fleet to land men on the beach. When Enrique arrived, he found the town's defences significantly stronger than he had anticipated – in particular, the sea wall had been extended since earlier sieges to prevent access to the Upper Rock from the beach. When his men landed, they found themselves caught between the tide and the sea wall, while the defending forces bombarded them with missiles. Enrique ordered his forces to withdraw, but was drowned when his boat capsized after several stranded men attempted to board it. Lacking the funds for an extended siege, Juan marched his army away, while the Moors recovered his father's body, decapitated it, and hung it in a basket above the town walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Hills_88_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hills_88-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Moors retain control<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Siege of Gibraltar">Eighth Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1462 !">August 1462</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1462 !">20 August 1462</span> </td> <td>In August 1462, an inhabitant of then-Muslim Gibraltar defected to Tarifa, where he converted to Christianity. He informed the Governor of Tarifa, <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Arcos" title="Alonso de Arcos">Alonso de Arcos</a> that Gibraltar was largely undefended. A sceptical Alonso took a relatively small force to Gibraltar to attempt to verify the defector's claims. Upon arrival, Alonso's men took up concealed positions from which they could observe the town. They captured a Moorish patrol and tortured them for information, which confirmed the defector's claims. Lacking sufficient men to hold the town even if he managed to capture it, Alonso sent for reinforcements from nearby Christian towns and from Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia (who blockaded the isthmus in the seventh siege and whose father's body still hung above the town walls). After contingents arrived from local towns, Alonso launched an assault, which resulted in two days of heavy fighting, after which the Moors sent an emissary to offer terms for surrender. However, Alonso did not have the authority to accept the surrender, and had to await the arrival of a more senior noble. A contingent from Arcos stormed the town after the Jerez contingent attempted to accept the Moors' surrender, prompting the town's inhabitants to retreat inside the castle walls. With Gibraltar in Christian hands, a dispute broke out between the de Guzmáns and the Ponce de Leons over which family's standard would be raised above the castle. The Ponce de Leons' men withdrew when they believed the de Guzmáns had set a trap for them, leaving the Rock under the control of the de Guzmáns and the two families mortal enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>De Guzmán family captures Gibraltar<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Siege of Gibraltar">Ninth Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1466 !">April 1466</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1467 !">26 July 1467</span> </td> <td>At the end of the eighth siege, Juan Alonso de Guzmán took control of Gibraltar after a bitter dispute with Alonso Ponce de Leon, but shortly after, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile" title="Henry IV of Castile">Henry IV of Castile</a> declared Gibraltar crown property, likely at the behest of the Ponce de Leons. When the Castilian nobles and clergy deposed Henry and declared his half brother <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1453%E2%80%931468)" title="Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (1453–1468)">Alfonso</a> king, Juan quickly pledged his loyalty to Alfonso in return for a royal warrant granting Gibraltar to the house of de Guzmán, and Juan launched the ninth siege. The governor of Gibraltar almost immediately retreated into the Moorish Castle, which Juan blockaded in the expectation that the governor would shortly surrender. Ten months later, however, the governor was still barricaded inside the castle, so Juan brought in cannon to breach the walls and stormed the castle, forcing the defenders to retreat to the Tower of Homage (the innermost chamber of the castle). The defenders remained inside the tower hoping for rescue, but finally surrendered when none came after a further five months.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>De Guzmán family resumes control<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Siege of Gibraltar">Tenth Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1506 !">September 1506</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1507 !">December 1506/January 1507</span> </td> <td>In 1501, Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>, during her continuation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>, decided that Gibraltar was too important to be left in private hands. She decreed it crown property—as her predecessor, Henry IV, had done around 40 years earlier—though apparently without resistance from house of de Guzmán. After Isabella's death in 1504 left her kingdom in turmoil, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Alfonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_3rd_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia">Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia</a> decided to exploit the instability and gathered an army to march on Gibraltar. He hoped that the city would simply open its gates to him, but it did not, and so began an unenthusiastic siege. After four months, the Archbishop of Seville persuaded the duke that it was dishonourable to continue the siege against the will of the inhabitants of Gibraltar, and the duke marched his army away, both sides having suffered minimal losses. Gibraltar was later awarded the title of "most loyal".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Abandoned, Castilian crown retains control<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Eleventh Siege (the "<a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">Capture of Gibraltar</a>") </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1704-08-01 !">1 August 1704</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1704-08-03 !">3 August 1704</span> </td> <td>Almost 200 years after the previous siege, and 240 years after the Spanish captured Gibraltar from the Moors, the eleventh siege arose from the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, in which several European powers, led by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, joined forces against France in 1702 to prevent the unification of the Spanish and French thrones.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allies sought a base from which they could control the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Gibraltar">Straits of Gibraltar</a>. After unsuccessful attempts on several other ports, including <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%A1diz_(1702)" title="Battle of Cádiz (1702)">Cadiz in 1702</a>, the allied fleet commanded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Rooke" title="George Rooke">George Rooke</a> decided to take Gibraltar. The siege began on 1 August 1704 when the allies landed around 2,000 marines on the isthmus, cutting Gibraltar off from mainland Spain. The next day, Rooke ordered a squadron of vessels to form a line from Old Mole to New Mole along the west coast of the Rock. Early on 3 August, they began bombarding Gibraltar's fortifications. The bombardment lasted around six hours, after which a landing party attempted to storm the New Mole (which exploded as they did so, possibly because of English carelessness or a Spanish trap). The survivors eventually managed to proceed along the sea wall to <a href="/wiki/Europa_Point" title="Europa Point">Europa Point</a> until a truce was agreed, allowing the governor until the next morning to agree with the city council to surrender, which they did at dawn on 4 August.