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<li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalinist_era_(1949–1956)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalinist_era_(1949–1956)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Stalinist era (1949–1956)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalinist_era_(1949–1956)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_of_1956" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_of_1956"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Revolution of 1956</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_of_1956-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_under_Kádár" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_under_Kádár"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Changes under Kádár</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_under_Kádár-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Transition to democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hungarian People's Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية المجر الشعبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية المجر الشعبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macar%C4%B1stan_Xalq_Respublikas%C4%B1_(1949-1989)" title="Macarıstan Xalq Respublikası (1949-1989) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Macarıstan Xalq Respublikası (1949-1989)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Венгерская Народная Рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венгерская Народная Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вугорская Народная Рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вугорская Народная Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Унгарска народна република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Унгарска народна република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Poblek_Hungaria" title="Republik Poblek Hungaria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Poblek Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_d%27Hongria" title="República Popular d'Hongria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Popular d'Hongria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Farsk%C3%A1_lidov%C3%A1_republika" title="Maďarská lidová republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maďarská lidová republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepublik_Ungarn" title="Volksrepublik Ungarn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Volksrepublik Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungari_Rahvavabariik" title="Ungari Rahvavabariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ungari Rahvavabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Ουγγαρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Ουγγαρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_H%C3%BAngara" title="República Popular Húngara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Popular Húngara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungara_Popola_Respubliko" title="Hungara Popola Respubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hungara Popola Respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungariako_Herri_Errepublika" title="Hungariako Herri Errepublika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hungariako Herri Errepublika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جمهوری خلق مجارستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری خلق مجارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Hongrie" title="République populaire de Hongrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République populaire de Hongrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_H%C3%BAngara" title="República Popular Húngara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Popular Húngara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="헝가리 인민공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헝가리 인민공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodna_Republika_Ma%C4%91arska" title="Narodna Republika Mađarska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Narodna Republika Mađarska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Hungaria" title="Republik Rakyat Hungaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Rakyat Hungaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Popolare_d%27Ungheria" title="Repubblica Popolare d'Ungheria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Popolare d'Ungheria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרפובליקה העממית ההונגרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה העממית ההונגרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5" title="ສາທາລະນະລັດປະຊາຊົນຮັງກາຣີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະລັດປະຊາຊົນຮັງກາຣີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublica_Popularis_Hungariae" title="Respublica Popularis Hungariae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Respublica Popularis Hungariae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung%C4%81rijas_Tautas_Republika" title="Ungārijas Tautas Republika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ungārijas Tautas Republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_N%C3%A9pk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Magyar Népköztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magyar Népköztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Унгарска Народна Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Унгарска Народна Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="უნგრეთიშ ოკათე რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უნგრეთიშ ოკათე რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Hungary" title="Republik Rakyat Hungary – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Rakyat Hungary" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksrepubliek_Hongarije" title="Volksrepubliek Hongarije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volksrepubliek Hongarije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="ハンガリー人民共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンガリー人民共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkerepublikken_Ungarn" title="Folkerepublikken Ungarn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Folkerepublikken Ungarn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengriya_Xalq_Respublikasi" title="Vengriya Xalq Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vengriya Xalq Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99gierska_Republika_Ludowa_(1949%E2%80%931989)" title="Węgierska Republika Ludowa (1949–1989) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgierska Republika Ludowa (1949–1989)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Popular_da_Hungria" title="República Popular da Hungria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Popular da Hungria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Ungar%C4%83" title="Republica Populară Ungară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Populară Ungară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a 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interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowkrepublic_o_Hungary" title="Fowkrepublic o Hungary – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fowkrepublic o Hungary" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Farsk%C3%A1_%C4%BEudov%C3%A1_republika" title="Maďarská ľudová republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maďarská ľudová republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Народна Република Мађарска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Народна Република Мађарска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodna_Republika_Ma%C4%91arska" title="Narodna Republika Mađarska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Narodna Republika Mađarska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkarin_kansantasavalta" title="Unkarin kansantasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Unkarin kansantasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1949–1989 socialist republic in Central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Communist state. For the republic of 1918–1919, see <a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a>. For the republic of 1946–1949, see <a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Hungarian Republic</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Hungarian People's Republic">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hungarian+People%27s+Republic%22">"Hungarian People's Republic"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hungarian+People%27s+Republic%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hungarian+People%27s+Republic%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hungarian+People%27s+Republic%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hungarian+People%27s+Republic%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hungarian+People%27s+Republic%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Hungarian People's Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Magyar Népköztársaság</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1949–1989</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hungary"><img alt="Flag of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag<br />(from 1957)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_(1957-1990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem (1957–1990) of Hungary"><img alt="Emblem (1957–1990) of Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281957-1990%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281957-1990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281957-1990%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281957-1990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281957-1990%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281957-1990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary"> Emblem<br />(1957–1990)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/Himnusz" title="Himnusz">Himnusz</a>"<span class="anchor" id="info1"></span><sup><a href="#inforefa">[a]</a></sup><br />(English: <span lang="en">"Hymn"</span>)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="103" data-mwtitle="Hungarian_national_anthem,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_(1997_arrangement).mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/79/Hungarian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_%281997_arrangement%29.mp3/Hungarian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_%281997_arrangement%29.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Hungarian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_%281997_arrangement%29.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHungarian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_%281997_arrangement%29.mp3&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHungarian_national_anthem%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band_%281997_arrangement%29.mp3&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_1956-1990.