CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kodungallur - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e61b4778-bfa1-4bee-9216-f4c9f9a6e3de","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kodungallur","wgTitle":"Kodungallur","wgCurRevisionId":1255527321,"wgRevisionId":1255527321,"wgArticleId":840551,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Use Indian English from February 2016","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Use dmy dates from November 2019","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages with Malayalam IPA","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2022","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Suburbs of Kochi","Former Portuguese colonies","Cities and towns in Thrissur district","Maritime history of India","Former capital cities in India"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kodungallur","wgRelevantArticleId":840551,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":10.233761,"lon":76.194634},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1006282","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="827"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg/800px-Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="551"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg/640px-Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="441"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kodungallur - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kodungallur rootpage-Kodungallur skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kodungallur" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kodungallur" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kodungallur" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kodungallur" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_historic_harbour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_historic_harbour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early historic harbour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_historic_harbour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_port_of_Kodungallur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_port_of_Kodungallur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Medieval port of Kodungallur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_port_of_Kodungallur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Portuguese era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calicut_fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calicut_fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Calicut fleet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calicut_fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muziris_Heritage_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muziris_Heritage_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Muziris Heritage Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muziris_Heritage_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kodungallur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="কোদুঙ্গালুর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোদুঙ্গালুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungal%C2%B7lur" title="Kodungal·lur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kodungal·lur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungall%C5%ABr" title="Kodungallūr – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kodungallūr" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kodungallur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kodungallur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کدونگالور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کدونگالور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranganore" title="Cranganore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cranganore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="कोडुंगलूर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोडुंगलूर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="কোদুঙ্গুল্লুর – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কোদুঙ্গুল্লুর" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kodungallur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kodungallur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಕೊಡುಂಗಲ್ಲೂರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊಡುಂಗಲ್ಲೂರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kodungallur" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC" title="കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kodungallur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="कोटुंगल्लूर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोटुंगल्लूर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kodungallur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kodungallur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D" title="କୋଦୁଙ୍ଗାଲ୍ଲୁର୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୋଦୁଙ୍ଗାଲ୍ଲୁର୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranganor" title="Cranganor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cranganor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kodungallur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kodungallur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கொடுங்கல்லூர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொடுங்கல்லூர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80" title="Кондунгаллур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кондунгаллур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کوڈنگلور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوڈنگلور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kodungallur" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94" title="格朗格努尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格朗格努尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1006282#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kodungallur" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kodungallur" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kodungallur" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&oldid=1255527321" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kodungallur&id=1255527321&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKodungallur"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKodungallur"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kodungallur&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kodungallur" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kodungallur" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1006282" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kodungallur&params=10.233761_N_76.194634_E_type:city(70868)_region:IN-KL"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°14′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°11′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.233761°N 76.194634°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.233761; 76.194634</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kadungallur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadungallur">Kadungallur</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the developed town. For the palace of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur_Kovilakam" title="Kodungallur Kovilakam">Kodungallur Kovilakam</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Municipality in Kerala, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kodungallur</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Cranganore</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dutch East India Company ships in Kodungallur (1708)"><img alt="Dutch East India Company ships in Kodungallur (1708)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg/250px-Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg/375px-Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg/500px-Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="671" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Dutch East India Company ships in Kodungallur (1708)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Kerala_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kodungallur is located in Kerala"><img alt="Kodungallur is located in Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/250px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/375px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/India_Kerala_location_map.svg/500px-India_Kerala_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.325%;left:48.418%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kodungallur"><img alt="Kodungallur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kodungallur</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kerala</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kodungallur is located in India"><img alt="Kodungallur is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/250px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/375px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/500px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.896%;left:28.733%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kodungallur"><img alt="Kodungallur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kodungallur</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kodungallur&params=10.233761_N_76.194634_E_type:city(70868)_region:IN-KL"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°14′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°11′41″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.233761°N 76.194634°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.233761; 76.194634</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of India">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Kodungallur Municipality</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">29.24 km<sup>2</sup> (11.29 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 m (30 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">70,868</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,400/km<sup>2</sup> (6,300/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>, English</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">680664</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Telephone code</th><td class="infobox-data">0480</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">KL-47</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kodungallur</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ml-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">[koɖuŋːɐlːuːr]</a></span>; formerly also called as <b>Cranganore (anglicised name)</b>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <b>Cranganor</b>; <b>Mahodayapuram</b>, <b>Shingly</b>, <b>Vanchi</b>, <b>Muchiri</b>, <b>Muyirikkode</b>, and <b><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></b>) is a historically significant town situated on the banks of <a href="/wiki/Periyar_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar (river)">river Periyar</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrissur District">Thrissur district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India. It is 36 kilometres (22 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi (Cochin)</a> by <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_66_(India)" title="National Highway 66 (India)">National Highway 66</a> and 38 km (24 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a>. Kodungallur, being a port city at the northern end of the Kerala lagoons, was a strategic entry point for the naval fleets to the extensive <a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a>. </p><p>As of the 2011 India Census, Kodungallur Municipality had a population of 33,935. It had an average literacy rate of 95.10%.