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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resisting_idealization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resisting_idealization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Resisting idealization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resisting_idealization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illusionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illusionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Illusionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illusionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depiction_of_ordinary_subjects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_of_ordinary_subjects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Depiction of ordinary subjects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depiction_of_ordinary_subjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realist_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realist_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Realist movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realist_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Realism (arts)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_(kunste)" title="Realisme (kunste) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Realisme (kunste)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismus_(Kunst)" title="Realismus (Kunst) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Realismus (Kunst)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%86)" title="واقعية (فن) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واقعية (فن)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizm_(inc%C9%99s%C9%99n%C9%99t)" title="Realizm (incəsənət) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Realizm (incəsənət)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_(%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE)" title="বাস্তবতাবাদ (শিল্পকলা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাস্তবতাবাদ (শিল্পকলা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C4%81n-si%CC%8Dt-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB_(g%C4%93-su%CC%8Dt)" title="Hiān-si̍t-chú-gī (gē-su̍t) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiān-si̍t-chú-gī (gē-su̍t)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Реализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme" title="Realisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Realisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85)" title="Реализм (илемлĕх) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Реализм (илемлĕх)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismus_(um%C4%9Bn%C3%AD)" title="Realismus (umění) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Realismus (umění)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realaeth_(celf)" title="Realaeth (celf) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Realaeth (celf)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_(kunst)" title="Realisme (kunst) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Realisme (kunst)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismus_(Kunst)" title="Realismus (Kunst) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Realismus (Kunst)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(kunst)" title="Realism (kunst) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Realism (kunst)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ρεαλισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρεαλισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo_art%C3%ADstico" title="Realismo artístico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Realismo artístico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo_(arto)" title="Realismo (arto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Realismo (arto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errealismo_artistiko" title="Errealismo artistiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errealismo artistiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1)" title="واقع‌گرایی (هنر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واقع‌گرایی (هنر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alisme_(arts)" title="Réalisme (arts) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réalisme (arts)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_(keunststreaming)" title="Realisme (keunststreaming) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Realisme (keunststreaming)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alachas" title="Réalachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réalachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo" title="Realismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Realismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%8B%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="사실주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사실주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4_(%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF)" title="Ռեալիզմ (արվեստ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեալիզմ (արվեստ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE)" title="यथार्थवाद (कला) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यथार्थवाद (कला)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizam_(likovna_umjetnost)" title="Realizam (likovna umjetnost) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Realizam (likovna umjetnost)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo" title="Realismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Realismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_(seni_rupa)" title="Realisme (seni rupa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Realisme (seni rupa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo_(arte)" title="Realismo (arte) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Realismo (arte)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_(%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="ריאליזם (אמנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריאליזם (אמנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რეალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Реализм (өнер) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Реализм (өнер)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Реализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Реализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism" title="Realism – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Realism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismus_(artes)" title="Realismus (artes) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Realismus (artes)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%81lisms" title="Reālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Reālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizmas_(menas)" title="Realizmas (menas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Realizmas (menas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizmus_(m%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet)" title="Realizmus (művészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Realizmus (művészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Реализам (уметност) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Реализам (уметност)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="യഥാതഥ്യപ്രസ്ഥാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യഥാതഥ്യപ്രസ്ഥാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الواقعيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الواقعيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1)" title="رئالیسم (هنر) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رئالیسم (هنر)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme" title="Realisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Realisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_(kunststroming)" title="Realisme (kunststroming) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Realisme (kunststroming)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="यथार्थवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="यथार्थवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%99%E5%AE%9F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="写実主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="写実主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_(kunst)" title="Realisme (kunst) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Realisme (kunst)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismen" title="Realismen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Realismen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizm_(san%CA%BCat)" title="Realizm (sanʼat) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Realizm (sanʼat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_(%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਯਥਾਰਥਵਾਦ (ਕਲਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਥਾਰਥਵਾਦ (ਕਲਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1)" title="رېښتينيزم (هنر) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رېښتينيزم (هنر)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo" title="Realismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Realismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(art%C4%83)" title="Realism (artă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Realism (artă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Реализм (искусство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реализм (искусство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="فطرت نگاري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فطرت نگاري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizmus" title="Realizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Realizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizem_(umetnost)" title="Realizem (umetnost) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Realizem (umetnost)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Реализам (уметност) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Реализам (уметност)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizam_(umetnost)" title="Realizam (umetnost) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Realizam (umetnost)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismi_(taide)" title="Realismi (taide) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Realismi (taide)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(bildkonst)" title="Realism (bildkonst) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Realism (bildkonst)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88)" title="மெய்மையியம் (கலை) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெய்மையியம் (கலை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ศิลปะสัจนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลปะสัจนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizm_(sanat)" title="Realizm (sanat) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Realizm (sanat)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Реалізм (мистецтво) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реалізм (мистецтво)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_hi%E1%BB%87n_th%E1%BB%B1c" title="Chủ nghĩa hiện thực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa hiện thực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="现实主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="现实主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%AB%E5%AF%A6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="寫實主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="寫實主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="现实主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="现实主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_(inus_kopokitanan)" title="Realisme (inus kopokitanan) – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Realisme (inus kopokitanan)" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artistic style of representing subjects realistically</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Realism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Realism (disambiguation)">Realism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Courbet_-_Bonjour_Monsieur_Courbet_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Fabre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gustave_Courbet_-_Bonjour_Monsieur_Courbet_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Fabre.jpg/350px-Gustave_Courbet_-_Bonjour_Monsieur_Courbet_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Fabre.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gustave_Courbet_-_Bonjour_Monsieur_Courbet_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Fabre.jpg/525px-Gustave_Courbet_-_Bonjour_Monsieur_Courbet_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Fabre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gustave_Courbet_-_Bonjour_Monsieur_Courbet_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Fabre.jpg/700px-Gustave_Courbet_-_Bonjour_Monsieur_Courbet_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Fabre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2597" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bonjour,_Monsieur_Courbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet">Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet</a></i> (1854) – a <a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realist</a> painting by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Realism</b> in <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a> is generally the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without <a href="/wiki/Artificiality" title="Artificiality">artificiality</a> and avoiding <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">supernatural elements</a>. The term is often used interchangeably with <b>naturalism</b>, although these terms are not synonymous. Naturalism, as an idea relating to visual representation in Western art, seeks to depict objects with the least possible amount of distortion and is tied to the development of <a href="/wiki/Linear_perspective" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear perspective">linear perspective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illusionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Illusionism">illusionism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realism, while predicated upon naturalistic representation and a departure from the idealization of earlier <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">academic art</a>, often refers to a <a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">specific art historical movement</a> that originated in France in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a>. With artists like <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a> capitalizing on the mundane, ugly or sordid, realism was motivated by the renewed interest in the common man and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> politics.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The realist painters rejected <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, which had come to dominate French literature and art, with roots in the late 18th century. </p><p>In 19th-century Europe, "Naturalism" or the "Naturalist school" was somewhat artificially erected as a term representing a breakaway sub-movement of realism, that attempted (not wholly successfully) to distinguish itself from its parent by its avoidance of politics and social issues, and liked to proclaim a quasi-scientific basis, playing on the sense of "naturalist" as a student of <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Biological_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological sciences">biological sciences</a> were then generally known. </p><p>There have been various movements invoking realism in the other arts, such as the opera style of <a href="/wiki/Verismo_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verismo (music)">verismo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">literary realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">theatrical realism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist cinema</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When used as an adjective, "realistic" (usually related to visual appearance) distinguishes itself from "realist" art that concerns subject matter. Similarly, the term "illusionistic" might be used when referring to the accurate rendering of visual appearances in a composition.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In painting, naturalism is the precise, detailed and accurate representation in art of the appearance of scenes and objects. It is also called <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Illusionism_(art)" title="Illusionism (art)">illusionism</a> and became especially marked in European painting in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campin" title="Robert Campin">Robert Campin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> and other artists in the 15th century. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Realism_art_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism art movement">Realism art movement</a> painters such as <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a> were not especially noted for fully precise and careful depiction of visual appearances; in Courbet's time that was more often a characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Academic_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic painting">academic painting</a>, which very often depicted with great skill and care scenes that were contrived and artificial, or imagined historical scenes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resisting_idealization">Resisting idealization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Resisting idealization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_familia_de_Carlos_IV,_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg/220px-La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg/330px-La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg/440px-La_familia_de_Carlos_IV%2C_por_Francisco_de_Goya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco Goya</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain_and_His_Family" title="Charles IV of Spain and His Family">Charles IV of Spain and His Family</a></i>, 1800–01</figcaption></figure> <p>Realism, or naturalism as a style depicting the unidealized version of the subject, can be used in depicting any type of subject without commitment to treating the typical or every day. Despite the general idealism of classical art, this too had classical precedents, which came in useful when defending such treatments in the Renaissance and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>. <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Alopece" title="Demetrius of Alopece">Demetrius of Alopece</a> was a 4th-century BCE sculptor whose work (all now lost) was said to prefer realism over ideal beauty, and during the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman Republic">Ancient Roman Republic</a>, politicians preferred a truthful depiction in portraits, though the early emperors favored Greek idealism. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a>'s portraits of the Spanish royal family represent a sort of honest, unflattering portrayal of important people. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eilif_Peterssen-Laksefiskeren_(1889).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eilif_Peterssen-Laksefiskeren_%281889%29.jpg/220px-Eilif_Peterssen-Laksefiskeren_%281889%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eilif_Peterssen-Laksefiskeren_%281889%29.jpg/330px-Eilif_Peterssen-Laksefiskeren_%281889%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Eilif_Peterssen-Laksefiskeren_%281889%29.jpg/440px-Eilif_Peterssen-Laksefiskeren_%281889%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eilif_Peterssen" title="Eilif Peterssen">Eilif Peterssen</a>, <i>The Salmon Fisher</i>, 1889</figcaption></figure> <p>A recurring trend in <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> was "realism" that emphasized the humanity of religious figures, above all Christ and his physical sufferings in his <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion</a>. Following trends in <a href="/wiki/Devotional_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Devotional literature">devotional literature</a>, this developed in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, where some painted wooden sculptures in particular strayed into the grotesque in portraying Christ covered in wounds and blood, with the intention of stimulating the viewer to meditate on the suffering that Christ had undergone on their behalf. These were especially found in Germany and Central Europe. After abating in the Renaissance, similar works re-appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, especially in Spanish sculpture. </p><p>Renaissance theorists opened a debate, which was to last several centuries, as to the correct balance between drawing art from the observation of nature and from idealized forms, typically those found in classical models, or the work of other artists generally. Some admitted the importance of the natural, but many believed it should be idealized to various degrees to include only the beautiful. <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> was one who championed the pure study of nature and wished to depict the whole range of individual varieties of forms in the human figure and other things.