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Confederates capture Gibraltar<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar">Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1704-09-03 !">3 September 1704</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1705 !">31 March 1705</span> </td> <td>After the capture of Gibraltar, the allies expected a counter-offensive, and in early September, it began. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Castillo_Fajardo,_Marquis_of_Villadarias" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Castillo Fajardo, Marquis of Villadarias">Francisco Castillo Fajardo, Marquis of Villadarias</a>, captain general of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, marched to the isthmus with an army of 4,000 men. There he set up camp just out of cannon range from Gibraltar while he awaited reinforcements. The marquis had gathered around 7,000 men by late October and planned to build his force to 12,000 before launching an assault. <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt">Prince George of Hesse</a>, who had taken control of Gibraltar after its capture, re-formed the defences around the Rock and organised the 2,000 English and Dutch marines under his command to hold vulnerable areas with relatively few men, which could be reinforced by a reserve force. Nevertheless, he feared his forces would not be able to withstand a simultaneous assault from land and sea such as the one that had brought him to Gibraltar. On 4 October, these fears appeared to be realised when several French troop ships, escorted by 19 warships, arrived in the Bay of Gibraltar and disembarked 3,000 soldiers at the head of the bay. The soldiers joined the marquis's men on the isthmus and, three weeks later, most of the French fleet departed; two days after that (26 October), the Spanish forces established their first battery and began firing on George's most northerly defences while a French raiding party attacked the harbour. Both parties settled down into the siege for the winter; the Spanish bombardment continued and the English and Dutch brought in reinforcements through December and January. After desertion and disease reduced the strength of the Spanish force, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> sent Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Froulay_de_Tess%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="René de Froulay de Tessé">René de Froulay de Tessé</a> to take command of the siege, along with 4,500 French and Irish reinforcements. On 7 February 1705, 1,000 Spaniards and 500 of the French and Irish reinforcements stormed the Round Tower, but suffered heavy losses in an Anglo-Dutch counter-attack. After the French fleet suffered a defeat at the hands of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Leake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Leake">Sir John Leake</a> at the end of March, the Catholic force began to withdraw and eventually abandoned the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Confederates retain control<sup id="cite_ref-FF9_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar">Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1727 !">22 February 1727</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1727 !">23 June 1727</span> </td> <td>In the words of the anonymous author of the <i>Impartial Account of the Siege</i>, the thirteenth siege "made rather more noise in the world in preparation than when undertaken".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The War of the Spanish Succession ended with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> in 1713, Article X of which formally ceded Gibraltar to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (as it became with the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of union 1707">Act of Union</a> in 1707). King <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> felt that he had been forced by Louis XIV to sign the treaty, and the Spanish were determined to regain Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1727, Philip claimed that Article X was null and void, citing several alleged violations of its terms by the British. The <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Moscoso_y_Montemayor" title="Cristóbal de Moscoso y Montemayor">Marquis de las Torres</a> began assembling an army, supported by contingents from across Catholic Europe, to attack Gibraltar; in response, the British began reinforcing the garrison. The thirteenth siege began on 22 February when the British fired on a party of Spanish workers in the neutral territory north of the Rock; from then on, the Spanish attempted to build batteries on the isthmus with which to bombard British batteries and the city walls, while the British attempted to halt Spanish progress. By 24 March, the Spanish had established batteries within range of the British defences and began a ten-day bombardment, inflicting considerable damage which the British struggled to repair. The Spanish pace was reduced by bad weather, which began in early April; it was not until 7 May that the bombardment began again in earnest. By 20 May, the Spanish supply chain could not keep up with the demands of the bombardment while the British were almost constantly able to resupply by sea. The Spanish offered a truce on 23 June, which was signed the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Britain retains control<sup id="cite_ref-FF10_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF10-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Fourteenth Siege (the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege of Gibraltar</a>") </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1779 !">24 June 1779</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="1783 !">7 February 1783</span> </td> <td>The fourteenth and final siege (the "Great Siege of Gibraltar") was the longest and most famous of Gibraltar's sieges. The <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> broke out in 1775, and in 1779, Spain <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in the American Revolutionary War">allied with France</a> and declared war on Britain, the primary ambition of which being to recover Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bearing in mind the futility of previous sieges in which Gibraltar had been blockaded only by land, the Spanish launched a combined land and sea blockade in an attempt to starve the garrison into surrender. They bribed the sultan of Morocco into severing trade with Gibraltar and built booms to prevent ships landing supplies, while simultaneously blockading the isthmus with over 13,000 men, where work began on rebuilding the batteries from the previous siege 50 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the summer of 1780, Spanish forces attempted to bombard Gibraltar with fire ships and gunboats, while the British attempted to devise ways of frustrating these attacks as well as bombarding the Spanish camp with the few cannon that could reach.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish bombardment continued throughout the siege, though slackening at times, but the naval blockade was intermittent, meaning that merchants were able to land and sell supplies to the garrison, preventing it from being starved into submission. The merchants also conveyed those civilians who could afford it away from the Rock, and so the civilian population gradually declined.