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 64% of the population follows Hinduism, 32% Islam and 4% Christianity. Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 7.8% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.1% of total population in Kodungallur.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kodungallur is the headquarters of the Kodungallur sub-district (tehsil) in <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kodungallur Kerala Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of <a href="/wiki/Chalakudi_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalakudi (Lok Sabha constituency)">Chalakudi Lok Sabha Constituency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kodungallur</a> is well connected to other towns in Kerala through the road network. <a href="/wiki/Aluva_railway_station" title="Aluva railway station">Aluva Railway Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam" title="Ernakulam">Ernakulam</a> district (28 km [17 mi]) is the major railway station near Kodungallur. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cranganore_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranganore Fort">Fort Cranganore (Fortaleza São Tomé)</a>, known locally as Kottappuram Fort, was constructed in Kodungallur by Portuguese in 1523. The fort was enlarged in 1565, and passed into the hands of the Dutch in 1663.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thiruvanchikulam Mahadeva Temple, dedicated to the god Siva, is one of the major Siva temples in South India. <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Siva</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thiruvanchikulam_Temple" title="Thiruvanchikulam Temple">Thiruvanchikulam Temple</a> was the patron deity of the Chera Perumals of Kerala and remains the family deity of the <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Royal Family">Cochin Royal Family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur_Bhagavathy_Temple" title="Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple">Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple</a> is a Hindu temple at Kodungallur dedicated to the goddess Bhadrakali, a form of Mahakali or simply Durga or Aadi Parashakthi worshipped and significantly revered in Kerala. The goddess is known also by the names "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Kurumba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Kurumba (page does not exist)">Sri Kurumba</a>"" (The Mother of Kodungallur). This temple is the head of 64 Bhadrakali temples in Kerala and is one of the oldest functioning temples in India. </p><p>It was here that one of Jesus's disciples, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St. Thomas</a> reached during 1st century AD to preach Christianity. </p><p>The first case of COVID-19 in India was reported at Kodungallur in a medical student who returned from <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_University" title="Wuhan University">Wuhan University</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodungallur_Bharani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kodungallur_Bharani.jpg/220px-Kodungallur_Bharani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kodungallur_Bharani.jpg/330px-Kodungallur_Bharani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kodungallur_Bharani.jpg/440px-Kodungallur_Bharani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>A scene from Kodungallur Bharani festival in <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur_Bhagavathy_Temple" title="Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple">Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Origin of the modern name 'Kodungallur' has multiple interpretations: </p> <ul><li>From <i>koṭuṁ-kall-ūr</i>, meaning 'place of the grand stone' in <a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil" title="Old Tamil">Old Tamil</a>, because of a huge stone that the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a> king Cheran Chenguttuvan brought from the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> to establish a shrine dedicated to the legendary Tamil woman <a href="/wiki/Kannagi_(Tamil_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannagi (Tamil mythology)">Kannagi</a>.</li> <li>From <i>koṭuṁ-kōl-ūr</i>, meaning the 'city of good governance'. ('kōl' literally means a <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">sceptre</a>)</li> <li>From <i>koṭuṁ-kāḷi-ūr</i> because of the existence of temple dedicated to goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>.</li> <li>From <i>koṭuṁ-kolai-ūr</i>, meaning a 'bloody killing field', because of a 16th-century battle between <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> which was fought here.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>In the medieval period (from c. ninth century CE), Kondungallur was part of the city of Makothai Vanchi (Sanskrit: <i>Mahodaya Pura</i>, Malayalam: <i>Mahodaya Puram</i>). It was the seat of the Kerala branch of the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera clan</a>, the Perumals, for about three hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-Menon2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kodungallur is well known in ancient times due to trade, and also due to the Baghavathy kshethram, and as well as the seat of Kannagi's resting place in the ksethram, after she burns down the capital of the Pandya rulers Madurai, who falsely accuse her husband of stealing the anklet of the royal Queen. This is steeped in the folklore of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, which is evident in the temple festivals, and has it roots in <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, which the Pandya ruler failed to follow, and incurs the wrath of the chaste Kannagi. This is also the story of the classical Tamil epic <a href="/wiki/Cilappatikaram" title="Cilappatikaram">Chilappatikaram</a>, written by royal born, but later turned ascetic <a href="/wiki/Ilango_Adigal" title="Ilango Adigal">Ilango Adigal</a>, brother of the Chera King Sengottuvan. It was also known as Muchiri Pattanam, Muyirikkode, Mahavanchimana Pattanam, and Thrikulasekarapuram.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kodungallur was also known as Jangli, Gingaleh, Cyngilin, Shinkali, Chinkli, Jinkali, Shenkala, and Cynkali, which are all derived from the name of the River Changala (or the Chain River, i.e., <i>Shrinkhala</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>), a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Periyar_River" title="Periyar River">Periyar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_historic_harbour">Early historic harbour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early historic harbour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></div> <p>Scholars believe that Muziris, an ancient harbour located on the mouth of Periyar, coincides with modern-day Kodungallur. Central Kerala and western Tamil Nadu in early historic south India was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a> line of rulers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_temple_at_Cranganore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hindu_temple_at_Cranganore.jpg/220px-Hindu_temple_at_Cranganore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hindu_temple_at_Cranganore.jpg/330px-Hindu_temple_at_Cranganore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hindu_temple_at_Cranganore.jpg/440px-Hindu_temple_at_Cranganore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption> 18th-century depiction of the Hindu temple at Kodungallur</figcaption></figure> <p>The harbour was visited by navigators from all over the world, especially from the Mediterranean world. The Roman Empire had a continuous trading connection with the West Coast of India. Along with spices (<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>), commodities including pearls, <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, diamonds, silk and perfumes were acquired by the sailors from central Kerala.<sup id="cite_ref-Menon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg/220px-Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg/330px-Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg/440px-Thomasreliquiar_Kondungallur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">Relic</a> of St. Thomas, kept in the sanatorium of a <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar">Syrian Church</a> in Kodungallur</figcaption></figure> <p>A traditional belief among the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a> in Kerala is that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> landed in or around Kodungallur<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the middle of the first century CE and founded <a href="/wiki/Seven_Churches_of_Saint_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Churches of Saint Thomas">Seven Churches</a>: Kodungallur, <a href="/wiki/Niranam" title="Niranam">Niranam</a>, Nilackal (<a href="/wiki/Chayal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chayal">Chayal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kokkamangalam" title="Kokkamangalam">Kokkamangalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kottakkavu_Mar_Thoma_Syro-Malabar_Pilgrim_Church,_North_Paravur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church, North Paravur">Kottakkavu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Palayoor">Palayoor</a> and Kollam.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg/220px-Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg/330px-Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg/440px-Cheraman_juma_masjid_Old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>A rebuilt structure of the old <a href="/wiki/Cheraman_Juma_Mosque" title="Cheraman Juma Mosque">Cheraman Juma Masjid</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Kerala Muslim</a> tradition, Kodungallur was home to the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">oldest mosque</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Cheraman_Perumals" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of Cheraman Perumals">Legend of Cheraman Perumals</a>, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>, who left from <a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> during the lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (c. 570–632).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SimpsonKresse2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimpsonKresse2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kupferschmidt1987_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kupferschmidt1987-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raṇṭattāṇi2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raṇṭattāṇi2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Qissat_Shakarwati_Farmad" title="Qissat Shakarwati Farmad">Qissat Shakarwati Farmad</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque"><i>Masjids</i></a> at Kodungallur, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madayi" title="Madayi">Madayi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barkur" title="Barkur">Barkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmadam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmadam">Dharmadam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Panthalayini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>, were built during the era of <a href="/wiki/Malik_Dinar" title="Malik Dinar">Malik Dinar</a>, and they are among the oldest <i>Masjid</i>s in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Malik_Dinar" title="Malik Dinar">Malik Dinar</a> died at <a href="/wiki/Thalangara" title="Thalangara">Thalangara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> town.