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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Consumption before plastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption_before_plastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mechanical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Availability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Availability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Availability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy_and_conservation_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_and_conservation_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Controversy and conservation issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_and_conservation_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_mammoth_tusks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_mammoth_tusks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Fossil mammoth tusks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_mammoth_tusks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_walrus_ivory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_walrus_ivory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Fossil walrus ivory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_walrus_ivory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elk_Ivory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elk_Ivory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Elk Ivory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elk_Ivory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_ivory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_ivory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Synthetic ivory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_ivory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Nuts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ivory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoor" title="Ivoor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ivoor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfenbein" title="Elfenbein – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elfenbein" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpendb%C4%81n" title="Elpendbān – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Elpendbān" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="عاج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عاج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vori" title="Vori – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vori" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܓܪܡܦܝܠܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܪܡܦܝܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D6%80" title="Փղոսկր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փղոսկր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfil" title="Marfil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Marfil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Слановая косць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Слановая косць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gading" title="Gading – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gading" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Слонова кост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Слонова кост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slonova%C4%8Da" title="Slonovača – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slonovača" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olifant_(danvez)" title="Olifant (danvez) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Olifant (danvez)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vori" title="Vori – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vori" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slonovina" title="Slonovina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slonovina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfenben" title="Elfenben – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elfenben" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfenbein" title="Elfenbein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elfenbein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevandiluu" title="Elevandiluu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elevandiluu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Ελεφαντόδοντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελεφαντόδοντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfil" title="Marfil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marfil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eburo" title="Eburo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eburo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfil" title="Marfil – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Marfil" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boli" title="Boli – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Boli" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="عاج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عاج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoire" title="Ivoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ivoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoar" title="Ivoar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ivoar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eabhar" title="Eabhar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eabhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfil" title="Marfil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marfil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siong-ng%C3%A0" title="Siong-ngà – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Siong-ngà" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%95%84" title="상아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D6%80" title="Փղոսկր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փղոսկր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A4" title="हाथीदाँत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाथीदाँत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjelokost" title="Bjelokost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bjelokost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoro" title="Ivoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ivoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gading_hias" title="Gading hias – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gading hias" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avorio" title="Avorio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Avorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%91" title="שנהב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנהב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სპილოს ძვალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპილოს ძვალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebur" title="Ebur – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ebur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilo%C5%86kauls" title="Ziloņkauls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziloņkauls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramblio_kaulas" title="Dramblio kaulas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dramblio kaulas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoear" title="Ivoear – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ivoear" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C9%9B%CC%81mb%C9%9B%CC%81_ya_nz%C9%94ku" title="Mpɛ́mbɛ́ ya nzɔku – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mpɛ́mbɛ́ ya nzɔku" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elef%C3%A1ntcsont" title="Elefántcsont – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elefántcsont" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Слонова коска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Слонова коска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gading_sebagai_perhiasan" title="Gading sebagai perhiasan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gading sebagai perhiasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဆင်စွယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆင်စွယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivoor" title="Ivoor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ivoor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E7%89%99" title="象牙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="象牙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfenben" title="Elfenben – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elfenben" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfenbein" title="Elfenbein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elfenbein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivi%C3%A9the" title="Iviéthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Iviéthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev%C3%B2ri" title="Evòri – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Evòri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آئیوری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیوری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9B%C4%87_s%C5%82oniowa" title="Kość słoniowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kość słoniowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marfim" title="Marfim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marfim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filde%C8%99" title="Fildeș – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fildeș" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Слоновая кость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Слоновая кость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fildishi" title="Fildishi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fildishi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%96_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%85" title="කැපූ ක්‍ෂීරපායී දළ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැපූ ක්‍ෂීරපායී දළ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ivory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slonovina" title="Slonovina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slonovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slonovina" title="Slonovina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slonovina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Слоновача – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слоновача" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slonova%C4%8Da" title="Slonovača – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Slonovača" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsunluu" title="Norsunluu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Norsunluu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfenben" title="Elfenben – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elfenben" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marpil" title="Marpil – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Marpil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தந்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தந்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80" title="ఐవరీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐవరీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fildi%C5%9Fi" title="Fildişi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fildişi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Слонова кістка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Слонова кістка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ہاتھی دانت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہاتھی دانت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av%C3%B2lio" title="Avòlio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Avòlio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0_(ch%E1%BA%A5t_li%E1%BB%87u)" title="Ngà (chất liệu) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngà (chất liệu)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ivory_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ivory (disambiguation)">Ivory (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horn_Louvre_OA4069.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Horn_Louvre_OA4069.jpg/220px-Horn_Louvre_OA4069.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Horn_Louvre_OA4069.jpg/330px-Horn_Louvre_OA4069.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Horn_Louvre_OA4069.jpg/440px-Horn_Louvre_OA4069.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1480" /></a><figcaption>11th-century Italian carved <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a> tusk, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylindrical_Ivory_Casket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cylindrical_Ivory_Casket.jpg/220px-Cylindrical_Ivory_Casket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cylindrical_Ivory_Casket.jpg/330px-Cylindrical_Ivory_Casket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cylindrical_Ivory_Casket.jpg/440px-Cylindrical_Ivory_Casket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Cylindrical ivory casket, Siculo-Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Museum" title="Hunt Museum">Hunt Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ivory</b> is a hard, white material from the <a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusks</a> (traditionally from <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">teeth</a> of animals, that consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Dentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentine">dentine</a>, one of the physical structures of teeth and tusks. The chemical structure of the teeth and tusks of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> is the same, regardless of the species of origin, but ivory contains structures of mineralised <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trade in certain teeth and tusks other than elephant is well established and widespread; therefore, "ivory" can correctly be used to describe any mammalian teeth or tusks of commercial interest which are large enough to be carved or <a href="/wiki/Scrimshaw" title="Scrimshaw">scrimshawed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides natural ivory, ivory can also be produced synthetically,<sup id="cite_ref-mdpi.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdpi.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence (unlike natural ivory) not requiring the retrieval of the material from animals. <a href="/wiki/Tagua" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagua">Tagua</a> nuts can also be carved like ivory.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trade of <a href="/wiki/Finished_goods" title="Finished goods">finished goods</a> of ivory products has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>. Ivory is a main product that is seen in abundance and was used for trading in <a href="/wiki/Harappan_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Harappan civilization">Harappan civilization</a>. Finished ivory products that were seen in <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappan</a> sites include kohl sticks, <a href="/wiki/Pin" title="Pin">pins</a>, awls, <a href="/wiki/Hook" title="Hook">hooks</a>, toggles, <a href="/wiki/Comb" title="Comb">combs</a>, game pieces, <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a>, inlay and other personal ornaments. </p><p>Ivory has been valued since ancient times in art or manufacturing for making a range of items from <a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">ivory carvings</a> to <a href="/wiki/False_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="False teeth">false teeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piano_keys" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano keys">piano keys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">fans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domino" class="mw-redirect" title="Domino">dominoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elephant ivory is the most important source, but ivory from <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warthog" title="Warthog">warthog</a> are used as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Espinoza1991_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espinoza1991-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a> also have two ivory teeth, which are believed to be the remnants of tusks from their ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The national and international <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">trade</a> in natural ivory of <a href="/wiki/Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened">threatened</a> species such as <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephants</a> is illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>ivory</i> ultimately derives from the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">ancient Egyptian</a> <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language text"><i lang="egy-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%9C%A3bw#Noun_3" class="extiw" title="wikt:ꜣbw">âb, âbu</a></i></span> ('elephant'), through the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ebor-</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ebur#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ebur">ebur</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">Ivory carving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg/220px-Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg/330px-Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg/440px-Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="2594" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">Child Jesus</a> crafted in elephant ivory</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_tabernacle_Louvre_OA2587.