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<span>Importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_two-sided_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_two-sided_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consumer two-sided role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_two-sided_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborative_intensity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborative_intensity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Collaborative intensity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collaborative_intensity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Collaborative intensity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Collaborative_intensity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pure_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pure collaboration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sourcing_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sourcing_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sourcing collaboration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sourcing_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trading_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trading_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consum_col%C2%B7laboratiu" title="Consum col·laboratiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consum col·laboratiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoluspot%C5%99ebitelstv%C3%AD" title="Spoluspotřebitelství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spoluspotřebitelství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumo_colaborativo" title="Consumo colaborativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consumo colaborativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkarlaneko_kontsumo" title="Elkarlaneko kontsumo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elkarlaneko kontsumo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="مصرف همدستانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصرف همدستانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consommation_collaborative" title="Consommation collaborative – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consommation collaborative" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumo_collaborativo" title="Consumo collaborativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consumo collaborativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsp%C3%B3lna_konsumpcja" title="Wspólna konsumpcja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wspólna konsumpcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerism" title="Category:Anti-consumerism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theories and ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_hacking" title="Billboard hacking">Billboard hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyer%27s_remorse" title="Buyer's remorse">Buyer's remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsive_buying_disorder" title="Compulsive buying disorder">Compulsive buying disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conviviality" title="Conviviality">Conviviality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Feminist political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food loss and waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperconsumerism" title="Hyperconsumerism">Hyperconsumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconophilia" title="Laconophilia">Laconophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_food" title="Local food">Local food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Non-possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_obsolescence" title="Planned obsolescence">Planned obsolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumerism" title="Post-consumerism">Post-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Food" title="Slow Food">Slow Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvertising" title="Subvertising">Subvertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Sustainable consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Sustainable consumption</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Affluent_Society" title="The Affluent Society">The Affluent Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></li> <li>The Society of the Spectacle <span class="noitalic">(<a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">book</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle_(film)" title="The Society of the Spectacle (film)">film</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Consumer_Society:_Myths_and_Structures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures (page does not exist)">The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_consommation_(ouvrage)" class="extiw" title="fr:La Société de consommation (ouvrage)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Book" title="Steal This Book">Steal This Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Have_or_to_Be%3F" title="To Have or to Be?">To Have or to Be?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></li> <li>Fight Club <span class="noitalic">(<a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fight_Club" title="Fight Club">film</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Logo" title="No Logo">No Logo</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Profit_over_People" title="Profit over People">Profit over People: Neoliberalism<br />and Global Order</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cultural_Creatives" title="The Cultural Creatives">The Cultural Creatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza:_The_All-Consuming_Epidemic" title="Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic">Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evasion_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evasion (book)">Evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Corporation_(2003_film)" title="The Corporation (2003 film)">The Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus:_Terrorized_into_Being_Consumers" title="Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers">Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So,_What%27s_Your_Price%3F" title="So, What's Your Price?">So, What's Your Price?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Would_Jesus_Buy%3F" title="What Would Jesus Buy?">What Would Jesus Buy?