<sup id="cite_ref-ch_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ch-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometime between the fourth and eighth century, the <a href="/wiki/Knanaya" title="Knanaya">Knanaya</a> Community is believed to have arrived from the Middle East under the leadership of the Syrian merchant <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cana" title="Thomas of Cana">Thomas of Cana</a>. The community settled on the southern side of Cranganore and eventually established three churches in the names of St. Thomas, St. Kuriakose, and St. Mary. The Knanaya left their settlement after its destruction during a battle between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a> in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one tradition, a <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Jew">Cochin Jew</a> colony in <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>, probably established before the sixth century BCE, attracted the Apostle to this region.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_port_of_Kodungallur">Medieval port of Kodungallur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval port of Kodungallur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economic and political prestige of the harbour of Kodungallur remained even in medieval South India. Sulaiman, a West Asian visitor to India during this period, recorded the "economic prosperity" of the region. Also, he describes the Chinese traders in the city; they are described as purchasing articles such as spices (pepper and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, pearls, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> fabrics and <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> wood.<sup id="cite_ref-Menon_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The port was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> rulers in the 11th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Menon2007_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the dissolution of the Chera Perumal rule (early 12th century CE), Kodungallur emerged as a principality, named Padinjattedathu Swaroopam, under the control of the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur_Kovilakam" title="Kodungallur Kovilakam">Kodungallur Kovilakam</a>. The city state was "allied" either to the kingdom of Cochin (Kochi) or to Calicut (Kozhikode).<sup id="cite_ref-Menon2007_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> It is postulated that the harbour at Kodungallur was devastated by natural calamities—a flood or an earthquake—in 1341, and consequently lost its commercial/strategic importance thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Nandy2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nandy2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the trade got diverted to other ports of the Malabar Coast, such as Cochin (Kochi) and Calicut (Kozhikode).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is speculated that the floods split the left branch of the River Periyar into two, just before the town of <a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a>. The flood silted the right branch (known as the River Changala) and the natural harbour at the mouth of the river to make it poorly navigable for large vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Menon1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_of_Kodungallur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cape_of_Kodungallur.jpg/250px-Cape_of_Kodungallur.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cape_of_Kodungallur.jpg/375px-Cape_of_Kodungallur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Cape_of_Kodungallur.jpg/500px-Cape_of_Kodungallur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2985" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>Cape of Kodungallur, where <a href="/wiki/Periyar_River" title="Periyar River">Periyar</a> empties into <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_fishing_nets" title="Chinese fishing nets">Chinese fishing nets</a> in the beach, believed to be installed by the 14th-century Chinese explorer <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>, have also become a popular tourist attraction.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2010-1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2010-1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_era">Portuguese era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Portuguese era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranganor,_Plan_de_la_forteresse_de_Cranganor._1709.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cranganor%2C_Plan_de_la_forteresse_de_Cranganor._1709.jpg/220px-Cranganor%2C_Plan_de_la_forteresse_de_Cranganor._1709.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cranganor%2C_Plan_de_la_forteresse_de_Cranganor._1709.jpg/330px-Cranganor%2C_Plan_de_la_forteresse_de_Cranganor._1709.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cranganor%2C_Plan_de_la_forteresse_de_Cranganor._1709.jpg/440px-Cranganor%2C_Plan_de_la_forteresse_de_Cranganor._1709.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4363" data-file-height="2981" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese built <a href="/wiki/Cranganore_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranganore Fort">Cranganore Fort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Fortaleza de São Tomé de Cranganor</i>) in 1523, at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese rule</a>, which lasted until 1662.</figcaption></figure> <p>Portuguese navigators began operating in South India from the early 16th century CE. During this period, Kodungallur was a "tributary state" of the kingdom of Kozhikode (Calicut) of <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorins (Samoothiris)</a>. Since Kodungallur was sandwiched between the kingdom of Kozhikode and the kingdom of Kochi, it was a matter of frequent dispute for both the kings. The chieftain of Kodungallur often switched allegiance from one king to another.<sup id="cite_ref-Malekandathil2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese spice trade was challenged by the kings of Kozhikode in the Indian Ocean. The port of Kodungallur had a sizeable Jewish, native Christian and Muslim population at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Subrahmanyam1998_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam1998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malekandathil2010_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese Company extended their aggression on Calicut to allied coastal city-states, including Kodungallur. The port was almost completely destroyed by the Portuguese (Suarez de Menezes) on 1 September 1504.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kodungallur, being a port city at the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Vembanad" title="Vembanad">Vembanad</a> lagoon, was a strategic entry point for Zamorin's army and fleet into the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_backwaters" title="Kerala backwaters">Kerala backwaters</a>. Hence, in October 1504 Zamorin dispatched a force to fortify Kodungallur. Reading this movement as a preparation for a renewed attack on Kochi, the Portuguese commander, Lopo Soares, ordered a <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive strike">preemptive strike</a>. A squadron of around ten fighting ships, accompanied by numerous fighting boats from Kochi, headed up to Kodungallur. The heavier ships, unable to make their way into the shallow channels, anchored at <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Palliport</a> (Pallipuram, on the outer edge of <a href="/wiki/Vypin" title="Vypin">Vypin</a> island), while the smaller frigates progressed to the destination. </p><p>Converging on Kodungallur, the Portuguese-Kochi fleet quickly dispersed the Calicut forces on the beach using cannons, and launched their composite army – some 1,000 Portuguese soldiers and 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a> warriors of Kochi – who took on the rest of the enemy force in Kodungallur.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assault troops captured and sacked the city of Kodungallur, and was set on fire by the squads led by Duarte Pacheco Pereira and Diogo Fernandes Correa. Nonetheless, according to some records, Portuguese arsonists spared the Saint Thomas Christian quarters in the city. (At the time the community was in a tenuous position: though thriving in the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> and protected by their own militia, the local political sphere was volatile and the Saint Thomas Christians had found themselves under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajas</a> of Calicut, Cochin and other small kingdoms in the area. Hence the community had sought an alliance with the Portuguese newcomers. Since they were one of the major suppliers of pepper in the region, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_man_o%27_war" title="Portuguese man o' war">Portuguese</a> also found the relationship reciprocating.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) This might have helped the ancient Christian community of Kodungallur from extinction during the 1504 assault on the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calicut_fleet">Calicut fleet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Calicut fleet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Calicut fleet, some five ships and 80 <i>paraus</i>, that had been dispatched to save the city was intercepted by the idling Portuguese ships near <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Palliport</a> and defeated in a naval encounter.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, the <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">raja</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a> (Vettattnad), whose kingdom lay to the north, on the road between Calicut and Kodungallur, and who had a spoiled relation with the Zamorin, offered to place himself under Portuguese suzerainty. It is recorded that the military of Calicut, which was led by Zamorin in person, was defeated on their way to Kodungallur by a sizeable Portuguese army with the assistance of the Tanur ruler. </p><p>The raid on Cranganore and the defection of the Tanur raja were serious setbacks to the Zamorin of Calicut, pushing the frontline north and effectively placing the <a href="/wiki/Vembanad" title="Vembanad">Vembanad</a> lagoon out of the Zamorin's reach. The battle set the scene for Portuguese to expand their colonial authority over a significant area of the Malabar coast. By 1510, their fluid power in the Malabar coast solidified into a perceptible territorial entity.