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> was an early idealizer, stressing the typical,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with others such as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> supporting the selection of the most beautiful – he refused to make portraits for that reason.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_BIVA,_ca_1905-06,_Matin_%C3%A0_Villeneuve,_Salon_1906_postcard_-_original_painting,_oil_on_canvas,_151.1_x_125.1_cm,_private_collection.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Henri_BIVA%2C_ca_1905-06%2C_Matin_%C3%A0_Villeneuve%2C_Salon_1906_postcard_-_original_painting%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_151.1_x_125.1_cm%2C_private_collection.jpeg/210px-Henri_BIVA%2C_ca_1905-06%2C_Matin_%C3%A0_Villeneuve%2C_Salon_1906_postcard_-_original_painting%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_151.1_x_125.1_cm%2C_private_collection.jpeg" decoding="async" width="210" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Henri_BIVA%2C_ca_1905-06%2C_Matin_%C3%A0_Villeneuve%2C_Salon_1906_postcard_-_original_painting%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_151.1_x_125.1_cm%2C_private_collection.jpeg/316px-Henri_BIVA%2C_ca_1905-06%2C_Matin_%C3%A0_Villeneuve%2C_Salon_1906_postcard_-_original_painting%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_151.1_x_125.1_cm%2C_private_collection.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Henri_BIVA%2C_ca_1905-06%2C_Matin_%C3%A0_Villeneuve%2C_Salon_1906_postcard_-_original_painting%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_151.1_x_125.1_cm%2C_private_collection.jpeg/420px-Henri_BIVA%2C_ca_1905-06%2C_Matin_%C3%A0_Villeneuve%2C_Salon_1906_postcard_-_original_painting%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_151.1_x_125.1_cm%2C_private_collection.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2473" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henri_Biva" title="Henri Biva">Henri Biva</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Matin_%C3%A0_Villeneuve" title="Matin à Villeneuve">Matin à Villeneuve</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1905</span>–06</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 17th century, the debate continued. In Italy, it usually centered on the contrast between the relative "classical-idealism" of <a href="/wiki/The_Carracci" title="The Carracci">the Carracci</a> and the "naturalist" style of the <a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a>, or followers of <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, who painted religious scenes as though set in the back streets of contemporary Italian cities and used "naturalist" as a self-description. <a href="/wiki/Bellori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellori">Bellori</a>, writing some decades after Caravaggio's early death and no supporter of his style, refers to "Those who glory in the name of naturalists" (<i>naturalisti</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 19th century, naturalism developed as a broadly defined movement in European art, though it lacked the political underpinnings that motivated realist artists. The originator of the term was the French art critic <a href="/wiki/Jules-Antoine_Castagnary" title="Jules-Antoine Castagnary">Jules-Antoine Castagnary</a>, who in 1863 announced that: "The naturalist school declares that art is the expression of life under all phases and on all levels, and that its sole aim is to reproduce nature by carrying it to its maximum power and intensity: it is truth balanced with science".<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> adopted the term with a similar scientific emphasis for his aims in the novel. Many Naturalist paintings covered a similar range of subject matter as that of <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>, but using tighter, more traditional brushwork styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "continued to be used indiscriminately for various kinds of realism" for several decades, often as a catch-all term for art that was outside Impressionism and later movements of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> and also was not <a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">academic art</a>. The later periods of the French <a href="/wiki/Barbizon_School" title="Barbizon School">Barbizon School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf School of painting</a>, with its students from many countries, and 20th-century American <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> are movements that are often also described as "naturalist", although the term is rarely used in British painting. Some recent art historians claimed either Courbet or the Impressionists for the label.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieta_z_Lubiaza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Gothic Pietà from Lubiąż in Lower Silesia, Poland, now in National Museum in Warsaw"><img alt="Late Gothic Pietà from Lubiąż in Lower Silesia, Poland, now in National Museum in Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pieta_z_Lubiaza.jpg/147px-Pieta_z_Lubiaza.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pieta_z_Lubiaza.jpg/220px-Pieta_z_Lubiaza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pieta_z_Lubiaza.jpg/293px-Pieta_z_Lubiaza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1970" data-file-height="2684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Gothic <i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC" title="Lubiąż">Lubiąż</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_National_Museum" title="Warsaw National Museum">National Museum in Warsaw</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RooksBackOfSavrasov.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexei Savrasov, The Rooks Have Returned, 1871"><img alt="Alexei Savrasov, The Rooks Have Returned, 1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RooksBackOfSavrasov.jpg/153px-RooksBackOfSavrasov.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RooksBackOfSavrasov.jpg/230px-RooksBackOfSavrasov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RooksBackOfSavrasov.jpg/307px-RooksBackOfSavrasov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Savrasov" title="Alexei Savrasov">Alexei Savrasov</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rooks_Have_Returned" title="The Rooks Have Returned">The Rooks Have Returned</a></i>, 1871</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffaelli_Pariser_Vorstadt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-François Raffaëlli, Outskirts of Paris, 1880s"><img alt="Jean-François Raffaëlli, Outskirts of Paris, 1880s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raffaelli_Pariser_Vorstadt.JPG/200px-Raffaelli_Pariser_Vorstadt.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raffaelli_Pariser_Vorstadt.JPG/300px-Raffaelli_Pariser_Vorstadt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Raffaelli_Pariser_Vorstadt.JPG/400px-Raffaelli_Pariser_Vorstadt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3075" data-file-height="2391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Raffa%C3%ABlli" title="Jean-François Raffaëlli">Jean-François Raffaëlli</a>, <i>Outskirts of Paris</i>, 1880s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pekka Halonen, Finnish Naturalist, Pioneers in Karelia, 1900"><img alt="Pekka Halonen, Finnish Naturalist, Pioneers in Karelia, 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg/200px-Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg/300px-Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg/400px-Pekka_Halonen_-_Tienraivaajia_Karjalassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pekka_Halonen" title="Pekka Halonen">Pekka Halonen</a>, Finnish Naturalist, <i>Pioneers in <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></i>, 1900</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illusionism">Illusionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Illusionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Leighton_-_Cimabue%27s_Madonna_Carried_in_Procession_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Frederic_Leighton_-_Cimabue%27s_Madonna_Carried_in_Procession_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/220px-Frederic_Leighton_-_Cimabue%27s_Madonna_Carried_in_Procession_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Frederic_Leighton_-_Cimabue%27s_Madonna_Carried_in_Procession_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/330px-Frederic_Leighton_-_Cimabue%27s_Madonna_Carried_in_Procession_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Frederic_Leighton_-_Cimabue%27s_Madonna_Carried_in_Procession_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/440px-Frederic_Leighton_-_Cimabue%27s_Madonna_Carried_in_Procession_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7276" data-file-height="3218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_Leighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Leighton">Lord Leighton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cimabue%27s_Celebrated_Madonna" title="Cimabue's Celebrated Madonna">Cimabue's Celebrated Madonna</a></i> of 1853–55 is at the end of a long tradition of illusionism in painting, but is not Realist in the sense of Courbet's work of the same period.</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of increasingly accurate representations of the visual appearances of things has a long history in art. It includes elements such as the accurate depiction of the anatomy of humans and animals, the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_perspective" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical perspective">perspective</a> and effects of distance, and the detailed effects of light and color. The <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">art of the Upper Paleolithic</a> in Europe achieved remarkably lifelike depictions of animals. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian art">Ancient Egyptian art</a> developed conventions involving both <a href="/wiki/Stylization" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylization">stylization</a> and idealization. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a> is commonly recognized as having made great progress in the representation of anatomy. No original works on panels or walls by the great Greek painters survive, but from literary accounts and the surviving corpus of derivative works (mostly Graeco-Roman works in <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>), illusionism seems to be highly valued in painting. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s famous story of birds pecking at grapes painted by <a href="/wiki/Zeuxis_(painter)" title="Zeuxis (painter)">Zeuxis</a> in the 5th century BC may well be a legend. </p><p>As well as accuracy in shape, light, and color, Roman paintings show an unscientific but effective knowledge of representing distant objects smaller than closer ones and representing regular geometric forms such as the roof and walls of a room with perspective. This progress in illusionistic effects in no way meant a rejection of idealism; statues of Greek gods and heroes attempt to represent with accuracy idealized and beautiful forms, though other works, such as heads of the famously ugly <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, were allowed to fall below these ideal standards of beauty. <a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">Roman portraiture</a>, when not under too much Greek influence, shows a greater commitment to a truthful depiction of its subjects, called <a href="/wiki/Verism" title="Verism">verism</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eyckbaptism.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eyckbaptism.png/220px-Eyckbaptism.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eyckbaptism.png/330px-Eyckbaptism.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eyckbaptism.png/440px-Eyckbaptism.png 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption><i>Bas-de-page</i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Christ</a></i>, "Hand G" (<a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>?), <a href="/wiki/Turin-Milan_Hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Turin-Milan Hours">Turin–Milan Hours</a>. An illusionistic work for <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1425, with the dove of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost">Holy Ghost</a> in the sky.</figcaption></figure> <p>The art of <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> famously rejected illusionism for expressive force, a change already well underway by the time Christianity began to affect the art of the elite. In the West, classical standards of illusionism did not begin to be reached again until the <a href="/wiki/Late_medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Late medieval">Late medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Renaissance">Early Renaissance</a> periods and were helped first in the Netherlands in the early 15th century, and around the 1470s in Italy by the development of new techniques of <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> which allowed very subtle and precise effects of light to be painted using several layers of paint and glaze. Scientific methods of representing perspective were developed in Italy in the early 15th century and gradually spread across Europe, with accuracy in anatomy rediscovered under the influence of classical art. As in classical times, <a href="/wiki/Idealism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealism (art)">idealism</a> remained the norm. </p><p>The accurate depiction of <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape in painting</a> had also been developing in Early Netherlandish/Early Northern Renaissance and Italian Renaissance painting and was then brought to a very high level in 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a>, with very subtle techniques for depicting a range of weather conditions and degrees of natural light. After being another development of Early Netherlandish painting, 1600 European portraiture subjects were often idealized by smoothing features or giving them an artificial pose. <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a> paintings and still life elements in other works played a considerable role in developing illusionistic painting, though in the Netherlandish tradition of flower painting they long lacked "realism", in that flowers from all seasons were typically used, either from the habit of assembling compositions from individual drawings or as a deliberate convention; the large displays of <a href="/wiki/Flower_bouquet" title="Flower bouquet">bouquets</a> in vases were atypical of 17th-century habits; the flowers were displayed one at a time. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Naturalism"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depiction_of_ordinary_subjects">Depiction of ordinary subjects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Depiction of ordinary subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simon_Bening_(Flemish_-_Gathering_Twigs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Simon_Bening_%28Flemish_-_Gathering_Twigs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Simon_Bening_%28Flemish_-_Gathering_Twigs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Simon_Bening_%28Flemish_-_Gathering_Twigs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Simon_Bening_%28Flemish_-_Gathering_Twigs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Simon_Bening_%28Flemish_-_Gathering_Twigs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Simon_Bening_%28Flemish_-_Gathering_Twigs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4873" data-file-height="2873" /></a><figcaption>Woodcutting, miniature from a set of <a href="/wiki/Labours_of_the_Months" title="Labours of the Months">Labours of the Months</a> by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bening" title="Simon Bening">Simon Bening</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1550</figcaption></figure> <p>The depiction of ordinary, everyday subjects in art also has a long history, though it was often squeezed into the edges of compositions or shown at a smaller scale. This was partly because art was expensive and usually commissioned for specific religious, political or personal reasons, which allowed only a relatively small amount of space or effort to be devoted to such scenes. <a href="/wiki/Drolleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Drolleries">Drolleries</a> in the margins of medieval <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated manuscripts">illuminated manuscripts</a> sometimes contain small scenes of everyday life, and the development of perspective created large background areas in many scenes set outdoors. Medieval and Early Renaissance art usually showed non-sacred figures in contemporary dress by convention. </p><p>Early Netherlandish painting brought the painting of portraits as low down the social scale as the prosperous merchants of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, and some of these, notably the <i><a href="/wiki/Arnolfini_Portrait" title="Arnolfini Portrait">Arnolfini Portrait</a></i> by Jan van Eyck (1434) and more often in religious scenes such as the <a href="/wiki/Merode_Altarpiece" class="mw-redirect" title="Merode Altarpiece">Merode Altarpiece</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Campin" title="Robert Campin">Robert Campin</a> and his workshop (circa 1427), include very detailed depictions of middle-class interiors full of lovingly depicted objects. However, these objects are at least largely there because they carry layers of complex significance and symbolism that undercut any commitment to realism for its own sake. Cycles of the <a href="/wiki/Labours_of_the_Months" title="Labours of the Months">Labours of the Months</a> in late medieval art, of which many examples survive from <a href="/wiki/Books_of_hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of hours">books of hours</a>, concentrate on peasants laboring on different tasks through the seasons, often in a rich landscape background, and were significant both in developing <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape art</a> and the depiction of everyday working-class people. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annibale_Carracci_-_Butcher%27s_Shop_-_WGA04409.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Annibale_Carracci_-_Butcher%27s_Shop_-_WGA04409.jpg/220px-Annibale_Carracci_-_Butcher%27s_Shop_-_WGA04409.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Annibale_Carracci_-_Butcher%27s_Shop_-_WGA04409.jpg/330px-Annibale_Carracci_-_Butcher%27s_Shop_-_WGA04409.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Annibale_Carracci_-_Butcher%27s_Shop_-_WGA04409.jpg/440px-Annibale_Carracci_-_Butcher%27s_Shop_-_WGA04409.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a>, <i>The Butcher's Shop</i>, early 1580s</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 16th century, there was a fashion for the depiction in large paintings of scenes of people working, especially in food markets and kitchens; in many, the food is given as much prominence as the workers. Artists included <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Aertsen" title="Pieter Aertsen">Pieter Aertsen</a> and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Beuckelaer" title="Joachim Beuckelaer">Joachim Beuckelaer</a> in the Netherlands, working in an essentially Mannerist style, and in Italy the young <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a> in the 1580s, using an unpolished style, with <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Passerotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo Passerotti">Bartolomeo Passerotti</a> somewhere between the two. <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a> pioneered large panoramic scenes of peasant life. Such scenes acted as a prelude for the popularity of scenes of work in <a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">genre painting</a> in the 17th century, which appeared all over Europe, with <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a> sprouting several <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting#Scenes_of_everyday_life" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">different subgenres</a> of such scenes, the <a href="/wiki/Bamboccianti" title="Bamboccianti">Bamboccianti</a> (though mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>) in Italy, and in Spain the genre of <a href="/wiki/Bodegones" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodegones">bodegones</a>, and the introduction of unidealized peasants into <a href="/wiki/History_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="History paintings">history paintings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jusepe_de_Ribera" title="Jusepe de Ribera">Jusepe de Ribera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vel%C3%A1zquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Velázquez">Velázquez</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Le_Nain_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Nain brothers">Le Nain brothers</a> in France and many Flemish artists including <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_Brouwer" title="Adriaen Brouwer">Adriaen Brouwer</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Elder" title="David Teniers the Elder">David Teniers the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Younger" title="David Teniers the Younger">Younger</a> painted peasants, but rarely townsfolk. In the 18th century, small paintings of working people remained popular, mostly drawing