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ivory_tabernacle_Louvre_OA2587.jpg/220px-Ivory_tabernacle_Louvre_OA2587.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ivory_tabernacle_Louvre_OA2587.jpg/330px-Ivory_tabernacle_Louvre_OA2587.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Ivory_tabernacle_Louvre_OA2587.jpg/440px-Ivory_tabernacle_Louvre_OA2587.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="2070" /></a><figcaption>An ivory <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">tabernacle</a> featuring the Madonna of Caress, France</figcaption></figure> <p>Both the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> civilizations practiced ivory carving to make large quantities of high value works of art, precious religious objects, and decorative boxes for costly objects. Ivory was often used to form the white of the eyes of statues. </p><p>There is some evidence of either <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale</a> or <a href="/wiki/Walrus_ivory" title="Walrus ivory">walrus ivory</a> used by the ancient Irish. <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Solinus</a>, a Roman writer in the 3rd century claimed that the Celtic peoples in Ireland would decorate their sword-hilts with the 'teeth of beasts that swim in the sea'. <a href="/wiki/Adomnan_of_Iona" class="mw-redirect" title="Adomnan of Iona">Adomnan of Iona</a> wrote a story about <a href="/wiki/St_Columba" class="mw-redirect" title="St Columba">St Columba</a> giving a sword decorated with carved ivory as a gift that a penitent would bring to his master so he could redeem himself from slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syrian and North African elephant populations were reduced to extinction, probably due to the demand for ivory in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese have long valued ivory for both art and utilitarian objects. Early reference to the Chinese export of ivory is recorded after the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorer</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> ventured to the west to form alliances to enable the eventual free movement of Chinese goods to the west; as early as the first century BC, ivory was moved along the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern Silk Road</a> for consumption by western nations.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeast Asian kingdoms included tusks of the Indian elephant in their annual tribute caravans to China. Chinese craftsmen carved ivory to make everything from images of deities to the pipe stems and end pieces of <a href="/wiki/Opium_pipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium pipes">opium pipes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, ivory carvings became popular in the 17th century during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, and many <i><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">netsuke</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kiseru" title="Kiseru">kiseru</a></i>, on which animals and legendary creatures were carved, and <i><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">inro</a></i>, on which ivory was inlaid, were made. From the mid-1800s, the new Meiji government's policy of promoting and exporting arts and crafts led to the frequent display of elaborate ivory crafts at <a href="/wiki/World%27s_fair" title="World's fair">World's fair</a>. Among them, the best works were admired because they were purchased by Western museums, wealthy people, and the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_house_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial house of Japan">Japanese Imperial Family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-murata88_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murata88-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhist cultures of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, traditionally harvested ivory from their domesticated elephants. Ivory was prized for containers due to its ability to keep an airtight seal. It was also commonly carved into elaborate seals utilized by officials to "sign" documents and decrees by stamping them with their unique official seal.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Southeast Asian countries, where Muslim Malay peoples live, such as <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, ivory was the material of choice for making the handles of <a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">kris</a> daggers. In the Philippines, ivory was also used to craft the faces and hands of Catholic icons and images of saints prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Santo_(art)" title="Santo (art)">Santero</a> culture. </p><p>Tooth and tusk ivory can be carved into a vast variety of shapes and objects. Examples of modern carved ivory objects are <a href="/wiki/Okimono" title="Okimono">okimono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">netsukes</a>, jewelry, flatware handles, furniture inlays, and piano keys. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Warthog" title="Warthog">warthog</a> tusks, and teeth from <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a> and hippos can also be scrimshawed or superficially carved, thus retaining their morphologically recognizable shapes. </p><p>As trade with Africa expanded during the first part of the 1800s, ivory became readily available. Up to 90 percent of the ivory imported into the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was processed, at one time, in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> where <a href="/wiki/Deep_River,_Connecticut" title="Deep River, Connecticut">Deep River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivoryton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivoryton">Ivoryton</a> in 1860s became the centers of ivory milling, in particular, due to the demand for ivory piano keys.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_powder_measure_-_DPLA_-_eaab2fc72b4fb9a1d2c4b7a5d31bffd1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An ivory powder measure from the collection of Conner Prairie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ivory_powder_measure_-_DPLA_-_eaab2fc72b4fb9a1d2c4b7a5d31bffd1_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ivory_powder_measure_-_DPLA_-_eaab2fc72b4fb9a1d2c4b7a5d31bffd1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ivory_powder_measure_-_DPLA_-_eaab2fc72b4fb9a1d2c4b7a5d31bffd1_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ivory_powder_measure_-_DPLA_-_eaab2fc72b4fb9a1d2c4b7a5d31bffd1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ivory_powder_measure_-_DPLA_-_eaab2fc72b4fb9a1d2c4b7a5d31bffd1_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ivory_powder_measure_-_DPLA_-_eaab2fc72b4fb9a1d2c4b7a5d31bffd1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2659" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>An ivory <a href="/wiki/Powder_measure" title="Powder measure">powder measure</a> from the collection of Conner Prairie</figcaption></figure> <p>Ivory usage in the last thirty years has moved towards mass production of souvenirs and jewelry. In Japan, the increase in wealth sparked consumption of solid ivory <i><a href="/wiki/Hanko_(stamp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanko (stamp)">hanko</a></i> – name seals – which before this time had been made of wood. These <i>hanko</i> can be carved out in a matter of seconds using machinery and were partly responsible for massive African elephant decline in the 1980s, when the African elephant population went from 1.3 million to around 600,000 in ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-To_Save_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-To_Save-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_System_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_System-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption_before_plastics">Consumption before plastics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consumption before plastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorated_ivory.