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The siege concluded after Britain ceded <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> to Spain in exchange for Gibraltar in lengthy negotiations facilitated by France.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_177_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_177-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Britain retains control<sup id="cite_ref-FF10_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF10-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/48px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/64px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gibraltar" title="Portal:Gibraltar">Gibraltar portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">History of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Gibraltar" title="Timeline of the history of Gibraltar">Timeline of the history of Gibraltar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Dennis" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Philip (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gibraltar0000denn"><i>Gibraltar</i></a></span>. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-7358-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-7358-7"><bdi>0-7153-7358-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gibraltar&rft.place=Newton+Abbot%2C+Devon&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles+Ltd&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-7153-7358-7&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgibraltar0000denn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+sieges+of+Gibraltar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Finlayson" class="citation book cs1">Fa, Darren; <a href="/wiki/Clive_Finlayson" title="Clive Finlayson">Finlayson, Clive</a> (2006). <i>The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068–1945</i>. Fortress 45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-016-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-016-1"><bdi>978-1-84603-016-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortifications+of+Gibraltar+1068%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Fortress+45&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-016-1&rft.aulast=Fa&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+sieges+of+Gibraltar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHills1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Hills_(historian)" title="George Hills (historian)">Hills, George</a> (1974). <i>Rock of Contention: A History of Gibraltar</i>. London: Robert Hale & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-4352-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7091-4352-4"><bdi>0-7091-4352-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+of+Contention%3A+A+History+of+Gibraltar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Hale+%26+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7091-4352-4&rft.aulast=Hills&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+sieges+of+Gibraltar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Jackson (British Army officer)">Jackson, Sir William G. F.</a> (1987). <i>The Rock of the Gibraltarians</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cranbury,_New_Jersey" title="Cranbury, New Jersey">Cranbury, New Jersey</a>: Associated University Presses. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8386-3237-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8386-3237-8"><bdi>0-8386-3237-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rock+of+the+Gibraltarians&rft.place=Cranbury%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-8386-3237-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Sir+William+G.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+sieges+of+Gibraltar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rose" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Edward P.F. (2001). "Military Engineering on the Rock of Gibraltar and its Geoenvironmental Legacy". In Ehlen, Judy; Harmon, Russell S. (eds.). <i>The Environmental Legacy of Military Operations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>: Geological Society of America. pp. 95–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8137-4114-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8137-4114-9"><bdi>0-8137-4114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Military+Engineering+on+the+Rock+of+Gibraltar+and+its+Geoenvironmental+Legacy&rft.btitle=The+Environmental+Legacy+of+Military+Operations&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=95-121&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8137-4114-9&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+sieges+of+Gibraltar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Specific</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fa & Finlayson, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis, pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fa & Finlayson, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FF9-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF9_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fa & Finlayson, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fa & Finlayson, pp. 9, 20–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 115–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_177-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_177_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_177_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finlayson, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, pp. 56–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, p. 60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, p. 62–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 54–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hills_88-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hills_88_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hills_88_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 57–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, pp. 91–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 63–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 71–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, pp. 102–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 94–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, pp. 168–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 103–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, pp. 184–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 123–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hills, pp. 262–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FF10-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FF10_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF10_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fa & Finlayson, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, p. 164.