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hungarian People's Republic in 1989"><img alt="The Hungarian People's Republic in 1989" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hungary_1956-1990.svg/250px-Hungary_1956-1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hungary_1956-1990.svg/375px-Hungary_1956-1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hungary_1956-1990.svg/500px-Hungary_1956-1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Hungarian People's Republic in 1989</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> member</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hungarian_People%27s_Republic&params=47_26_N_19_15_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">47°26′N</span> <span class="longitude">19°15′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">47.433°N 19.250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">47.433; 19.250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a><br />(de jure)</li><li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a><br />(de facto)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Hungary">Catholic</a> (dominant)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>1949–1956:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>1956-1989:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary#General_Secretaries_of_the_Hungarian_Socialist_Workers'_Party_(1945–1989)" title="List of heads of state of Hungary">General Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1956 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1956 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Ernő Gerő</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1956–1988 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1988–1989 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1989 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Nyers" title="Rezső Nyers">Rezső Nyers</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_of_the_Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Presidential Council of the Hungarian People's Republic">Presidential Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1950 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Szakasits" title="Árpád Szakasits">Árpád Szakasits</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1988–1989 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brun%C3%B3_Ferenc_Straub" title="Brunó Ferenc Straub">Brunó Ferenc Straub</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic">Council of Ministers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1952 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Dobi" title="István Dobi">István Dobi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1988–1989 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_N%C3%A9meth" title="Miklós Németh">Miklós Németh</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Országgyűlés</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Nagy#Coup_d'état_of_1947" title="Ferenc Nagy">Communist coup</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 May 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Constitution_of_1949" title="Hungarian Constitution of 1949">People's Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 August 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_109" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 109">Admitted</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1955</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 Oct.–4 Nov. 1956</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Mechanism" title="New Economic Mechanism">New Economic Mechanism</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1968</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/End_of_Communism_in_Hungary_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="End of Communism in Hungary (1989)">Third Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 October 1989</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">93,011<sup id="cite_ref-revai_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revai-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (35,912 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949<sup id="cite_ref-statsz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statsz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,204,799</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1970<sup id="cite_ref-statsz_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statsz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,322,099</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1990<sup id="cite_ref-statsz_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statsz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,375,323</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1990 formula)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.915<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">HUF</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2</span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">yyyy.mm.dd.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Hungary" title="Telephone numbers in Hungary">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Hungary" title="Telephone numbers in Hungary">+36</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:HU" title="ISO 3166-2:HU">HU</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Hungarian Republic</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Third Hungarian Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Hungary_%281989-2003%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281989-2003%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Hungary_%281989-2003%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281989-2003%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Hungary_%281989-2003%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281989-2003%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><span class="anchor" id="inforefa"></span>a. <b><a href="#info1">^</a></b> "<a href="/wiki/Himnusz" title="Himnusz">Himnusz</a>" was used before and after the Communist era as Hungary's national anthem. As its lyrics include the word "God", the Communists tried but failed to create an alternative anthem before deciding to use "Himnusz" without its words.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hungary" title="Category:History of Hungary">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History of <span class="fn org label">Hungary</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_(1915-1918,_1919-1946;_angels).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_conquest" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian conquest">The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Roman Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Kingdom of the Gepids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">454–567</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">469–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar Khaganate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">567–822</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">~800–970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">862–895</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">895–1000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1000–1301</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Personal union with Croatia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1102–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1222</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Mongol invasion of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1241–1242</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1301–1526</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Hungarian–Ottoman Wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1366–1526</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Reformation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1520</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1570</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)#Royal_Hungary_(1526–1699)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Royal Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1541–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1570–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bocskai_uprising" title="Bocskai uprising">Bocskai uprising</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1604–1606</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magnate_conspiracy" title="Magnate conspiracy">Wesselényi conspiracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1664–1671</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Upper_Hungary" title="Principality of Upper Hungary">Principality of Upper Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1682–1685</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1699–1867</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Late modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1703–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1711–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Reform_Era" title="Hungarian Reform Era">Hungarian Reform Era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1825–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1848–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State" title="Hungarian State">Hungarian State</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">Interwar period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Governorate of Subcarpathia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Yugoslav_territories" title="Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories">Revisions of Délvidék</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1946–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1956–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Hungarian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Hungarian Republic">Third Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1989–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 2012</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hungarian_history" title="Timeline of Hungarian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Hungarian Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Officers_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Template:Great Officers of State (Kingdom of 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href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Budapest" title="History of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/16px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Hungary" title="Template:History of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:History of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hungarian People's Republic</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Magyar Népköztársaság</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈmɒɟɒr<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈneːpkøstaːrʃɒʃaːɡ]</a></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> from 20 August 1949<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 23 October 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a>, which was under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao,_B._V._2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao,_B._V._2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1944)" title="Moscow Conference (1944)">1944 Moscow Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> had agreed that after the war Hungary was to be included in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_sphere_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet sphere of influence">Soviet sphere of influence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HPR remained in existence until 1989, when opposition forces brought the <a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">end of communism in Hungary</a>. </p><p>The state considered itself the heir to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Republic of Councils in Hungary</a>, which was formed in 1919 as the first <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist state</a> created after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (Russian SFSR). It was designated a "<a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">people's democratic republic</a>" by the Soviet Union in the 1940s. Geographically, it bordered <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>) to the east; <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">SRs Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>) to the southwest; <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> to the west. </p><p>The Communists spent the next year and a half after the Moscow Conference consolidating their hold on power and weakening the other parties. This culminated in October 1947, when the Communists told their non-Communist coalition partners that they had to cooperate with a reconfigured coalition government if they wanted to stay in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was more or less completed in 1949, when a newly elected legislature chosen from a single Communist-dominated list adopted a Soviet-style constitution, and the country was officially recast as a "people's republic." </p><p>The same political dynamics continued through the years, with the Soviet Union pressing and maneuvering Hungarian politics through the Hungarian Communist Party, intervening whenever it needed to, through military coercion and covert operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997241_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997241-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political repression and economic decline led to a nationwide popular uprising in October–November 1956 known as the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>, which was the largest single act of dissent in the history of the Eastern Bloc. After initially allowing the Revolution to run its course, the Soviet Union sent thousands of troops and tanks to crush the opposition and install a new Soviet-controlled government under <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a>, killing