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Decorated_ivory.JPG/220px-Decorated_ivory.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Decorated_ivory.JPG/330px-Decorated_ivory.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Decorated_ivory.JPG/440px-Decorated_ivory.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1515" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>An elaborately carved ivory tusk in <a href="/wiki/Sa%27dabad_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'dabad Palace">Sa'dabad Palace</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> were introduced, ivory had many ornamental and practical uses, mainly because of the white color it presents when processed. It was formerly used to make cutlery handles, <a href="/wiki/Billiard_ball" title="Billiard ball">billiard balls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">piano keys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Highland_Bagpipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Highland Bagpipes">Scottish bagpipes</a>, buttons and a wide range of ornamental items. </p><p>Synthetic substitutes for ivory in the use of most of these items have been developed since 1800: the billiard industry challenged inventors to come up with an alternative material that could be <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufactured</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Shamos_19992_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shamos_19992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> the piano industry abandoned ivory as a key covering material in the 1970s. </p><p>Ivory can be taken from dead animals – however, most ivory came from elephants that were killed for their tusks. For example, in 1930 to acquire 40 tons of ivory required the killing of approximately 700 elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other animals which are now endangered were also preyed upon, for example, hippos, which have very hard white ivory prized for making artificial teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of the 20th century, Kenyan elephant herds were devastated because of demand for ivory, to be used for piano keys.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> era from 1912 to 1940, dozens (if not hundreds) of European artists used ivory in the production of <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chryselephantine">chryselephantine</a> statues. Two of the most frequent users of ivory in their sculptured artworks were <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Preiss" title="Ferdinand Preiss">Ferdinand Preiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claire_Colinet" title="Claire Colinet">Claire Colinet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Catley_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catley-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_characteristics">Mechanical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While many uses of ivory are purely ornamental in nature, it often must be carved and manipulated into different shapes to achieve the desired form. Other applications, such as ivory piano keys, introduce repeated wear and surface handling of the material. It is therefore essential to consider the mechanical properties of ivory when designing alternatives. </p><p>Elephant tusks are the animal's incisors, so the composition of ivory is unsurprisingly similar to that of teeth in several other mammals. It is composed of dentine, a biomineral composite constructed from collagen fibers mineralized with <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyapatite" title="Hydroxyapatite">hydroxyapatite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This composite lends ivory the impressive mechanical properties—high stiffness, strength, hardness, and toughness—required for its use in the animal's day-to-day activities. Ivory has a measured hardness of 35 on the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers scale</a>, exceeding that of bone. It also has a <a href="/wiki/Flexural_modulus" title="Flexural modulus">flexural modulus</a> of 14 GPa, a <a href="/wiki/Flexural_strength" title="Flexural strength">flexural strength</a> of 378 MPa a <a href="/wiki/Fracture_toughness" title="Fracture toughness">fracture toughness</a> of 2.05 MPam<sup>1/2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These measured values indicate that ivory mechanically outperforms most of its most common alternatives, including celluloid plastic and <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivory's mechanical properties result from the microstructure of the dentine tissue. It is thought that the structural arrangement of mineralized collagen fibers could contribute to the checkerboard-like Schreger pattern observed in polished ivory samples.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often used as an attribute in ivory identification. As well as being an optical feature, the Schreger pattern could point towards a micropattern well-designed to prevent crack propagation by dispersing stresses.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, this intricate microstructure lends a strong anisotropy to ivory's mechanical characteristics. Separate hardness measurements on three orthogonal tusk directions indicated that circumferential planes of tusk had up to 25% greater hardness than radial planes of the same specimen.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During hardness testing, inelastic and elastic recovery was observed on circumferential planes while the radial planes displayed plastic deformation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies that ivory has directional <a href="/wiki/Viscoelasticity" title="Viscoelasticity">viscoelasticity</a>. These anisotropic properties can be explained by the reinforcement of collagen fibers in the composite oriented along the circumference.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Availability">Availability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_trade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ivory_trade.jpg/170px-Ivory_trade.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ivory_trade.jpg/255px-Ivory_trade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ivory_trade.jpg/340px-Ivory_trade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="3730" /></a><figcaption>Men with elephant tusks, <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Owing to the rapid decline in the populations of the animals that produce it, the importation and sale of ivory in many countries is banned or severely restricted. In the ten years preceding a decision in 1989 by <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> to ban international trade in African elephant ivory, the population of African elephants declined from 1.3 million to around 600,000. It was found by investigators from the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Investigation_Agency" title="Environmental Investigation Agency">Environmental Investigation Agency</a> (EIA) that CITES sales of stockpiles from Singapore and Burundi (270 tonnes and 89.5 tonnes respectively) had created a system that increased the value of ivory on the international market, thus rewarding international smugglers and giving them the ability to control the trade and continue smuggling new ivory.<sup id="cite_ref-To_Save_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-To_Save-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_System_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_System-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the ivory ban, some <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern African</a> countries have claimed their elephant populations are stable or increasing, and argued that ivory sales would support their conservation efforts. Other African countries oppose this position, stating that renewed ivory trading puts their own elephant populations under greater threat from <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poachers</a> reacting to demand. CITES allowed the sale of 49 tonnes of ivory from Zimbabwe, Namibia and Botswana in 1997 to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Animal_Welfare" title="International Fund for Animal Welfare">International Fund for Animal Welfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> banned all international sales of elephant-ivory products. The decision came after several mass slaughters of African elephants, most notably the <a href="/wiki/2006_Zakouma_elephant_slaughter" title="2006 Zakouma elephant slaughter">2006 Zakouma elephant slaughter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>. The IFAW found that up to 90% of the elephant-ivory transactions on eBay violated their own wildlife policies and could potentially be illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2008, eBay expanded the ban, disallowing any sales of ivory on eBay.