</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerist_groups" title="Category:Anti-consumerist groups">Organizations and groups</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adbusters" title="Adbusters">Adbusters</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crass" title="Crass">Crass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Green_Resistance" title="Deep Green Resistance">Deep Green Resistance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Liberation_Front" title="Earth Liberation Front">Earth Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate_(periodical)" title="Fifth Estate (periodical)"><i>Fifth Estate</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">Freecycle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Anarchy">Green Anarchy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Social_Ecology" title="Institute for Social Ecology">Institute for Social Ecology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverend_Billy_and_the_Church_of_Stop_Shopping" title="Reverend Billy and the Church of Stop Shopping">Reverend Billy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venus_Project" title="The Venus Project">The Venus Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yes_Men" title="The Yes Men">The Yes Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/350.org" title="350.org">350.org</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-consumerists" title="Category:Anti-consumerists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Bonaiuti" title="Mauro Bonaiuti">Mauro Bonaiuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Georgescu-Roegen" title="Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen">Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Goldsmith" title="Edward Goldsmith">Edward Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Goodman" title="Paul Goodman">Paul Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Latouche" title="Serge Latouche">Serge Latouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donella_Meadows" title="Donella Meadows">Donella Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rabhi" title="Pierre Rabhi">Pierre Rabhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stiegler" title="Bernard Stiegler">Bernard Stiegler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related social movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporate activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diggers_(theater)" title="Diggers (theater)">Diggers (theater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism">Neo-Luddism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">Consumption (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_(sociology)" title="Consumption (sociology)">Consumption (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyfication" title="Disneyfication">Disneyfication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">Economic materialism</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_problems" title="Category:Economic problems">Economic problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">HospEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">Informal sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monetary_economy" title="Non-monetary economy">Non-monetary economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">Post-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-consumerism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Collaborative consumption</b> is the set of those <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resource</a> circulation systems in which <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumers</a> both "obtain" and "provide", temporarily or permanently, valuable resources or <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a> through direct interaction with other consumers or through a mediator. It is sometimes paired with the concept of the "<a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">sharing economy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaborative consumption is not new; it has always existed (e.g. in the form of <a href="/wiki/Flea_market" title="Flea market">flea markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swap_meet" class="mw-redirect" title="Swap meet">swap meets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garage_sale" title="Garage sale">garage sales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_boot_sale" title="Car boot sale">car boot sales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second-hand_shop" title="Second-hand shop">second-hand shops</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, collaborative consumption was named one of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's 10 ideas that will change the world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first detailed explanation of collaborative consumption in the modern era was in a paper from Marcus Felson and Joe L. Spaeth in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has regained a new impetus through <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_technology" title="Mobile technology">mobile technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ritzer2014_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritzer2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A June 2018 study,<sup id="cite_ref-bibliometrics_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibliometrics-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">network analysis</a>, analyzed the evolution of scholarly research on collaborative consumption, and identified that this expression started in 2010 with Botsman and Rogers' (2010) book <i>What's Mine is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption</i>. The number of studies published on the subject then increased in 2014. There are four clusters of research: 1) exploration and conceptualization of collaborative consumption; 2) <a href="/wiki/Consumer_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer behavior">consumer behavior</a> and marketing empiricism; 3) mutualization and <a href="/wiki/Sharing" title="Sharing">sharing</a> systems; 4) <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> in the collaborative economy. The analysis suggests that this last cluster was under-researched in contrast to the three others, but started to increase in importance after 2017. </p><p>Collaborative consumption contrasts with conventional consumption or traditional consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventional consumption involves passive consumers who cannot, or are not given the capacity to, provide any resource or service. In contrast, collaborative consumption involves not mere "consumers" but "obtainers", who do not only "obtain" but also "provide" resources to others (e.g. consumers, <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governments</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumers' capacity to switch roles from "provider" to "obtainer" and from "obtainer" to "provider", in a given resource distribution system, distinguishes conventional consumption from collaborative consumption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Botsman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachel Botsman (page does not exist)">Rachel Botsman</a>, co-author of <i>What's Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption</i>, defines collaborative consumption—also known as "shared consumption"—as "traditional sharing, bartering, lending, trading, renting, gifting, and swapping redefined through technology and peer communities."<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She states that we are reinventing "not just what we consume – but how we consume."