on the Dutch tradition and featuring women. </p><p>Much art depicting ordinary people, especially in the form of <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a>, was comic and moralistic, but the mere poverty of the subjects seems relatively rarely to have been part of the moral message. From the mid-19th century onwards, the difficulties of life for the poor were emphasized. Despite this trend coinciding with large-scale migration from the countryside to cities in most of Europe, painters still tended to paint poor rural people. Crowded city street scenes were popular with the Impressionists and related painters, especially ones showing Paris. </p><p>Medieval manuscript illuminators were often asked to illustrate technology, but after the Renaissance, such images continued in book illustrations and prints, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Marine_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine painting">marine painting</a> which largely disappeared in fine art until the early <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, scenes from which were painted by a few painters such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby" title="Joseph Wright of Derby">Joseph Wright of Derby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg" title="Philip James de Loutherbourg">Philip James de Loutherbourg</a>. Such subjects probably failed to sell very well, and there is a noticeable absence of industry, other than a few railway scenes, in painting until the later 19th century, when works began to be commissioned, typically by industrialists or for institutions in industrial cities, often on a large scale, and sometimes given a quasi-heroic treatment. </p><p><a href="/wiki/American_realism" title="American realism">American realism</a>, a movement of the early 20th century, is one of many modern movements to use realism in this sense. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_(French_-_The_Laundress_(La_Blanchisseuse)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Baptiste Greuze, The Laundress, 1761"><img alt="Jean-Baptiste Greuze, The Laundress, 1761" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_%28French_-_The_Laundress_%28La_Blanchisseuse%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/160px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_%28French_-_The_Laundress_%28La_Blanchisseuse%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_%28French_-_The_Laundress_%28La_Blanchisseuse%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/241px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_%28French_-_The_Laundress_%28La_Blanchisseuse%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_%28French_-_The_Laundress_%28La_Blanchisseuse%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/321px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_%28French_-_The_Laundress_%28La_Blanchisseuse%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="4145" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze" title="Jean-Baptiste Greuze">Jean-Baptiste Greuze</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Laundress_(Greuze)" title="The Laundress (Greuze)">The Laundress</a></i>, 1761</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Bell_Scott_-_Iron_and_Coal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Bell Scott Iron and Coal, 1855–1860"><img alt="William Bell Scott Iron and Coal, 1855–1860" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/William_Bell_Scott_-_Iron_and_Coal.jpg/198px-William_Bell_Scott_-_Iron_and_Coal.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/William_Bell_Scott_-_Iron_and_Coal.jpg/296px-William_Bell_Scott_-_Iron_and_Coal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/William_Bell_Scott_-_Iron_and_Coal.jpg/395px-William_Bell_Scott_-_Iron_and_Coal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Scott" title="William Bell Scott">William Bell Scott</a> <i>Iron and Coal</i>, 1855–1860</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Luke_Fildes_-_The_widower_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Luke Fildes, The Widower, 1876"><img alt="Sir Luke Fildes, The Widower, 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sir_Luke_Fildes_-_The_widower_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Sir_Luke_Fildes_-_The_widower_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sir_Luke_Fildes_-_The_widower_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Sir_Luke_Fildes_-_The_widower_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Sir_Luke_Fildes_-_The_widower_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Sir_Luke_Fildes_-_The_widower_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5001" data-file-height="3398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sir <a href="/wiki/Luke_Fildes" title="Luke Fildes">Luke Fildes</a>, <i>The Widower</i>, 1876</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Edelfelt_-_The_Luxembourg_Gardens,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albert Edelfelt, The Luxembourg Gardens, 1887"><img alt="Albert Edelfelt, The Luxembourg Gardens, 1887" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Albert_Edelfelt_-_The_Luxembourg_Gardens%2C_Paris.jpg/200px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_The_Luxembourg_Gardens%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Albert_Edelfelt_-_The_Luxembourg_Gardens%2C_Paris.jpg/300px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_The_Luxembourg_Gardens%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Albert_Edelfelt_-_The_Luxembourg_Gardens%2C_Paris.jpg/400px-Albert_Edelfelt_-_The_Luxembourg_Gardens%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8724" data-file-height="6528" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Albert Edelfelt</a>, <i>The <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Gardens">Luxembourg Gardens</a></i>, 1887</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realist_movement">Realist movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Realist movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism (art movement)</a></div> <p>The Realist movement began in the mid-19th century as a reaction to <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a>. In favor of depictions of 'real' life, the Realist painters used common laborers, and ordinary people in ordinary surroundings engaged in real activities as subjects for their works. Its chief exponents were <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ross Finocchio, formerly of the Department of European Paintings at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, Realists used unprettified detail depicting the existence of ordinary contemporary life, coinciding with the contemporaneous naturalist literature of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French Realist movement had equivalents in all other Western countries, developing somewhat later. In particular the <a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a> or <i>Wanderers</i> group in Russia who formed in the 1860s and organized exhibitions from 1871 included many realists such as <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Perov" title="Vasily Perov">Vasily Perov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shishkin" title="Ivan Shishkin">Ivan Shishkin</a>, and had a great influence on Russian art. In Britain, artists such as <a href="/wiki/Hubert_von_Herkomer" title="Hubert von Herkomer">Hubert von Herkomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luke_Fildes" title="Luke Fildes">Luke Fildes</a> had great success with realist paintings dealing with social issues. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wassilij_Grigorjewitsch_Perow_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vasily Perov, The Drowned, 1867"><img alt="Vasily Perov, The Drowned, 1867" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wassilij_Grigorjewitsch_Perow_002.jpg/234px-Wassilij_Grigorjewitsch_Perow_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wassilij_Grigorjewitsch_Perow_002.jpg/351px-Wassilij_Grigorjewitsch_Perow_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wassilij_Grigorjewitsch_Perow_002.jpg/468px-Wassilij_Grigorjewitsch_Perow_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1311" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Perov" title="Vasily Perov">Vasily Perov</a>, <i>The Drowned</i>, 1867</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Pascua_en_la_regi%C3%B3n_de_Kursk,_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ilya Repin, Religious Procession in Kursk Province, 1880–1883"><img alt="Ilya Repin, Religious Procession in Kursk Province, 1880–1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Pascua_en_la_regi%C3%B3n_de_Kursk%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg/234px-Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Pascua_en_la_regi%C3%B3n_de_Kursk%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Pascua_en_la_regi%C3%B3n_de_Kursk%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg/351px-Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Pascua_en_la_regi%C3%B3n_de_Kursk%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Pascua_en_la_regi%C3%B3n_de_Kursk%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg/468px-Procesi%C3%B3n_de_Pascua_en_la_regi%C3%B3n_de_Kursk%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1265" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Religious_Procession_in_Kursk_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Procession in Kursk Province">Religious Procession in Kursk Province</a></i>, 1880–1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksander_Gierymski,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_Tr%C4%85bek_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleksander Gierymski Feast of Trumpets, 1884"><img alt="Aleksander Gierymski Feast of Trumpets, 1884" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aleksander_Gierymski%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_Tr%C4%85bek_I.jpg/216px-Aleksander_Gierymski%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_Tr%C4%85bek_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aleksander_Gierymski%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_Tr%C4%85bek_I.jpg/324px-Aleksander_Gierymski%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_Tr%C4%85bek_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Aleksander_Gierymski%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_Tr%C4%85bek_I.jpg/432px-Aleksander_Gierymski%2C_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to_Tr%C4%85bek_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="3501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Gierymski" title="Aleksander Gierymski">Aleksander Gierymski</a> <i>Feast of Trumpets</i>, 1884</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 269px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubert_von_Herkomer_-_Hard_Times.