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Gibraltar&#124;link=Gibraltar_Sieges_of_Gibraltar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sieges_of_Gibraltar" title="Template:Sieges of Gibraltar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sieges_of_Gibraltar" title="Template talk:Sieges of Gibraltar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sieges_of_Gibraltar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sieges of Gibraltar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Gibraltar&#124;link=Gibraltar_Sieges_of_Gibraltar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><img alt="Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sieges of Gibraltar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#Moorish_rule_(711–1309,_1333–1462)" title="History of Gibraltar">Moorish rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="First siege of Gibraltar">1309</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#Moorish_rule_(711–1309,_1333–1462)" title="History of Gibraltar">Castilian rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Second siege of Gibraltar">1316</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Third siege of Gibraltar">1333</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#Moorish_rule_(711–1309,_1333–1462)" title="History of Gibraltar">Moorish rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Fourth siege of Gibraltar">1333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Fifth siege of Gibraltar">1349–1350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Sixth siege of Gibraltar">1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Seventh siege of Gibraltar">1436</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Eighth siege of Gibraltar">1462</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#Castilian_and_Spanish_rule_(1462–1704)" title="History of Gibraltar">Castilian/Spanish rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Ninth siege of Gibraltar">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Tenth siege of Gibraltar">1506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">1704</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#British_rule_(1713–present)" title="History of Gibraltar">British rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Twelfth siege of Gibraltar">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Thirteenth siege of Gibraltar">1727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">1779–1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gibraltar_topics_15px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:red;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gibraltar_topics" title="Template:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gibraltar_topics" title="Template talk:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gibraltar_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gibraltar_topics_15px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Gibraltar</span></a> topics  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/15px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthals_in_Gibraltar" title="Neanderthals in Gibraltar">Neanderthals in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Gibraltar" title="Timeline of the history of Gibraltar">Timeline</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">sieges</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Gibraltar">First Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1607)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1607)">Battle of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">Capture of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rooke" title="George Rooke">George Rooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar">Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Eliott,_1st_Baron_Heathfield" title="George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield">George Augustus Eliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_real" title="Gibraltar real">Gibraltar real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nationality_in_Gibraltar" title="History of nationality in Gibraltar">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Genoese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Genoese in Gibraltar">Genoese in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maltese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Maltese in Gibraltar">Maltese in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosion_of_the_RFA_Bedenham" title="Explosion of the RFA Bedenham">Explosion of the RFA <i>Bedenham</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Death_on_the_Rock" title="Death on the Rock">Death on the Rock</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Aurora_(2000)#2003:_Norwalk_virus_breakout" title="MV Aurora (2000)"><i>Aurora</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_New_Flame" title="MV New Flame"><i>New Flame</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Fedra" title="MV Fedra"><i>Fedra</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar">COVID-19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><img alt="Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/80px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/120px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/160px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Geography</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Gibraltar" title="Climate of Gibraltar">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Geology of the Iberian Peninsula">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores%E2%80%93Gibraltar_Transform_Fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault">Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Gibraltar" title="Category:Environment of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Environment</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Gibraltar" title="List of birds of Gibraltar">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Gibraltar" title="List of mammals of Gibraltar">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaques_in_Gibraltar" title="Barbary macaques in Gibraltar">Barbary macaques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_and_reptiles_of_Gibraltar" title="List of amphibians and reptiles of Gibraltar">Reptiles and amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberis_gibraltarica" title="Iberis gibraltarica">Candytuft <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Iberis gibraltarica</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Botanic_Gardens" title="Gibraltar Botanic Gardens">Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Ornithological_%26_Natural_History_Society" title="Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society">Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_Wildlife_Conservation_Park" title="Alameda Wildlife Conservation Park">Wildlife Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Gibraltar" title="Bay of Gibraltar">Bay of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Bay" title="Catalan Bay">Catalan Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Beach,_Gibraltar" title="Eastern Beach, Gibraltar">Eastern Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cave" title="St. Michael's Cave">St. Michael's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bay,_Gibraltar" title="Sandy Bay, Gibraltar">Sandy Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Cave" title="Vanguard Cave">Vanguard Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_Hill_(Gibraltar)" title="Windmill Hill (Gibraltar)">Windmill Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Gibraltar" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Built</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Hotel,_Gibraltar" title="Bristol Hotel, Gibraltar">Bristol Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_City_Hall" title="Gibraltar City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Convent_(Gibraltar)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convent (Gibraltar)">The Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrison_Library" title="Garrison Library">Garrison Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_V_Hospital_(Gibraltar)" title="King George V Hospital (Gibraltar)">King George V Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Castle" title="Moorish Castle">Moorish Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rock_Hotel" title="The Rock Hotel">The Rock Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bernard%27s_Hospital" title="St Bernard's Hospital">St. Bernard's Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Politics_and_Government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Politics and