thousands of Hungarians and driving hundreds of thousands into exile. By the early 1960s, however, the Kádár government had considerably relaxed its line, implementing a unique form of semi-liberal Communism known as "<a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a>". The state allowed imports of certain Western consumer and cultural products, gave Hungarians greater freedom to travel abroad, and significantly rolled back the secret police state. These measures earned Hungary the moniker of the "merriest <a href="/wiki/Barracks_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Barracks socialism">barrack</a> in the socialist camp" during the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the longest-serving leaders of the 20th century, Kádár would finally retire in 1988 after being forced from office by even more pro-reform forces amidst an economic downturn. Those influences remained supreme until the late 1980s, when turmoil broke out across the Eastern Bloc, culminating with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union's dissolution. Despite the end of communist control in Hungary, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Constitution_of_1949" title="Hungarian Constitution of 1949">1949 constitution</a> remained in effect with amendments to reflect the country's transition to liberal democracy. On 1 January 2012, the 1949 constitution was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">current constitution</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3></div> <p>Following the occupation of Hungary by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Hungary">Soviet military occupation</a> ensued. After seizing most material assets from German hands, the Soviets tried to control Hungarian political affairs, with some success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWettig200851_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettig200851-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using force, the Red Army set up police organs to persecute the opposition, assuming this would enable the Soviet Union to seize the upcoming elections, together with intense <a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">communist propaganda</a> to attempt to legitimize their rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWettig200885_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettig200885-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite all efforts, in <a href="/wiki/1945_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1945 Hungarian parliamentary election">the elections of November 1945</a> the Hungarian Communist Party was trounced by a <a href="/wiki/Independent_Smallholders,_Agrarian_Workers_and_Civic_Party" title="Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party">Smallholder</a>-led coalition, receiving only 17% of votes. The coalition, under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Tildy" title="Zoltán Tildy">Zoltán Tildy</a>, thus frustrated the Kremlin's expectations of ruling through a democratically elected government.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet Union, however, intervened through force once again, resulting in a puppet government that disregarded Tildy, placed communists in important ministerial positions, and imposed several restrictive measures, like banning the victorious coalition government and forcing it to yield the Interior Ministry to a nominee of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Communist_Party" title="Hungarian Communist Party">Hungarian Communist Party</a>. </p><p>Communist Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Rajk" title="László Rajk">László Rajk</a> established the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81VH" class="mw-redirect" title="ÁVH">ÁVH</a> secret police, in an effort to suppress political opposition through intimidation, false accusations, imprisonment and torture.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1947, the Soviet Union pressed the leader of the Hungarian Communists, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a>, to take a "line of more pronounced class struggle". American observers likened communist machinations to a coup and concluded that "the coup in Hungary is Russia's answer to our actions in Greece and Turkey",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to US military intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a> and the building of US military bases in Turkey pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>. </p><p>Rákosi complied by pressuring the other parties to push out those members not willing to do the Communists' bidding, ostensibly because they were "fascists". Later on, after the Communists won full power, he referred to this practice as "<a href="/wiki/Salami_tactics" class="mw-redirect" title="Salami tactics">salami tactics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWettig2008110_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettig2008110-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Nagy" title="Ferenc Nagy">Ferenc Nagy</a> was forced to resign as prime minister in favour of a more pliant Smallholder, <a href="/wiki/Lajos_Dinny%C3%A9s" title="Lajos Dinnyés">Lajos Dinnyés</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1947_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Hungarian parliamentary election">the 1947 elections</a>, the Communists became the largest party, but were well short of a majority. The coalition was retained with Dinnyés as prime minister. However, by this time most of the other parties' more courageous members had been pushed out, leaving them in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Fellow_traveller" title="Fellow traveller">fellow travellers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1948 the Communists forced the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Hungary)" title="Social Democratic Party (Hungary)">Social Democrats</a> to merge with them to form the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a> (MDP). However, the few independent-minded Social Democrats were quickly shunted aside, leaving the MDP as a renamed and enlarged Communist Party. Rákosi then forced Tildy to turn over the presidency to Social Democrat-turned-Communist <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_Szakasits" title="Árpád Szakasits">Árpád Szakasits</a>. In December, Dinnyés was replaced by the leader of the Smallholders' left wing, the openly pro-Communist <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Dobi" title="István Dobi">István Dobi</a>. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/1949_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="1949 Hungarian parliamentary election">the elections of May 1949</a>, voters were presented with a single Communist-dominated list, comprising candidates from all parties and running on a common programme. By this time, there was virtually no opposition left in the country. On 18 August, the newly elected National Assembly passed <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Constitution_of_1949" title="Hungarian Constitution of 1949">a new constitution</a> – a near-carbon copy of the <a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">Soviet constitution</a>. When it was officially promulgated on 20 August, the country was renamed the "Hungarian People's Republic." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalinist_era_(1949–1956)"><span id="Stalinist_era_.281949.E2.80.931956.29"></span>Stalinist era (1949–1956)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:0; font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc"><span style="color:white;">Eastern Bloc</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/120px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/240px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union"><span style="color:white;">Republics</span></a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR"><span style="color:white;">USSR</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Allied and satellite states</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> (until 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (until 1948)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Related organizations</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe"><span style="color:white;">Opposition</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Protests and uprisings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Poland 1944–1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">Poznań 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">1980–89</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">Plzeň 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East Germany 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">Georgia 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre" title="Novocherkassk massacre">Novocherkassk 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Czechoslovakia 1976–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Romania 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Kazakhstan 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_rebellion" title="Brașov rebellion">Brașov 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">Tbilisi 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine 1989–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Baku 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">Lithuania 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Riga 1991</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Dissent</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_attempts_and_victims_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_wave_from_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_British_Hong_Kong" title="Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong">to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Cold War events</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Fall</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Barricades in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">End of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rákosi, now the <i>de facto</i> leader of Hungary, demanded complete obedience from fellow members of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a>. Rákosi's main rival for power was <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Rajk" title="László Rajk">László Rajk</a>, who was then Hungary's Foreign Secretary. Rajk was arrested and Stalin's <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> emissary coordinated with Hungarian General Secretary Rákosi and his <a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">State Protection Authority</a> to lead the way for the <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a> of Rajk.<sup id="cite_ref-crampton263_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crampton263-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the September 1949 trial, Rajk made a forced confession, claiming that he had been an agent of <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western imperialism">Western imperialism</a>. He also admitted that he had taken part in a murder plot against Mátyás Rákosi and Ernő Gerő. Rajk was found guilty and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-crampton263_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crampton263-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their helping Rákosi to liquidate Rajk, future Hungarian leader <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a> and other dissidents were also purged from the party during this period. During Kádár's interrogation, the ÁVH beat him, smeared him with mercury to prevent his skin pores from breathing, and had his questioner urinate into his pried-open mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997264_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997264-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rákosi thereafter imposed totalitarian rule on Hungary. At the height of his rule, Rákosi developed a strong <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sugar375_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sugar375-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dubbed the "bald murderer", Rákosi imitated <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> political and economic programs, resulting in Hungary experiencing one of the harshest dictatorships in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-granville_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granville-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He described himself as "Stalin's best Hungarian disciple"<sup id="cite_ref-sugar375_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sugar375-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Stalin's best pupil".