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hubert von Herkomer, Hard Times, 1885"><img alt="Hubert von Herkomer, Hard Times, 1885" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hubert_von_Herkomer_-_Hard_Times.JPG/213px-Hubert_von_Herkomer_-_Hard_Times.JPG" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hubert_von_Herkomer_-_Hard_Times.JPG/319px-Hubert_von_Herkomer_-_Hard_Times.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hubert_von_Herkomer_-_Hard_Times.JPG/425px-Hubert_von_Herkomer_-_Hard_Times.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_von_Herkomer" title="Hubert von Herkomer">Hubert von Herkomer</a>, <i>Hard Times</i>, 1885</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Literary realism</a></div> <p>Broadly defined as "the faithful representation of reality",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realism as a literary movement is based on "<a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective reality</a>." It focuses on showing everyday activities and life, primarily among the middle- or lower-class society, without romantic idealization or dramatization.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kornelije Kvas, "the realistic figuration and re-figuration of reality form logical constructs that are similar to our usual notion of reality, without violating the principle of three types of laws – those of natural sciences, psychological and social ones".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be regarded as a general attempt to depict subjects as they are considered to exist in third-person objective reality without embellishment or interpretation and "in accordance with secular, <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> rules."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the approach inherently implies a belief that such reality is <a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontologically</a> independent of humankind's conceptual schemes, linguistic practices and beliefs and thus can be known to the artist, who can in turn represent this 'reality' faithfully. As <a href="/wiki/Ian_Watt" title="Ian Watt">Ian Watt</a> states, modern realism "begins from the position that truth can be discovered by the individual through the senses" and as such, "it has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a>, and received its first full formulation by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a> in the middle of the eighteenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the preceding <a href="/wiki/Romantic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic era">Romantic era</a> was also a reaction against the values of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, realism was in its turn a reaction to Romanticism, and for this reason it is also commonly derogatorily referred as "traditional bourgeois realism".<sup id="cite_ref-Barth79Replenishment_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth79Replenishment-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some writers of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian literature</a> produced works of realism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rigidities, conventions, and other limitations of "bourgeois realism" prompted in their turn the revolt later labeled as <a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">modernism</a>; starting around 1900, the driving motive of modernist literature was the criticism of the 19th-century bourgeois social order and world view, which was countered with an anti-rationalist, anti-realist and anti-bourgeois program.<sup id="cite_ref-Barth79Replenishment_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth79Replenishment-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graff75_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graff75-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graff73_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graff73-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatre">Theatre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical realism">Theatrical realism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chekhov_Uncle_Vanya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A compelling scene from Chekhov's 'Uncle Vanya' captured during a performance at the Moscow Art Theatre. This image reflects the emotional climax of the play in its fourth act." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chekhov_Uncle_Vanya.jpg/220px-Chekhov_Uncle_Vanya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chekhov_Uncle_Vanya.jpg/330px-Chekhov_Uncle_Vanya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chekhov_Uncle_Vanya.jpg/440px-Chekhov_Uncle_Vanya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2589" data-file-height="1801" /></a><figcaption>A photograph taken during the 1922 performance of 'Uncle Vanya' at the Moscow Art Theatre</figcaption></figure> <p>Theatrical realism is said to have first emerged in European drama in the 19th century as an offshoot of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the age of science.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some also specifically cited the invention of photography as the basis of the realist theater<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others view that the association between realism and drama is far older as demonstrated by the principles of dramatic forms such as the presentation of the physical world that closely matches reality.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The achievement of realism in the theatre was to direct attention to the social and psychological problems of ordinary life. In its dramas, people emerge as victims of forces larger than themselves, as individuals confronted with a rapidly accelerating world.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pioneering playwrights present their characters as ordinary, impotent, and unable to arrive at answers to their predicaments. This type of art represents what we see with our human eyes. <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekov</a>, for instance, used camera works to reproduce an uninflected <a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">slice of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as Thomas Postlewait noted that throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, there were numerous joining of <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramatic</a> and realistic forms and functions, which could be demonstrated in the way melodramatic elements existed in realistic forms and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, realism in drama preceded fictional realism by about two decades as theater historians identified the first impetus toward realism during the late 1870s and early 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its development is also attributed to <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> who served as the spokesmen for realism as well as articulator of its aesthetic principles.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The realistic approach to theater collapsed into <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">absurd</a> after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema">Cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealism (art)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neorealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Neorealism">Italian Neorealism</a> was a cinematic movement incorporating elements of realism that developed in post-WWII Italy. Notable Neorealists included <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a>. Realist films generally focus on social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two types of realism in film: seamless realism and aesthetic realism. Seamless realism tries to use narrative structures and film techniques to create a "reality effect" to maintain its <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authenticity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aesthetic realism, which was first called for by French filmmakers in the 1930s and promoted by <a href="/wiki/Andre_Bazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Bazin">Andre Bazin</a> in the 1950s, acknowledges that a "film cannot be fixed to mean what it shows", as there are multiple realisms; as such, these filmmakers use location shooting, natural light and non-professional actors to ensure the viewer can make up her/his own choice based on the film, rather than being manipulated into a "preferred reading".<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a> is also notable for arguing that realism is the most important function of cinema.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aesthetically realist filmmakers use <a href="/wiki/Long_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Long shot">long shots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deep_focus" title="Deep focus">deep focus</a> and eye-level 90-degree shots to reduce manipulation of what the viewer sees.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian neorealism filmmakers from after WWII took the existing realist film approaches from France and Italy that emerged in the 1960s and used them to create a politically oriented cinema. French filmmakers made some politically oriented realist films in the 1960s, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">cinéma vérité</a> and documentary films of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rouch" title="Jean Rouch">Jean Rouch</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in the 1950s and 1960s, British, French and German new waves of filmmaking produced "slice-of-life" films (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitchen sink drama">kitchen sink dramas</a> in the UK).<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opera">Opera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">Verismo</a></div> <p>Verismo was a post-Romantic operatic tradition associated with Italian composers such as <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Pietro Mascagni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Ruggero Leoncavallo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Giordano" title="Umberto Giordano">Umberto Giordano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cilea" title="Francesco Cilea">Francesco Cilea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>. They sought to bring the naturalism of influential late 19th-century writers such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> into opera. This new style presented true-to-life drama that featured gritty and flawed lower-class protagonists<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some described it as a heightened portrayal of a realistic event.