Government</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Gibraltar" title="Constitution of Gibraltar">Constitution Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_1969" title="Gibraltar Constitution Order 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006" title="Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006">2006</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Gibraltar" title="Law of Gibraltar">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Gibraltar" title="Judiciary of Gibraltar">court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Gibraltar">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_passport_(Gibraltar)" title="British passport (Gibraltar)">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_development_in_modern_Gibraltar" title="Political development in modern Gibraltar">Political development in modern Gibraltar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Gibraltar" title="Chief Minister of Gibraltar">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Gibraltar" title="Mayor of Gibraltar">Mayor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Political issues</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Swan_Project" title="Black Swan Project">Black Swan Project controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed status of Gibraltar">Disputed status</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_the_isthmus_between_Gibraltar_and_Spain" title="Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain">isthmus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Gibraltar" title="Elections in Gibraltar">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2007 Gibraltar general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2011 Gibraltar general election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2015 Gibraltar general election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2019 Gibraltar general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2023 Gibraltar general election">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Gibraltar Parliament">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Speaker of the Gibraltar Parliament">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Gibraltar" title="List of political parties in Gibraltar">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty referendums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">2002</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">EU referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Military</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Gibraltar" title="British Forces Gibraltar">British Forces Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Defence_Police" title="Gibraltar Defence Police">Gibraltar Defence Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Squadron" title="Gibraltar Squadron">Gibraltar Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_of_Magdala_Battery" title="Napier of Magdala Battery">Napier of Magdala Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Gibraltar" title="RAF Gibraltar">RAF Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Police" title="Royal Gibraltar Police">Royal Gibraltar Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Regiment" title="Royal Gibraltar Regiment">Royal Gibraltar Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gibraltar" title="Economy of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Economy</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Gibraltar" title="List of banks in Gibraltar">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_pound" title="Gibraltar pound">Gibraltar pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Gibraltar_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Gibraltar pound">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Stock_Exchange" title="Gibraltar Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Gibraltar" title="Taxation in Gibraltar">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Gibraltar" title="Tourism in Gibraltar">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Gibraltar" title="Communications in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Communications</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.gi" title=".gi">.gi <span style="font-size:85%;">(Internet domain)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation">Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Chronicle" title="Gibraltar Chronicle">Gibraltar Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibtelecom" title="Gibtelecom">Gibtelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panorama_(Gibraltar)" title="Panorama (Gibraltar)">Panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Regulatory_Authority" title="Gibraltar Regulatory Authority">Regulatory Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Post_Office" title="Royal Gibraltar Post Office">Royal Gibraltar Post Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Gibraltar" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Gibraltar">postage stamps and history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_orders_of_Gibraltar" title="Postal orders of Gibraltar">postal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Study_Circle" title="Gibraltar Study Circle">Study Circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Gibraltar" title="Telephone numbers in Gibraltar">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Gibraltar" title="Transport in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Transport</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_International_Airport" title="Gibraltar International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cable_Car" title="Gibraltar Cable Car">Cable car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Gibraltar–Spain border">Gibraltar–Spain border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_in_Gibraltar" title="Shipping in Gibraltar">Shipping in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Gibraltar" title="Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Culture</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayside_Comprehensive_School" title="Bayside Comprehensive School">Bayside Comprehensive School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westside_School,_Gibraltar" title="Westside School, Gibraltar">Westside School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gibraltar" title="University of Gibraltar">University of Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Gibraltar" title="Miss Gibraltar">Miss Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gibraltar" title="Music of Gibraltar">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ll%C3%A9vame_Donde_Nac%C3%AD" title="Llévame Donde Nací">Llévame Donde Nací</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gibraltar Fair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_National_Day" title="Gibraltar National Day">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Gibraltar" title="Public holidays in Gibraltar">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_Gibraltar" title="Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar">Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Gibraltar" title="Demographics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Demographics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarians" title="Gibraltarians">Gibraltarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gibraltarians" title="List of Gibraltarians">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gibraltarians in the United Kingdom">in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_status" title="Gibraltarian status">Gibraltarian status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gibraltar" title="Languages of