<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botsman uses the example of a power drill to make her case for collaborative consumption: power drills are inherently underused since "what [is needed] is the hole, not the drill",<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so, instead, we should share goods such as these. For another example, cars cost at least $8,000 per year to run, even though they sit parked roughly 96 percent of the time. </p><p>Botsman defines three systems that constitute collaborative consumption: Distribution markets where services match haves and wants so that personal unused assets can be redistributed where they will be put to better use. Collaborative lifestyles allow people to share resources like money, skills, and time; this is best explained as the sharing of intangible resources. Product service systems provide the benefits of a product without having to own it outright; instead of buying products that are used to fulfill specific purposes, they can be shared. These different systems bring about change in society by providing new employment opportunities, including ways for people to earn money peer-to-peer, and decreasing the ecological impact on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TEDGlobal2012</a> Botsman asserted that the concept of trust, across multiple platforms, would constitute the currency of a new collaborative economy, saying that "reputation capital creates a massive positive <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">disruption</a> in who has power, influence and trust."<sup id="cite_ref-TEDBotsman20120924_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEDBotsman20120924-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sharing economy is built on the sharing of underused assets, both <a href="/wiki/Tangible_asset" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangible asset">tangible</a> and intangible. If people start sharing underused resources or services, this will decrease not only their material <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> but also their <a href="/wiki/Resource_efficiency" title="Resource efficiency">waste of resources</a>. </p><p>There are broadly two forms of collaborative consumption: </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mutualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutualization">Mutualization</a></b> or access systems: resource distribution systems in which individuals provide and obtain temporary access to resources, either free or for a fee.<sup id="cite_ref-arnould1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnould1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marketer-managed access schemes (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Car2Go" class="mw-redirect" title="Car2Go">Car2Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zipcar" title="Zipcar">Zipcar</a>, <a href="/wiki/BIXI_Montr%C3%A9al" title="BIXI Montréal">Bixi</a>) do not allow individuals to source resources,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are therefore not mutualization systems, whereas peer-to-peer renting sites <sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even toy-lending libraries,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allow consumers to provide resources, are.</li> <li><b>Redistribution</b> systems: resource distribution systems in which individuals may provide and obtain resources permanently, either free or for a fee.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Focusing on redistribution systems only, the Canadian-based "Kijiji Secondhand Economy Index" of 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimated that about 85% of consumers acquired or disposed of pre-owned goods through <a href="/wiki/Second-hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-hand">second-hand</a> marketplaces (second-hand purchase and resale), <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">donation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a>, through either online or offline exchange channels. According to the "Kijiji Secondhand Economy Index" of 2015, the Canadian second-hand market alone was estimated at 230 billion dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, for-profit mutualization platforms, commonly referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">commercial peer-to-peer mutualization systems</a>" (CPMS) or, more colloquially, the sharing economy, represented a global market worth 15 billion dollars in 2014; 29 billion dollars in 2015; and are expected to reach 335 billion dollars by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many thinkers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that collaborative economy, particularly in its <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">commons-based peer production</a> aspect, can cause major changes to the <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and reduce worldwide <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JemielniakPrzegalinska2020_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JemielniakPrzegalinska2020-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumer_two-sided_role">Consumer two-sided role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consumer two-sided role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collaborative consumption challenges business scholars and practitioners alike because it induces a two-sided consumer role which goes beyond the classic notion of a buyer/consumer, who typically has no input in the production or distribution process.<sup id="cite_ref-ritzer3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritzer3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies have traditionally sold products and services to consumers; they now start pulling on<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> their resources too through <a href="/wiki/Co-creation" title="Co-creation">co-creation</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or prosumption.<sup id="cite_ref-ritzer3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritzer3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Scaraboto,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="who or what is that? (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> this means that individuals are able to "switch roles, engage in embedded entrepreneurship and collaborate to produce and access resources".<sup id="cite_ref-scaraboto1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scaraboto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collaborative consumption is characterized by consumers' capacity to be both "providers" and "obtainers" of resources in a given "resource circulation system". A collaborative consumption system means therefore a resource circulation system in which the individual is not only a mere "consumer" but also an obtainer who has the opportunity to endorse, if wanted or needed, a "provider" role (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kijiji" title="Kijiji">Kijiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>), as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Obtainer</b> – The individual who seeks to obtain a resource or service that is provided directly by another consumer (i.e. the provider), or indirectly through the mediation of an organization known as the "mediator", which may be for-profit (e.g. <a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a>'s used furniture sales) or not-for-profit (e.g. <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a>);</li> <li><b>Provider</b> – The individual who provides a resource or service either directly to a consumer (i.e. the obtainer), or indirectly, through a "mediator" (for-profit or not-for-profit).