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although an account considered <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Miller" title="Luisa Miller">Luisa Miller</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></i> as the first stirrings of the verismo,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some claimed that it began in 1890 with the first performance of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Mascagni</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana" title="Cavalleria rusticana">Cavalleria rusticana</a></i>, peaked in the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed by Leoncavallo's Pagliacci, which dealt with the themes of infidelity, revenge, and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verismo also reached Britain where pioneers included the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian-era</a> theatrical partnership of the dramatist <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> and the composer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a> (1842–1900).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, their play <i><a href="/wiki/Iolanthe" title="Iolanthe">Iolanthe</a></i> is considered a realistic representation of the nobility although it included fantastical elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Aesthetic Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_realism" title="American realism">American realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspectism" title="Aspectism">Aspectism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_realism" title="Contemporary realism">Contemporary realism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_r%C3%A9aliste" title="Chanson réaliste">Chanson réaliste</a></i> (realist song), a style of music performed in France primarily from the 1880s until the end of World War II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_photography" title="Humanist photography">Humanist photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street photography</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism (visual arts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudorealism" title="Pseudorealism">Pseudorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_realism" title="Romantic realism">Romantic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Realism">Urban Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verism" title="Verism">Verism</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Dillon_and_Amy_Raffel2014" class="citation web cs1">Sarah Dillon and Amy Raffel (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/italian-renaissance-art-1400-1600/">"Italian Renaissance Art (1400–1600)"</a>. <i>Art History Teaching Resources</i>. AHTR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+History+Teaching+Resources&rft.atitle=Italian+Renaissance+Art+%281400%E2%80%931600%29&rft.date=2014-10&rft.au=Sarah+Dillon+and+Amy+Raffel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farthistoryteachingresources.org%2Flessons%2Fitalian-renaissance-art-1400-1600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm">"Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. Metmuseum.org. June 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Frlsm%2Fhd_rlsm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aSBAUzb8SokC&dq=Realism+painting&pg=PA7">Stremmel, Kerstin, <i>Realism</i></a>, pp. 6–9, 2004, Taschen, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-2942-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8228-2942-0">3-8228-2942-0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-2942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-2942-4">978-3-8228-2942-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finocchio, Ross. "Nineteenth-Century French Realism". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm">online</a> (October 2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunt, 30–32, and the whole short chapter on Leonardo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunt, 14–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunt, 59–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Quelle che si gloriamo del nome de naturalisti", quoted in Raben, 134, note 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Needham_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144138/http://www.nga.gov/collection/sfp/noflash/realism/1941_6_1.htm">"NGA Realism movement"</a>. Nga.gov. January 6, 1941. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/collection/sfp/noflash/realism/1941_6_1.htm">the original</a> on July 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NGA+Realism+movement&rft.pub=Nga.gov&rft.date=1941-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Fcollection%2Fsfp%2Fnoflash%2Frealism%2F1941_6_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/glossary/realist-movement">"National Gallery glossary, Realism movement"</a>. Nationalgallery.org.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Gallery+glossary%2C+Realism+movement&rft.pub=Nationalgallery.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fpaintings%2Fglossary%2Frealist-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://impressionist1877.tripod.com/realism.htm">"Philosophy of Realism"</a>. Impressionist1877.tripod.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Realism&rft.pub=Impressionist1877.tripod.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimpressionist1877.tripod.com%2Frealism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm">"Nineteenth-Century French Realism | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. Metmuseum.org. June 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+French+Realism+%26%23124%3B+Thematic+Essay+%26%23124%3B+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History+%26%23124%3B+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Frlsm%2Fhd_rlsm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonna_M._Campbell" class="citation web cs1">Donna M. Campbell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/realism.htm">"Realism in American Literature"</a>. Wsu.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Realism+in+American+Literature&rft.pub=Wsu.edu&rft.au=Donna+M.+Campbell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~campbelld%2Famlit%2Frealism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Realism">"Realism definition of Realism in the Free Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Realism+definition+of+Realism+in+the+Free+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FRealism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvas2020" class="citation book cs1">Kvas, Kornelije (2020). <i>The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature</i>. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6"><bdi>978-1-7936-0910-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Realism+in+World+Literature&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Boulder%2C+New+York%2C+London&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-0910-6&rft.aulast=Kvas&rft.aufirst=Kornelije&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in so far as such subjects are "explicable in terms of natural causation without resort to supernatural or divine intervention" <a href="#refMorris2003">Morris, 2003</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFAW6dh24ZwC&q=realism">p. 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refWatt1957">Watt, 1957</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barth79Replenishment-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barth79Replenishment_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barth79Replenishment_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a> (1979) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Literature_of_Replenishment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Literature of Replenishment">The Literature of Replenishment</a></i>, later republished in <i>The Friday Book</i> (1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/periods/victorian.php">"Victorian Literature"</a>. The Literature Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victorian+Literature&rft.pub=The+Literature+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-literature.com%2Fperiods%2Fvictorian.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graff75-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graff75_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Graff" title="Gerald Graff">Gerald Graff</a> (1975) <i>Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/TriQuarterly" title="TriQuarterly">TriQuarterly</a></i>, No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., <i>Postmodernism and American Literature</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graff73-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graff73_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Graff" title="Gerald Graff">Gerald Graff</a> (1973) <i>The Myth of the Postmodernist Breakthrough</i>, <a href="/wiki/TriQuarterly" title="TriQuarterly">TriQuarterly</a>, 26 (Winter, 1973) 383–417; rept in <i>The Novel Today: Contemporary Writers on Modern Fiction Malcolm Bradbury</i>, ed., (London: Fontana, 1977); reprinted in Proza Nowa Amerykanska, ed., Szice Krytyczne (Warsaw, 1984); reprinted in <i>Postmodernism in American Literature: A Critical Anthology</i>, Manfred Putz and Peter Freese, eds., (Darmstadt: Thesen Verlag, 1984), 58–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1992" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Philip (1992). <i>Our Dramatic Heritage, Volume 6</i>. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3421-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3421-9"><bdi>978-0-8386-3421-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Dramatic+Heritage%2C+Volume+6&rft.place=Cranbury%2C+NJ&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3421-9&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuritz1988" class="citation book cs1">Kuritz, Paul (1988). <i>The Making of Theatre History</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-547861-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-547861-5"><bdi>978-0-13-547861-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Theatre+History&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-13-547861-5&rft.aulast=Kuritz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownsWrightRamsey2013" class="citation book cs1">Downs, William; Wright, Lou Anne; Ramsey, Erik (2013). <i>The Art of Theatre: A Concise Introduction, 3rd edition</i>. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-34831-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-34831-1"><bdi>978-1-111-34831-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Theatre%3A+A+Concise+Introduction%2C+3rd+edition&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-111-34831-1&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Wright%2C+Lou+Anne&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrilliMcConachieWilliamsSorgenfrei2010" class="citation book cs1">Zarrilli, Phillip; McConachie, Bruce; Williams, Gary Jay; Sorgenfrei, Carol (2010). <i>Theatre Histories: An Introduction, 2nd edition</i>. Oxon: Routledge. p. 389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46223-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46223-5"><bdi>978-0-415-46223-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+Histories%3A+An+Introduction%2C+2nd+edition&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-46223-5&rft.aulast=Zarrilli&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.au=McConachie%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Williams%2C+Gary+Jay&rft.au=Sorgenfrei%2C+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2010" class="citation book cs1">Lane, David (2010). <i>Contemporary British Drama</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3821-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3821-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-3821-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+British+Drama&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3821-5&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simard, Rodney. <i>Postmodern Drama: Contemporary Playwrights in America and Britain.</i> New York: UP of America, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthen1992" class="citation book cs1">Worthen, W.B. (1992). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderndramarheto00wort"><i>Modern Drama and the Rhetoric of Theater</i></a></span>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moderndramarheto00wort/page/n201">194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28687-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28687-0"><bdi>978-0-520-28687-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Drama+and+the+Rhetoric+of+Theater&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28687-0&rft.aulast=Worthen&rft.aufirst=W.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoderndramarheto00wort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxon2011" class="citation book cs1">Saxon, Theresa (2011). <i>American Theatre</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4520-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4520-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-4520-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Theatre&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4520-6&rft.aulast=Saxon&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy1987" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Brenda (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanrealisma0000murp/page/1"><i>American Realism and American Drama, 1880–1940</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanrealisma0000murp/page/1">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32711-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32711-4"><bdi>978-0-521-32711-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Realism+and+American+Drama%2C+1880%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-32711-4&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanrealisma0000murp%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward,_Susan_2006._pp._334_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayward, Susan. "Realism" in <i>Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts</i> (Third Edition). Routledge, 2006. pp. 334–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Andrew" title="Dudley Andrew">Dudley Andrew</a>, <i>The Major Film Theories: An Introduction</i>, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1976, Part II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxman2014" class="citation book cs1">Paxman, Jon (2014). <i>A Chronology Of Western Classical Music 1600–2000</i>. London: Omnibus Press. pp. 425–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78323-121-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78323-121-8"><bdi>978-1-78323-121-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronology+Of+Western+Classical+Music+1600%E2%80%932000&rft.place=London&rft.pages=425-26&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78323-121-8&rft.aulast=Paxman&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2010" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Adrian (2010). <i>A Tanner's Worth of Tune: Rediscovering the Post-war British Musical</i>. Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-542-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-542-4"><bdi>978-1-84383-542-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tanner%27s+Worth+of+Tune%3A+Rediscovering+the+Post-war+British+Musical&rft.place=Suffolk%2C+UK&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-542-4&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarner1993" class="citation book cs1">Carner, Mosco (1993). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giacomopuccinito00carn"><i>Tosca</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/giacomopuccinito00carn/page/n16">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22824-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22824-4"><bdi>978-0-521-22824-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tosca&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22824-4&rft.aulast=Carner&rft.aufirst=Mosco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgiacomopuccinito00carn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Verismo" in Stanley Sadie (ed.) <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians</i>, London: Macmillan/New York: Grove, 1980, vol. 19 p. 670, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-174-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-174-2">1-56159-174-2</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Blunt Anthony</a>, <i>Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600</i>, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), <a href="/wiki/OUP" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP">OUP</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-881050-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-881050-4">0-19-881050-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refMorris2003" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Pam (2003). <i>Realism</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22938-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22938-8"><bdi>978-0-415-22938-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Realism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22938-8&rft.au=Morris%2C+Pam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Needham, Gerald, "Naturalism." <a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Art Online</a>. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed February 23, 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T061451">subscriber link</a></li> <li>Raben, Hans, "Bellori's Art: The Taste and Distaste of a Seventeenth-Century Art Critic in Rome", <i>Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art</i>, Vol. 32, No. 2/3 (2006), pp. 126–46, Stichting voor Nederlandse Kunsthistorische Publicaties, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20355327">JSTOR</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refWatt1957" class="citation book cs1">Watt, Ian (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofnovelstudi00watt"><i>The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Novel%3A+Studies+in+Defoe%2C+Richardson+and+Fielding&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Watt%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofnovelstudi00watt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest,_Shearer1996" class="citation book cs1">West, Shearer (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulfinchguidetoa0000west"><i>The Bullfinch Guide to Art</i></a>. UK: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8212-2137-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8212-2137-2"><bdi>978-0-8212-2137-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bullfinch+Guide+to+Art&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8212-2137-2&rft.au=West%2C+Shearer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbulfinchguidetoa0000west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Buchanan, William (1982), <i>The Realist Tradition</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a></i> No. 8, Spring 1982, pp. 17–20, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlhaus,_Carl1985" class="citation book cs1">Dahlhaus, Carl (1985). <i>Realism in Nineteenth-Century Music</i>. Translated by Mary Whittall. Cambridge, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26115-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26115-9"><bdi>978-0-521-26115-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Realism+in+Nineteenth-Century+Music&rft.place=Translated+by+Mary+Whittall.+Cambridge%2C+London%2C+New+York%2C+New+Rochelle%2C+Melbourne%2C+Sydney&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26115-9&rft.au=Dahlhaus%2C+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27841-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27841-6">978-0-521-27841-6</a> (pbk).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlhaus,_Carl1989" class="citation book cs1">Dahlhaus, Carl (1989). <i>Nineteenth-Century Music</i>. Translated by J. Bradford Robinson. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07644-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07644-0"><bdi>978-0-520-07644-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Music&rft.place=Translated+by+J.+Bradford+Robinson.+Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07644-0&rft.au=Dahlhaus%2C+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisch,_Walter2005" class="citation book cs1">Frisch, Walter (2005). <i>German Modernism: Music and the Arts</i>. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25148-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25148-9"><bdi>978-0-520-25148-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Modernism%3A+Music+and+the+Arts&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles%2C+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25148-9&rft.au=Frisch%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARealism+%28arts%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Realism_(arts)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Realism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Realism">Realism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/realism.htm">Article on American literary realism</a> at the Literary Movements site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/r/realism">Art term: Realism</a> at tate.org.uk</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> 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