Gibraltar">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Religion</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_in_Europe" title="Diocese in Europe">Diocese in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_Europe" title="Bishop in Europe">Bishop diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_Bishop_in_Europe" title="Suffragan Bishop in Europe">Bishop suffragan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Gibraltar" title="Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Gibraltar">Cathedral of the Holy Trinity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Gibraltar" title="St Andrew's Church, Gibraltar">St. Andrew's Church <span style="font-size:85%;">(Church of Scotland)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Methodist_Church" title="Gibraltar Methodist Church">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Gibraltar">Roman Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gibraltar" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar">Diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Bishop of Gibraltar">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Mary_the_Crowned" title="Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned">Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Our Lady of Europe">Our Lady of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Europe">Shrine of Our Lady of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Cemetery" title="Trafalgar Cemetery">Trafalgar Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other faiths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Gibraltar" title="Hinduism in Gibraltar">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gibraltar" title="Islam in Gibraltar">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim_Mosque" title="Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque">Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Gibraltar)" title="Great Synagogue (Gibraltar)">Great Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues of Gibraltar">other synagogues</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Gibraltar" title="Sport in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Sport</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_sport" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:4.4em;font-weight:normal;">By sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar national basketball team">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cricket_Association" title="Gibraltar Cricket Association">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_cricket_team" title="Gibraltar national cricket team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cycling_Association" title="Gibraltar Cycling Association">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Hockey_Association" title="Gibraltar Hockey Association">Field hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="Gibraltar men's national field hockey team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Gibraltar" title="Football in Gibraltar">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Football_Association" title="Gibraltar Football Association">Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_football_team" title="Gibraltar national football team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Gibraltar" title="Rugby union in Gibraltar">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_rugby_union_team" title="Gibraltar national rugby union team">national team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Barbarians_Rugby_Club" title="Gibraltar Barbarians Rugby Club">Campo Gibraltar RUFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Gibraltar at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Island_Games_Association" title="International Island Games Association">Island Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_records_in_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltarian records in athletics">Records in athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Stadium,_Gibraltar" title="Victoria Stadium, Gibraltar">Victoria Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Gibraltar" title="Category:National symbols of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Symbols</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Anthem" title="Gibraltar Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar" title="Coat of arms of Gibraltar">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Gibraltar" title="Flag of Gibraltar">Official flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Gibraltar">other flags</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:red;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Gibraltar" title="Category:Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span>  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gibraltar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Commons</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Gibraltar" title="Portal:Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Portal</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Gibraltar" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">WikiProject</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&oldid=1243793292">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&oldid=1243793292</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_military_operations" title="Category:Lists of military operations">Lists of military operations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_of_Gibraltar" title="Category:Sieges of Gibraltar">Sieges of Gibraltar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_events_in_Gibraltar" title="Category:Lists of events in Gibraltar">Lists of events in Gibraltar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_sieges" title="Category:Lists of sieges">Lists of sieges</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_lists" title="Category:Featured lists">Featured lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_April_2013" title="Category:EngvarB from April 2013">EngvarB from April 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2022">Use dmy dates from August 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 September 2024, at 13:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-697b7966c5-dcp9g","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.510","walltime":"0.688","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2833,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":123823,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2027,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":51385,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 553.850 1 -total"," 20.97% 116.140 8 Template:Navbox"," 19.99% 110.721 5 Template:Cite_book"," 17.56% 97.251 1 Template:Sieges_of_Gibraltar"," 15.49% 85.802 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.33% 57.193 1 Template:Gibraltar_topics"," 9.99% 55.345 6 Template:Main_other"," 9.49% 52.569 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 8.60% 47.629 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.35% 40.693 4 Template:Convert"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.244","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7492797,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-559c9fd9f4-mc8tt","timestamp":"20241126132009","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"List of sieges of Gibraltar","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16931493","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16931493","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-10-27T22:37:03Z","dateModified":"2024-09-03T13:35:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f7\/Gibraltar_World_Wind_view_annotated.jpg","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>