</li></ul> <p>Through collaborative consumption, consumers become part of the <a href="/wiki/Value_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Value creation">value creation</a> process, not as formal workers, <a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">employees</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturer">suppliers</a>, but as informal suppliers (i.e. providers).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations also tap into the sphere of private <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">skills</a>, as formal organizations and not as <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friend" class="mw-redirect" title="Friend">friends</a>, or acquaintances, to make profits or reach other objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-ritzer2014_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritzer2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practices obtainers and providers may engage in are therefore classified into:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Obtainment</b> – entails second-hand purchase, reception of donation, barter, temporary access to resources, free or for a compensation (excluding conventional consumption rentals), reconditioned/<a href="/wiki/Refurbishment_(electronics)" title="Refurbishment (electronics)">refurbished</a> consumption, and to a lesser extent, recycled consumption;</li> <li><b>Provision</b> – involves second-hand sale, donation, barter, provision of temporary access to resources free or in exchange of a compensation, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade in (page does not exist)">trade in</a> (i.e. with an organization), and to a lesser extent, recycling.</li></ul> <p>Consumers may exchange resources and services directly with or without the support of an "intermediary" (an entity that facilitates the exchange between obtainer and provider<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Kijiji" title="Kijiji">Kijiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">Freecycle</a>, Yerdle). In these exchanges, the consumers set the terms and conditions of the exchange, in pure collaboration. There are also other types of third-parties that are more heavily involved in the consumer-to-consumer relationship. These are called "mediators" and they determine the terms and conditions of the exchange between consumers and typically take for themselves a predetermined proportion of the amount of value being exchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Second-hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-hand">second-hand</a> stores to which consumers may donate or resell goods that are then subsequently resold to other consumers. Some platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbnb" title="Airbnb">Airbnb</a>, <a href="/wiki/TaskRabbit" class="mw-redirect" title="TaskRabbit">TaskRabbit</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lending_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Lending Club">Lending Club</a> are also in this category. The intervention of mediators in a peer-to-peer relationship signals sourcing collaboration and its corollary, trading collaboration (see below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collaborative_intensity">Collaborative intensity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collaborative intensity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collaborative consumption can be conceived of as a "resource circulation system"<sup id="cite_ref-arnould1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnould1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> incurring different levels of collaborative intensity, namely: </p> <ol><li>Pure collaboration (C2C, or Consumer-to-Consumer)</li> <li>Sourcing collaboration (C2O, or Consumer-to-Organization)</li> <li>Trading collaboration (O2C, or Organization-to-Consumer)</li></ol> <p>A mediating or intermediary organization may be a for-profit or a not-for-profit:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Characteristics</th> <th>Pure collaboration</th> <th>Sourcing collaboration</th> <th>Trading collaboration </th></tr> <tr> <td>Process</td> <td>Both the obtainer and the provider are consumers who exchange a resource</td> <td>The provider provides a resource or service to the obtainer through a mediator</td> <td>The obtainer obtains a resource or service from the provider through a mediator </td></tr> <tr> <td>Process example</td> <td>The secondhand purchase/sale of a television set at a flea market</td> <td>Resale of a television set to a secondhand electronics shop</td> <td>A consumer purchases the television set from the secondhand electronics shop </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exchange type</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Consumer-to-consumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer-to-consumer">C2C</a></td> <td>C2O</td> <td>O2C </td></tr> <tr> <td>Consumer role</td> <td>Obtainer and provider</td> <td>Provider</td> <td>Obtainer </td></tr> <tr> <td>Presence of facilitators (e.g. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a> platform)</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Presence of mediator</td> <td>No</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pure_collaboration">Pure collaboration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pure collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pure collaboration<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involves direct P2P exchanges, in which consumers directly exchange a specific resource or service. For example, on online platforms such as classified ads or auctions websites, consumers directly provide and obtain resources or services. Although these online platforms are intermediates they are not "mediators", because consumers are free to devise the terms and conditions of distribution and consumption of the resource or service together, whereas mediators interfere in the devising. In sum, mediators are intermediates but not all intermediates are necessarily mediators. For example, the Canadian-based <a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">carpool</a> website Amigo Express does not allow obtainers (riders) and providers (drivers) to get into contact to arrange the terms of the ride. Rather, each agent needs to separately contact and pay a fee to the website in order to, respectively, obtain and provide the service. Amigo Express is, therefore, an intermediate that is a mediator. Conversely, using TheCarpoolingNetwork enables consumers to arrange themselves the terms and conditions of the exchange, and so the website acts as a facilitator, not as a mediator. Most C2C websites are online platforms and operate on the <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a> model, where the use of the website is free, but premium features must be paid for (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-scaraboto1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scaraboto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have a donationware mode of exchange, whereby website use is free but financial donations are requested or accepted to offset production and maintenance costs (e.g. The Khan Academy).