<sup id="cite_ref-matthews93_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matthews93-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Hungary in the Stalinist era (1949–1956)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungary_(1949-1956).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">National Flag</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_(1949-1956).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281949-1956%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">National Emblem</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_State_Protection_Authority.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_State_Protection_Authority.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_State_Protection_Authority.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_State_Protection_Authority.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_State_Protection_Authority.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Emblem_of_the_State_Protection_Authority.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_State_Protection_Authority.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1122" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Emblem of the <a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">State Protection Authority</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The government collectivized agriculture and it extracted profits from the country's farms to finance rapid expansion of heavy industry, which attracted more than 90% of total industrial investment. At first Hungary concentrated on producing primarily the same assortment of goods it had produced before the war, including locomotives and railroad cars. Despite its poor resource base and its favorable opportunities to specialize in other forms of production, Hungary developed new heavy industry in order to bolster further domestic growth and produce exports to pay for raw-material import. </p><p>Rákosi rapidly expanded the education system in Hungary. This was mostly in attempt to replace the educated class of the past by what Rákosi called a new "working intelligentsia". In addition to some beneficial effects such as better education for the poor, more opportunities for working-class children and increased literacy in general, this measure also included the dissemination of communist ideology in schools and universities. Also, as part of an effort to <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separate the Church from the State</a>, religious instruction was denounced as propaganda and was gradually eliminated from schools. </p><p>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">József Mindszenty</a>, who had opposed the German Nazis and the Hungarian Fascists during the Second World War, however, did support the <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> dictatorship,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was arrested in December 1948 and accused of treason. After five weeks under arrest, he confessed to the charges made against him and he was condemned to life imprisonment. The <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant churches</a> were also purged and their leaders were replaced by those willing to remain loyal to Rákosi's government. </p><p>The new Hungarian military hastily staged public, prearranged trials to purge "Nazi remnants and imperialist saboteurs". Several officers were sentenced to death and executed in 1951, including <a href="/wiki/Lajos_T%C3%B3th_(fighter_pilot)" title="Lajos Tóth (fighter pilot)">Lajos Tóth</a>, a 28 victory-scoring <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">flying ace</a> of the World War II <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungarian Air Force">Royal Hungarian Air Force</a>, who had voluntarily returned from US captivity to help revive Hungarian aviation. The victims were cleared posthumously following the fall of communism. </p><p>Rákosi grossly mismanaged the economy and the people of Hungary saw living standards fall rapidly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His government became increasingly unpopular, and when Joseph Stalin died in 1953, Mátyás Rákosi was replaced as prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a>. However, he retained his position as general secretary of the Hungarian Working People's Party and over the next three years the two men became involved in a bitter struggle for power. </p><p>As Hungary's new leader, Imre Nagy removed state control of the mass media and encouraged public discussion on changes to the political system and liberalizing the economy. This included a promise to increase the production and distribution of consumer goods. Nagy also released political prisoners from Rákosi's numerous purges of the Party and society. </p><p>On 9 March 1955, the Central Committee of the Hungarian Working People's Party condemned Nagy for rightist deviation. Hungarian newspapers joined the attacks and Nagy was accused of being responsible for the country's economic problems and on 18 April he was dismissed from his post by a unanimous vote of the National Assembly. Rákosi once again became the leader of Hungary. </p><p>Rákosi's power was undermined by a <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">speech</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> in February 1956. He denounced the policies of Joseph Stalin and his followers in Eastern Europe. He also claimed that the trial of László Rajk had been a "miscarriage of justice". On 18 July 1956, Rákosi was forced from power as a result of orders from the Soviet Union. However, he did manage to secure the appointment of his close friend, <a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Ernő Gerő</a>, as his successor. </p><p>On 3 October 1956, the Central Committee of the Hungarian Working People's Party announced that it had decided that <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Rajk" title="László Rajk">László Rajk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gy%C3%B6rgy_P%C3%A1lffy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="György Pálffy (page does not exist)">György Pálffy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibor_Sz%C5%91nyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibor Szőnyi (page does not exist)">Tibor Szőnyi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A1s_Szalai_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="András Szalai (politician) (page does not exist)">András Szalai</a> had wrongly been convicted of treason in 1949. At the same time it was announced that Imre Nagy had been reinstated as a member of the party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_of_1956">Revolution of 1956</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungary_(1956_revolution).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%29.svg/375px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%29.svg/500px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281956_revolution%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian flag with the 1949–1956 coat of arms cut out of it. This became the symbol of the uprising in 1956.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 began on 23 October as a peaceful demonstration of students in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>. The students protested for the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Demands_of_Hungarian_Revolutionaries_of_1956" title="Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956">several demands</a> including an end to Soviet occupation. The <a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">police</a> made some arrests and tried to disperse the crowd with tear gas. When the protesters attempted to free those who had been arrested, the police opened fire on the crowd, provoking rioting throughout the capital. </p><p>Early the following morning, Soviet military units entered Budapest and seized key positions. Citizens and soldiers joined the protesters chanting "Russians go home" and defacing communist party symbols. The Central Committee of the Hungarian Working People's Party responded to the pressure by appointing the reformer <a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a> as the new prime minister. </p><p>On 25 October, a mass of protesters gathered in front of the Parliament Building. <a href="/wiki/%C3%81VH" class="mw-redirect" title="ÁVH">ÁVH</a> units began shooting into the crowd from the rooftops of neighboring buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Soviet soldiers returned fire on the ÁVH, mistakenly believing that they were the targets of the shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-Heller_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supplied by arms taken from the ÁVH or given by Hungarian soldiers who joined the uprising, some in the crowd started shooting back.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heller_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heller-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imre Nagy then went on Radio Kossuth and announced he had taken over the leadership of the Government as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic">Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic</a>. He also promised "the far-reaching democratization of Hungarian public life, the realisation of a Hungarian road to socialism in accord with our own national characteristics, and the realisation of our lofty national aim: the radical improvement of the workers' living conditions". </p><p>On 28 October, Nagy and a group of his supporters, including János Kádár, Géza Losonczy, Antal Apró, Károly Kiss, Ferenc Münnich and Zoltán Szabó, managed to take control of the Hungarian Working People's Party. At the same time revolutionary workers' councils and local national committees were formed all over Hungary. </p><p>The change of leadership in the party was reflected in the articles of the government newspaper, <i>Szabad Nép</i> (i.e. Free People). On 29 October the newspaper welcomed the new government and openly criticised Soviet attempts to influence the political situation in Hungary. This view was supported by Radio Miskolc, which called for the immediate withdrawal of Soviet troops from the country. </p><p>On 30 October, Imre Nagy announced that he was freeing Cardinal <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">József Mindszenty</a> and other political prisoners. He also informed the people that his government intended to abolish the one-party state. This was followed by statements of Zoltán Tildy, <a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Anna Kéthly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Farkas_de_Kisbarnak" title="Ferenc Farkas de Kisbarnak">Ferenc Farkas</a> concerning the restitution of the Smallholders Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Petőfi (former Peasants) Party. </p><p>Nagy's most controversial decision took place on 1 November when he announced that Hungary intended to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and proclaim Hungarian neutrality. He asked the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to become involved in the country's dispute with the Soviet Union. </p><p>On 3 November, Nagy announced the details of his coalition government. It included communists (János Kádár, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>, Géza Losonczy), three members of the Smallholders Party (Zoltán Tildy, Béla Kovács and István Szabó), three Social Democrats (Anna Kéthly, Gyula Keleman, Joseph Fischer), and two Petőfi Peasants (<a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bib%C3%B3" title="István Bibó">István Bibó</a> and Ferenc Farkas). <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Mal%C3%A9ter" title="Pál Maléter">Pál Maléter</a> was appointed minister of defence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, the leader of the Soviet Union, became increasingly concerned about these developments and on 4 November 1956 he sent the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> into Hungary. Soviet tanks immediately captured Hungary's airfields, highway junctions and bridges. Fighting took place all over the country but the Hungarian forces were quickly defeated. </p><p>During the Hungarian Uprising, an estimated 20,000 people were killed, nearly all during the Soviet intervention.