<sup id="cite_ref-Malekandathil2010_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1662, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch</a> entered the competition, sacked the Portuguese in a fortnightly war, with the help of Zamorin, and occupied Kodungallur.<sup id="cite_ref-Kusuman1987_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kusuman1987-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch took the control of Kodungallur fort in 1663 and it eventually protected southern Kerala, especially <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_invasion_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysorean invasion of Kerala">Mysorean invasion</a> in 1776. In 1786, Mysorean troops again marched to northern Kerala, but failed to progress ahead of Kodungallur. On 31 July 1789, the Dutch handed over their establishments in Kodungallur and Azhikode to the Kingdom of Travancore for 300,000 Surat silver rupees.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2010_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2010-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muziris_Heritage_Project">Muziris Heritage Project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Muziris Heritage Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Micheals_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Saint_Micheals_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Saint_Micheals_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Saint_Micheals_Cathedral.jpg/330px-Saint_Micheals_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Saint_Micheals_Cathedral.jpg/440px-Saint_Micheals_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4745" data-file-height="1630" /></a><figcaption>Saint Michael's Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>The Muziris Heritage Project was launched by the Government of Kerala's Department of Cultural Affairs in 2006 to "scientifically retrieve and preserve the historical heritage of the region, extending from North Paravur to Kodungallur". The Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR), identified as the nodal agency for the Muziris Heritage Project, provides academic guidance and undertakes archaeological and historical research in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._Aravindakshan" title="V. Aravindakshan">V. Aravindakshan</a> (1930–2015), writer and thinker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadoor" title="Bahadoor">Bahadoor</a> (1930–2000), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Bhaskaran" title="P. Bhaskaran">P. Bhaskaran</a> (1924–2007), poet and director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naslen_K._Gafoor" title="Naslen K. Gafoor">Naslen K. Gafoor</a> (born 2000), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnav_Girish" title="Vaishnav Girish">Vaishnav Girish</a> (born 2002), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Hussain" title="K. H. Hussain">K. H. Hussain</a> (born 1952), typeface designer<sup id="cite_ref-mathrubhumi_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathrubhumi-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_(director)" title="Kamal (director)">Kamal</a> (born 1957), director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur_Kunjikkuttan_Thampuran" title="Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran">Kodungallur Kunjikkuttan Thampuran</a> (1864–1914), poet and scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Madhava_Menon" title="K. Madhava Menon">K. Madhava Menon</a> (1911–1984), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malavika_Menon" title="Malavika Menon">Malavika Menon</a> (born 1998), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachy_(writer)" title="Sachy (writer)">Sachy</a> (1972–2020), director and screenwriter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Kochi (Cochin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Kozhikode (Calicut)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/881082/20#:~:text=Kodungallur%20Municipality%20And%20Out%20Growth,the%20state%20Kerala%20in%20India.">"Profile - Kodungallur Municipality"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+-+Kodungallur+Municipality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kudumbashree.org%2Fsub-district%2F881082%2F20%23%3A~%3Atext%3DKodungallur%2520Municipality%2520And%2520Out%2520Growth%2Cthe%2520state%2520Kerala%2520in%2520India.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=716550">"India Census 2011"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+Census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fpca%2FSearchDetails.aspx%3FId%3D716550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110324193505/http://www.janasevanakendram.org/Content/M080300.htm">"Profile"</a>. Janasevana Kendram. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janasevanakendram.org/Content/M080300.htm">the original</a> on 24 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile&rft.pub=Janasevana+Kendram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.janasevanakendram.org%2FContent%2FM080300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf">"Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kerala</i>. Election Commission of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kerala&rft.atitle=Assembly+Constituencies+%E2%80%93+Corresponding+Districts+and+Parliamentary+Constituencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.eci.gov.in%2Fse2001%2Fbackground%2FS11%2FKL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/kottappuram-fort.php">"Kottappuram fort"</a>. <i>muzirisheritage.org</i>. Kerala Tourism Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muzirisheritage.org&rft.atitle=Kottappuram+fort&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralatourism.org%2Fmuziris%2Fkottappuram-fort.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menon2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menon2007_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menon2007_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menon2007_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Sreedhara_Menon2007" class="citation book cs1">A Sreedhara Menon (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA126"><i>A Survey of Kerala History</i></a>. DC Books. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1578-6"><bdi>978-81-264-1578-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-264-1578-6&rft.au=A+Sreedhara+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVsw35oEBv4C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>For a large number of such names for Kodungallir down the centuries arranged more or less chronologically</i> cf. K. P. Padbhanabha Menon, <i>History of Kerala</i> Vol. I, quoted by George Menachery in <i>Kodungallur</i>, 1987, reprinted 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menon-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menon_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menon_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Sreedhara_Menon2007" class="citation book cs1">A Sreedhara Menon (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA126"><i>A Survey of Kerala History</i></a>. DC Books. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1578-6"><bdi>978-81-264-1578-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-264-1578-6&rft.au=A+Sreedhara+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVsw35oEBv4C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kodungalur"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kodungalur">"Kodungalur" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 885.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kodungalur&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=885&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Arampulickal1994" class="citation book cs1">James Arampulickal (1994). <i>The pastoral care of the Syro-Malabar Catholic migrants</i>. Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India Publications. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pastoral+care+of+the+Syro-Malabar+Catholic+migrants&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+of+Religious+Studies%2C+India+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.au=James+Arampulickal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali ...: Volumes 17–18</i>. Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum. 1951. p. 233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalia+christiana+periodica%3A+Commentaril+de+re+orientali+...%3A+Volumes+17%E2%80%9318&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Pontificium+Institutum+Orientalium+Studiorum&rft.date=1951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Hastings2000" class="citation book cs1">Adrian Hastings (15 August 2000). <i>A World History of Christianity</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4875-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-4875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2000-08-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4875-8&rft.au=Adrian+Hastings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Goldstein1999" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Goldstein (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC"><i>The Jews of China</i></a>. M. E. Sharpe. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765601049" title="Special:BookSources/9780765601049"><bdi>9780765601049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+China&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780765601049&rft.au=Jonathan+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Z6DlzyT2vwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SimpsonKresse2008-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SimpsonKresse2008_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_SimpsonKai_Kresse2008" class="citation book cs1">Edward Simpson; Kai Kresse (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333"><i>Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70024-5"><bdi>978-0-231-70024-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggling+with+History%3A+Islam+and+Cosmopolitanism+in+the+Western+Indian+Ocean&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70024-5&rft.au=Edward+Simpson&rft.au=Kai+Kresse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0qHKA7zEaEC%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kupferschmidt1987-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kupferschmidt1987_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUri_M._Kupferschmidt1987" class="citation book cs1">Uri M. Kupferschmidt (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458"><i>The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine</i></a>. Brill. pp. 458–459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07929-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07929-8"><bdi>978-90-04-07929-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Muslim+Council%3A+Islam+Under+the+British+Mandate+for+Palestine&rft.pages=458-459&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07929-8&rft.au=Uri+M.+Kupferschmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DChEVAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raṇṭattāṇi2007-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raṇṭattāṇi2007_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusain_Raṇṭattāṇi2007" class="citation book cs1">Husain Raṇṭattāṇi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179"><i>Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles</i></a>. Other Books. pp. 179–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903887-8-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903887-8-8"><bdi>978-81-903887-8-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mappila+Muslims%3A+A+Study+on+Society+and+Anti+Colonial+Struggles&rft.pages=179-&rft.pub=Other+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-903887-8-8&rft.au=Husain+Ra%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADatt%C4%81%E1%B9%87i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxlb5BrabQd8C%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prange, Sebastian R. <i>Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.</i> Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ch-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ch_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPius_Malekandathil2003" class="citation book cs1">Pius Malekandathil (2003). <i>Jornada of D. Alexis Menezis: A Portuguese Account of Sixteenth Century Malabar</i>. LRC Publications. pp. 19–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jornada+of+D.+Alexis+Menezis%3A+A+Portuguese+Account+of+Sixteenth+Century+Malabar&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=LRC+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Pius+Malekandathil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Mattam_(Mar))2001" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Mattam (Mar)) (2001). <i>Forgotten East: Mission, Liturgy and Spirituality of the Eastern Churches : a Study with Special Reference to the Church of St. Thomas Christians</i>. Ephrem's Publications. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88065-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88065-00-4"><bdi>978-81-88065-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgotten+East%3A+Mission%2C+Liturgy+and+Spirituality+of+the+Eastern+Churches+%3A+a+Study+with+Special+Reference+to+the+Church+of+St.+Thomas+Christians&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Ephrem%27s+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-88065-00-4&rft.au=Abraham+Mattam+%28Mar%29%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nandy2002-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nandy2002_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshis_Nandy2002" class="citation book cs1">Ashis Nandy (1 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvD8Uov1kx0C&pg=PA172"><i>Time Warps: Silent and Evasive Pasts in Indian Politics and Religion</i></a>. Hurst. pp. 172–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-479-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-479-7"><bdi>978-1-85065-479-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Warps%3A+Silent+and+Evasive+Pasts+in+Indian+Politics+and+Religion&rft.pages=172-&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-479-7&rft.au=Ashis+Nandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvD8Uov1kx0C%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915105257/http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/html/history.htm">"History of Kochi"</a>. Centre For Heritage Studies, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centreforheritagestudies.com/html/history.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Kochi&rft.pub=Centre+For+Heritage+Studies%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centreforheritagestudies.com%2Fhtml%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menon1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Menon1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Sreedhara_Menon2007" class="citation book cs1">A Sreedhara Menon (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA126"><i>A Survey of Kerala History</i></a>. DC Books. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-264-1578-6"><bdi>978-81-264-1578-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-264-1578-6&rft.au=A+Sreedhara+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVsw35oEBv4C%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2010-1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2010-1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnjana_Singh2010" class="citation book cs1">Anjana Singh (30 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFy4pWUlnfwC&pg=PA233"><i>Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830: The Social Condition of a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu</i></a>. BRILL. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16816-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16816-9"><bdi>978-90-04-16816-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fort+Cochin+in+Kerala%2C+1750-1830%3A+The+Social+Condition+of+a+Dutch+Community+in+an+Indian+Milieu&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010-04-30&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16816-9&rft.au=Anjana+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFy4pWUlnfwC%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malekandathil2010-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malekandathil2010_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malekandathil2010_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malekandathil2010_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPius_Malekandathil2010" class="citation book cs1">Pius Malekandathil (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&pg=PA90"><i>Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean</i></a>. Primus Books. pp. 90–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-01-6"><bdi>978-93-80607-01-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+India%3A+Trade%2C+Religion+and+Polity+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.pages=90-&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-01-6&rft.au=Pius+Malekandathil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN69iFj1PJoC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Subrahmanyam1998-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Subrahmanyam1998_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjay_Subrahmanyam1998" class="citation book cs1">Sanjay Subrahmanyam (29 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AA3bu058pI4C&pg=PA294"><i>The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 293–294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64629-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64629-1"><bdi>978-0-521-64629-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Career+and+Legend+of+Vasco+Da+Gama&rft.pages=293-294&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64629-1&rft.au=Sanjay+Subrahmanyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAA3bu058pI4C%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan2008-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan2008_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYosef_Kaplan2008" class="citation book cs1">Yosef Kaplan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=syFFpCwBlacC&pg=PA65"><i>The Dutch Intersection: The Jews and the Netherlands in Modern History</i></a>. BRILL. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14996-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14996-0"><bdi>978-90-04-14996-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Intersection%3A+The+Jews+and+the+Netherlands+in+Modern+History&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14996-0&rft.au=Yosef+Kaplan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsyFFpCwBlacC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castanheda, p.272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frykenberg, Eric (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOrglHSX6rsC&q=%22Malankara+Church%22"><i>Christianity in India: from Beginnings to the Present</i></a>, 122–124. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826377-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826377-5">0-19-826377-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathew (1997: p.14)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kusuman1987-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kusuman1987_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._K._Kusuman1987" class="citation book cs1">K. K. Kusuman (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbNuyHswr1cC"><i>A History of Trade & Commerce in Travancore, 1600–1805</i></a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-026-0"><bdi>978-81-7099-026-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Trade+%26+Commerce+in+Travancore%2C+1600%E2%80%931805&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-026-0&rft.au=K.+K.+Kusuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbNuyHswr1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2010-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2010_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnjana_Singh2010" class="citation book cs1">Anjana Singh (30 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFy4pWUlnfwC&pg=PA240"><i>Fort Cochin in Kerala, 1750-1830: The Social Condition of a Dutch Community in an Indian Milieu</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 86, 149, 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16816-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16816-9"><bdi>978-90-04-16816-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fort+Cochin+in+Kerala%2C+1750-1830%3A+The+Social+Condition+of+a+Dutch+Community+in+an+Indian+Milieu&rft.pages=86%2C+149%2C+158&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010-04-30&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16816-9&rft.au=Anjana+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFy4pWUlnfwC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502083309/http://keralahistory.ac.in/researchprojects.htm">"Kerala Council for Historical Research"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keralahistory.ac.in/researchprojects.htm">the original</a> on 2 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kerala+Council+for+Historical+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkeralahistory.ac.in%2Fresearchprojects.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mathrubhumi-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mathrubhumi_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/dr-kh-husseinmalayalam-fontskfri-1.6344379">"Relentless efforts of Hussein give Malayalam apt space in digital world"</a>. 9 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relentless+efforts+of+Hussein+give+Malayalam+apt+space+in+digital+world&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mathrubhumi.com%2Fnews%2Fkerala%2Fdr-kh-husseinmalayalam-fontskfri-1.6344379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKodungallur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kodungallur" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kodungalur" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kodungalur">Kodungalur</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&num=200&start=196&msa=0&msid=114038809751246788218.000440d8cff499fc85a7c&ll=10.226875,76.201386&spn=0.013114,0.018003&t=k&z=16">Satellite image of Kodungallur.