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more recent sale in 2008 of 108 tonnes from the three countries and South Africa took place to Japan and China.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of China as an "approved" importing country created enormous controversy, despite being supported by CITES, the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(conservation_programme)" title="Traffic (conservation programme)">Traffic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argued that China had controls in place and the sale might depress prices. However, the price of ivory in China has skyrocketed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some believe this may be due to deliberate price fixing by those who bought the stockpile, echoing the warnings from the Japan Wildlife Conservation Society on price-fixing after sales to Japan in 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and monopoly given to traders who bought stockpiles from Burundi and Singapore in the 1980s. </p><p>A 2019 peer-reviewed study reported that the rate of African elephant poaching was in decline, with the annual poaching mortality rate peaking at over 10% in 2011 and falling to below 4% by 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Hauenstein_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hauenstein-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study found that the "annual poaching rates in 53 sites strongly correlate with proxies of ivory demand in the main Chinese markets, whereas between-country and between-site variation is strongly associated with indicators of corruption and poverty."<sup id="cite_ref-Hauenstein_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hauenstein-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on these findings, the study authors recommended action to both reduce demand for ivory in China and other main markets and to decrease corruption and poverty in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Hauenstein_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hauenstein-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, nineteen African countries signed the "Accra Declaration" calling for a total ivory trade ban, and twenty range states attended a meeting in Kenya calling for a 20-year moratorium in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methods of obtaining ivory can be divided into: </p> <ul><li>Shooting the elephant to take its tusks: this method is of concern here.</li> <li>Taking tusks from an elephant which has died of natural causes.</li> <li>Taking tusks from an elephant which has had to be put down for another reason, for example, severe <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, or if its last <a href="/wiki/Molar_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar teeth">molar teeth</a> are worn out and can no longer chew its food.</li> <li>Among working elephants which use their tusks to carry logs, there is a best length for their tusks. In former times in India, often their tusks were cut back to this length (and often the shortened tusks' ends were bound in copper). This periodically freed pieces of ivory for the carving trade.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_and_conservation_issues">Controversy and conservation issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Controversy and conservation issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">trade of elephant ivory</a> have become controversial because they have contributed to seriously declining elephant populations in many countries. It is estimated that consumption in Great Britain alone in 1831 amounted to the deaths of nearly 4,000 elephants. In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> was placed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>), which prevents international trade between member states of species that are threatened by trade. The <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African elephant</a> was placed on Appendix I in January 1990. Since then, some southern African countries have had their populations of elephants "downlisted" to Appendix II, allowing the domestic trade of non-ivory items; there have also been two "one off" sales of ivory stockpiles.<sup id="cite_ref-To_Save_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-To_Save-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2015, more than a ton of <a href="/wiki/Confiscation" title="Confiscation">confiscated</a> ivory was <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_ivory" title="Destruction of ivory">crushed</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a> by the Wildlife Conservation Society to send a message that the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal trade">illegal trade</a> will not be tolerated. The ivory, confiscated in New York and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, was sent up a conveyor belt into a rock crusher. The Wildlife Conservation Society has pointed out that the global ivory trade leads to the slaughter of up to 35,000 elephants a year in Africa. In June 2018, Conservative MEPs' Deputy Leader Jacqueline Foster MEP urged the EU to follow the UK's lead and introduce a tougher ivory ban across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China was the biggest market for poached ivory but announced they would phase out the legal domestic manufacture and sale of ivory products in May 2015. In September of the same year, China and the U.S. announced they would "enact a nearly complete ban on the import and export of ivory."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese market has a high degree of influence on the elephant population.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fossil_mammoth_tusks">Fossil mammoth tusks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fossil mammoth tusks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade in the ivory from the tusks of dead <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoths</a> frozen in the <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> has occurred for 300 years and continues to be legal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2024)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup>. Mammoth ivory is used today to make handcrafted knives and similar implements. Mammoth ivory is rare and costly because mammoths have been extinct for millennia, and scientists are hesitant to sell museum-worthy specimens in pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some estimates suggest that 10 or more million mammoths are still buried in Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fossil_walrus_ivory">Fossil walrus ivory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fossil walrus ivory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fossil <a href="/wiki/Walrus_ivory" title="Walrus ivory">walrus ivory</a> from animals that died before 1972 is legal to buy and sell in the United States, unlike many other types of ivory.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elk_Ivory">Elk Ivory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elk Ivory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancestors of elk had teeth, also known as elk ivory, that protruded outwards, similar to animals that have tusks, they were used as a protective measure against predators. Alongside the use of protective measures, the tusks were used during the mating season to be used for dominance, as their antlers were smaller back then compared to now. Evolution made the antlers bigger and the use of their tusks diminished as antlers grew, making them nothing more than teeth in their mouths.