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Outstanding number without citation; doesn't match cited numbers from the 'Hungarian Revolution of 1956' page (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Imre Nagy was arrested and replaced by Soviet loyalist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a> as head of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a> (<i>Magyar Szocialista Munkáspárt</i>, MSZMP). Nagy was imprisoned until being executed in 1958. Other government ministers and supporters who were either executed or died in captivity included Pál Maléter, Géza Losonczy, Attila Szigethy and Miklós Gimes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_under_Kádár"><span id="Changes_under_K.C3.A1d.C3.A1r"></span>Changes under Kádár</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1d%C3%A1rism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kádárism">Kádárism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hung.rev.leaders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hung.rev.leaders.jpg/300px-Hung.rev.leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hung.rev.leaders.jpg/450px-Hung.rev.leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hung.rev.leaders.jpg/600px-Hung.rev.leaders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Monument in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, dedicated to the leaders of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a> of 1919, <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Szamuely" title="Tibor Szamuely">Tibor Szamuely</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Landler" title="Jenő Landler">Jenő Landler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hungary changed its flag on 12 October 1957. The coat of arms depicting the emblem of the Hammer and Wheat was removed from its pure tricoloured flag. </p><p>First Kádár followed retributions against the revolutionaries. 21,600 dissidents were imprisoned, 13,000 interned, and 400 executed. But in the early 1960s, he announced a new policy under the motto "He who is not against us is with us", a variation of Rákosi's quote: "He who is not with us is against us". He declared a general amnesty, gradually curbed some of the excesses of the secret police, and introduced a relatively liberal cultural and economic course aimed at overcoming the post-1956 hostility towards him and his regime. Homosexuality was decriminalized in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, the Central Committee approved the "<a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Mechanism" title="New Economic Mechanism">New Economic Mechanism</a>", which moved away from a strictly planned economy towards a system more reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">decentralized Yugoslav model</a>. Over the next two decades of relative domestic quiet, Kádár's government responded alternately to pressures for minor political and economic reforms as well as to counter-pressures from reform opponents. Dissidents (the so-called "Democratic Opposition", <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demokratikus_ellenz%C3%A9k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demokratikus ellenzék (page does not exist)">Demokratikus ellenzék</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratikus_ellenz%C3%A9k" class="extiw" title="hu:Demokratikus ellenzék">hu</a>]</span></i>) still remained closely watched by the secret police however, particularly during the anniversaries of the 1956 uprising in 1966, 1976, and 1986. </p><p>By the early 1980s, it had achieved some lasting economic reforms and limited political liberalization and pursued a foreign policy which encouraged more trade with the West. Nevertheless, the New Economic Mechanism led to mounting foreign debt, incurred to subsidize unprofitable industries. Many of Hungary's manufacturing facilities were outmoded and unable to produce goods that were salable on world markets. Despite this, they succeeded in obtaining sizable financial loans from Western countries without much difficulty. During a 1983 visit to Hungary, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> expressed interest in adopting some of the country's economic reforms in the Soviet Union. </p><p>Hungary remained committed to a pro-Soviet foreign policy and openly criticized US president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s deployment of intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Europe. In a speech to the CPH's youth organization in 1981, Kádár said "The forces of capitalism are trying to distract attention from their mounting social problems by stepping up the arms race, but there can be no prospect for mankind other than that of peace and social progress." In 1983, Vice President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and the foreign ministers of France and West Germany visited Budapest, where they received a friendly welcome, but the Hungarian leadership nonetheless reiterated their opposition to US missile deployment. They also cautioned the Western representatives not to mistake Hungary's economic reforms for a sign that the country would embrace capitalism. </p><p>Other events during Kadar's tenure were Hungarian aid and support of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, severing relations with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, and the boycott of the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet conflict in Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_democracy">Transition to democracy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="End of communism in Hungary (1989)">End of communism in Hungary (1989)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_parliamentary_election,_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian parliamentary election, 1990">Hungarian parliamentary election, 1990</a></div><p> In 1985 <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> rose to power in the Soviet Union, and changed the course of its foreign policy. Hungary's transition to a Western-style democracy was one of the smoothest among the former Soviet bloc. By late 1988, activists within the party and bureaucracy and Budapest-based intellectuals were increasing pressure for change. Some of these became reformist social democrats, while others began movements which were to develop into parties. Young liberals formed the Federation of Young Democrats (Fidesz). A core from the so-called Democratic Opposition formed the Association of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) and the national opposition established the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a> (<i>Magyar Demokrata Fórum</i>, MDF). Nationalist movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik</a>, only reappeared after a rapid decline in nationalist sentiment following the establishment of the new Republic. Civic activism intensified to a level not seen since the 1956 revolution. </p><p>In 1988, Kádár was replaced as General Secretary of the MSZMP by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a>, and reformist communist leader <a href="/wiki/Imre_Pozsgay" title="Imre Pozsgay">Imre Pozsgay</a> was admitted to the Politburo. In 1989, the Parliament adopted a "democracy package", which included <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> pluralism; freedom of association, assembly, and the press; and a new electoral law. A Central Committee plenum in February 1989 agreed in principle to give up the MSZMP's monopoly of power, and also characterized the October 1956 revolution as a "popular uprising", in the words of Pozsgay, whose reform movement had been gathering strength as Communist Party membership declined dramatically. Kádár's major political rivals then cooperated to move the country gradually to Western-style democracy. The Soviet Union reduced its involvement by signing an agreement in April 1989 to withdraw Soviet forces by June 1991. </p><p>While Grósz favoured reforming and refining the system, the "democracy package" went well beyond the "model change" he advocated to change the system within the framework of Communism. However, by this time, Grósz had been rapidly eclipsed by a faction of radical reformers including Pozsgay, <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_N%C3%A9meth" title="Miklós Németh">Miklós Németh</a> (who succeeded Grósz as prime minister later in 1988), Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Nyers" title="Rezső Nyers">Rezső Nyers</a>, the original architect of the New Economic Mechanism. This faction now favoured a "system change"–jettisoning Communism altogether in favour of a market economy. By the summer of 1989, it was clear that the MSZMP was no longer a Marxist-Leninist party. In June, a four-man executive presidency replaced the Politburo. Three of its four members–Nemeth, Pozsgay and Nyers–came from the radical reform faction, with Nyers becoming party president. Grósz retained his title of general secretary, but Nyers now outranked him–effectively making Nyers the leader of Hungary. </p><p>National unity culminated in June 1989 as the country reburied Imre Nagy, his associates, and, symbolically, all other victims of the 1956 revolution. A national round table, comprising representatives of the new parties, some recreated old parties (such as the Smallholders and Social Democrats), and different social groups, met in the late summer of 1989 to discuss major changes to the Hungarian constitution in preparation for free elections and the transition to a fully free and democratic political system. </p><p>In October 1989, the MSZMP convened what would be its last congress. The party voted to disband and re-establish itself as the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Party">Hungarian Socialist Party</a> (<i>Magyar Szocialista Párt</i>, MSZP), a Western European-style social democratic party with Nyers as its first president. Unable to slow down, let alone stop, the momentum toward a full "system change," Grósz eventually led a faction of Communists out of the MSZP to form a revived Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, now the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Workers' Party">Hungarian Workers' Party</a>. </p><p>The biggest changes by far came on 16–20 October 1989. In a historic session, Parliament adopted a package of nearly 100 constitutional amendments that almost completely rewrote the 1949 constitution. The package – the first comprehensive constitutional reform in the Soviet bloc – changed Hungary's official name to the Republic of Hungary and transformed the country from a one-party Marxist-Leninist state into a multiparty democracy. The revised constitution guaranteed human and civil rights, and created an institutional structure that ensured separation of powers among the judicial, executive, and legislative branches of government. The revised constitution also championed the "values of bourgeois democracy and democratic socialism" and gave equal status to public and private property. Although the now-dissolved MSZMP had already given up its monopoly of power in February, these changes marked the final legal step toward ending Communist rule in Hungary. </p><p>On the 33rd anniversary of the 1956 Revolution, 23 October, the Presidential Council was dissolved. In accordance with the constitution, parliament Speaker <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_Sz%C5%B1r%C3%B6s" title="Mátyás Szűrös">Mátyás Szűrös</a> was named provisional president pending elections the following year. One of Szűrös' first acts was to officially proclaim the Republic of Hungary. </p><p>Hungary decentralized its economy and strengthened its ties with western Europe; in May 2004 Hungary became a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Eastern Bloc economies</a></div> <p>As a member of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, initially, Hungary was shaped by various directives of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> that served to undermine Western institutional characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> (considered as <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy#Dictatorship_of_the_bourgeoisie" title="Liberal democracy">bourgeoisie democracy</a> in Marxist thought), and <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman199512_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman199512-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets modeled economies in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, such as Hungary, along Soviet <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnock199723_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnock199723-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic activity was governed by Five Year Plans, divided into monthly segments, which were drafted in order to meet plan targets for the period, and made use of methods such as <a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">material balance planning</a> similar to other Soviet-type command economies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997250_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997250-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plans prioritized investment for producer goods over consumer goods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDale200585_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDale200585-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hungarian_People%27s_Republic#Talk_section_name" title="Talk:Hungarian People's Republic">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Consumer goods soon began to lack in quantity, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">shortage economy</a>, and lack of user feedback without other incentives for innovation led to a lack of quality as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDale200585_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDale200585-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the inefficiency of later economic systems without mechanisms for feedback present in other economies, such as competition, market-clearing prices or subsidies for innovation became costly and unsustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman19951_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman19951-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, other Western European nations experienced increased economic growth in the <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a> ("economic miracle"), <a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a> ("thirty glorious years"), and the <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II boom">post-World War II boom</a>. </p><p>Housing shortages emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESillince199011–12_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESillince199011–12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The near-total emphasis on large low quality <a href="/wiki/Prefabricated" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefabricated">prefabricated</a> apartment blocks, such as Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Panelh%C3%A1z" title="Panelház">Panelház</a>, was a common feature of Eastern Bloc cities in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnock199754_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnock199754-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even by the late 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary conditions">sanitary conditions</a> were generally far from adequate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESillince199018_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESillince199018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 60% of Hungarian housing had adequate sanitation by 1984, with only 36% of housing having piped water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESillince199019–20_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESillince199019–20-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most western European economies essentially began to approach the <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product">Gross Domestic Product</a> levels of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, Hungary's did not,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman199516_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman199516-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its per capita GDPs falling significantly below their comparable western European counterparts:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddison2006185_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddison2006185-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#cccccc"> <th style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE">Per Capita GDP (1990 <a href="/wiki/Dollar" title="Dollar">$</a>) </th> <th style="background:#B0C4DE">1950 </th> <th style="background:#B0C4DE">1973 </th> <th style="background:#B0C4DE">1990 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:left;"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>$3,706</td> <td>$11,235</td> <td>$16,881 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>$3,502</td> <td>$10,643</td> <td>$16,320 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic"><span style="color:green;">Czechoslovakia</span></a></td> <td><span style="color:green;">$3,501</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">$7,041</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">$8,895 (Czech Lands)/<br />$7,762 (Slovakia)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><span style="color:green;">Soviet Union</span></a></td> <td><span style="color:green;">$2,834</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">$6,058</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">$6,871</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span style="color:green;">Hungary</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">$2,480</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">$5,596</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">$6,471</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>$2,397</td> <td>$8,739</td> <td>$12,210 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The GDP per capita of Hungary, and the Eastern Bloc as a whole, lagged behind that of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. A contributing factor is that, in contrast to Hungary, some of the Western European economies, despite being also ravaged from <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>, benefited from the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a><sup id="cite_ref-DeLong_and_Eichengreen_1993_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLong_and_Eichengreen_1993-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholas_Crafts_6_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholas_Crafts_6-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, whose economy had expanded rapidly during the war and immediate post-war period. However, Spain and Finland, which saw much faster growth than Hungary, were not part of the Marshall Plan. Hungary did not receive financial assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Molotov_Plan" title="Molotov Plan">Molotov Plan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which also forbade Hungary from joining the Marshall Plan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>According to a 2020 poll conducted by Policy Solutions in Hungary, 54% percent of Hungarians say that most people had a better life under communism, while 31% say most people are better off now.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGati2006" class="citation book cs1">Gati, Charles (September 2006). <i>Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt</i>. Stanford University Press. pp. 47–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6"><bdi>0-8047-5606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failed+Illusions%3A+Moscow%2C+Washington%2C+Budapest+and+the+1956+Hungarian+Revolt&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006-09&rft.isbn=0-8047-5606-6&rft.aulast=Gati&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revai-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-revai_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉlesztős2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Élesztős, László, ed. (2004). "Magyarország határai" [Borders of Hungary]. <i>Révai új lexikona</i> (in Hungarian). Vol. 13. Szekszárd: Babits Kiadó. p. 895. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9556-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/963-9556-13-0"><bdi>963-9556-13-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+hat%C3%A1rai&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9vai+%C3%BAj+lexikona&rft.place=Szeksz%C3%A1rd&rft.pages=895&rft.pub=Babits+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=963-9556-13-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statsz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statsz_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statsz_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statsz_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksh.hu/statszemle_archive/viewer.html?ev=1990&szam=10&old=8">"Az 1990. évi népszámlálás előzetes adatai"</a>. <i>Statisztikai Szemle</i>. <b>68</b> (10): 750. October 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statisztikai+Szemle&rft.atitle=Az+1990.+%C3%A9vi+n%C3%A9psz%C3%A1ml%C3%A1l%C3%A1s+el%C5%91zetes+adatai&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=750&rft.date=1990-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksh.hu%2Fstatszemle_archive%2Fviewer.html%3Fev%3D1990%26szam%3D10%26old%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf">Human Development Report 1990, p. 111</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"1949. évi XX. törvény. A Magyar Népköztársaság Alkotmánya" [Act XX of 1949. The Constitution of the Hungarian People's Republic]. <i>Magyar Közlöny</i> (in Hungarian). <b>4</b> (174). Budapest: Állami Lapkiadó Nemzeti Vállalat: 1361. 20 August 1949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magyar+K%C3%B6zl%C3%B6ny&rft.atitle=1949.+%C3%A9vi+XX.+t%C3%B6rv%C3%A9ny.+A+Magyar+N%C3%A9pk%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g+Alkotm%C3%A1nya.&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=174&rft.pages=1361&rft.date=1949-08-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"1989. évi XXXI. törvény az Alkotmány módosításáról" [Act XXXI of 1989 on the Amendment of the Constitution]. <i>Magyar Közlöny</i> (in Hungarian). <b>44</b> (74). Budapest: Pallas Lap- és Könyvkiadó Vállalat: 1219. 23 October 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Magyar+K%C3%B6zl%C3%B6ny&rft.atitle=1989.+%C3%A9vi+XXXI.+t%C3%B6rv%C3%A9ny+az+Alkotm%C3%A1ny+m%C3%B3dos%C3%ADt%C3%A1s%C3%A1r%C3%B3l&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=1219&rft.date=1989-10-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao,_B._V._2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao,_B._V._2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rao, B. V. (2006), <i>History of Modern Europe A.D. 1789–2002</i>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=933uBgAAQBAJ&dq=Leffler%2C+cambridge%2C+percentages+agreement&pg=PA175">Melvyn Leffler, <i>Cambridge History of the Cold War: Volume 1</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Untold History of the United States</i>, Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter (Gallery Books, 2012), p. 114, citing <i>The Second World War Triumph and Tragedy</i>, Churchill, Winston, 1953, pp. 227–228, and <i>Modern Times: The World from the Twenties to the Nineties</i>, Johnson, Paul (New York: Perennial, 2001), p. 434</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/hungary/37.htm">"Hungary - Rakosi's Rule"</a>. <i>countrystudies.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=Hungary+-+Rakosi%27s+Rule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fhungary%2F37.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997241-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997241_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton1997">Crampton 1997</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyyssönen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Nyyssönen, Heino (1 June 2006). "Salami reconstructed". <i>Cahiers du monde russe</i>. <b>47</b> (1–2): 153–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fmonderusse.3793">10.4000/monderusse.3793</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1252-6576">1252-6576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+monde+russe&rft.atitle=Salami+reconstructed&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=153-172&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fmonderusse.3793&rft.issn=1252-6576&rft.aulast=Nyyss%C3%B6nen&rft.aufirst=Heino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettig200851-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWettig200851_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettig200885-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWettig200885_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norton, Donald H. (2002). <i>Essentials of European History: 1935 to the Present</i>, p. 47. REA: Piscataway, New Jersey. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87891-711-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87891-711-X">0-87891-711-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN General Assembly <i>Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary</i> (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II.N, para 89(xi) (p. 31)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.N%2C+para+89%28xi%29+%28p.+31%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1.47 <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Untold History of the United States", Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter, Gallery Books 2012, p. 208, citing Gardner, Lloyd C., "Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy, 1941–1949", p. 221, and Ann O'Hare McCormick, "Open Moves in the Political War for Europe", New York Times, 2 June 1947</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWettig2008110-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWettig2008110_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWettig2008">Wettig 2008</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kontler, László. <i>A History of Hungary</i>. Palgrave Macmillan (2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-0316-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-0316-6">1-4039-0316-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crampton263-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crampton263_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-crampton263_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton1997">Crampton 1997</a>, p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997264-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997264_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton1997">Crampton 1997</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sugar375-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sugar375_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sugar375_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sugar, Peter F., Peter Hanak and <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Frank" title="Tibor Frank">Tibor Frank</a>, <i>A History of Hungary</i>, Indiana University Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20867-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20867-X">0-253-20867-X</a>, pp. 375–377</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-granville-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-granville_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Granville, Johanna, <i>The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956</i>, Texas A&M University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58544-298-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58544-298-4">1-58544-298-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gati, Charles, <i>Failed Illusions: Moscow, Washington, Budapest, and the 1956 Hungarian Revolt</i>, Stanford University Press, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5606-6">0-8047-5606-6</a>, pp. 9–12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matthews93-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matthews93_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthews, John P. C., <i>Explosion: The Hungarian Revolution of 1956</i>, Hippocrene Books, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-1174-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-1174-0">0-7818-1174-0</a>, pp. 93–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontana, Josep, <i> Por el bien del imperio. Una historia del mundo desde 1945</i>, Pasado & Presente, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8494100871" title="Special:BookSources/978-8494100871">978-8494100871</a>, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_X.I,_para_482_p._153_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">UN General Assembly <i>Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary</i> (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter X.I, para 482 (p. 153)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+X.I%2C+para+482+%28p.+153%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1.47 <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heller-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heller_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heller_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">UN General Assembly <i>Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary</i> (1957) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf">"Chapter II.F, para 64 (p. 22)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+II.F%2C+para+64+%28p.+22%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F01200%2F01274%2F01274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1.47 <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fabula.org/actualites/homosexualite-communiste-1945-1989_74348.php">"Homosexualité communiste 1945–1989 (Créteil)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homosexualit%C3%A9+communiste+1945%E2%80%931989+%28Cr%C3%A9teil%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fabula.org%2Factualites%2Fhomosexualite-communiste-1945-1989_74348.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/17/world/hungary-joins-soviet-in-quitting-olympics.html">"Hungary Joins Soviet In Quitting Olympics"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 17 May 1984. p. A15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hungary+Joins+Soviet+In+Quitting+Olympics&rft.pages=A15&rft.date=1984-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F05%2F17%2Fworld%2Fhungary-joins-soviet-in-quitting-olympics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman199512-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman199512_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardtKaufman1995">Hardt & Kaufman 1995</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnock199723-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnock199723_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnock1997">Turnock 1997</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrampton1997250-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrampton1997250_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrampton1997">Crampton 1997</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDale200585-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDale200585_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDale200585_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDale2005">Dale 2005</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman19951-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman19951_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardtKaufman1995">Hardt & Kaufman 1995</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESillince199011–12-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESillince199011–12_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSillince1990">Sillince 1990</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnock199754-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnock199754_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnock1997">Turnock 1997</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESillince199018-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESillince199018_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSillince1990">Sillince 1990</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESillince199019–20-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESillince199019–20_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSillince1990">Sillince 1990</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman199516-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardtKaufman199516_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardtKaufman1995">Hardt & Kaufman 1995</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddison2006185-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddison2006185_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddison2006">Maddison 2006</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeLong_and_Eichengreen_1993-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeLong_and_Eichengreen_1993_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLongEichengreen1993" class="citation book cs1">DeLong, J. Bradford; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Eichengreen" title="Barry Eichengreen">Eichengreen, Barry</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGCfmmlGtPEC&pg=PA189">"The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dornbusch" title="Rudi Dornbusch">Dornbusch, Rudiger</a>; Nolling, Wilhelm; Layard, Richard (eds.). <i>Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today</i>. MIT Press. pp. 189–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04136-2"><bdi>978-0-262-04136-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Marshall+Plan%3A+History%27s+Most+Successful+Structural+Adjustment+Program&rft.btitle=Postwar+Economic+Reconstruction+and+Lessons+for+the+East+Today&rft.pages=189-230&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04136-2&rft.aulast=DeLong&rft.aufirst=J.+Bradford&rft.au=Eichengreen%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGCfmmlGtPEC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholas_Crafts_6-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholas_Crafts_6_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrafts2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Crafts, Nicholas (2011). "The Marshall Plan: A Reality Check". <i>CAGE Working Paper Series</i>. No. 49. Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy, University of Warwick. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.570.8467">10.1.1.570.8467</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CAGE+Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=The+Marshall+Plan%3A+A+Reality+Check&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.570.8467%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Crafts&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.policysolutions.hu/userfiles/elemzes/309/regime_change_30_years_on_en_summary.pdf">"30 Years On – Public Opinion on the Regime Change in Hungary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Policy Solutions</i>. May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy+Solutions&rft.atitle=30+Years+On+%E2%80%93+Public+Opinion+on+the+Regime+Change+in+Hungary&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.policysolutions.hu%2Fuserfiles%2Felemzes%2F309%2Fregime_change_30_years_on_en_summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries2007" class="citation cs2">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007), <i>A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36626-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36626-7"><bdi>978-0-415-36626-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+Crisis+and+Change&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36626-7&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton1997" class="citation cs2">Crampton, R. J. (1997), <i>Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16422-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16422-2"><bdi>0-415-16422-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+in+the+twentieth+century+and+after&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-16422-2&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale2005" class="citation cs2">Dale, Gareth (2005), <i>Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945–1989: Judgements on the Street</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714654086" title="Special:BookSources/0714654086"><bdi>0714654086</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Protest+in+East+Germany%2C+1945%E2%80%931989%3A+Judgements+on+the+Street&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0714654086&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardtKaufman1995" class="citation cs2">Hardt, John Pearce; Kaufman, Richard F. (1995), <i>East-Central European Economies in Transition</i>, M.E. Sharpe, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-612-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-612-0"><bdi>1-56324-612-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East-Central+European+Economies+in+Transition&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56324-612-0&rft.aulast=Hardt&rft.aufirst=John+Pearce&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Richard+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison2006" class="citation book cs1">Maddison, Angus (2006). <i>The world