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala" style="background: #e1ece4; vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #9cc1a5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala" title="Template:Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kerala" title="Template talk:Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x20px&#124;Seal_of_Kerala_State_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Kerala.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Kerala"><img alt="Seal of Kerala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/36px-Banner_of_Kerala.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/54px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Banner_of_Kerala.png/71px-Banner_of_Kerala.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: none; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Kerala" title="List of districts of Kerala">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram KL-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam KL-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta KL-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha KL-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam KL-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki KL-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam KL-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur KL-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad KL-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram KL-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode KL-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad KL-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur KL-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod KL-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kerala" title="Category:Kerala">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Kerala" title="Arts of Kerala">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kerala" title="Culture of Kerala">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kerala" title="Demographics of Kerala">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kerala" title="Education in Kerala">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_cinema" title="Malayalam cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Kerala" title="Roads in Kerala"> Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ports_in_Kerala" title="Ports in Kerala"> Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kerala" title="History of Kerala">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kerala" title="Wildlife of Kerala">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kerala" title="Tourism in Kerala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Kerala" title="Sports in Kerala">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bird</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_hornbill" title="Great hornbill">Great hornbill</a></dd> <dt>Animal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></dd> <dt>Tree</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></dd> <dt>Flower</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">Golden rain</a></dd> <dt>Fish</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karimeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimeen">Karimeen</a></dd> <dt>Fruit</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></dd> <dt>Insect</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papilio_buddha" title="Papilio buddha">Papilio buddha</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Kerala" title="List of taluks of Kerala">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu_taluk" title="Chirayinkeezhu taluk">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_taluk" title="Hosdurg taluk">Hosdurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idukki" class="mw-redirect" title="Idukki">Idukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty_taluk" title="Iritty taluk">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanayannur" title="Kanayannur">Kanayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_taluk" title="Kannur taluk">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikappally" title="Karthikappally">Karthikappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_taluk" title="Kasaragod taluk">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_taluk" title="Kollam taluk">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_taluk" title="Kondotty taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttanad" title="Kuttanad">Kuttanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwaram_taluk" title="Manjeshwaram taluk">Manjeshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenachil" title="Meenachil">Meenachil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundapuram_Taluk" title="Mukundapuram Taluk">Mukundapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad_taluk" title="Nedumangad taluk">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara_taluk" title="Neyyattinkara taluk">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur_taluk" title="Paravur taluk">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur_taluk" title="Payyanur taluk">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba_taluk" title="Taliparamba taluk">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalapilly" title="Thalapilly">Thalapilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Taluk" title="Thiruvananthapuram Taluk">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi_Taluk_Office" title="Tirurangadi Taluk Office">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udumbanchola" title="Udumbanchola">Udumbanchola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellarikundu Taluk">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Kerala" title="List of municipal corporations in Kerala">Municipal corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_Corporation" title="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation">Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Thrissur Municipal Corporation">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengannur" title="Chengannur">Chengannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur-Thathamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloor" title="Eloor">Eloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamassery" title="Kalamassery">Kalamassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappalli" title="Karunagappalli">Karunagappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Kerala" title="Kothamangalam, Kerala">Kothamangalam, Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradu" title="Maradu">Maradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattanur" title="Mattanur">Mattanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala,_Kerala" title="Pala, Kerala">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakkara" title="Thrikkakkara">Thrikkakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthanathani" title="Puthanathani">Puthanathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor,_Kerala" title="Wandoor, Kerala">Wandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodencheri" title="Kodencheri">Kodencheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad" title="Lakkidi, Wayanad">Lakkidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundale" title="Chundale">Chundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappadi_Part,_Meppadi" title="Kottappadi Part, Meppadi">Kottappadi Part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttil,_Kalpetta" title="Muttil, Kalpetta">Muttil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinharethara" title="Padinharethara">Padinharethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenangadi" title="Meenangadi">Meenangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikaripur" title="Thrikaripur">Thrikaripur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvathur" title="Cheruvathur">Cheruvathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekal" title="Bekal">Bekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udma" title="Udma">Udma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu" title="Vellarikundu">Vellarikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappa_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parappa (village)">Parappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadka" title="Karadka">Karadka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalpady" title="Mangalpady">Mangalpady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppala" title="Uppala">Uppala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwar" title="Manjeshwar">Manjeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peermade" title="Peermade">Peermade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandiperiyar" title="Vandiperiyar">Vandiperiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumily" title="Kumily">Kumily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakkad" title="Rajakkad">Rajakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devikulam" title="Devikulam">Devikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimali" title="Adimali">Adimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolenchery" title="Kolenchery">Kolenchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthencruz" title="Puthencruz">Puthencruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathunad" title="Kunnathunad">Kunnathunad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayattoor" title="Malayattoor">Malayattoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara" title="Chottanikkara">Chottanikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayamperoor" title="Udayamperoor">Udayamperoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varappuzha" title="Varappuzha">Varappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreemoolanagaram" title="Sreemoolanagaram">Sreemoolanagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumbassery" title="Nedumbassery">Nedumbassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodakara" title="Kodakara">Kodakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthukkad" title="Puthukkad">Puthukkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaloor" title="Manaloor">Manaloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelakkara" title="Chelakkara">Chelakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemmara" title="Nemmara">Nemmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthunagaram" title="Puthunagaram">Puthunagaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Lakkidi-Perur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parassala" title="Parassala">Parassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaramapuram" title="Balaramapuram">Balaramapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattakada" title="Kattakada">Kattakada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilimanoor" title="Kilimanoor">Kilimanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parippally" title="Parippally">Parippally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathannoor" title="Chathannoor">Chathannoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottiyam" title="Kottiyam">Kottiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundara" title="Kundara">Kundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neendakara" title="Neendakara">Neendakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavara" title="Chavara">Chavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oachira" title="Oachira">Oachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasthamkotta" title="Sasthamkotta">Sasthamkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnathur,_Kerala" title="Kunnathur, Kerala">Kunnathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchal" title="Anchal">Anchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadakkal" title="Kadakkal">Kadakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanapuram" title="Pathanapuram">Pathanapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenmala" title="Thenmala">Thenmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulathupuzha" title="Kulathupuzha">Kulathupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhencherry" title="Kozhencherry">Kozhencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni,_Kerala" title="Konni, Kerala">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranni,_Kerala" title="Ranni, Kerala">Ranni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallapally" title="Mallapally">Mallapally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbanad" title="Kumbanad">Kumbanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranmula" title="Aranmula">Aranmula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulanada" title="Kulanada">Kulanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omallur" title="Omallur">Omallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadasserikara" title="Vadasserikara">Vadasserikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parumala" title="Parumala">Parumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Alappuzha" title="Mannar, Alappuzha">Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charummoodu" title="Charummoodu">Charummoodu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mararikulam" title="Mararikulam">Mararikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroor" title="Aroor">Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjirappally" title="Kanjirappally">Kanjirappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erumely" title="Erumely">Erumely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundakayam" title="Mundakayam">Mundakayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhoor" title="Vazhoor">Vazhoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukachal" title="Karukachal">Karukachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampady" title="Pampady">Pampady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthuppally,_Kottayam" title="Puthuppally, Kottayam">Puthuppally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuravilangad" title="Kuravilangad">Kuravilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhavoor" title="Uzhavoor">Uzhavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalayolaparambu" title="Thalayolaparambu">Thalayolaparambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduthuruthy" title="Kaduthuruthy">Kaduthuruthy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #cde0d2; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kerala#Subdivisions" title="Kerala">Historical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: transparent; text-align: left/center;;background: #f6fbf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu (Kingdom of Cannanore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_District" title="Malabar District">Malabar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venad_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venad (kingdom)">Venad (kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Cochin" title="Travancore–Cochin">Travancore–Cochin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #9CC1A5; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_of_Kerala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Municipalities_of_Kerala" title="Template:Municipalities of Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_of_Kerala" title="Template talk:Municipalities of Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_of_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities of Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_of_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities of Kerala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanhangad" title="Kanhangad">Kanhangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattannur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattannur">Mattannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyannur" class="mw-redirect" title="Payyannur">Payyannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulthan_Bathery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulthan Bathery">Sulthan Bathery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koduvally" title="Koduvally">Koduvally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkam" title="Mukkam">Mukkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyoli" title="Payyoli">Payyoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanattukara" title="Ramanattukara">Ramanattukara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherpulassery" title="Cherpulassery">Cherpulassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur-Thathamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottappalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottappalam">Ottappalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadakkancherry" title="Wadakkancherry">Wadakkancherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluva" title="Aluva">Aluva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloor" title="Eloor">Eloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamassery" title="Kalamassery">Kalamassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koothattukulam" title="Koothattukulam">Koothattukulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothamangalam,_Ernakulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kothamangalam, Ernakulam">Kothamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maradu" title="Maradu">Maradu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muvattupuzha" title="Muvattupuzha">Muvattupuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piravom" title="Piravom">Piravom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrikkakara">Thrikkakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kattappana" title="Kattappana">Kattappana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thodupuzha" title="Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kottayam_district" title="Kottayam district">Kottayam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changanassery" title="Changanassery">Changanassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erattupetta" title="Erattupetta">Erattupetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettumanoor" title="Ettumanoor">Ettumanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam" title="Kottayam">Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palai" class="mw-redirect" title="Palai">Palai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom" title="Vaikom">Vaikom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha_district" title="Alappuzha district">Alappuzha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alappuzha" title="Alappuzha">Alappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenganoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenganoor">Chenganoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haripad" title="Haripad">Haripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayamkulam" title="Kayamkulam">Kayamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavelikkara" title="Mavelikkara">Mavelikkara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta_district" title="Pathanamthitta district">Pathanamthitta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoor" title="Adoor">Adoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandalam" title="Pandalam">Pandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathanamthitta" title="Pathanamthitta">Pathanamthitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalla" title="Thiruvalla">Thiruvalla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karunagappally" class="mw-redirect" title="Karunagappally">Karunagappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara" title="Kottarakkara">Kottarakkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punalur" title="Punalur">Punalur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruvananthapuram District">Thiruvananthapuram</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumangad" title="Nedumangad">Nedumangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neyyattinkara" title="Neyyattinkara">Neyyattinkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varkala" title="Varkala">Varkala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="District_of_Thrissur" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thrissur_district" title="Template:Thrissur district"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thrissur_district" title="Template talk:Thrissur district"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thrissur_district" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thrissur district"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="District_of_Thrissur" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts in Kerala">District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundapuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukundapuram">Mukundapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalapilly" title="Thalapilly">Thalappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blocks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthicad" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthicad">Anthikad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherpu" title="Cherpu">Cherpu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowwannur" class="mw-redirect" title="Chowwannur">Chowannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodakara" title="Kodakara">Kodakara </a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala,_Kerala" title="Mala, Kerala">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathilakam" title="Mathilakam">Mathilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollukkara" title="Ollukkara">Ollukkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhayannur" title="Pazhayannur">Pazhayanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzhakkal" title="Puzhakkal">Puzhakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalikulam" title="Thalikulam">Talikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadakkancherry" title="Wadakkancherry">Wadakkanchery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalakudy" title="Chalakudy">Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinjalakuda" title="Irinjalakuda">Irinjalakkuda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamkulam" title="Kunnamkulam">Kunnamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadakkancherry" title="Wadakkancherry">Wadakkancherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Thrissur_district" title="List of villages in Thrissur district">List of villages in Thrissur district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_places" title="Category:Religious places">Religious sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammiyoor_Temple" title="Mammiyoor Temple">Mammiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkunnathan_Temple" title="Vadakkunnathan Temple">Vadakkumnathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalambalam" title="Nalambalam">Nalambalam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Sri