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These teeth have the same chemical compound as the ivory found in the highly used and poached elephant tusks,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it another good alternative when it comes to taking ivory as the teeth can be possibly removed without harming the elk themselves. </p><p>Among Indian tribes, elk teeth has major significance when it comes to jewelry. Among women, men wore them as well. Either through bracelets, earrings, and chokers, there was deeper meaning for both men and women within the tribes. For the women, it was believed that it would bring in good luck and good health. As for the men, it was seen that they were a good hunter.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Synthetic_ivory">Synthetic ivory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Synthetic ivory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ivory can also be produced synthetically.<sup id="cite_ref-mdpi.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdpi.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuts">Nuts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nuts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A species of hard nut is gaining popularity as a replacement for ivory, although its size limits its usability. It is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">vegetable ivory</a>, or tagua, and is the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a> <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_nut_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivory nut palm">ivory nut palm</a> commonly found in coastal <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bull Leaper, an ivory figurine from the palace of Knossos, Crete, 1500 BC"><img alt="The Bull Leaper, an ivory figurine from the palace of Knossos, Crete, 1500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg/200px-The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg/300px-The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg/400px-The_Bull_Leaper_Knossos_1500BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Bull Leaper, an ivory figurine from the palace of <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, 1500 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AGMA_Ivory_Pyxis_with_Griffins_Attacking_Stags.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek ivory pyxis with griffins attacking stags. Late 15th century BC"><img alt="Ancient Greek ivory pyxis with griffins attacking stags. Late 15th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/AGMA_Ivory_Pyxis_with_Griffins_Attacking_Stags.jpg/159px-AGMA_Ivory_Pyxis_with_Griffins_Attacking_Stags.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/AGMA_Ivory_Pyxis_with_Griffins_Attacking_Stags.jpg/239px-AGMA_Ivory_Pyxis_with_Griffins_Attacking_Stags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/AGMA_Ivory_Pyxis_with_Griffins_Attacking_Stags.jpg/318px-AGMA_Ivory_Pyxis_with_Griffins_Attacking_Stags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2087" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Greek ivory <a href="/wiki/Pyxis_(vessel)" title="Pyxis (vessel)">pyxis</a> with griffins attacking stags. Late 15th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porphyrogenetus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A piece of carved ivory from the Pushkin Museum representing Christ blessing Emperor Constantine VII. Mid 10th century AD"><img alt="A piece of carved ivory from the Pushkin Museum representing Christ blessing Emperor Constantine VII. Mid 10th century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Porphyrogenetus.jpg/111px-Porphyrogenetus.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Porphyrogenetus.jpg/166px-Porphyrogenetus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Porphyrogenetus.jpg/222px-Porphyrogenetus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="1091" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A piece of carved ivory from the Pushkin Museum representing <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> blessing Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>. Mid 10th century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_cover_of_the_Lorsch_Gospels,_c._810,_Carolingian,_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivory cover of the Codex Aureus of Lorsch, c. 810, Carolingian dynasty, Victoria and Albert Museum"><img alt="Ivory cover of the Codex Aureus of Lorsch, c. 810, Carolingian dynasty, Victoria and Albert Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ivory_cover_of_the_Lorsch_Gospels%2C_c._810%2C_Carolingian%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/145px-Ivory_cover_of_the_Lorsch_Gospels%2C_c._810%2C_Carolingian%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ivory_cover_of_the_Lorsch_Gospels%2C_c._810%2C_Carolingian%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/218px-Ivory_cover_of_the_Lorsch_Gospels%2C_c._810%2C_Carolingian%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ivory_cover_of_the_Lorsch_Gospels%2C_c._810%2C_Carolingian%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg/291px-Ivory_cover_of_the_Lorsch_Gospels%2C_c._810%2C_Carolingian%2C_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ivory cover of the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Aureus_of_Lorsch" title="Codex Aureus of Lorsch">Codex Aureus of Lorsch</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 810</span>, <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_with_Child,_anonymous_Filipino_artist,_1600s_AD,_ivory,_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla,_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna with Child from the Philippines, 1600s"><img alt="Madonna with Child from the Philippines, 1600s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG/137px-Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG/205px-Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG/273px-Madonna_with_Child%2C_anonymous_Filipino_artist%2C_1600s_AD%2C_ivory%2C_silver_-_Cathedral_of_Seville_-_Sevilla%2C_Spain_-_DSC07641.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3455" data-file-height="5054" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Madonna with Child from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 1600s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BigUnTusks6184w.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pig tusks"><img alt="Pig tusks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BigUnTusks6184w.jpg/200px-BigUnTusks6184w.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BigUnTusks6184w.jpg/300px-BigUnTusks6184w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/BigUnTusks6184w.jpg/400px-BigUnTusks6184w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Pig</a> tusks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivory musical instrument from Thailand"><img alt="Ivory musical instrument from Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87.jpg/200px-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87.jpg/300px-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87.jpg/400px-%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ivory musical instrument from Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elhafen_Battle_of_Hannibal_and_Scipio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Hannibal and Scipio (Alexander's victory over Poros), by Ignaz Elhafen, c. 1700, Warsaw Royal Castle"><img alt="Battle of Hannibal and Scipio (Alexander's victory over Poros), by Ignaz Elhafen, c. 1700, Warsaw Royal Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Elhafen_Battle_of_Hannibal_and_Scipio.jpg/200px-Elhafen_Battle_of_Hannibal_and_Scipio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Elhafen_Battle_of_Hannibal_and_Scipio.jpg/300px-Elhafen_Battle_of_Hannibal_and_Scipio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Elhafen_Battle_of_Hannibal_and_Scipio.jpg/400px-Elhafen_Battle_of_Hannibal_and_Scipio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Battle of Hannibal and Scipio (Alexander's victory over Poros)</i>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignaz_Elhafen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignaz Elhafen (page does not exist)">Ignaz Elhafen</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700</span>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Royal_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Royal Castle">Warsaw Royal Castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mammoth_ivory_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Section through the ivory tusk of a mammoth"><img alt="Section through the ivory tusk of a mammoth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mammoth_ivory_hg.jpg/200px-Mammoth_ivory_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mammoth_ivory_hg.jpg/300px-Mammoth_ivory_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mammoth_ivory_hg.jpg/400px-Mammoth_ivory_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1814" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section through the ivory tusk of a <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casket_ivory_Louvre_UCAD4417.