economy</i>. OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-64-02261-9" title="Special:BookSources/92-64-02261-9"><bdi>92-64-02261-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+economy&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=92-64-02261-9&rft.aulast=Maddison&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSillince1990" class="citation cs2">Sillince, John (1990), <i>Housing policies in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02134-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02134-0"><bdi>0-415-02134-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Housing+policies+in+Eastern+Europe+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-415-02134-0&rft.aulast=Sillince&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnock1997" class="citation cs2">Turnock, David (1997), <i>The East European economy in context: communism and transition</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08626-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08626-4"><bdi>0-415-08626-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+European+economy+in+context%3A+communism+and+transition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-08626-4&rft.aulast=Turnock&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWettig2008" class="citation cs2">Wettig, Gerhard (2008), <i>Stalin and the Cold War in Europe</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-5542-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Cold+War+in+Europe&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6&rft.aulast=Wettig&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHungarian+People%27s+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hungarianreview.com/print/Everyday%20Communism%20-%20On%20Life,%20Books%20and%20Women%20in%20Communist%20Hungary">Everyday communism – on life, books and women in communist Hungary</a>, Hungary Review</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryRevWorkersMovementHungary4462">History of the Revolutionary Workers Movement in Hungary: 1944–1962</a></i>, an English-language Hungarian work published in 1972.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection&item=Hungary%20in%20the%20Cold%20War">The CWIHP at the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars Collection on Hungary in the Cold War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605133210/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=va2.browse&sort=Collection&item=Hungary%20in%20the%20Cold%20War">Archived</a> 5 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungary_topics" title="Template talk:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungary_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Interwar Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Third_Republic_(since_1989)" title="History of Hungary">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#History_of_the_Hungarian_economy" title="Economy of Hungary">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary" title="Administrative divisions of Hungary">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary#Extreme_points" title="Geography of Hungary">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Hungary" title="Category:Geology of Hungary">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Hungary" title="Hydrology of Hungary">Hydrology</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hungary" title="List of islands of Hungary">Islands</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hungary" title="List of lakes of Hungary">Lakes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hungary" title="List of rivers of Hungary">Rivers</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Hungary" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Hungary" title="List of regions of Hungary">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Hungarian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hungary" title="Category:Law of Hungary">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Hungary)" title="Chief of General Staff (Hungary)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hungary" title="List of political parties in Hungary">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Agriculture" title="Economy of Hungary">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hungary" title="List of banks in Hungary">Banks</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hungary" title="List of companies of Hungary">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint </a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Industry" title="Economy of Hungary">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hungary" title="Taxation in Hungary">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hungary" title="Tourism in Hungary">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Hungary" title="Category:Trade unions in Hungary">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Hungary" title="Unemployment in Hungary">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Hungary" title="Category:Society of Hungary">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Anti-Hungarian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hungary" title="Crime in Hungary">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Education</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">Universities and colleges</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Hungary" title="Human trafficking in Hungary">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Hungary" title="International rankings of Hungary">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hungary">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hungary" title="Prostitution in Hungary">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hungary" title="Women in Hungary">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Architecture</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hungary" title="List of castles in Hungary">Castles</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of palaces in Hungary">Palaces and mansions</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Wine</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Hungary" title="Beer in Hungary">Beer</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_dishes" title="List of Hungarian dishes">Dishes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_sausages" title="Hungarian sausages">Sausages</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Fashion_Week" title="Budapest Fashion Week">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Hungary" title="Category:Festivals in Hungary">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_folklore" title="Category:Hungarian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_inventions" title="Category:Hungarian inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Hungary">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary#Spa_culture" title="Culture of Hungary">Spa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Hungary" title="National symbols of Hungary">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hungary" title="Television in Hungary">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hungary" title="List of theatres in Hungary">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hungary" title="Outline of Hungary">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungary" title="Category:Hungary">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_Hungary_(1918–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Hungary" title="Template:Years in Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Hungary" title="Template talk:Years in Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_Hungary_(1918–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Hungary" title="List of years in Hungary">Years</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (1918–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_of_the_20th_century_in_Hungary" title="Category:Years of the 20th century in Hungary">Pre-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_in_Hungary" title="1918 in Hungary">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_in_Hungary" title="1919 in Hungary">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_in_Hungary" title="1920 in Hungary">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_in_Hungary" title="1921 in Hungary">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_in_Hungary" title="1922 in Hungary">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1923_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1923 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1924_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1924 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1926_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1926 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1929_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1929 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1930_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1940_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1940 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1942_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1942 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1944_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1944 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1945_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1945 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1966_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1975_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_Hungary" title="1992 in Hungary">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_Hungary" title="1993 in Hungary">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 in Hungary (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_Hungary" title="1998 in Hungary">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_Hungary" title="1999 in Hungary">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_Hungary" title="2004 in Hungary">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Hungary (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Hungary" title="2009 in Hungary">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_Hungary" title="2010 in Hungary">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Hungary" title="2011 in Hungary">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Hungary" title="2012 in Hungary">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Hungary" title="2013 in Hungary">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Hungary" title="2014 in Hungary">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Hungary" title="2015 in Hungary">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Hungary" title="2016 in Hungary">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Hungary" title="2017 in Hungary">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Hungary" title="2018 in Hungary">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Hungary" title="2019 in Hungary">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Hungary" title="2020 in Hungary">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Hungary" title="2021 in Hungary">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Hungary" title="2022 in Hungary">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Hungary" title="2023 in Hungary">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Hungary" title="2024 in Hungary">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_of_Eastern_and_Central_Europe_during_their_Communist_period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template talk:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_of_Eastern_and_Central_Europe_during_their_Communist_period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> period</div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw Pact Logo"><img alt="Warsaw Pact Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/90px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/135px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Cold War Europe"><img alt="Map of Cold War Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/90px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/135px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/180px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Bloc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1961)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1948)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFTU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFDY)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> 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