Kurumba Bagvathi Temple, (Kodungallur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilwadrinatha_Temple" title="Vilwadrinatha Temple">Vilwadrinatha Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheraman_Juma_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheraman Juma Masjid">Cheraman Juma Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_Synagogue" title="Mala Synagogue">Mala Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church_(Palayur)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Church (Palayur)">St. Thomas Church (Palayur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhanji_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazhanji Church">Pazhanji Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Parish_Shrine,_Pavaratty" title="St. Joseph's Parish Shrine, Pavaratty">St. Joseph's Parish Shrine, Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Antony%27s_Church,_Ollur" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Antony's Church, Ollur">Saint Antony's Church, Ollur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athirappilly_Falls" title="Athirappilly Falls">Athirapally Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhachal_Falls" title="Vazhachal Falls">Vazhachal Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Temple" title="Guruvayur Temple">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimmony_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary">Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnathurkotta" title="Punnathurkotta">Punnathurkotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Kalamandalam" title="Kerala Kalamandalam">Kerala Kalamandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peechi-Vazhani_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary">Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Zoo" title="Thrissur Zoo">Thrissur Zoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kodungallur Bharani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_Pooram" title="Thrissur Pooram">Thrissur Pooram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur_Ekadasi" title="Guruvayur Ekadasi">Guruvayur Ekadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembai_Sangeetholsavam" title="Chembai Sangeetholsavam">Chembai Sangeetholsavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saint_Raphael,_Ollur" title="Feast of Saint Raphael, Ollur">Feast of Saint Raphael, Ollur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Engineering_College,_Thrissur" title="Government Engineering College, Thrissur">Government Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Agricultural_University" title="Kerala Agricultural University">Kerala Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Medical_College,_Thrissur" title="Government Medical College, Thrissur">Government Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Veterinary_and_Animal_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences">College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_College,_Thrissur" title="St. Thomas College, Thrissur">St. Thomas College, Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimala_College" title="Vimala College">Vimala College </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Kerala_Varma_College" title="Sree Kerala Varma College">Sree Kerala Varma College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_University_of_Health_Sciences" title="Kerala University of Health Sciences">Kerala University of Health Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Thrissur" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur">Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Diocese_of_Irinjalakuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Irinjalakuda">Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Irinjalakuda</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suburbs_of_Kochi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suburbs_of_Kochi" title="Template:Suburbs of Kochi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suburbs_of_Kochi" title="Template talk:Suburbs of Kochi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suburbs_of_Kochi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suburbs of Kochi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suburbs_of_Kochi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alengad" class="mw-redirect" title="Alengad">Alengad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angamaly" title="Angamaly">Angamaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arookutty" title="Arookutty">Arookutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroor" title="Aroor">Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chellanam" title="Chellanam">Chellanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chendamangalam" title="Chendamangalam">Chendamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengamanad,_Ernakulam_district" title="Chengamanad, Ernakulam district">Chengamanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherai" title="Cherai">Cherai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheranallur" title="Cheranallur">Cheranallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherthala" title="Cherthala">Cherthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choornikkara" title="Choornikkara">Choornikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara" title="Chottanikkara">Chottanikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edathala" title="Edathala">Edathala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloor" title="Eloor">Eloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhikkara" title="Ezhikkara">Ezhikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamakkudy_Islands" title="Kadamakkudy Islands">Kadamakkudy Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadungalloor" title="Kadungalloor">Kadungalloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady" title="Kalady">Kalady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukutty" title="Karukutty">Karukutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizhakkambalam" title="Kizhakkambalam">Kizhakkambalam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kodungallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolenchery" title="Kolenchery">Kolenchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koonammavu" title="Koonammavu">Koonammavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbalangi" title="Kumbalangi">Kumbalangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnukara" title="Kunnukara">Kunnukara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliankara" title="Maliankara">Maliankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjummel" title="Manjummel">Manjummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moothakunnam" title="Moothakunnam">Moothakunnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedumbassery" title="Nedumbassery">Nedumbassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njarackal" title="Njarackal">Njarackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Paravur" title="North Paravur">North Paravur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panayikulam" title="Panayikulam">Panayikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathalam" title="Pathalam">Pathalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumbavoor" title="Perumbavoor">Perumbavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthencruz" title="Puthencruz">Puthencruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvankulam" title="Thiruvankulam">Thiruvankulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuravoor_Thekku" title="Thuravoor Thekku">Thuravoor Thekku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuruthipuram" title="Thuruthipuram">Thuruthipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varappuzha" title="Varappuzha">Varappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhakulam" title="Vazhakulam">Vazhakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willingdon_Island" title="Willingdon Island">Willingdon Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006282#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006282#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006282#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125565049">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4823393-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85336134">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562469705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&oldid=1255527321">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&oldid=1255527321</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suburbs_of_Kochi" title="Category:Suburbs of Kochi">Suburbs of Kochi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Portuguese_colonies" title="Category:Former Portuguese colonies">Former Portuguese colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Thrissur_district" title="Category:Cities and towns in Thrissur district">Cities and towns in Thrissur district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maritime_history_of_India" title="Category:Maritime history of India">Maritime history of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_capital_cities_in_India" title="Category:Former capital cities in India">Former capital cities in India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_February_2016" title="Category:Use Indian English from February 2016">Use Indian English from February 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2019">Use dmy dates from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Malayalam_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Malayalam IPA">Pages with Malayalam IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 11:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kodungallur&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6klwk","wgBackendResponseTime":227,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.288","walltime":"1.592","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7290,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":185748,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12076,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":154086,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1366.053 1 -total"," 27.55% 376.295 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 23.64% 322.950 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.79% 311.297 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.07% 164.915 1 Template:IPA-ml"," 11.87% 162.134 1 Template:IPA"," 9.97% 136.133 5 Template:Navbox"," 9.26% 126.443 8 Template:Cite_web"," 9.16% 125.196 1 Template:Kerala"," 7.91% 108.055 19 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.812","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19205748,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lljb8","timestamp":"20241122143847","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kodungallur","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kodungallur","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1006282","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1006282","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-18T18:10:57Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T11:15:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5d\/Cranganore_in_Cranganore.jpg","headline":"Town in the Thrissur district of Kerala, India"}</script> </body> </html>