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Casket, ivory and silver, Caliphate of Córdoba, 966"><img alt="Casket, ivory and silver, Caliphate of Córdoba, 966" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Casket_ivory_Louvre_UCAD4417.jpg/200px-Casket_ivory_Louvre_UCAD4417.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Casket_ivory_Louvre_UCAD4417.jpg/300px-Casket_ivory_Louvre_UCAD4417.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Casket_ivory_Louvre_UCAD4417.jpg/400px-Casket_ivory_Louvre_UCAD4417.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Casket, ivory and silver, Caliphate of Córdoba, 966</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_carving_from_Indonesia_(40186139422).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carving from Indonesia"><img alt="Carving from Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ivory_carving_from_Indonesia_%2840186139422%29.jpg/133px-Ivory_carving_from_Indonesia_%2840186139422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ivory_carving_from_Indonesia_%2840186139422%29.jpg/200px-Ivory_carving_from_Indonesia_%2840186139422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ivory_carving_from_Indonesia_%2840186139422%29.jpg/266px-Ivory_carving_from_Indonesia_%2840186139422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carving from Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan_Casket_MET_DP100742.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Morgan Casket, an 11th-century ivory casket attributed to Southern Italy, currently in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="The Morgan Casket, an 11th-century ivory casket attributed to Southern Italy, currently in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Morgan_Casket_MET_DP100742.jpg/200px-Morgan_Casket_MET_DP100742.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Morgan_Casket_MET_DP100742.jpg/300px-Morgan_Casket_MET_DP100742.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Morgan_Casket_MET_DP100742.jpg/400px-Morgan_Casket_MET_DP100742.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Casket" title="Morgan Casket">Morgan Casket</a></i>, an 11th-century ivory casket attributed to Southern Italy, currently in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines,_18th-19th_century,_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin Mary head from the Philippines, 18th–19th century"><img alt="Virgin Mary head from the Philippines, 18th–19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG/94px-Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG" decoding="async" width="94" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG/141px-Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG/188px-Head_of_the_Virgin_Mary_from_the_Philippines%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_carved_ivory_with_inlaid_glass_eyes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="3360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Virgin Mary head from the Philippines, 18th–19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_bead_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cubical ivory bead or game piece from the collections of the Hunt Museum"><img alt="A cubical ivory bead or game piece from the collections of the Hunt Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ivory_bead_A.jpg/200px-Ivory_bead_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ivory_bead_A.jpg/300px-Ivory_bead_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ivory_bead_A.jpg/400px-Ivory_bead_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A cubical ivory bead or game piece from the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Museum" title="Hunt Museum">Hunt Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Model_of_Ngo_Mon,_ivory,_wood,_mother_of_pearl_-_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History_-_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_DSC06236.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ngo Mon ivory model from Vietnam"><img alt="Ngo Mon ivory model from Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Model_of_Ngo_Mon%2C_ivory%2C_wood%2C_mother_of_pearl_-_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History_-_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_DSC06236.JPG/200px-Model_of_Ngo_Mon%2C_ivory%2C_wood%2C_mother_of_pearl_-_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History_-_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_DSC06236.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Model_of_Ngo_Mon%2C_ivory%2C_wood%2C_mother_of_pearl_-_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History_-_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_DSC06236.JPG/300px-Model_of_Ngo_Mon%2C_ivory%2C_wood%2C_mother_of_pearl_-_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History_-_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_DSC06236.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Model_of_Ngo_Mon%2C_ivory%2C_wood%2C_mother_of_pearl_-_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History_-_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_DSC06236.JPG/400px-Model_of_Ngo_Mon%2C_ivory%2C_wood%2C_mother_of_pearl_-_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History_-_Ho_Chi_Minh_City_-_DSC06236.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4450" data-file-height="2568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ngo Mon ivory model from Vietnam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A carved ivory barge from Murshidabad, India"><img alt="A carved ivory barge from Murshidabad, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/200px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/300px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/400px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A carved ivory <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> from <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casket_with_two_drawers,_North_India,_18th-19th_century,_ivory_-_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_DSC01539.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivory casket with two drawers, North India"><img alt="Ivory casket with two drawers, North India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Casket_with_two_drawers%2C_North_India%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_ivory_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01539.JPG/200px-Casket_with_two_drawers%2C_North_India%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_ivory_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01539.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Casket_with_two_drawers%2C_North_India%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_ivory_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01539.JPG/300px-Casket_with_two_drawers%2C_North_India%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_ivory_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01539.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Casket_with_two_drawers%2C_North_India%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_ivory_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01539.JPG/400px-Casket_with_two_drawers%2C_North_India%2C_18th-19th_century%2C_ivory_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01539.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="2847" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ivory casket with two drawers, North India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_workers_in_Calcutta_(c._1903).