<sup id="cite_ref-scaraboto1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scaraboto1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sourcing_collaboration">Sourcing collaboration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sourcing collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sourcing collaboration<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New technologies have sparked entrepreneurial creativity to develop new breeds of intermediates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="malformed sentence (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> claim to challenge conventional <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, and they do so, because they operate business differently, without delivering or producing anything by themselves, but by capitalizing on the logics of <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a> to do so. Sourcing collaboration, therefore, means that organizations do not provide a resource or deliver a service to consumers by themselves, but rely on providers (i.e. consumers) to do either. They benefit from the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> to mediate, at a cost and more efficiently, exchanges that would otherwise be authentically C2C exchanges. As an example, sourcing collaboration may refer to refurbished or reconditioned products, sold by conventional organizations, but provided by consumers (i.e. providers) who were, for some reason, dissatisfied with the products in question. Other examples include consumer provision of resources to antique dealers, consignment shops or <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>'s Fulfillment By Amazon (FBA) program. Similarly, online platforms that take a percentage <a href="/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)" title="Commission (remuneration)">commission</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instacart" title="Instacart">Instacart</a>, <a href="/wiki/TaskRabbit" class="mw-redirect" title="TaskRabbit">TaskRabbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airbnb" title="Airbnb">Airbnb</a>), actually outsource the fulfillment of specific tasks or jobs to consumer A in order to efficiently redistribute those to consumer B. Also, a tangible resource may circulate across multiple organizations (intermediates) from the provider to the obtainer. For example, a car sold by a consumer to a professional car dealer may then be sold and resold by several other car dealers, before being eventually resold to a consumer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trading_collaboration">Trading collaboration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trading collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trading collaboration<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the symmetrical opposite of "sourcing collaboration", in that it refers to the obtainer who enjoys a resource mediated by an organization but originally provided by another consumer (i.e. provider) via sourcing collaboration. The obtainer thus benefits from a resource that has been originally sourced by a provider to a mediator. The mediator, in turn, offers the provider's resource to the obtainer, usually—but not exclusively—at a cost, which will be fully, partially, or not at all returned to the original provider. In contrast to conventional consumption where the resource being enjoyed originates from a company, trading collaboration presupposes that the resource enjoyed by the obtainer has originally been sourced by another consumer. For example, trading collaboration occurs when consumer B obtains a cheaper refurbished <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> that has been traded into Best Buy by consumer A. Or it occurs when consumer B enjoys the delivery of her groceries by consumer A, through the <a href="/wiki/Instacart" title="Instacart">Instacart</a> <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourcing</a> application.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_day_living_with_commons-based_peer_production_communities_(CBPP).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/One_day_living_with_commons-based_peer_production_communities_%28CBPP%29.svg/220px-One_day_living_with_commons-based_peer_production_communities_%28CBPP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/One_day_living_with_commons-based_peer_production_communities_%28CBPP%29.svg/330px-One_day_living_with_commons-based_peer_production_communities_%28CBPP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/One_day_living_with_commons-based_peer_production_communities_%28CBPP%29.svg/440px-One_day_living_with_commons-based_peer_production_communities_%28CBPP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a> (CBPP) communities, aka P2P communities</figcaption></figure> <p>Collaborative consumption is a sort of economic arrangement in which participants mutualize access to products or services, in addition to finding original ways to individual ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-thedefinition_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thedefinition-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-exchange_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exchange-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon stems from consumers' desire to be in control of their consumption instead of "passive 'victims' of hyperconsumption".<sup id="cite_ref-mine_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mine-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collaborative consumption model is used in <a href="/wiki/Online_marketplace" title="Online marketplace">online marketplaces</a> such as <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> as well as emerging sectors such as social lending, peer-to-peer accommodation, peer-to-peer travel experiences,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> peer-to-peer task assignments or travel advising, and <a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">carsharing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuting</a>-bus sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-mine_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mine-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Botsman and Rogers identified three resource circulation systems within collaborative consumption or the sharing economy: product-service systems, redistribution markets, and collaborative lifestyles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Product-service_systems">Product-service systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Product-service systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Product-service_system" title="Product-service system">Product-service system</a></div> <p>Product-service systems are commercial peer-to-peer mutualization systems (CPMS), that allow consumers to engage in monetized exchanges through <a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Social peer-to-peer processes</a> for temporary access to goods. Consumers can share or rent out goods that they privately own by means of peer-to-peer marketplaces.