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ivory workers in Calcutta, c. 1903"><img alt="Ivory workers in Calcutta, c. 1903" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ivory_workers_in_Calcutta_%28c._1903%29.jpg/200px-Ivory_workers_in_Calcutta_%28c._1903%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ivory_workers_in_Calcutta_%28c._1903%29.jpg/300px-Ivory_workers_in_Calcutta_%28c._1903%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ivory_workers_in_Calcutta_%28c._1903%29.jpg/400px-Ivory_workers_in_Calcutta_%28c._1903%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ivory workers in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1903</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biobased_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Biobased economy">Biobased economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_tower" title="Ivory tower">Ivory tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nyamu" title="Jim Nyamu">Jim Nyamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAL_1014_Ivory" class="mw-redirect" title="RAL 1014 Ivory">RAL 1014 Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schreger_line" title="Schreger line">Schreger line</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Me no Me. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4907211110" title="Special:BookSources/978-4907211110">978-4907211110</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Stiles" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Stiles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianart.com/articles/thai-ivory/index.html">"Ivory Carving in Thailand"</a>. Asian Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Appalled+by+the+Illegal+Trade+in+Elephant+Ivory%2C+a+Biologist+Decided+to+Make+His+Own&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.date=2017-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Ffaking-elephant-ivory-180963226%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Zhao-Min (5 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F507040a">"Synthetic ivory fails to stop illegal trade"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>507</b> (7490): 40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F507040a">10.1038/507040a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24598629">24598629</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12301652">12301652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Synthetic+ivory+fails+to+stop+illegal+trade&rft.volume=507&rft.issue=7490&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12301652%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24598629&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F507040a&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Zhao-Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F507040a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLara_Farrar2005" class="citation news cs1">Lara Farrar (2005-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/science/04/26/vegivory/index.html">"Could plant ivory save elephants?"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Could+plant+ivory+save+elephants%3F&rft.date=2005-04-26&rft.au=Lara+Farrar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2005%2FTECH%2Fscience%2F04%2F26%2Fvegivory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivory&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ivory" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ivory">Ivory</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traffic.org/home/2012/12/20/new-report-confirms-major-surge-in-ivory-smuggling-in-2011.html">TRAFFIC; "New report confirms 'major surge' in ivory smuggling in 2011"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia-international.org/blood-ivory-exposing-the-myth-of-a-regulated-market">EIA "Blood Ivory: Exposing the myth of a regulated market"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126062037/http://www.feosl.org/2013/01/10/blood-ivory-to-buddhist-temples/">Federation of Environmental Organizations Sri Lanka: "Blood Ivory to Buddhist Temples?"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017112001/http://www.bwsmigel.info/GEOL.115.ESSAYS/Gemology.Ivory.html">Gemological properties of ivory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalivorysociety.com">The International Ivory Society</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaskell1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maskell, Alfred (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ivory"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ivory">"Ivory" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). pp. 92–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ivory&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=92-98&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Maskell&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvory" class="Z3988"></span> Includes several diagrams.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elephants" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Species" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_elephant" title="North African elephant">North African elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_elephant" title="Desert elephant">Desert elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_forest_elephant" title="African forest elephant">African forest elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">Borneo elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant">Indian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">Sri Lankan elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_elephant" title="Syrian elephant">Syrian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_elephant" title="Javan elephant">Javan elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Extinct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">Mammoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elephant" title="Dwarf elephant">Dwarf elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_mammoth" title="Pygmy mammoth">Pygmy mammoth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Domestication" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captive_elephants" title="Captive elephants">Domestication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_crushing" title="Elephant crushing">Elephant crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_goad" title="Elephant goad">Elephant goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahout" title="Mahout">Mahout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephant_trainers" title="Category:Elephant trainers">Trainers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista_elephant" title="Ballista elephant">Ballista elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">Howdah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_racing" title="Elephant racing">Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_elephant" title="Temple elephant">Temple elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">War elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">White elephant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Weapons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah_pistol" title="Howdah pistol">Howdah pistol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Culture</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_locality" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By locality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_ancient_China" title="Elephants in ancient China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_elephants_in_Europe" title="History of elephants in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Kerala_culture" title="Elephants in Kerala culture">Kerala state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Thailand" title="Elephants in Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Cultural depictions of elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_elephants" title="List of individual elephants">List of individual elephants</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dan_Koehl#Elephant_Encyclopedia" title="Dan Koehl">Elephant Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pachyderms" title="List of fictional pachyderms">List of fictional pachyderms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elephants_in_mythology_and_religion" title="List of elephants in mythology and religion">List of elephants in mythology and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82001#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82001#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82001#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014424-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ivory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85069108">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ivoire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb136169195">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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