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/DriveNow" title="DriveNow">DriveNow</a>", established in 2011, is a car rental service that offers an alternative to owning a car. Users can access a car when and where they need one and pay for their usage by the minute.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of traditional companies now also offer sharing services.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redistribution_markets">Redistribution markets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Redistribution markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A system of collaborative consumption is based on used or pre-owned goods being passed on from someone who does not want them to someone who does want them. This is another alternative to the more common '<a href="/wiki/Reduce,_reuse,_recycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduce, reuse, recycle">reduce, reuse, recycle</a>, repair' methods of dealing with waste. In some markets, the goods may be free, as on <a href="/wiki/The_Freecycle_Network" title="The Freecycle Network">The Freecycle Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zwaggle" title="Zwaggle">Zwaggle</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Kashless.org" title="Kashless.org">Kashless.org</a>. In others, the goods are swapped (as on <a href="/wiki/Swap.com" title="Swap.com">Swap.com</a>) or sold for cash (as on <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">craigslist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USell" title="USell">uSell</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborative_lifestyles">Collaborative lifestyles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Collaborative lifestyles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Collaborative lifestyles refer to community-based platforms that allow consumers to engage in monetized exchanges through <a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">social peer-to-peer processes</a> for services or access to resources such as money or skills.<sup id="cite_ref-morally_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morally-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these systems, people with similar needs or interests band together to mutualize and exchange less-tangible assets such as time, space, skills, and money. The growth of mobile technology enables location-based GPS technology and real-time sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharing" title="Sharing">Sharing</a> – online platforms for collaborative consumption of media</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collaborative_consumption&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaeihagh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Taeihagh, Araz (19 June 2017). 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consumerism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumerism" title="Template:Consumerism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumerism" title="Template talk:Consumerism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumerism" 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privacy">Consumer privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_revolution" title="Consumer revolution">Consumer revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_welfare_standard" title="Consumer welfare standard">Consumer welfare standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consumer" title="Informed consumer">Informed consumer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_activism" title="Consumer activism">Consumer activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Bill_of_Rights" title="Consumer Bill of Rights">Consumer Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_complaint" title="Consumer complaint">Consumer complaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_education" title="Consumer education">Consumer education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_movement" title="Consumer movement">Consumer movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Guidelines_for_Consumer_Protection" title="United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection">United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields of study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_math" title="Consumer math">Consumer math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics">Home economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_organization" title="Consumer organization">Consumer organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consumer_organizations" title="List of consumer organizations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_Association_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Consumers' Association (disambiguation)">Consumers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sharing_economy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sharing_economy" title="Template:Sharing economy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sharing_economy" title="Template talk:Sharing economy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sharing_economy" 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href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_carsharing" title="Peer-to-peer carsharing">Peer-to-peer carsharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_lending" title="Peer-to-peer lending">Peer-to-peer lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Peer-to-peer ridesharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borrowing_center" title="Borrowing center">Borrowing center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_swap" title="Clothing swap">Clothing swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-living" title="Co-living">Co-living</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_crowdfunding_services" title="Comparison of crowdfunding services">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_sharing" title="Flight sharing">Flight sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_sharing" title="Garden sharing">Garden sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_economy" title="Gig economy">Gig economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gig_economy_companies" title="List of gig economy companies">List of companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_exchange" title="Home exchange">Home exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestay" title="Homestay">Homestay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_economy" title="Platform economy">Platform economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ridesharing company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_library" title="Tool library">Tool library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-sided_market" title="Two-sided market">Two-sided market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlaBlaCar" title="BlaBlaCar">BlaBlaCar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drivers_Cooperative" title="The Drivers Cooperative">Co-Op Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingly_(company)" title="Wingly (company)">Wingly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">Hospitality exchange services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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